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Cost comparison
Option Deep Tubewell Household Treatment Dug Well Pond Sand Filter Rain Water Piped Supply
Unit Cost ($) $500 - 790 $5 - 50 $560 - 620 $400 - 600 $100 - 200 $30,000
Persons Cost per (per unit) Person ($) 250 5 125 250 5 2000 $2 - 3 $3 - 20 $4.5 - 5 $2 - 4 $20 - 40 $17
Cost per arsenicosis case avoided $30 - 50 $55 - 330 $65 - 70 $35 - 65 $350 - 630 $280
Skin Cancer
Taiwan Data our fit
Internal Cancers
Taiwan Data NRC model fit
3,000 people/yr
800 people/yr
The 150m well remedy: Replaces 30% of the nations wells That is 800,000 wells at a cost of $500/well Total cost of $395,000,000 $340 per reduction in arsenicosis prevalence
Concentration (ln-ppb)
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Big Basic Questions: Why are dissolved arsenic levels so high? Where does it come from? -- Little solid phase arsenic Why isnt it flushed away? -- Flow + Little retardation Why are arsenic concentrations so variable on small scales? Important Questions for Decision Making: Will arsenic concentrations change? Can deep aquifers provide a long-term solution? Key Scientific Questions: What is the solid state of arsenic? How do shifts in water chemistry affect arsenic mobility?
Dhaleswari River
5 km
Field Site
Padma River
Biogeochemistry
Arsenic Profile
Dissolved As (ppb)
Surface 0 Clay 20
Core
15 Piezometers
400
40
60
Depth (m) 80
Sand
100
120
Clay
140
160
Sand
Solid As
0
Solid Fe
80 Clay 0 (moles/g dry wt.) 200 400 600 800
20
40
60
Depth (m) 80
100
120
Clay
140
160
Competing Anions
0
Depth
(m)
80
Arsenic
160 0.01 0.1 1 10
Phosphate
Silicate
100
1000
(M)
2 1 4
Sulfur Chemistry
Dissolved Sulfur (uM) and As (nM)
0.1 0 1 10 100 1000 10000
0.01
100
H2S
20 40
SO4
As
Depth (m)
60 80 100 120
H2S detection limit
140
Total sulfur
160 180
AVS
Dissolved Carbon
Dissolved Organic Carbon (DOC) (mM)
0 0.4 . 0.8 . 1.2 . 1.6 . 2
20 40 60
Methane
Depth (m )
80 100
DIC DOC
10
Depth (m)
0.5
1.5
2.5
Dissolved Ca (mM)
B GS average A rsen i c
0 0.2 ( M) 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
B GS average Su lfate
0 50 ( M) 100 150 200 250
1.5
1.0
2.5
20
AVS
NH + 4
40
D issolved As
60
D epth (m )
80
Solid phase As
As
Ca
100
120
140
Total solid phase S
160
1 2
3 4
6 7
N H4 + ( M x 10) A s ( M)
400
800
20
40
ppb
150
60
Depth (m)
100
80
50 0 0
100
100
200
300
400
120
hours
140
160
400
800
20
800 700
40
600
60
Depth (m)
500
ppb
80
400 300
100
200
120
100
140
160
hours
400
800
20
40
50
60
40
Depth (m)
80
ppb
30
100
20
120
10
140
160
hours
Carbon Isotopes
1000
Surface Water Carbon (Atmospheric values over last 50 years)
500
Inorganic Carbon
14
C0/00
0
Methanogenesis
3m
-500
Mixture of young and old carbon is not the result of pore water mixing, but mobilization of old organic carbon
CaCO 3
-1000 -70 -30 -25 -20 -15 -10
13
-5
C0/00