Unit -1

SIGNALS

SIGNALS&SYSTEMS 10B11EC301 Lecture27

SIGNAL
Asignalcanbedefinedasafunctionofone ormorevariableswhichconveys informationaboutthebehaviorornature ofsomephenomenon. Independentvariablesmaybetime,space etc.dependingontypeofsignals.

Afunctiondefinesacorrespondencebetween2sets,i.e.: correspondingtoeachelementofoneset(calledthe domain ),thereexistsauniqueelementofanotherset (calledthecodomain ).

Afunctionisalsosometimesreferredtoasa mapping. Thusasignalmayalsobedefinedasa mappingfromonesettoanother.

 Forexample: aspeechsignalwouldbemathematically representedbyacousticpressureasafunction oftime.

Amonochromaticpicturecanbedescribedasa signalwhichismathematicallyrepresentedby brightnessasafunctionoftwospatialvariables. Theindependentvariableforaphotographis2 dimensionalspace(2spacevariables).

Voltage,currentorpowerasfunctionsoftime.

Thevariablesmayalsobehybrid,say2space variablesand1timevariable(E.g.:avideosignal).

Signalsarerepresentedbyitsmathematical model
Mathematicalmodelsarenothingbut mathematicalequationsrepresentingsignals. Ex: Themathematicalsignalmodelfora householdvoltageisgivenbyequation

1.1Classification Of Signals

v(t ) = 115 2 cos[2(50)t ]

BasedonNumberofDimensions
Dimensionofasignalisdefinedasnumberof independentvariablesonwhichvalueofsignali.e., dependentvariabledepends. 1.OneDimensionalSignal ifitisfunctionofsingleindependentvariable. Ex:aspeechsignalafunctionoftime. 2.MultidimensionalSignal ifitisfunctionofmorethanoneindependent variable. Ex:photographis2dimensionalspace(2space variables)

BasedonNumberofChannels

Channelsaredefinedasthenumberofsourcesfromwhich itisgenerated.

1.SingleChannelSignals
generatedbyasinglesourceorasinglesensor. Ex:aspeechsignalafunctionoftime.

2.MultiChannelSignals
generatedbyamorethanonesourceorsensor. Ex:ECGsignal

Independentvariables
Forthiscourse:

BasedonIndependentVariable ContinuousTime&Discrete TimeSignals

1.Continuous Time(CT)signals: x(t),tcontinuousvalues 2.Discrete Time(DT)signals: x[n],nintegervaluesonly

Focusonasingle(1D)independent variablewhichwecall time. Althoughitmaynotinfactrepresenttime inspecificapplications.

CTSignals x(t),tcontinuumofvalues

Discrete timeSignals x[n],ninteger,timevariesdiscretely

MostofthesignalsinthephysicalworldareCT signalsE.g.voltage&current,pressure, temperature,velocity,etc.

ExamplesofDTsignalsinnature:
DNAbasesequence Populationofthenthgenerationofcertainspecies

HumanMadeDiscreteSignals
Ex:%ageofpopulationundernourished,byregion,20002002

BasedonDependentVariable Analog&DigitalSignals
Ateachtimevalue,analogsignal amplitudetakes realorcomplexvalue(continuousvalued)

WhyDT?Canbeprocessedbymoderndigitalcomputers anddigitalsignalprocessors(DSPs).

 Digitalsignal amplitudetakesvaluesfrom adiscreteset(discretevalued)

CTandDTsignalscanbefurther categorizedintermsofvarious characteristicstheypossess.

Even&OddSignals Periodic&Nonperiodic Signals Deterministic&RandomSignals Energy&PowerSignal Causal,NonCausalorAntiCausalSignal

1 -1

Even&OddSignals
EvenSignals

OddSignal
Asignalissaidtobeoddsignalif
CT , x( t ) = x(t ) t DT , x[ n] = x[ n] n

Asignalissaidtobeevensignalif
CT , x( t ) = x(t ) t DT , x[ n] = x[n] n

 PeriodicSignals

Periodic&Nonperiodic Signals

AperiodicCTsignalx(t)hastheproperty thatthereisapositivevalueofT forwhich x(t+T)=x(t)forallt AperiodicCTsignalhastheproperty thatitisunchangedbyatimeshiftofT. IfconditionsatisfiedforT=T0,alsofor2T0,3T0,. ThesmallestvalueofTsatisfiesconditionknownas fundamentalperiod,Tofx(t). f=1/Tisfundamentalfrequency(Hzorcycles/sec).

T=1sec f=1/T=1Hz

DTPeriodicSignals
AperiodicDTsignalx[n]hasthepropertythatthereisa positiveintegervalueofN forwhich x[n+N]=x[n]foralln AperiodicDTsignalhasthepropertythatitisunchanged byatimeshiftofN. IfconditionsatisfiedforN=N0,alsofor2N0,3N0,. ThesmallestvalueofNsatisfiesconditionknownas fundamentalperiod,Nofx[n]. F =1/Nisfundamentalfrequency

N=4samples

 Aperiodicsignal
CT,Anysignalx(t)forwhichnovalueofT satisfiesthisconditioniscalledanaperiodicor Nonperiodic signal. DT,Anysignalx[n]forwhichnovalueofN satisfiesthisconditioniscalledanaperiodicor Nonperiodic signal.

Deterministic&RandomSignals Deterministicsignal asignalinwhicheachvalueofthesignalis fixedandcanbedeterminedbya mathematicalexpression,rule,ortable. Becauseofthisthefuturevaluesofthe signalcanbecalculatedfrompastvalues withcompleteconfidence. e.g.x(t)=cos(2pf0 t)

RandomSignal
Randomsignalamplitudes
Cannotbepredictedexactly Cannotbedescribedbyamathematicalfunction Distributionofamplitudevaluescanbedefined

Causal, Anticausal & Noncausal signals

Causal signals are signals that are zero for all negative time.

Considerflippingfaircoin(uniformdistribution) Let1beheadsand1betails
1 -1 flip

Anticausal signals are signals that are zero for all positive time. Noncausal signals are signals that have nonzero values in both positive and negative time.

(a) A causal signal

(b) An anticausal signal

Energy&PowerSignal
Considerv(t)tobethevoltageacrossaresistorR producingacurrenti(t).Theinstantaneouspowerp(t) perohmisdefinedas v(t )i(t ) 2 p (t ) = = i (t ) R

(c) A noncausal signal

TotalenergyEandaveragepowerPonaperohmbasis are E = i 2 ( t ) dt Joules

P = l im

1 T

T /2

T / 2

2 i ( t )dt Watts

Foranarbitrarycontinuoustimesignalx(t),the normalizedenergycontentEofx(t)isdefinedas

Similarly,foradiscretetimesignalx[n],the normalizedenergycontentEofx[n]isdefinedas
E =
n =

E =

x (t )

dt

x[ n ]

ThenormalizedaveragepowerPofx(t)is definedas

ThenormalizedaveragepowerPofx[n]is definedas

P = l im

1 2 x(t ) dt T T T / 2

T /2

P = l im

N 1 2 x[ n ] 2 N + 1 n= N

 x(t)(orx[n])issaidtobeanenergysignal(or sequence)ifandonlyif0<E<,andsoP=0. x(t)(orx[n])issaidtobeapowersignal(or sequence)ifandonlyif0<P<,thusimplyingthat E=. Signalsthatsatisfyneitherpropertyarereferredto asneitherenergysignalsnorpowersignals.

Finitelengthsequencewithfinitesamplevaluesalwayshas finiteenergyandareenergysignals. Aninfinitelengthsequencewithfinitesamplevaluesmay ormaynothavefiniteenergy. TherearesignalsforwhichneitherPnorEisfinite. E.g.x(t)=t. Periodicsignalshavefiniteaveragepowerandarepower signals. Energysignalsaresummable.

1.2.1 Operations Performed on Dependent Variable

1.2 Operations on Independent & Dependent Variable

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

AmplitudeScaling Addition Multiplication Differentiation Integration

Amplitude Scaling

AmplitudeScaling
Letx(t)denoteaCTsignal.Thenthesignaly(t) resultingfromamplitudescalingappliedtox(t)isdefinedby y(t)=cx(t)wherecisthescalingfactor Thevalueofy(t)isobtainedbymultiplyingthe correspondingvalueofx(t)bythescalarcforeachinstantof timet. Ex:adevicethatperformsamplitudescalingisanelectronic amplifier. Ex:Aresistoralsoperformsamplitudescalingwhenx(t)isa current,cistheresistanceoftheresistor,andy(t)isthe outputvoltage.
x(t)

6 4 2 0 -2 6 y(t)=2x(t) 4 2 0 -2
t + 3 , 2 < t < 0 t + 3,0 < t < 2 x(t ) = 1,2 < t < 3 -1 0, elsewhere

t + 3, 2 t 0 t + 3 ,0 t 2 x(t ) = 1, 2 t 3 0 , elsewhere

t + 3,2 < t < 0 t + 3,0 < t < 2 x(t ) = <t<3 1,2-1 0, elsewhere

0 t

y ( t ) = 2 ( t + 3 ), 0 t 2

y (t ) = 2( t + 3 ),0 < t < 1

0 t

Amplitude Scaling
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Inasimilarmanner,forDTsequences,we write y[n]=cx[n] wherecisthescalingfactor.

Thevalueofy[n]isobtainedbymultiplyingthe correspondingvalueofx[n]bythescalarcforeach integervalueoftimen.

x[n]

0 -2

-1.5

-1

-0.5

0.5

1.5

2.5

n
6

y[n] = 2 x[n]

0 -3

-2

-1

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Addition
Letx1(t)andx2(t)denoteapairofCTsignals. Thenthesignaly(t)obtainedbytheadditionof x1(t)andx2(t)isdefinedby y(t)=x1(t)+x2(t) Thatis,foreachprescribedtimet,thevalueof y(t)isgivenbythesumofthecorresponding valuesofx1(t)andx2(t). Ex:adevicethataddssignalsisanaudiomixer, whichcombinesmusicandvoicesignals.
x1(t)

3 2 1 0 -2 4 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5

t + 3, 2 t 0 t + 3 ,0 t 1 x1 ( t ) = 2 t + 4 ,1 t 2 t 2,2 t 3 0 , elsewhere

t
2 0 -2 -2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5

x 2 ( t ) = t ,0 t 1

x2(t)

y(t) = x1(t) + x2(t)

t
6 4 2 0 -2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5

y ( t ) = 3 ,0 t 1

1.5

2.5

1.5

2.5

x1[n]

2 1 0 -2 4 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 n 1

x1 [1] = 2
1.5 2 2.5 3

Inasimilarmanner,forDTsequences, y[n]=x1[n]+x2[n] Thatis,foreachintegervalueoftimen,the valueofy[n]isgivenbythesumofthe correspondingvaluesofx1[n]andx2[n].

x2[n]

x 2 [1] = 1
x1[1] = 2

2 0 -2 -2

x1(t ) = t + 3,0 < t < 1

-1.5

-1

-0.5

0.5

1.5

2.5

y[n] = x1[n] + x2[n]

n
6 4 2 0 -2
x1[1] = 2

y[1] = x1 [1] + x 2 [1] = 3

-1.5

-1

-0.5

0.5

1.5

2.5

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x 1( t ) = t + 3 , 0 t 1

x1(t)

Multiplication
Letx1(t)andx2(t)denoteapairofCTsignals. Thenthesignaly(t)resultingfromthe multiplicationofx1(t)byx2(t)isdefinedby y(t)=x1(t)x2(t) Thatis,foreachprescribedtimet,thevalueofy(t) isgivenbytheproductofthecorrespondingvalues ofx1(t)andx2(t). Ex:AnAMradiosignal,inwhichx1(t)consistsofan audiosignalplusadccomponentandx2(t)consists ofasinusoidalsignalcalledacarrierwave.

2 1 0 -2 4 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3

x 2(t ) = t ,0 t 1

x2t)

2 0 -2 -2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3

t y(t)=x1(t)x2(t)
10 5 0 -5 -2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3

y ( t ) = 3 t t 2 ,0 t 1

x1[n]

2 1 0 -2 4 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1

x1[1] = 2
1.5 2 2.5 3

Inasimilarmanner,forDTsequences, y[n]=x1[n]x2[n] Thatis,foreachintegervalueoftimen,the valueofy[n]isgivenbytheproductofthe correspondingvaluesofx1[n]andx2[n].

x2[n]

x 2[1] = 1

2 0 -2 -2 10 5 0 -5 -2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3

n y[n]=x1[n]x2[n]

y[1] == x1 [1] x 2 [1] = 2

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Differentiation
Letx(t)denoteaCTsignal. Thenthederivativeofx(t)withrespecttotimeis definedbyy(t)=d/dt{x(t)} Ex:Aninductorperformsdifferentiation. Leti(t)denotethecurrentflowingthroughan inductorofinductanceL,thenthevoltagev(t) developedacrosstheinductorisdefinedby v(t)=d/dt {i(t)}.

Integration
Letx(t)denoteaCTsignal.Thentheintegralofx(t)with respecttotimetisdefinedby

Ex:acapacitorperformsintegration. Leti(t)denotethecurrentflowingthroughacapacitorof capacitanceC.Thenthevoltagev(t)developedacrossthe capacitorisdefinedby

1.2.2 Operations on Independent Variable

TimeShifting
Letx(t)denoteaCTsignal.Thenthetimeshifted versionofx(t)isdefinedby y(t)=x(t t0), wheret0 isthetimeshift. Ift0 >0,thewaveformofy(t)isobtainedby shiftingx(t)towardtheright,relativetothetime axis. Ift0<0,x(t)isshiftedtotheleft.

1. TimeShifting 2. TimeScaling 3. TimeReversal

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Ex:y(t)=x(t2)

Inthecaseofadiscretetimesignalx[n],wedefine itstimeshiftedversionas y[n]=x[n n0], wheretheshiftn0 mustbeapositiveornegative integer. Ifn0 >0,thewaveformofy[n]isobtainedby shiftingx[n]towardtheright,relativetothetime axis. Ifn0 <0,x[n]isshiftedtotheleft.

Ex:v[n]=x[n+3]

TimeScaling
Letx(t)denoteaCTsignal.Thenthesignaly(t) obtainedbyscalingtheindependentvariable,time, t,byafactoraisdefinedby

y(t)=x(at).
Lfa>1,thesignaly(t)isacompressedversionof x(t). If0<a<1,thesignaly(t)isanexpanded(stretched) versionofx(t).

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Ex:x(t)astaperecordingthenx(2t)isthat recordingplayedattwicespeedandx(t/2) istherecordingplayedathalfspeed. Ex:y(t)=x(2t)&y(t)=x(t/2)

Inthediscretetimecase, TimeCompression, y[n]=x[kn],k>0, whichisdefinedonlyforintegervaluesofk. Ifk>1,thensomevaluesofthediscrete timesignaly[n]arelostasaresultofthe compression.

TimeExpansion, y[n]=x[n/k],k>0, whichisdefinedonlyforintegervaluesof k. Forallnsuchthatn/k isaninteger, x[n/k]isdefined. Forallnsuchthatn/k isnotaninteger,x [n/k]isnotdefined.

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TimeReversal

Ifa=1 Or k=1?

Letx(t)denoteaCTsignal.Lety(t)denotethesignal obtainedbyreplacingtimetwith t;thatis, y(t)=x(t) Thesignaly(t)representsareflectedversionofx(t)aboutt =0. Thefollowingtwocasesareofspecialinterest: Evensignals,forwhichwehavex(t)=x(t)forallt;that is,anevensignalisthesameasitsreflectedversion. Oddsignals,forwhichwehavex(t)= x(t)forallt;that is,anoddsignalisthenegativeofitsreflectedversion.

ForDT,
Letx[n]denoteaDTsignal.Lety[n]denotethesignal obtainedbyreplacingtimenwith n;thatis, y[n]=x[n] Thesignaly[n]representsareflectedversionofx[n]aboutn =0. Thefollowingtwocasesareofspecialinterest: Evensignals,forwhichwehavex[n]=x[n]foralln;thatis, anevensignalisthesameasitsreflectedversion. Oddsignals,forwhichwehavex[n]= x[n]foralln;that is,anoddsignalisthenegativeofitsreflectedversion.

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MultipleOperations y(t)=cx(at b),CT ory[n]=cx[an b],DT Amultipleoperationscanbedoneinsteps Thesequenceofthestepsissignificant.

CT,
y ( t ) = cx ( at b ) 1 . Amplitude scaling , x ( t ) cx ( t ) 2 .Time 3 .Time Shifting , cx ( t ) cx ( t b ), t tb Scaling , cx ( t b ) cx ( at b ), t at

y (t ) = cx ( at b ) 1. Amplitude scaling , x (t ) cx (t ) 2.Time Scaling , cx (t ) cx ( at ), t at 3.Time Shifting , cx ( at ) cx ( a (t b a )), cx ( at b ) t tb a

Ex:y(t)=x(3t)+x(3t+2)

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Ex:y(t)=x(2t1)
2 1 .8 1 .6 1 .4

DT,
y[ n ] = cx[ an b ] 1. Amplitude scaling , x[ n ] cx[ n ] 2.Time Shifting , cx[ n ] cx[ n b ], n nb n an 3.Time Scaling , cx[ n b ] cx[ an b ],

x (-2 t-1 )

y(t)=x(-2t-1)

1 .2 1 0 .8 0 .6 0 .4 0 .2 0 -2 -1 .5 -1 -0 .5 0 0 .5 1 1 .5 2

Ex:y[n]=[2n+3]

x[n+3]

y[n]=x[2n+3]

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Example:v[n]=x[3n]y[n]
3 2 x[n]

x[3-n]

2 0 -8 1 -6 -4

x[3n]y[n]
-2 0
n

y[n]
0 n 5

1 0 -5 1 0 .5 y[n] 0 -0 .5 -1 -5 0 n 5

0 -1 -8 2 1 0 -8 -6 -4 -2 0
n

-6

-4

-2

0
n

x[3-n]y[n]

TimeReversal
Letx(t)denoteaCTsignal.Lety(t)denotethesignal obtainedbyreplacingtimetwith t;thatis, y(t)=x(t) Thesignaly(t)representsareflectedversionofx(t)aboutt =0. Thefollowingtwocasesareofspecialinterest: Evensignals,forwhichwehavex(t)=x(t)forallt;that is,anevensignalisthesameasitsreflectedversion. Oddsignals,forwhichwehavex(t)= x(t)forallt;that is,anoddsignalisthenegativeofitsreflectedversion.

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ForDT,
Letx[n]denoteaDTsignal.Lety[n]denotethesignal obtainedbyreplacingtimenwith n;thatis, y[n]=x[n] Thesignaly[n]representsareflectedversionofx[n] aboutn=0. Thefollowingtwocasesareofspecialinterest: Evensignals,forwhichwehavex[n]=x[n]foralln;thatis, anevensignalisthesameasitsreflectedversion. Oddsignals,forwhichwehavex[n]= x[n]foralln;that is,anoddsignalisthenegativeofitsreflectedversion.

MultipleOperations y(t)=cx(at b),CT ory[n]=cx[an b],DT Amultipleoperationscanbedoneinsteps Thesequenceofthestepsissignificant.

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CT,
y ( t ) = cx ( at b ) 1 . Amplitude scaling , x ( t ) cx ( t ) 2 .Time 3 .Time Shifting , cx ( t ) cx ( t b ), t tb Scaling , cx ( t b ) cx ( at b ), t at

Ex:y(t)=x(3t)+x(3t+2)

y (t ) = cx ( at b ) 1. Amplitude scaling , x (t ) cx (t ) 2.Time Scaling , cx (t ) cx ( at ), t at 3.Time Shifting , cx ( at ) cx ( a (t b a )), cx ( at b )

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Ex:y(t)=x(2t1)
2 1 .8 1 .6 1 .4

x (-2 t-1 )

y(t)=x(-2t-1)

1 .2 1 0 .8 0 .6 0 .4 0 .2 0 -2 -1 .5 -1 -0 .5 0 0 .5 1 1 .5 2

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DT,
y[ n ] = cx[ an b ] 1. Amplitude scaling , x[ n ] cx[ n ] 2.Time Shifting , cx[ n ] cx[ n b ], n nb n an 3.Time Scaling , cx[ n b ] cx[ an b ],

Ex:y[n]=[2n+3]

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x[n+3]
3 2 x[n] 1 0 -5

Example:v[n]=x[3n]y[n]

y[n]=x[2n+3]
1 0 .5 y[n] 0 -0 .5 -1 -5

0 n

0 n

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4 x[3-n] 2 0 -8 1 y[n] 0 -1 -8 2 1 0 -8 -6 -4 -2 0
n

x[3n]y[n]
-6 -4 -2 0
n

EvenOddDecompositionofSignals
4 6 8

Anysignalx(t)orx[n]canbedecomposedintoeven andoddparts. CT , x ( t ) = x e ( t ) + x o ( t )

-6

-4

-2

0
n

xe (t ) = and

x[3-n]y[n]

x(t ) + x( t ) x(t ) x( t ) and x o ( t ) = 2 2 DT , x[ n ] = x e [ n ] + x o [ n ] x[ n ] + x[ n ] and 2 xo [n] = x[ n ] x[ n ] 2

xe [n] =

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Example:x(t)=e2tcostforallt
CT , x(t ) = xe (t ) + xo (t ) replacing t by t , x( t ) = e 2( t ) cos( t ) = e 2t cos t xe (t ) = x(t ) + x( t ) e 2t cos t + e 2t cos t e 2 t + e 2t = = cos t 2 2 2 x(t ) x( t ) e 2t cos t e 2t cos t e 2t e 2t xo (t ) = = = cos t 2 2 2

1.3 Elementary Or Basic Signals

CTExponentialandSinusoidalSignals
Solutionstolinearconstantcoefficientdifferential equations,andhence,verycommon TheCTComplexexponentialsignalisoftheform:

CTRealExponentialSignals Candabotharerealanda>0
%MatlabCode,a>0 a=1,C=1; t=1:0.01:1 e1=C*exp(a*t); plot(t,e1)

x(t)= Ceat
WhereCandaingeneralarecomplexnumbers. Dependinguponthevaluesofthethese parameters,thecomplexexponentialcanexhibit severaldifferentcharacteristics.

Growingexponential: chainreactionsinatomic explosionsandcomplexchemicalreactions.

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 Candabotharerealanda<0
%Matlab Code, a<0 a=1,C=1; t=1:0.01:1 e2=C*exp(a*t); plot(t,e2)

CTPeriodicComplexExponentialSignals
aispurelyimaginary
x (t ) = e
j
0

e j 0 t = e j 0 ( t + T ) = e j 0 t e j 0T Itfollowsthatforperiodicity,wemusthave,
e j 0T = 1
0 T = 2 m , m I T0 = 2 0

DecayingExponential:processofradioactive decay,responseofRCcircuits,damped mechanicalsystems.

CTSinusoidalSignals
Acontinuoustimesinusoidalsignalcanbe expressedas

Periodic:
x ( t + T ) = A cos( 0 ( t + T ) + ) = A cos( 0 t + 0 T + ) To be periodic , cos( 0 T ) = 1 0 T = 2 m , m I T0 = 2 0

x (t ) = A cos( 0 t + )

whereAistheamplitude(real),0,istheradianfrequency inradianspersecond,and isthephaseangleinradians.

f=200; =pi/4; t=1:1/2f:1; x=cos (2*pi*f*t+); plot(t,x)

Timeshift PhaseShift

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 ByusingEulersrelation,thecomplexexponentialcanbe writtenintermsofsinusoidalsignalswiththesame fundamentalperiod.

GeneralComplexExponentialSignals
ConsideraCTComplexexponentialsignal x(t)= Ceat whereCisexpressedinpolarformandain rectangularform
C = C e
j

e
Similarly, E=

j 0 t

= cos 0 t + j sin 0 t

A cos(0t + ) =
+T 2

A j0t j A j0t j e e + e e 2 2

and
j

a = r + j 0
( r + j 0 )t

P = lim

1 j t e 0 dt = 1 2T T

Then , Ce

at

= C e

= C e

j( 0t + )

e rt

Ce at = C e rt cos( 0 t + ) + j C e rt sin( 0 t + )
Forr=0,therealandimaginarypartsofacomplex exponentialaresinusoidal. Forr>0,theycorrespondtosinusoidalsignalmultipliedbya growingexponential

Forr<0,theycorrespondtosinusoidal signalmultipliedbyadecayingexponential Dampedsinusoids

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DTExponentialandSinusoidalSignals
TheDTComplexexponentialsignalorsequenceis oftheform:

Cand botharereal,a)>1,b)0< <1

x [n] = C n= C en
WhereCand ingeneralarecomplexnumbers. Dependinguponthevaluesofthethese parameters,thecomplexexponentialcanexhibit severaldifferentcharacteristics.

c)1< <0,d) <1

DTComplexExponentialSequences:
Thecomplexexponentialsequenceisoftheform

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e.g. 1.

DiscreteTimeSinusoids
Thegeneralformofadiscretetime(DT)sinusoid N 0 ,is withfundamentalperiod,
2n g[n] = Acos + or Acos(2F0n + ) or g[n]= A cos(0n + ) N0
where N 0 is an integer and F0 is therefore the reciprocal of an integer

PeriodisN=8

2.

DiscreteTimeSinusoids
Unlike a CT sinusoid, a DT sinusoid is not necessarily periodic. If a DT sinusoid has the form, Periodic Sinusoids

g[n ] = A cos (2 Kn + )
then K must be a ratio of integers (a rational number) for it to be periodic. If K is rational in the form, p/q, then the fundamental period of the sinusoid is q, not q/p (unless p = 1).

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DiscreteTimeSinusoids
Aperiodic Sinusoids

DiscreteTimeSinusoids
Two different-looking DT sinusoids,
x1[n] = A cos(1n + )

and

x2 [n] = Acos( 2 n + )

may actually be the same. If

2 = 1 + 2m

, where m is an integer

then (because n is discrete time and therefore an integer),

A cos( 1 n + ) = A cos( 2 n + )

DiscreteTimeSinusoids

GeneralComplexExponentialSignals
Consider a CT Complex exponential signal x [n] = C en=Cn where C is expressed in polar form and a in rectangular form C = |C| ej and = | | e j0n Then,
C n = C cos( 0 n + ) + j C sin( 0 n + )
n n

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 For||=1,therealandimaginarypartsofa complexexponentialaresinusoidal. For||>1,theycorrespondtosinusoidalsignal multipliedbyagrowingexponential

For||<1,theycorrespondtosinusoidal signalmultipliedbyadecayingexponential

TheCTUnitStepandUnitImpulseSignal
TheCTunitstepfunctionu(t),alsoknownas theHeaviside function,isdefinedas
0 u (t) = ? 1 t < 0 t = 0 t > 0

u(0)=0andu(0+)=1,butu(0)cantakeanyvalue Heaviside usesu(0)= toaverageleft&righthandlimits.

Modelseventthatturnsonandstayson
CTunitstepisrunningintegraloftheunitimpulse,

itisdiscontinuousatt=0andthatthevalueat t=0isundefined.
%Matlabcode t=1:0.01:1; u=1.*(t>0)+0.*(t<0) plot(t,u)

t u (t ) = ( ) d
CTunitimpulseisfirstderivativeofCTunitstep

du = (t ) dt

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CTUnitImpulseFunction
Mathematicalidealismforaninstantaneous event
Theunitimpulsefunction(t),alsoknownasthe Dirac deltafunction.

(t ) = 0 , t 0

( t ) = lim ( t )
0

&

( t ) dt = 1

Althoughthevalue att =0isinfinite,theheight ofthearrowusedto depictthescaled impulsewillbechosen toberepresentativeof itsarea. Moregenerally,ascaled impulsek(t)willhave anareak,thus

Byconvention,plotDirac deltaasarrowat origin

Denoteareaatoriginas(area) Directionofarrowindicatessignofarea
(t )
(1)

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PropertiesofImpulseFunction:
1. Shifting Property:

2.ScalingProperty:

( at ) =

1 (t ) a

3.Itisanevenfunction:
t=0

x ( t ) ( t ) dt = x ( t )

= x(0 )

(at ) =

1 (t ) a

(t ) = (t )
a = 1

Similarly, for the delayed delta function (t - to),

4.SamplingPropertyorMultiplicationProperty,

x ( t ) ( t t 0 ) dt = x ( t )

t = t0

= x(t0 )

x ( t ) ( t ) = x ( t )

t=0

( t ) = x ( 0 ) ( t )

Also , x ( t ) ( t t 0 ) = x ( t 0 ) ( t t 0 )

5.Convolution property

Derivativeofimpulsefunction: DoubletFunction
= x(t )
d (t ) = ( t ) = 0 , t 0 and ( t ) dt = 0 dt

x( ) (t )d = x( )

=t

6. Differentiation property

x ( t ) ( t ) dt = x ( 0 )

x ( t ) ( t ) dt = x ( 0 )

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TheDTUnitStepSequence
The unit step sequence u[n] is defined as

TheThe DTDT Unit ImpulseSequence UnitImpulseSequence

Theunitimpulse(orunitsample)sequence[n]is definedas

1, n 0 u[n ] = 0,n < 0 1, n k u[n k ] = 0,n < k

( a ) Unit step sequence; (b) shifted unit step sequence.

(a)Unitimpulse(sample)sequence;(b)shiftedunitimpulsesequence.

PropertiesofDTImpulseSequences
1. Multiplication or Sampling Property:

TheCTUnitRampFunction
t , r (t ) = 0,
t t0 = u ( ) d = tu (t ) t<0

2.

3. Convolution:

t=1:0.01:1; r=t.*(t>=0)+0.*(t<0) plot(t,r)

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TheDTUnitRampFunction
n , n 0 ramp [n ] = = 0 , n < 0
m =

Somemorefunctions:
CTSignum Function:

u [m 1 ]

t=1:0.01:1; sig =1.*(t>0) 1.*(t<0) plot(t,sig)

Sgn(t) =

2 u(t) - 1

CTGatefunction(Rectangularfunction):

CTTriangularfunction:
1 t , t < 1 tri(t ) = , t 1 0

1,1 / 2 < t < 1 / 2 rect (t ) = 0, elsewhere

rect ( t ) = u ( t + 1 / 2 ) u ( t 1 / 2 )

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TheCTUnitSincFunction

PropertiesofSincfunction:
sinc(t)isanevenfunctionoft.

sinc(t ) =

sin( t ) t

sinc(t)=0,whensin(t)=0,whereitisindeterminate. ThismeansthatSinc(t)=0fort=,2, 3 ,4,.. UsingLHopitalsrule,wefindSinc(0)=1.

d (sin(t )) cos(t ) lim sinc(t ) = lim dt = lim =1 d t 0 t 0 t 0 (t ) dt

sinc(t)istheproductofanoscillatingsignalsin(t)[of period2]andamonotonicallydecreasingfunction1/t. Thereforesinc(t)exhibitssinusoidaloscillationsof period2 withamplitudedecreasingcontinuouslyas 1/t.

TheDTRectangleFunction
1 , n N w rect N w [n] = , N w 0 , N w an integer 0 , n > N w

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