CHAPTER 2

ALKANE
Saturated hydrocarbon

Only consist of C-C single bond

Consist of carbon and hydrogen only

BONDING IN HYDROCARBON
Electron arrangement: 2.4 Has 4 valence electron Need 4 more electron to achieve octet electron arrangement

Carbon atom
H

H C H
Electron arrangement : 1 Has 1 valence electron Need 1 more electron to achieve duplet electron arrangement

Hydrogen atom

Definition
Molecular formula Formula that shows the actual number of atoms of each elements present in the molecule Structural formula Formula that shows how the atoms in the molecule are bonded together and by what type of bonds.

ALKANE
Example:

General formula : CnH2n+2 Naming of alkanes

Longest carbon chain
root ending

Butane

Family of the organic compound

No. of carbon atoms

The homologoeus series : -ane

ROOT NAME
Meth Eth Prop But Pent Hex Hept Oct Non Dec 1 carbon atom 2 carbon atoms 3 carbon atoms 4 carbon atoms 5 carbon atoms 6 carbon atoms 7 carbon atoms 8 carbon atoms 9 carbon atoms 10 carbon atoms

No. of C atoms
1C

Nomenclature / Molecular formula Methane CH4

Structural Formula
H H C H H

H C H H

2C

Ethane

C2H6

C H

H
3C

H C H

H C H H

Propane

C3H8

C H

No. of C atoms

Nomenclature / Molecular formula

Structural Formula
H H C H H C H H C H H

4C

Butane

C4H10

C H

6C

Hexane

C6H14

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
a) Melting and Boiling Point
* Low boiling points and melting points because forces between molecules are weak

b) Physical State at Room Temperature

CH4 - C4H10 : gas C5H12 - C17H38 : liquid C18H38 : solid

a) Melting and Boiling Point

The boiling point increases between per -CH2 group.

20 -30 C

Boiling points and melting points increase as number of carbon atoms per molecule increases. Then, size of molecules increases (molecular mass increases) Forces between molecules (Van der Waals forces) are stronger More heat energy is needed to overcome the forces

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PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
c) Solubility
* Soluble in non polar solvents (organic solvents), insoluble in water.

d) Density
The density of the alkanes increases with increasing number of carbon atoms, BUT is less than that of water. Hence, alkanes form the upper layer in an alkanewater mixture.

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
e) Electrical Conductivity

Do not conduct electricity because : alkanes are covalent compounds, do not have free ions but are made up of molecules

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CHEMICAL PROPERTIES

Combustion reaction

Substitution reaction

ALKENE
unsaturated hydrocarbon

Consist of C-C double bond

Consist of carbon and hydrogen only

ALKENE
Example:

General formula : CnH2n Naming of alkenes

Longest carbon chain
root ending

Butene

Family of the organic compound

No. of carbon atoms

The homologoeus series : -ene

COMBUSTION REACTIONS
Complete combustion sufficient / excess oxygen Alkene + O2 CO2 + H2O Incomplete combustion insufficient oxygen

Alkene + O2 CO + H2O

ADDITION REACTIONS

C = C + A B

C C

A B

HYDROGENATION
Alkenes + hydrogen gas alkanes H H | | H- C=C-H + H H | | H - C - C- H | | H H

H-H

Temperature : 180oC and catalyst : nickel

HALOGENATION
Alkenes + halogen haloalkanes H H | | H - C = C - H + Br - Br H H | | H - C - C- H | | Br Br

No catalyst or uv light is needed

ADDITION OF HALOGEN HALIDES

Alkenes + hydrogen halides haloalkanes

H H | | H- C=C-H +

H - Br

H H | | H - C - C- H | | H Br

ADDITION OF WATER
Alkenes + steam alcohol H H | | H - C = C - H + H - OH H H | | H - C - C- H | | H OH

Temperature : 300oC Pressure : 60 atm and catalyst : phosporic acid, H3PO4

ADDITION OF HYDROXYL GROUPS

Alkenes + acidified KMnO4 diol H H H H | | | | H - C = C - H +H2O + [O] H - C - C - H | | OH OH

POLYMERIZATION REACTION
n Alkenes (alkenes)n H H

H H

H H ~C C

H C~

C = C + C = C+.. H H
H H

H H

H H

Polymerization of ethene
Temperature : 200oC Pressure : 1200 atm

COMPARING PROPERTIES OF ALKANES AND ALKENES

Alkanes and alkenes have similar physical properties

Physical properties Similarities

Melting and boiling points

Physical state Density

both have low melting and boiling points increase gradually

changes from gas to liquid to solid

both have low densities Both less dense than water increase gradually

Solubility Electrical conductivity

insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvents can not conduct electricity in any state

COMPARING PROPERTIES OF ALKANES AND ALKENES

Alkanes and alkenes have different chemical properties

Chemical properties Alkanes Differences Alkenes reactive unsaturated HC undergo addition reaction

Reactivity

unreactive saturated HC undergo substitution reaction

Reaction with oxygen

Burn in air producing yellow sooty flame No reaction No reaction

Burn in air producing yellow and very sooty flame Decolourise reddishbrown bromine Decolourise purple acidified KMnO4 solution

Reaction with bromine Reaction with acidified KMnO4 solution

HOMOLOGOUS SERIES
A group or family of organic compounds that has the following characteristics.

Represented by a general formula Successive members differ from each other by CH2 Members can be prepared by similar method Physical properties change regularly Members have similar chemical properties

FUNCTIONAL GROUP

Special group of atoms attached to an organic molecule. Determines the chemical properties of the molecule.
Homologous series Alkanes Alkenes Functional group =

Alcohol
Carboxylic acid Esters

-OH
-COOH -COO-

ISOMERS
Molecules with the same molecular formula but different structural formula
H H H H | | | | HCCCCH | | | | H H H H

H | HCH
H H | | HCCCH | | | H H H

HOW TO NAME ISOMERS?

STEP 1 STEP 2 STEP 3 Find the longest continuous carbon chain in the molecule [root and ending] Give the name for this longest chain Number the carbon atoms in this longest chain beginning at the end nearest to the first branch Locate and name the attached alkyl groups [prefix] complete the name for the molecule by combining the three component parts together

STEP 4 STEP 5

HOW TO NAME ISOMERS? Example

methyl

CH3 | CH3 CH CH CH2 CH2 CH3 1 2 3| 4 5 6 CH3 methyl ROOT ENDING PREFIX : hex : ane : 2,3-dimethyl

2,3-dimethylhexane

Alcohols
Non-hydrocarbons : C, H, O Functional group : -OH (hydroxyl group) General formula : CnH2n+1OH

Alcohols
H | HCH | OH CH3OH methanol H H H | | | HCCCH | | | H H OH

C3H7OH
Propan-1-ol

H H | | HCCH | | H OH

C2H5OH

ethanol

H H H H C4H9OH | | | | H C C C C H Butan-1-ol | | | | H H H OH

Preparation of alcohol
Fermentation Hydration

DEHYDRATION REACTION

CARBOXYLIC ACID
General formula : CnH2n+1COOH Functional group : carboxyl group , -COOH Naming: root ending