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v w"!Bu!Š# = #%$& B)> B)H @G9QR <('Q2:9?B ; > JQPG<FEDJ B RX )HI< 2 EI< ;Q>
)+* v-,r/. Š ‡/021 , q * yVpXq3,4, q 0 p>q3,r¥q 0 Š 0 y v * ‡5* yNu ‡ v wsxTyVp>q 021 !v y ‡6** x%q67 0 v 0
v w3!
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* v-,‹r:. Š * y3pXq 021 !¥v y‹v *‡ pTvup2!/. ‡ uQr¥vr¥Š7Qx¥v p¥x7 q3!/. 1 ƒ Š * y;! 1 v Š 1 x%Š¥u!Š<[u * y ==8 x%Š Š 0 yNu ‡/0 pXŠ7r¥u)q ƒ . Š>,
‡/021 yNxTŠ?! 06* y Š ‡21 t ‡6* r¥Š/pXy * 7Vv-.(. ƒ Š 1 v * p2! *@* Š 1 . ‡ y Š¥u =A8 x%Š?r ‡ u ‡ , ŠXy Šu * yNx ‡ ydyNxTŠ 1 v Šhp ‡6* yv 0 w3Š 0 wv 0 Š/Š¥u *
v 0 y Š¥u!Š * y Š 1 ‡ u!Š yNx%ŠB. v C3!v 1 ,QŠXy ‡ .ED%ŠF. qpTv y]t } yNxTŠ r¥q67 Š¥u?y q 1 ubv DTŠ yNxv * D%ŠF. qpTv y]t } ‡/061 yNx%Š:r¥u!Š ** !
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! uIKH quhyNx%Š u!ŠJC"!vu)Š 1LKF1 Š * vu!Š 1 D%ŠF. qpTv y]t =NM x ‡ y 1 Š>y Š¥u,?v 0 Š yNx%Š * Šr ‡ u ‡ ,QŠXy Š¥u *PO
8 x%Š
D%ŠF. qpTv y]t’v *1 ŠXy Š¥u,?v 0 Š 1 ƒ tyNx%Š r¥u!Š *@* !Bu!Š 1 v GIŠu)Š 0 p>Š ‡ rBr/. v Š 1 q 0 yNx%Š r¥vr¥Š ‡/021 yNx%Š’u!Š * v * y ‡/0 p>Š?y q’yNxTŠ
Q q67 =R8 xTŠ<u!ŠF. ‡ yv q 0S* x¥vr ƒ Š>y7 Š/Š 0 yNx%Š’r¥u)Š *@* B! u!Š 1 v
G Š¥u!Š 0 pXŠ } yNx%Š Q q67 u ‡ y Š ‡/061 yNxTŠ’u!Š * v * y ‡/0 pXŠ?y q<yNxTŠ
76
Q q67 v * wv D%Š 0 ƒ tQyNx%ŠŠ;Tr¥Š¥ubv-, Š 0 y ‡ .¥ŠJC"! ‡ yv q <0 9 # = TC>=U8 x¥v * ŠJC"! ‡ yv q 0 v * ! * Š 1 ƒ Š/p ‡ ! * Š3v yR7 quV * =R8 x%Š /
r¥u!Š **
! u)Š 1 v
G Š¥u!Š 0 pXŠ 1 Š>y Š¥u?, v 0 Š 1 ƒ tyNx%Š wŠ/q3, Š>yNuKv p ‡ B. r ‡ u ‡ , Š>y Š¥u ›* ‡/021 yNx%Š ŠWT
r¥ŠuKv-, Š 0 y ‡ . 1
‡ y ‡ 7 xv pŒx
Š;Tr¥u!Š Š 
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9 # = TC

3
n q¥y Š } xTŠ ‡21 v * Š 0 Š¥u!w¥t r¥Š¥u^! 0 v y7 Š%v wsxTyVqFH Q ! v 1 9 v = Š =Y qu!p>Š?T Š 0 wyNx K6M Š%v w‚x/y & 3 Š 0 w¥yNx Ch‡/021 vy

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vqp H H]\NM ZZbHbO`NE;Bw F1EVSZ EaU/M x Ec#ELoHUXEzy LNM H M J/LVH]\NONL J/LE SZ E UM L|{s\OWtoHKEcA}~E€.\E›UTM xEcEL r E M Z¤W Y O…^)O r KH JXcIJ^‚2~
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x ‡6* 1
! 0 v y * q>H . Š 0 wyNx =A8 x/! * } yNx%Š’u)Š>. ‡ yv q 06* xvr ƒ Š>y7 Š/Š 0 yNx%Š Š ‡21 9 . q *@*C…‡/021 yNx%Šru)Š *@* !
u!Š 9 . q **C v *
`Yacb `Yk m 9 # = C
d
g
8 xTŠ<u!Š * v * y ‡/0 pXŠ3pXqŠ pTv Š 0 y HKqu pTvup2!/. ‡ ulp>q 021 !v y…p ‡/0 ƒ Š 1 Š…< 0 Š 1 ‡6*

 b X f e 9 # = BC
8 x¥v * ŠJC"! ‡ yv q 0 v * 7 ubv yGy Š 0 HKqu ‡ p>q 06* y ‡/0 y 1 Š 06* v y]t Q q67 ‡/021 ‡ pXq 0S* y ‡/0 ypŒu!q *@** Š/pNyv q 0=58 x%Š Q q67
‡u y Šv * ŠW
T r¥u!Š ** Š – 1 ‡6*
 b g 9 # =# C
8 xTŠVpŒu!q **U* Š/pXyv q Œ0 ‡ . ‡ u!Š ‡ qFIH p%vu!pF!:. ‡ uIv *  b 
 b f   } ! * v 0 wŠJC"! ‡ yv q 0?9 # = # C ‡/061* ! ƒ * yv y;!Tyv 0 w
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v yhv 0 y q’ŠJC"! ‡ yv q 0 9 # = TC tv ŠF. 1:*
`Yacb Xd   fe  3  9 # = _BC
8 x%Š<ŠSC3! ‡ yv q 7 0 9 # = B_ C* xTq67 * yNx ‡ yyNxTŠ u!ŠJC"¥! vu!Š 1 r¥u)Š *@* B! u!Š 1 v
G Š¥u!Š 0 pXŠ }`Ya } v *‡ Hz! 0 pXyv q 0 q>H f 
7 xv pŒx Š>, q yNu ‡ y Š * yNx%ŠyNu!ŠF, Š 061 q3! * ŠW
G Š/pXyVyNxTŠ 1 v ‡ , Š>y Š¥u›x ‡6* q 0 yNx%Š Q q67 u ‡ y Š =I8 xTŠ. Š 0 wyN x } q 0
1 6
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G Š/pNyaq 0 yNx%Š Q q67 u ‡ y Š =
8 x%Š<r¥q67 Š¥u‚7 xv pŒx u!ŠJC"! vu)Š * y q 1 uKv %D Š?yNxv * Q q67 v * wv %D Š ƒ t
 b  9 # = B C

8 x%Š * Š ŠJC"! ‡ yv q 0S*‹‡ !u ŠDTŠut v-,r¥qu)y ‡/0 yv 0 yNxTŠ ! 021 Šu * y ‡/061 v 0 w Ny xTŠ–ŠTpXq 0 q",htjq>Hu! 0:0 Š¥u 1 Š * v w 0 }
‡/061 7Vv-.(. ƒ Š * y;! 1 v Š 1 v 0 x ‡ r/y Šu @B@ v 0 , qu)Š 1 ŠXy ‡ v-. *T=
8 x%Š<r¥q67 Š¥uAv 0 y Š¥u, * >q HlyNx%Š3wŠ>q", ŠXyNubv p ‡ .‚r ‡ u ‡ ,QŠXy Š¥u *V‡/061 Ny xTŠ Q 6q 7 u ‡ y Šv * wv D%Š 0
 
b ! %('$ )  )
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7 xv pŒx 7 ‡6*1 Š ‡ . y’v 0 yNxTŠr¥u!ŠWDv q3! *Y* Š/pXyv q 0 ƒ !Ty‹qyNxTŠuV%v 061 q>HQpXq",r¥q 0 Š 0 y */= 8 xTŠ * Š¡pXq3,‹r¥q 0 Š 0 y *
v 0 2p .(! 1 Š…yNx%Š ƒ Š 061 }  ˆpXq 0/0 Š/pNyv q 0a‡/021 y ‡/0 wŠ 0 yv ‡ .>w ‡ y Š } 6 u)Š/w3!/. ‡ usw ‡ y Š 8 } yNx%ŠaŠ;T%y Š 021 Š 1  p>q 0/0 ŠTpNyv q 0
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0 wv 0 Š>Š¥u *50 qu, ‡ (. . t–pXq 0 D%Š¥u)y
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‡21 ŠJC"! ‡ y Šfu)Š * !/. y * v 0*o‡ , Š<p ‡6* Š * 7 xv-. Š’v 0 q¥yNx%Š¥u›v y,?v wsxTyv 0 yNu)q 1 !%p>Š. ‡ u)wBŠ¥uŠ¥u]u)qu =8 x%ŠV 0 q67. Š 1 wBŠ
qFH…yNxv *?‡ p/p2!
u ‡ pXtfqFH›yNx¥v * p>q 0 TD Šu * v q 0 v * %D Š¥u)t . v-,?v y Š 1 ƒ ŠTp ‡ ! * Š=. v-,?v y Š 1 * y;! 1 t7x ‡ D%Š ƒ Š>Š 0 p ‡ u]u)tjq3!Ty
HKqudyNxTŠ’pŒx ‡ u ‡ pXy Š¥ubv * yv pqFH Q q67 * v 01 v Š’p ‡6* yv 0 w = u)q", yNx%Š
. v-,3v y Š 1 v 0 HKqu, ‡ yv q 0 yNx%Š ‡ !TyNx%quAq>H yNx¥v *
ƒ qq3Vhw ‡21 Šu)Š 1 v y * Š>ŠF,~yNx ‡ y…v y…v * u)Š ‡6* q Œ0 ‡ ƒ . Šhy qp ‡ u]u)tQyNxv * p>q 0 TD Šu * v q 0 KH qu1yNx%ŠQp ‡ . p2!/. ‡ yv q 06* qFHE. v C"!¥v 1
, Š>y ‡ . Q q67 u)Š * v * y ‡/0 p>Š7 xv-. Š v 0 yNx%Š ‡ vu K . v C"!¥v 1 , ŠXy ‡ .R,?v T%y;!
u)Š7v yH ‡ u^HGu!q3, ‡21 ŠSC3! ‡ y Š = ‰‹qu!Š>q>DTŠu }
6 x%q3. Š 8 q>H¤q3!
uIV 0 q67. Š 1 wŠ‹qFH yNx%Š’w ‡6* Q q67 v 0 TD Š 0 y * t * y Š>, ‡ u)ŠYH ‡ uI, qu)Š . ‡ u)wBŠ =n ŠW%D Š¥u)yNx%ŠF. Š ** } KH qu ( / !   & 0 &( N $zk  (  
yNx%ŠhŠ 0 wv 0 Š>ŠuKv 0 w’r:!
u]r¥q * Š ‡ yAyNxv *E* y ‡ wŠQv y * Š/ŠF, yNx ‡ y * q3, Š qFH
yNxTŠ Š¥u]u)qu * 7Vv-.(.¥p ‡/0 p>ŠF.%Š ‡ pŒxq¥yNx%Š¥u ‡/061
yNx%ŠŠ 061 u)Š * !/. y V 7 v-.(. ƒ Š,?Œ! pŒx ƒ ŠXyGy Šu =
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cross section
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8
x%Š * ¥p xTŠ>, ‡ yv pq>H ‡ ƒ Š 061 pXq3,4, q 0 . t! * Š 1 v 091 v Š¤p ‡6* yv 0 w?v ** x%q67 0 v 0 v w"!Bu!ŠE# = ‚=8 x%ŠVu)Š * v * y ‡/0 p>Š
qFH¤yNxTŠ ƒ Š 021 v *Q‡ Hz! 0 pXyv q 0 qFH * ŠWD%Š¥u ‡ ..r ‡ u ‡ , Š>y Š¥u * $ ‡/0 w3. Š }1} u ‡21 v-! * } ; ‡/061 yNx%Š‹wBŠ>q3,QŠXyNu)t ƒ Š…HKqu)Š
‡/021j‡ Hy Šu yNx%Š ƒ Š 061I=  q3,?,Qq 0 . t } yNx%Š–u! 0:0 Š¥u¤v * , ‡21 Š?7hv yNxyNx%Š *‡ , Š‹wBŠ>q3,QŠXyNu)t ƒ Š…HKqu)Š ‡/061j‡ Hy Š¥u
yNx%Š ƒ Š 0211= ‰‹qu!Š>>q DTŠu } 7  Š 7V-v .(. ‡6*@* !:, Š’v 0 yNxv *1 v * p2! *@* v q 0 yNx ‡ y 1 q67 0S* yNu)Š ‡ , ‡/021 !
r * yNu!Š ‡ , 1 q 0 q¥y
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pŒx /‡ 0 wŠ<v 0 yNxTŠ Q 6q 7 0 Š ‡ u ƒ t  =  0 p 6‡ * Š * yNx ‡ y * !%p¥x ‡ pŒx ‡/0 wŠ 9*C ŠWTv * y * , qu!Š‹pXq",r/. v p ‡ y Š 1f‡/0%‡ . t * v * v *
u!JŠ C"!¥vu!Š 1
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y Š ‡ p¥x¥v 0 w } WŠ TŒp>Š ** v D%Š /‡ 0 3w . Šap /‡ 0 ƒ 9 Š HK3q ! 021 yNx
u!3q !%wsxayNxTŠhv 021 ! * yNu)t =  y v * u!Š/p>3q ,?,QŠ 021 Š 140 WŠ D%Š¥uy q;Š T¥pXŠ/Š 1
yNx%Š * yNu ‡ v wsxTy /‡ 0 3w . Š "9 !$#$%/CXY = v "w !Bu!Y h
Š # = , 2‡ 1 4 Š HGu!3q ,

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v "w !Bu!Š‹v yhv * Fp . Š ‡ u.yNx ‡ y…qsrTy-v ,?!/, u 2‡ 1 -v ! *^* x%3q !/. 1 ƒ Š ‡ u!3q ! 061C
= u)"q , yNxTŠ
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