Starter

Why is diffusion of gases between the alveoli and blood very rapid? Rbcs slow down more time for diffusion Diffusion distance reduced as RBCs are flattened against walls of vessels Thin walls Large surface area Concentration gradient

Tuberculosis

Outcomes

Name cause of TB Describe symptoms of TB Explain how TB is transmitted between individuals Apply your knowledge to the development of the disease within the body

Tuberculosis - epidemiology

Two billion people - one third of the world's population - are infected with tuberculosis. Two million people die from it each year. Every 15 seconds, someone in the world dies from TB. A person is newly infected with TB every second of every day. Left untreated, a person with active TB will infect an average of 10 to 15 other people every year.

Tuberculosis - symptoms

TB is caused by two rod-shaped bacteria Mycobacterium tuberculosis Mycobacterium bovis

Persistent cough Tiredness Loss of appetite and weight loss

Later..

Fever Coughing up blood

Tuberculosis - transmission

Spread by airborne droplets and via unpasteurised milk

Transmission

Very resilient it can live outside the body for weeks Close contact, therefore close family members and friends most likely to be infected first Spread from cattle in milk and from contact

Task

Close your books and brainstorm EVERYTHING you can remember Then can you think who will be most at risk?

Tuberculosiswhos at risk?

People who live in overcrowded conditions most at risk (airborne droplets) Low immunity or HIV Malnutrition Very young and old Co-existing conditions eg diabetes

Tuberculosis - effects

Primary infection in lungs TB Bacteria multiply in the upper lung tissues, where there is plenty of air (why?) causing: Formation of tubercles (small lumps) Invasion of infected regions by macrophages Lymph nodes which drain that area become enlarged

This primary infection is usually confined to infants and children

Effects continued

Healthy people are generally treated very easily with a simple course of antibiotics. But some bacteria remain why? There may be a re-emergence later in life to cause a POST-PRIMARY or Secondary infection Lung tissue is destroyed, and causes cavities and scar tissue At this point blood is coughed up. Infection can spread to other tissue, including bone. It is often fatal

Tuberculosis in decline

Better housing Better diet Antibiotics - Streptomycin 1940s Cattle tested for TB Pasteurisation of dairy products Vaccination with BCG derived from M. bovis

Tuberculosis - UK
Tuberculosis bacterium identified

BCG vaccination began Chemotherapy began

Tuberculosis - problems

Slow growing Metabolically inactive They can lie dormant and begin to multiply again later, especially if the person is stressed or ill. People tend to stop taking drugs so the bacteria are becoming resistant MDR-TB a problem HIV pandemic has been followed by TB pandemic

Tuberculosis - treatment

Pre-antibiotics, TB sufferers were isolated in sanitariums in the country clean air was supposed to cure the disease. Now - M. tuberculosis is identified in sputum using microscopic analysis Isolation of patient Multiple drug therapy to kill resistant strains

Robert Koch 1843 1910 Discovered

M. tuberculosis

BUT tuberculosis is on the increase again.. Use your book and ICT to answer the green HSW questions on page 81 Then attempt some exam questions about lungs!

HSW Answers

Weakened so they do not replicate and cause illness and cause symptoms Less crowding, better ventilation prevents airborne spread Increases likelihood that one will be successful out of four, in shorter time frame Immuno compromised

Plenary 3x3 grid and chose 9 words from below

Mycobacterium bovis
trachea tidal volume alveoli diffusion

bronchioles
diaphragm

mucus
HIV TB

antibiotics
Thorax