Chapter1

I d i Introduction
Chapter 1 : Chapter1:
INTRODUCTION
LessonOutcome:
A h d f h l d h ldb bl Attheendofthelesson,studentsshouldbeableto:
Definebasicconceptofcharge,current,voltage,circuit
elements,powerandenergy.
Calculatethecharge,current,voltage,powerand
energyforspecificcircuitelements.
Applyandrelatethebasicconceptaccordingtotheir
application.
Chapter1:Introduction Chapter : Introduction
1 1 ElectricalandMagneticUnits 1.1 ElectricalandMagneticUnits
1.2 ElectricCharge.
C t 1.3 Current.
1.4 Voltage.
1.5 PowerandEnergy.
1.6 CircuitElements.
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1 1 ELECTRICAL AND MAGNETIC UNITS 1.1.ELECTRICALANDMAGNETICUNITS
The electrical and magnetic units commonly used in electrical
circuit are shown in Table 1.1 and Table 1.2.
Quantity
Symbol Unit Symbol
Table 1.1: Electrical quantities
Capacitance
Charge
C
Q
Farad
Coulomb
F
C
Conductance
Current
Energy
G
I
W
Siemens
Ampere
J oule
S
A
J
Frequency
Impedance
Inductance
f
Z
L
Hertz
Ohm
Henry
Hz
O
H Inductance
Power
Reactance
R i t
L
P
X
R
Henry
Watt
Ohm
Oh
H
W
O
Resistance
Voltage
R
V
Ohm
Volt
O
V
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1.1.ELECTRICALANDMAGNETIC
UNITS(Cont)
T bl 1 2 M ti titi
Quantity Symbol
Unit Symbol
Table 1.2: Magnetic quantities
Fluxdensity
Magnetic flux
B
u
Tesla
Weber
T
Wb
Magnetizingforce
Magnetomotive force
Permeability
H
Fm

Ampere-turns/meter
Ampere-turn
Webers/ampere-turns-meter
At/m
At
Wb/Atm y
Reluctance

9
p
Ampere-turns/weber At/Wb
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1.2ElectricCharges . lectric Charges
Charge isanelectricalpropertyoftheatomicparticlesof
whichmatterconsists,measuredincoulombs(C).
Thechargee ononeelectronisnegativeandequalin
magnitudeto1 602 10
19
C whichiscalledaselectronic magnitudeto1.602 10
9
C whichiscalledaselectronic
charge.Thechargesthatoccurinnatureareintegral
multiples oftheelectroniccharge. p g
1coulomb isaunitofchargethatcontains6.24x10
18
electrons
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1.3Current(1) .3 Current ( )
ElectricCurrentisthetimerateofcharge,
measuredinamperes(A).
Mathematically,therelationshipbetweencurrent y, p
i,chargeq,andtimet is i=dq/dt.Theunitof
amperecanbederivedas1A=1C/s. p
Adirectcurrent(dc) isacurrentthatremains
constantwithtime. constantwithtime.
Analternatingcurrent(ac) isacurrentthatvaries
sinusoidallywithtime sinusoidallywithtime.
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1.3Current(2)
Thedirectionofcurrentflow
Positive ions Negative ions
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1.3Current(3)
Example1
Aconductorhasaconstantcurrentof5A.
Howmanyelectronspassafixedpointonthe y p p
conductorinoneminute?
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1.3Current(4)
S l i Solution
Totalno.ofchargespassin1minisgivenby
5A=(5C/s)(60s/min)=300C/min 5 (5 / )( / ) 3 /
Totalno ofelectronicspassin1minisgiven Totalno.ofelectronicspassin1minisgiven
C/min 300
21
min electrons/ 10 87 . 1
C/electron 10 602 . 1
C/min 300
21
19
x
x
=

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1.4Voltage(1)
Voltage(orpotentialdifference)istheenergy requiredtomoveaunit Voltage(orpotentialdifference)istheenergy requiredtomoveaunit
charge throughanelement,measuredinvolts(V).
Mathematically
(volt) / dq dw v =
Mathematically,
w isenergyinjoules(J)andq ischargeincoulomb(C).
(volt) / dq dw v
ab
=
Electricvoltage,v
ab,
isalwaysacrossthecircuitelement orbetweentwo
pointsinacircuit. p
v
ab
>0meansthepotentialofa ishigherthanpotentialofb.
v
ab
<0meansthepotentialofa islowerthanpotentialofb.
v
ab
= - v
ba
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1.5PowerandEnergy(1)
Poweristhetimerateofexpendingorabsorbingenergy Poweristhetimerateofexpendingorabsorbingenergy,
measuredinwatts(W).
M th ti l i
vi
dq dw dw
p = = =
Mathematicalexpression:
vi
dt dq dt
p = = =
Passive sign convention is satisfied when the current through the
iti t i l f l t d + i If th t t positive terminal of an element and p = +vi. If the current enters
through the negative terminals, p = -vi
Passive sign convention
P = +vi p = vi
12
P = +vi p = vi
absorbing power supplying power
nsmh...
1.5PowerandEnergy(2)
Thelawofconservationofenergy

= 0 p

p
+ Power absorbed = - Power supplied
Energy is the capacity to do work, measured
in joules (J).
Mathematical expression } }
= =
t
t
t
t
vidt pdt w
0 0
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1 d (3) 1.5PowerandEnergy(3)
P=+vi P=+vi P= vi P= vi P=+vi
=+4(3)
V
P=+vi
=+4(3)
V
P= vi
= 4(3)
V
P= vi
= 4(3)
V =+12V =+12V = 12V = 12V
Absorbed Power Supplied Power
14
Absorbed Power Supplied Power
nsmh...
1.5PowerandEnergy(4)
CalculatingEnergyFromConstantPower
Intheelectricalpowerindustry
Theunitofpowermostoftenusedisthekilowatt(1kW=1000
W) W)
Theunitofenergyusedisthetotalenergydeliveredor
di h h h fd li i i consumedin1hourwhentherateofdeliveryorconsumptionis
1kW.Thatamountofenergyis1kWh(kiloWatthour).Itisnot
S.I.unit.
h ) ( k l ) ( k h) (
t Time, P Power, Constant = W Energy,
15
hours) (in kilowatt) (in kWh) (in
nsmh...
1.6CircuitElements(1)
A ti El t P i El t Active Elements capable of generating
energy
Passive Elements not
capable of generating energy
Independent sources Dependant sources
They have four different
types: VCVS, CCVS, VCCS,
CCCS Keep in minds the
An independent source is
an active element that
provides a specified
A dependent source is
an active element in
which the source
16
CCCS. Keep in minds the
signs of dependent
sources.
provides a specified
voltage or current that is
completely independent of
other circuit elements
which the source
quantity is controlled
by another voltage or
current. nsmh...
1.6CircuitElements(2)
Circuit drawing example
.6 Circuit lements ( )
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1.6CircuitElements(3) .6 Circuit lements (3)
Example 2
Obtain the voltage v in the branch shown in Figure 1.1 for i
2
= 1A.
Figure 1.1
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1.6CircuitElements(4) .6 Circuit lements (4)
Solution
Voltage v is the sum of the current-independent
10-V source and the current-dependent voltage 10 V source and the current dependent voltage
source v
x
.
Note that the factor 15 multiplying the control
current carries the units .
Therefore, v = 10 + v
x
= 10 + 15(1) = 25 V
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1.6CircuitElements(5) ( )
Example 3
C l l t th li d b b d b h l t i fi Calculate the power supplied or absorbed by each element in figure
below.
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1.6CircuitElements(6) ( )
Solution
p
1
= (20)(5)=100W(Suppliedpower)
( )( ) 6 W(Ab b d ) p
2
=+(12)(5)=60W(Absorbedpower)
p
3
=+(8)(6)=48W(Absorbedpower)
(8)( I) (8)( ) 8W(S li d ) p
4
= (8)(0.2I)= (8)(0.2x5)=8W(Suppliedpower)
6 8 8 p
1
+p
2
+p
3
+p
4
=100+60+48 8=0
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