3D STRESS DESIGN

Project can be categorized into two tenures – technical planning and implementation.
Technical planning is subdivided into four – visualization, analysis, design and drafting.
Hitherto, technical implementation too is divided into four – quality control, execution
(construction and assembly), marketing and customer services. Diabolic planning is
required to restrain on field afflictions.

Analysis Load Combinations

1. D 1.0 6. D 1.0 L 0.75 DY 0.75
2. D 1.0 L 1.0 7. D 1.0 DY 0.75
3. D 1.0 L 1.0 DY 1.0 8. D 0.6 DY 1.0
4. D 1.0 DY 1.0 9. D 0.6 DY 0.7
5. D 1.0 L 0.75 10. D 0.6 DY 0.525
D – Dead, L – Live (Static), DY – Dynamic

Member forces (as in Staad output):

Beam L/C Section Axial Force Shear-Y Shear-Z Torsion Moment-Y Moment-Z
Fx Fy Fz Mx My Mz

Design Procedure for Metal

Section properties: D – Overall Depth, B – Overall Breadth, L – Overall Length, t – Web
Thickness, T – Flange Thickness, Ax – Cross sectional area, Zx; Zy; Zz – Section modules in
x, y and z-axis. Zx = √ (Zz2 + Zy2 + Zz * Zy * Sin B/4 * Cos B/4)
Check for longitudinal shear (6.4.2, IS 800)
Fy
Dvd = ≤ Dva
[(D – t) * t]
Check for axial tension (4.1, IS 800)
Hat,cal (Fx / Ax)
= ≤ 1.0
Hat Hat
Check for axial compression (5.1, IS 800)
Hac,cal (Fx / Ax)
= ≤ 1.0
Hac Hac
Check for lateral shear
Lateral shear stress, Hls = ν (Dva + Hac)
Fz
Hls,cal = ≤ Hls
[2 * B * T]

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Check for bending in tension (6.2, IS 800)
Hbtz,cal / Hbt = (Mz / Zz) / Hbt ≤ 1.0
Hbty,cal / Hbt = (My / Zy) / Hbt ≤ 1.0
Check for bending in compression (6.2, IS 800)
Hbcz,cal / Hbc = (Mz / Zz) / Hbc ≤ 1.0
Hbcy,cal / Hbc = (My / Zy) / Hbc ≤ 1.0
Check for torsion
Torsion stress, Htor = ν (Hbt + Hbc)
Htor,cal / Htor = (Mx / Zx) / Htor ≤ 1.0
Combined axial and bending in compression & torsion (7.1.1, IS 800)
Hac,cal Hbcz,cal Hbcy,cal Htor,cal
+ + + ≤ 1.0
Hac Hbc Hbc Htor
Combined axial and bending in tension (7.1.2, IS 800)
Hat,cal Hbtz,cal Hbty,cal
+ + ≤ 1.0
Hat Hbt Hbt
Check for Dynamics (general structures)
Maximum allowable deflection, Kmax = L / 250
Obtained deflection, K ≤ Kmax
Obtained frequency, ƒ = 0.2√ (g/K) ≥ Natural frequency (ƒn = 0.2g)

Design Procedure for RCC

Section properties: D – Overall Depth, B – Overall Breadth, L – Overall Length, c – clear
cover, d – Effective depth, b – Effective breadth, Zx; Zy; Zz – Section modules in x, y and z-
axis. Zx = √ (Zz2 + Zy2 + Zz * Zy * Sin B/4 * Cos B/4)
Material properties: fck – Characteristic strength of concrete (after 28 days), fy –
Characteristics strength of steel, m – Modular ratio, Hcac; Hcbc ≤ 0.33fck, Hcat; Hcbt ≤ 0.17√fck ≤
1 N/mm2 (Conservatively considered as null to avoid cracks. Moreover minimum
reinforcement to be provided, spacing between any should not exceed 150 mm c/c and
should not be less than 75 mm c/c)
Check for torsion: Htor,cal ≤ Htor
Otherwise, Astor = (Htor,cal - Htor)bd / 0.67fy
Check for total shear: V = Fy + Fz, Dv = V / bd ≤ Dc
Otherwise, Asts = V / [m (Dv - Dc)] + Astor
Check for axial tension: Hcat = 0
Otherwise, Asat = Fx / 0.6fy
Check for axial compression: Hcac,cal ≤ Hcac
Otherwise, Asac = (Hcac,cal - Hcac)bd / 0.6fy
Check for bending in tension: Hcbt = 0
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Otherwise, Asbtz = (Mz / d) / 0.67fy; Asbty = (My / b) / 0.67fy
Check for bending in compression: Hcbcz,cal; Hcbcy,cal ≤ Hcbc
Otherwise, Asbcz = (Hcbcz,cal - Hcbc)bd / 0.67fy; Asbcy = (Hcbcy,cal - Hcbc)bd / 0.67fy
Combined axial and bending in compression
Ast,top = Asac / 4 + Asbcz, Ast,side = Asac / 2 + Asbcy
For columns, Ast,all = Asac + Asbcz + Asbcy
Combined axial and bending in tension
Ast,bottom = Asat / 4 + Asbtz, Ast,side = Asat / 2 + Asbty
For columns, Ast,all = Asat + Asbtz + Asbty
Check for Dynamic (general structures)
Maximum allowable deflection, Kmax = L / 250
Obtained deflection, K ≤ Kmax
Obtained frequency, ƒ = 0.2√ (g/K) ≥ Natural frequency (ƒn = 0.2g)
Self Compacted Concrete recommended:

RCC Approximate Mix Proportion Cement CA FA Water

Grade cft Cement CA FA kg cft cft l

M15 1 1 2 4 7.48 0.35 0.70 3.74

M20 1 1 1.5 3 9.34 0.33 0.66 4.67

M25 1 1 1 2 9.34 0.22 0.44 4.67

M30 1 1 0.5 1 9.97 0.12 0.23 4.98

M35 1 1 0.5 1 10.59 0.12 0.25 5.30

M40 1 1 0.5 1 11.21 0.13 0.26 5.61

About the author

Mahaveer Janapala is a Structural Engineer and Interface Manager in an EPC Company.
Licensed to www.ghmc.gov.in. He is a postgraduate in Structural Engineering and a
graduate in Civil Engineering from Osmania University (www.osmania.ac.in). He has a
post graduation in Biblical Counseling from ‘CARE’ Counseling Institute
(http://carecounseling.mahalife.com/) affiliated to ‘TOPIC’ (www.topic.us). He was born
(1977), brought up, educated, working and residing in Hyderabad, India.

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