UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA MEDICAL CENTER LIBRARY SAN FRANCISCO

FROM THBJLreWTRY OF THE LATE PAN S. CODELLAS, M.D.

rr^r

s*~

GLOSSARY OF GREEK BIRDS

Bonbon

HENRY FROWDE
OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS WAREHOUSE

AMEN CORNER,

E.G.

MACMILLAN &

CO.,

66 FIFTH AVENUE

Fro.

I.

FIG.

2.

FIG. 3.

FIG.

FIG.

5.

FIG. 6.

FRONTISPIECE.

ILLUSTRATIONS.
AN ARCHAIC GEM, PROBABLY PARTHIAN
Imhoof-Blumer und Keller,
PI. xxi, 14).

FIG.

i.

(Paris Coll., 1264,2

cf.

FIG.

2.

TETRADRACHM
i).

OF

ERETRIA

(B.

M.

Cat.,

Central

Or.,

PI. xxiii,

Both these subjects represent a bird on a bull's (or cow's) back, in my opinion the pleiad in relation to the sign Taurus (vide infra, p. 31). In in Fig. r it is in Fig. 2 the bull is turning round, to symbolize the tropic the conventional kneeling attitude of the constellation Taurus, as Aratus
;

describes

it

(Ph. 517)

Tavpov 5f
or in Cicero's translation
'

ateeXfcov oaarj irepityaiveTai

oK\a,

Atque genu

flexo

Taurus connititur ingens.'

other kindred types, the coins of Paphos, showing Compare a bull with the winged solar disc on or over his back {Rev. Num., 1883,
also,

among

p.

355; Head, H.

Numorum,

p. 624, &c.).

FIGS.

H. Niimorum,

COIN OF AGRIGENTUM, WITH EAGLE AND CRAB (Head, Aquila, which is closely associated with p. 105). Capricorn (cf. Manil. i. 624), sets as Cancer rises it may figure,
3, 4.
:

therefore, as a solstitial sign.

FIG.

COIN OF HlMERA, BEFORE B.C. 842, WITH THE COCK (Head, 5. H. Numorum, p. 125 cf. infra, p. 26).
;

FIG. 6.

ATHENIAN TETRADRACHM, WITH OWL, OLIVE-TWIG, AND CRESCENT MOON (Head, p. 312; cf. infra, p. 46).

FIG. 7 (on title]. DECADRACHM OF AGRIGENTUM. Cf. Aesch. Agam. The reverse of the coin shows Cancer 1 10-120 (vide infra, p. 8). associated with the solar Quadriga.

A GLOSSARY OF

GREEK BIRDS
BY

D'ARCY

WENTWORTH THOMPSON

PROFESSOR OF NATURAL HISTORY IN UNIVERSITY COLLEGE, DUNDEE

OXFORD
AT THE CLARENDON PRESS
M DCCC XCV

PRINTED AT THE CLARENDON PRESS

KY HORACE HART, PRINTER TO THE UNIVERSITY

PRINTED IN

GREAT BR1TA

Collection

THI

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X0ONOZ APTEIAZ APOTHPI

KAPflON
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OAAYZIA ATTA 0EPIZAZ

AnOAIAHMI

91807

RES
TATEM,

ARDUA, VETUSTIS
OBSOLETIS

NOVITATEM DARE,
OBSCURIS

NOVIS

AUCTORIFASTIDITIS

NITOREM,
PLINY.

LUCEM,

GRATIAM, DUBIIS FIDEM.

TTOAAOCJN TG KA\

AAA03N TOIOyTOON 6QTI HAH0OC A

N role

HAAAioTc,
6KTei'N6l

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TON AOfON.

- NEMES., De

Nat.

PREFACE
THIS book contains
measure than
it is
it

not

my

materials for research in greater and, accordingly, presents the results of it it with an to extended summary preface purpose
;

generalizations to which the assemblage of fact and legend here recorded may seem to lead. This book indeed includes only a small part of the notes I have

of the

many wide

gathered together since I began years ago, as an undergraduate, ignorant of the difficulties of the task, to prepare the way for a new edition of the Natural History of the

Three points, however, in my treatment of Philosopher. the present subject deserve brief explanation here. Instead of succeeding in the attempt to identify a greater number of species than other naturalist-commentators, dealing
have done, I have on the a ventured to contrary identify great many less. This limitation on my part is chiefly due to the circumstance that I have
chiefly with the Aristotelian birds,

not ventured to use for purposes of identification a large class of statements on which others have more or less confidently
relied.

single instance

may

serve to indicate the state-

ments

to

which
in the

allude.

In

the

Historia

Animalium

(especially to me to differ in
all

Ninth Book, great part of which seems character and probably in authorship from

but a few isolated passages of the rest of the work), in the works of such later writers as Pliny, Aelian and Phile, and scattered here and there in earlier literary allusions,
find

instances recorded of supposed hostility or When we are told, friendship between different animals.

we

many

Xll

PREFACE
example, that avOos
TTITTW
is
is

for

hostile to anavOk
Kopi>5coi>,

and

to the Horse,

that

hostile to iroutA.1?, to

to \Xapevs

and to

epooSto's,

that one

Hawk

is

hostile to the

Raven and another

to the Dove, and one Eagle to the Goose or to the Swan, we try at first to use these statements as best we can in

unravelling
species.

the

probable

identification

of

the

respective

But when we

find,

for

that the
in that

Owl

is

hostile to the

among the rest Crow, and when we recognize

instance,

statement the ancient Eastern fable of the War of the Owls and Crows, we are tempted to reject the whole mass of such statements and to refuse them entry into the

domain of Zoological Science.

they have often rashly accepted
for

While former commentators

have, with greater or less caution, rejected

many

fables,
I

many

others.

And
much

fear

my

part that

in turn, while rejecting a

greater

number, have perhaps also erred

mystical meaning to too few.

in ascribing

a fabulous or

For many such statements, and

telligible in

and, at first that very many of

for others equally uninthe terms of Natural History, I offer a novel to wit, sight, a somewhat startling explanation
:

them deserve not a

zoological but an

astronomical interpretation. In the spring of 1894

I read to the Royal Society of I have not yet printed) on Bird a Edinburgh paper (which and Beast in Ancient Symbolism'. In that essay I sought
*

to demonstrate the astronomic

symbolism of certain ancient

monuments, especially of the great bas-relief of Cybele in the Hermitage Museum 1 secondly, of the beast and bird;

emblems
or
1

myths

of classical coinage 2 and lastly, of certain fables of the philosophers and poets.
;

This monument, a figure of which is accessible in Miss J. E. Harrison's Mythology of Ancient Athens, represents, according to my view, the ancient tropics of Leo and Aquarius, with Taurus and Leo in symbolic combat in the
frieze
2

below.

identical theory, in so far as it applies to numismatic emblems, was promulgated a few months afterwards by M. Jean Svoronos in a learned and scholarly paper, to be found in the Bulletin de Correspondence Hellenique for 1894; but In conthe theory was not so novel as M. Svoronos and I supposed it to be.

The

nexion with coins or gems,

it

is

explicitly

and admirably stated by Gorius,

De

PREFACE

Xlll

Many
in

illustrations of this

theory of mine will be found

.

Suffice it to say here, in the pages of this Glossary 1 briefest illustration, that the Eagle which attacks the Swan

and
after

is

in turn defeated

by

it,

is,

constellation Aquila, which

rises

according to my view, the in the East immediately

while before that

Cygnus, but, setting in the West, goes down a little more northern constellation that Haliaetus
;

and Ciris are the Sun and Moon in opposition, which rise and set alternately, like the opposite constellations of Scorpio and Orion with which the poet compares them. Among many other opinions and testimonies to the same effect, let us listen to the words of a Father of the Church The ancients believed that the legends about Osiris and Isis, and all other mythological fables [of a kindred sort], have reference either to the Stars, their configuration, their risings and their settings, or to the wax and wane of the Moon, or to the cycle of the Sun, or to the diurnal and
:

'

nocti-diurnal hemispheres

V
new knowledge
of the

The proof and the acceptance of such a theory as this are linked with considerations far-reaching in their interest.
The theory has
its

bearing on our

orientation of temple-walls; it helps to explain what Quintilian meant when he said that acquaintance with Astronomy was

an understanding of the Poets the wide-spread astronomic knowledge which it presupposes may account for the singular interest in and admiration of the didactic poem
essential to
;

by Germanicus and Cicero and and quoted by the whole hypothesis points to a broad distinction between two great orders of Myth.
of Aratus, the

poem

translated
;

St.

Paul

Myths

are

spontaneous or

literary,

natural or

artificial.

Some come

to us from the Childhood of Religion and the Childhood of the World dream-pictures as it were from
;

the half-opening eyes of awakening intelligence, archaic traces of the thoughts and ways of primitive and simple men these
;

Gemmis
1

Astriferis,

1750

and a kindred but exaggerated development,

&c.

in regard to

legend, of the
3

same hypothesis forms the method of Dupuis.

iii.

Cf. pp. 8, 28, 31, 63, 107, 121, 132, 192,

Euseb, Pr. Ev.

c. 4.

XIV
are the folk-lore tales

PREFACE

and customs that are presented to of the school But others, and these for Mannhardt. by the most part are astronomic myths, belonging to a relatively later age, were artificially invented of the wise, to adorn,
us
preserve, or conceal their store of learning they had their birth in cultured homes of deep religion, of treasured science, of exalted poetry. Both orders of Myth come to us with
;

the glamour of antiquity, and each has for us a diverse but

perennial interest
:

d <TTa<pv\\s

<TTa(j)is

eVri, KOI ov p68ov avov

oXemu.

The

distinction

between these two orders of Myth was

;

l he drew the dispointed out long ago by an ancient critic tinction clearly, but the tales of folk-lore, puerile in his eyes, found no echo of sympathy in the old scholar's heart. We, on

the other hand, have learned nowadays to say with the poet
y

AK\cir)s ode p.dvris 6? ovS' ocra Traidcs

The great Signs of the Heavens are as old as our knowledge of the months and years, and about them poet-watchers of the
wove an imperishable web of imagery. Of this kind are the Voyage in quest of the Golden Fleece 3 and the Twelve Labours of the Hero-God 4 and I have attempted to show how into the same fabric are woven tales of Aetos and Haliaetos, of Halcyon and Ciris, of Stymphalian perhaps also
stars
,
;

Oi JAW yap TUV aotywv pvOoi irepi aiSicav flat irpay^drcav, ol 5e ru>v iraiSow ire pi tyxpovuv KOI fffJUKpwv KOI ol fj.ev voepdv fx ovffl T *l v dXrjQaav, of 8e x a A 7rT '7 ovSw vibrjXov krteuarvftbnyr Procl. in Plat. Tim. Cf. also Porph. V. Pythag. (41) 42,
<
:

Iambi. V. Pythag. 23, and other commentators on the Pythagorean Symbols.

2
3

Apoll. Rh.
*

iii.

930.

Auf die Argonauten

hatte ich

immer

ein Zutrauen

....

Es

liegen herrliche
'
:

Motive darin, und gewiss

Schiller, Letter 496.
4

liessen sich

noch manche daraus entwickeln

Goethe

to

An

English scholar very recently propounded the view that the Hind with the
!

Golden Horns was a reindeer

217770-0;

6/idSos

xpvatov Kepas" ov Se
fj.tf)S

aAeWcu

Tr]\ifeov 'Hpa.K\f)a

e\d(f)0io tpovTJa'

Mr) Tpopcprjs t\d(f>ov

fJUfJLvrjaKfo.

Nonn. Dionys. xxv. 223.

PREFACE
of Diomedian and

XV
and

Memnonian

Birds, of Pleiad-Doves

Singing Swans.
the
:

All these come to us from the

Land beyond
to the ancient

Rainbow they are dwellers in Fairyland. Akin to this enterprise of tracing allusions

science of the Stars in art

and legend, in neglected phrases and statements, of the Greeks, is the effort I have made to ascribe to non- Aryan languages names used by Hellenic
writers for

many legendary The Master told his pupils

shipped under other names

as well as for

many

real Birds.

that the gods whom men worwere, in the childhood of religion,

the Sun, the Moon, and the Stars of Heaven, to which many and he told them also that barbarians still bowed down 1
;

one who should seek to explain by Greek all the words of Greek should surely go astray, for that many words in 2 daily use were borrowed from barbaric speech The astronomic science that the ancients loved and understood, as do the wise men of China and Arabia to this day, was not the gift of Greece alone, but was the accumulated
.

gain of ages of antecedent civilization by the River of Egypt and the Four Rivers of Chaldaea and Eastern imagination
;

veiled in mysterious allegory the ancient treasures of Eastern

lore.

If the quest after non- Aryan words and the attempt to trace the esoteric meaning of fables to a science which had
its origin on alien soil are to be justified, we must cease to believe in a gulf between the Greeks and their Eastern

contemporaries and predecessors.

was, was
crossed

That

gulf,
It

if

gulf there

again again. the migrations of races, by the tramp of armies, by the sails of commerce by the progress of religions, by the influence of art, by the humble footsteps of philosophers, seeking
;

and

was crossed by

wisdom
1

like Dervish-pilgrims of the Eastern or

Wandelnde

Studenten of the Western world.

Plat. Cratyl., p. 397.
Ibid., p.
2

409

Ei

ns &TOI ravra
?js

KO.TCL rrjv 'E\\rjviffriv (poavty

us choreas KCITCH,

dAAa

prf /car' fKfivijv, e

The

doctrine of

'

TO ovopa. Tvyx^ vfl v > otcrOa on diropoi av. El/torus ye. ' Loan-words thus adumbrated in the Cratylus, is now, within

certain limits, a

commonplace of philology; but we do not know where the

quest for such Loan-words

may

end.

XVI

PREFACE
the

As

White Doves came from Babylon or the Meleagrian

Birds from the farther Nile, so over the sea and the islands came Eastern legends and Eastern names. And our Aryan
studies

must not blind us to the presence in an Aryan tongue of these immigrants from Semitic and Egyptian speech, or from the nameless and forgotten language that was spoken

by the gods.
D.

W.

T.

GLOSSARY OF GREEK BIRDS

"APAY.
'AfO'P'
-

6 KVKVOS, VTTO SKV^COV,

deros, KvTrptot,

Hesych.

Hesych.
II.
c.

Bochart (Hieroz.

xi,

coll.

79,

80)

shows good reason

;

for

supposing that deros here should read yepavos, and that dyop is Is. xxxviii. 14). Cf. merely Heb. "\1jy, a crane (Jerem. viii. 7

Lewysohn, Zool.

d.

Talmuds,

p. 169.

'ArPAKO'MAI'
'APPEY'Z.

opvts TIS

vno ILa^L\wv, Hesych.

bird.
It is like

An unknown

a Blackbird, black, musical,

is

and a mimic, Ael.

viii.

24.

The

description
in the

somewhat sugmystical.

gestive of the Indian

Mynah, but

it is

main

Vide

'AAflNHl'l,
Cf.

s.

dSuimjis

(cf.

Creuzer, Symb.

ii.

478).

^ xeXi8a>i/,

Hesych.

drjo'ovis, S. V.

drjSwK.

'AEAAO'I, an

unknown
s. v.

bird,

Hesych.

'AEPOKO'PAH, vide
'AE'POvlJ, vide
s. v.

Kopa.

fxepoxj/.

'AETO'I. Ep. and Ion. aleros alrjros in Find. P.iv, Arat. 522, 591, &c. drjros, Arat. 315 alperos, for al ferns, Hesych. Dim. aenSeuy, Ael. vii. 47, Aesop,
; ;

Fab.

I.

deros

is

said to be 'the

flyer,'

of Sk. m-s, Lat. avi-s,

ol-wv-os (Curt.)

and of Gk.
;

ar^i

'the Bird] from root af or vt, the same root perhaps in

:

and

al-yvTr-ios

cf.

the Greek use of olavos

also the

Lat. use of ales for Eagle, and opveov in M. Gk. for Vulture. Nevertheless, the absence of Eagle-names similar to aeros in other Indo-

A GLOSSARY OF GREEK BIRDS

(continued}.
is

AET02
root.

European languages

so striking, that

suspect for

it

a non-Aryan

An

Eagle, the generic word; see also dKuXcifc, dXideros,

api<|>os,

arrap,
KUKi/ias,

dpyioirous,

dorepias,

eupufjit'Swv,

i^i^os,

I8e<ui>,

Xayw^oyos,
Xpuaderos,

{JieXai/dieTOS,
c.:

fjiop^yos,

i>T]TTo<|>6i>o9,

irXdyyos,

iruyapyos,
;

v. Arist.
cf.

species of Eagles
tifications,

H. A. viii. 3, 592 b, ix. 32, 6i8b, 619 a on the Cuvier ad Plin. x. 3, ed. Grandsaigne, whose iden-

however, like those of Sundevall (Thierarten des Aristoteles, Stockholm, 1863, also in Swedish, K. Akad. Wetensk. Stockholm, 1862), are in my opinion to be received with caution. Besides the Osprey,
Ctrcaettts gallicus, the

Pandion Haliaetus, and the Short-toed Eagle, A.

heliaca,

A. Chrysaetus, A. naema, A. Bonelli, A. pennata, and Haliaetus albicilla. Though occasional passages may be descriptive of the habits of one rather than another of these species, there is no evidence of any of these having been recognized as distinct such names as dXuieros, fieXavderos and \aya(j)6vos have a mystical or symbolic rather than a defollowing true Eagles are regular inhabitants of Greece,
:

Vultures, vide infra.

meaning. On the confusion of the Eagles with the Eagles are common in Greece, though (Xen. Venat v. 24) absent from many of the islands, for want of hills. On the Eagle in classical art and mythology cf. O. Keller, Thiere d. cl.
scriptive or specific

Alterthums, pp. 236-276, 430-452. Horn. ay/cvXo^ei'X^f (cf. Ar. Eq. 197 Pvpaaieros ayKuXo^eiX?;? Epithets.
S. -XJjXjjs),

aWcov, fieidy, KapriaTos KOI O>KLCTTOS

iv. 9),

Trererji/aii/,

p.e\as (cf.

Aesch.
247),

Ag. 115, Plut. Amat.

v^ineTTjs
s.

o^vraros depKfadai, reXeioraro?

(II. viii.

c.), Ail Soph. Oenom. fr. 423, Horap. ii. 56, Hes. Th. 523 ravinrrfpos (cf. Find. P. v. 112, (piXraros (II. xxiv. 310). II. xxiv. 317, Orphic. Lith. 124). Find. P. i. 6, v. 48, Isthm. vi dpxbs Ar. Eq. 1087 ola>vS)v, Ol. xiii. 21 /3ao-iXeu? oia>v>v (cf. Aesch. Ag. 1 15

tynreTrjeis (cf.

Ael.

ix.

Nic. Ther. 448

the Eagle was

ii.
i-

56,

and was
;

Jov. 68 ; Ovid, Met. iv. 362 ; an Egyptian symbol for the king, according to Horap. worshipped as a royal bird by the Thebans, Diod. Sic.
;

Callim.

Hymn.

Imagg. 386 K. Soph. fr. 766 Aesch. a-Kf?7rro/3a/io)j/ cu'eros, KVO>V Aids (cf. Ar. Av. 515, Find. P. i. 6). Z^z/6? opvis, Zrjvbs aieroy, Suppl. 212, Soph. Aj. 1040, Eur. Ion 159, &C. Zrjvbs Kijpv^. Antip. Sid. xcii in Gk. Anth. (Jac.) ii. 33 *Opvi, Atos Kpovidao diaKrope. Arat. Phen. 522 Zrjvbs piyas ayyeXos. Schol. Find. See also Porphyr. De Abstin. iii. 5 opvifas rots I. v. 53 SioTrojLiTro? alfTos.
87, 9)

a royal

emblem

also at Babylon, Philostr.

da(f>oivbs

Aesch. Pr. V. 1024 Aios

TTTTJVOS KIXOV,

aieros

dvdpwTTOis

ftcri

Krjpvues aXXoi aXXwi/ df&v, Albs fiev aerdy,

^-yt/idj/eue di

K. T. X.

Nonn.

Dionys. xxiv. I2O aieroy

(Aesch.
divrjs
fr.

rjepos avrirvrros Zevs.

Ar. Av. 1248

aleroS)

Niob.) irvptyopoicriv aierois. oiavav povvos enovpavios.

Bianor

in

Cf. Eurip.

Gk. Anth. ii. 143 ^epofr. 866 avrns p,ev drjp

AETOI
AETOI
(continued}.
TrepdcrifJLOs.

(Cf. Arist.

TOTTOV Kadopa'

H. A. 32, 619 b v-^ov 8e irererai, OTTCO? eVi dionep 6elov ol avBpwnoi (pacriv flvai JJLOVOV ra>v
281 aleros aWcpioicnv firiBixttv yvdXotaiv. Quint. Opp. Hal. ii. 539 o<rcroi> yap Kovcpouri
Phile,

opVQ)v.)

Opp. Venat.
354
avaKres,

i.

Sm.

iii.

olu>v5>v Trpocpepea-Taros.
cu'eroi.
fr.

/ier' ola>vol<riv

De Aq.

vty id p opos, KaprioTo? 6pvida>v,

ii.

TrnjvoKpdroop.

Eurip.

1049 (Cram. An. Gr. Oxon.

452)

aero?, 6 Xwcrroff OVTOS KOI <pi\otve<rTaTos.

derog 6 *uX.
jjieifav

yvfjorios.
(pfjvrj?,
117

Arist.
TO>V 8'

H. A.

ix.

32,

619 peyiaTos
Plut.

TO>V

re rrjs

dfrav KOI
I

jJ/zidXios',

^pa>/za {-avdds, (paiWrai 5e

oXiyaKis
fAop<f>i/6s.

coo-Trep

Ka\ovp.evrj Kvpivdis

cf.

Amat.

iv.

vide

S. V.

usually taken, as is also the xpuo-afros or do-repi'as of Ael. H. A. ii. 39, to mean the Golden Eagle, Aq. Chrysaetus (L.) the former birds are however said by both authors to be very rare, whereas
is
;

This

the Golden

Eagle

is

the

commonest eagle

Aristotle's statement as to its size is modified

Pliny's phrase solumque inbut perhaps incorrect translation of Many of the general references to aeros apply more or less yvrjo-ios. closely to Aq. Chrysaetus^ e. g. Arist. H. A. ix. 32, 619, its nesting
:

media magnitudine). by the allusions to

The passage is Kvpivdis and (pyvr)

a
literal

Greece (Heldreich). by Pliny (H. N. x. 3, obscure and mythical, as shown

in

corruptae originis

is

habits

vi. 6,

563

ri/a-ei

rpla

<oa,

eVa>aei

Trepi

rpiaKovra ijpepas

ix.

32,

619 b TOVS dao"viro8as OIIK vdi>s Xap-/3ayei, aXX' els TO this last statement being, however, very obscure

nfftiov edcras 7rpoeX$eii>,

:

Ael.

ii.

39, &c.,

&c.

hand accounts of the capture of snakes and stories of the combat with the Dragon (Arist. H. A. ix. i, 609 Tpocpyv yap Troiemu
the other
II. xii. 200 Aesch. Choeph. 245 Soph. Ael. xvii. 37 Nonn. Dion. xl. 476 Nic. Theriac. 448 Acs. Fab. 120 cf. Virg. Aen. xi. 751 Hor. Carm. iv. 4 Ovid, Met. iv. 712 Flav. Vopisc. De Aurel. iv), are based on the habits of Circaetus gallicus, the Shorttoed Eagle, which feeds on reptiles, and partly also of the LammerIn Imhoof-Blumer and Keller's Thierbilder we have coins of geier. Chalcis in Euboea showing an Eagle with the snake in its beak, and also (pi. v. 9) a similar coin of Cyrene in which the bird's head is

On

TOVS ofais 6 dtTos

Antig.

10-126

evidently a Lammergeier's.

The

Aesch. Ag.

Vultures were frequently confused under the name oVros, e. g. as also in the story of Pro1 38 o-Tvyel Se delnvov aler&v
:

metheus, e.g. Hes. Th. 523; Aesch. Pr. V. 1022; Pr. Sol. ap. Cic. Q. Tusc. ii. 10 Apoll. Rh. ii. 1254, 1263, iii. 851 Lucian, Prom. 20 (i. 203) ; D. Deor. i. i (i. 205), &c., &c. and as in the story of the death of
;

Max. ix. 12. 2, Didym. Chalc. Onomast. c. 16, where the derds was Hesych. evidently a Lammergeier, on whose propensity to feed on tortoises v.
Aeschylus, Ael.
vii. 16, Plin. x. 3,

Valer.

ed. Ritter, 1845, pp. 84 &c.,

Tristram,

Fauna

of Palestine, p. 94, see also Ibis, 1859, p. 177

cf.

Acs.

B 2

4
AET01
(continued].

A GLOSSARY OF GREEK BIRDS

Fab. 419; Babr. 115. (On the mythical character of the Aeschylus legend cf. Teuffel, Rh. Mus. ix. 148, 1854; Piccolomini, Sulla morte favolosa di Eschilo, Pisa, 1883 Keller, op. c. pp. 257, 444.)
;

The

description in Arist. H. A.
TJJS yr/s'

ix.

32

e(p'

v^r\\wv KaOiCei dia TO /SpaSeW

aipfaOai OTTO

v\^ov 8e Tre'rerm,

OTTCOS

eVi 7rXet(rroj/ TOTTOV Kadopq, /c.T.X.,

suggests rather the habit of the Griffon Vulture (v. Trfp/ci/oWf pos), which ' is also the Eagle alluded to in like terms in Job xxxix. 28 cf. also Ael. ii. 26, Horap. i. n, ii. 56. The Griffon Vulture is the royal bird
' ;

of the East, the standard of the Assyrian vii. i. 4, of. Is. xlvi. ii, Habakkuk i. 8
;

and Persian armies (Xen. Cyr. whence probably the Roman

(2

Eagle), and the Eagle-headed

God Nisroch

Kings
;

xix. 37) of

the

Assyrians

Tristram, Fauna of Palestine, p. 95 see also Hammer, The Hist. Osman. i. p. 50, Creuzer's Symbolik, iii. pp. 649, 756, &c.). crested Eagles of Assyrian sculpture (cf. Pocock's Descr. of the East, II.
(cf.

Wood's Baalbec, and Ann. and Mag. N. H. (3)

pi.

xvi

pi.
it

of the solar emblem,

is

xxxiv), are merely a further development unnecessary to suppose (as does Hogg,

xiii.

1864, P- 5 2

that they are copied from

an actual crested species.

The

cultivated

Persians, reverencing the Eagle, admired the aquiline nose and it Olympiod. in Plat. Alcib. i. c. 16, p. 153 ol SOKOVVTCS apioroi
:

TO.

v8eiKvvp.evoi.

TOVTOV popta els ,/caXXos 8ta7rXarTOU(7i ypVTrfjv Kal Tr]v piva TO f)yefJ.oviKov eivat Kal j3ao-t\iKov TOV nalfta' OVTOD yap
:

Kal 6 aeTos ypvTros eo~Tiv a>s /ScunXiKo?

cf.

Hyde, Rel.

vet. Pers. p. 374.

i.

fine description of the Eagle's flight in Apuleius, Florid,

Myth and legend. The story of Prometheus, vide supra. The story of Ganymede. Strato in Gk. Anth. iii. p. 82 Anon. ibid. IV. p. Il8 aleTos 6 Zvs rjXdev eV avrideov ravvfJiT)8r)V, KVKVOS eVi J~av6r]V
;

Theocr. xv. 124; Lucian, D. Deor. iv. I (i. 208), nr]Tpa TTJS 'E\evrjs Hor. Car. iv. 4. The statue of Leochares, Plin. H. N. xxxiv. 19, 29. On coins of Chalcis, Dardanos, Ilia, &c. The story referred to the
:

constellation

Aquila, Hygin. Manil. Astron. v. 486, ,&c.

P.

Astr.

ii.

16,

Germanic. Phen. 317,

the Swan pursued by an Eagle Eurip. Hel. combat with the Swan, freq., e.g. II. xv. 692, Arist. ap. Ael. V. H. i. 14, Phile xv. 10, Statius Theb. iii. 524, viii. 675, ix. 858, &c. On coins of Mallos in Cilicia, and Camarina (Eckhel, Doctr. Numm. i. i. 201, Imhoof-Blumer and Keller, pi. vi. 16, 17, &c.).
story of

The

Leda

17-22.

The Eagle

in

coins of Sinope, and other towns, on Black and the Sea Hellespont, is taken by Keller as especially the Dolphin here has symbolic of the fish-trade (op. c. p. 262) also been referred to the Eastern emblem of Eros (cf. Weber, Hist, of
:

The Eagle with Dolphin on

Ind. Liter. 1882, p. 257), but

is

more probably simply the

constellation

AETOI
AETO2
(continued}.
(cf.

adjacent to Aquila
pp. 392-400, 1833.

Manil. Astron.

i.

353).

See

for other views,

i.

Welcker, Der Delphin und der Hymnus des Arion, Rhein. Mus.

The myth

of Nisus

and Scylla or

Ciris, Virgil (?) Ciris,

Hygin. Fab.

198, Ovid, Met. viii. 146, &c. (a Semitic solar myth, O. Keller, I.e. p. 259) ; see also E. Siecke, De Niso et Scylla in aves mutatis, Berlin,

1884, vide

s.

v.

dXideros.
;

transmigration of Agamemnon, Plato, Rep. x. p. 620 of King Periphas of Attica, Anton. Lib. Met. vi Ov. Met. vii. 399(cf.Th. Panofka, Zeus und Aegina, Berlin 1836) of King Merops of Cos, Anton. Lib.
;

The

Met. xv.

Cf. the

ceremony

at the consecration of

a dead Emperor

dfTos dtpitTui o~vv ra> nvp\ dve\vo~6[j.(vos es TOV aldepa, os (pepeiv dno yf/s es ovpavbv Tr)v TOV j3ao~i\e(i)$ \l/-v)(f]v TTicrreuerai VTTO 'Pco/xai'co^, Herodian,
iv. 2.

II

cf.

Dio Cass.

Ivi.

42, Ixxiv.

5.

The Eagle

as a portent

(a. reXeio'raTos)

in
:

connexion with the founding

of the Ptolemaic dynasty, Suid. s. v. Adyos of the Phrygian dynasty by Gordius, Arrian, Anab. ii. 3, Ael. xiii. I ; of the Persian by Achaemenes,
Ael.
xii.

21

with the birth of Alexander, Justinus

portent of death
:

xii. 16. 5.
rf/

The Eagle a
Qdvarov aura)

aero? entKadeo-dels
i.

Kf(pa\fj TOV Idovros

/uai/reuercu,

Artemid. Oneirocrit.

p.

112 (ed. Hercher).

On the Eagle in augury cf. II. viii. 247, xii. 200, Od. ii. 146, xx. 242, Aesch. Ag. 115, Ar. Vesp. 15, &c. doubtless also referred to, though unnamed, in such passages as Orph. Lith. 45, Aesch. Sept. c. T. 24, Pr. V.
:

486 still more frequent in Latin, e.g. Liv. i. 24 Cic. De Divin. i. 47, ii. 48 Sueton. Octav. 94, 96, 97 Valer. Max. i. 4. 6, Plut. Brutus xxxvii, &c. See Hopf, Thierorakel, pp. 87 et seq.; Spanheim in Callim. Hymn.
: ; ;

Jov. 69.

On Eagles in the Mithraic mysteries, Porphyr. De Abst. iv. 16. How the Etruscans understood the language of eagles, ibid. iii. 4. An Eagle's nest with seven eggs (!), as a portent, Plut. Marius, xxxvi. An
Eagle's nestling in symbolism and dream-prophecy, Horap.
ii.

(cf.

of the Eagle : Arist. De Mirab. 835 a, i. (60) CK TOV frvyovs 8e TWI/ aro>j> Qdrepov T&V eyyovdav oXlOUTOS yiverai 7rapaAAa, K fie aXimcrwy (f)r)vr) ytVerai, CK de TOVTM nepKVol av avvya yevrjTai.

Leemans in loc.}. The mythical genealogy

IW

K. yvTres, K. T. A.

cf.

0eoKpocos, dXideros, ^^T), &c.

How
4 (52),

(prjvr)

rears

its

young, Arist. H. A.

ix.

32, 619, Antig. Hist.

Mirab.

cf.

Plin. x. 3.

How the Eagle feeds and defends its young, and is affectionate towards them, Ael. ii. 40, Opp. Yen. 115, Arist. H. A. ix. 32, 619 (cf. Deut. xxxii. ii), but nevertheless casts them out, 8ia (frOovov, <pvo-fi ydp
eo-TL

(pOovepbs Kal oginreivos, e'n 8e o^uAa/3^?, Arist. ibid.

How it

lays three

A GLOSSARY OF GREEK BIRDS

(continued}.

AET02

eggs, hatches two, and rears one, Musaeus ap. Arist. vi. 6, 563, Plin. x. 4 a similar statement of iepa, Horap. ii. 99 TIKTWV yap rpia 6>a, TO li/ \iovov eViXeyerai KOI rpe^ei, ra Se aXXa dvo K\a' TOVTO Se Trota, 5ta TO KOT'
;

TOV \povov TOVS oj/v^a? dno(3d\\iv, Kal eWeC$ei>

/x)

8vvao-6ai

TO.

rpia

How, when

brooding,

it
i.

goes without food,

1

OTTOS

ap-nd^ TOVS

TO>V

6rjpia)v o~Kvp,vovs (cf.

ovv oyv%es avTOv 8iao~Tpe(povTai oXrya? Tj/j-epas, Kai. TO. Trrepa XevKm'veTai, &O~TC Kal rols TCKVOLS TOTC yivovrai ou TTtii/Ta 6e Ta T>V der&v yevrj o/zoia Trepi ra reKva, aXX' 6 irvyapyos

Horap.

1).

01 re

ot

p,f\avfs fvrcKvoi TTCpl Trjv

Tpo^v

tlviv, Arist.

H. A.

vi. 6,

563.

sight of the Eagle, opviduv o^uooTreWaTo?, and how its gall mingled with honey is an ointment for the eyes, Ael. i. 42 Plin. xxix. 38, &C. Cf. II. xvii. 674, Alciphr. iii. 59 yopybv TO /SXe/u/ua ; Prov. dfT&o'fs (3\f-

The sharp

TreiV)

the Eagle's Lucian Icarom. 14 (ii. 769), Hor. Sat. i. 3. 26, &c. offspring look straight at the sun, and the bastards, being by this test discovered, are cast out, Ael. ii. 26, cf. Arist. H. A. ix. 34, 620, Antig.
(52), Lucan ix. 902, Lucian, Pise. 46 (i. 613), Sil. Ital. x. 107, Petron. Sat. 120, Claudian III. Cons. Hon. Praef, 12, Plin. x. (3)4, Dion. De Avib. i. 3, Apul. Florid, i. 2, Basil. Hexaem. viii. 6. 177, Eust. Hexaem.

How

Mirab. 46

viii. 6.

40 (418

Mor. Manich. xvi. 50, Julian. Imp. Epp. 16 (386 C), Eunod. d), Ep. i. 18, id. Carm. ii. 150, Phile i. 14. Cf. Chaucer, that with his sharpe look perceth P. of Fowles, 331 'the royal egle the sun.' On the Egyptian origin of this fable, see Keller, op. c. p. 268, and cf. Horap. i. 6, II. The Solar Myth is also oriental, and in the
952, S. August.
.

Rig-veda the sun

in the air.

is

frequently

compared

to a Vulture or

Eagle hovering

The Eagle
OVTC
cf.
Trrjyrjs

is

exempt from
18,

thirst, Ael.

H. A.

ii.

26 ovdenoTc deTot
'.

Setrai OVTC y\i^(Tat KOvio~Tpas,

viii.

aXXa

Kal dtyovs dfjLfivwv eo~Ti

Arist.

H. A.

601 b

but perishes of hunger (also an Egyptian

fable, Keller op. C. 267), yrjpdo-Kovo-i 8e Tols dfTols TO pvyxos avgdvfTai TO

avo) yap,^fovp,fvov del p.d\\ov } Kal
TLS Kal nvflos, cos

T\OS

Xi/iW aT:o6vr)(rKOVo~LV.
r)diKr]o~e

cmXfyeTai 8e
evov, Arist.

TOVTO

7rdo~)(fL 8ioTi

avGpajirbs TTOT' &>v

Cf. Antig. 46 (52), Horap. ii. 96 (where the Eagle is 32, 619. said to be for that reason an Egyptian symbol for an old and starving
ix.

H. A.

man), Epiphan. ad Physiol.

It
is

c. 6,

Plin. x. 14.
8'

however

long-lived, paKpoftLos

eo-TtV

drj\ov 8e TOVTO

e/c

TOU
b.

iro\vv xpovov T ^ v veoTTiav TTJV avTrjv diapeveiv, Arist.

It

H. A.

ix.

32,

619

feeds on grass, Ael.

Ael.
vi.

ix.

10

(pottos oo-nfp Kal

by

o-vp.(pvTov,

46, Phil.

De

An. Pr. 668, and

aeTcS

Aibs KK\r)rai), is poisoned in sickness eats

tortoises as a
Its

remedy, Dion. De Av. i. 3. hours of feeding &pa de TOV epydfca-Qat

:

Kai TrereoAu
ir\r)dvovo~T)s,

an-'

dpio~Tov p-^XP 1 8ei\r]s'

TO yap HwQev KadrjTai p-fXP 1

^ypds

Arist.

H. A.

ix. 32,

619.

AETOZ
AETOI
(3)

(continued].

Its feathers are incorruptible, Ael. ix. 2, Plut.

Q. Conv.

i.

10, Plin. x.
hail,

its
i.

right wing buried in the ground

14, 2.
its

is

an insurance against
its

Geopon.

How

it

walks with

toes turned in, to

keep

claws sharp, Plut.

De

Curios. 12.

H. A. ix. i, 609 b, aiyvmos, 610 a v@pis, ib. 12, 615 b; Kopoavrj, Ael. xv. 22 TUTTM, Nicand. ap. Anton. Lib. 14 eyxeXv?, Aristoph. Hist. Anim. Epit. ii. 239 noXvirovs, Ael. vii. II, as well as to Spaxcoi/, Arist. ix. I, 609 (cf. Ael. ii. 26, Plut. Od. et Inv. iv. p. 650), and KVKVOS, ib. 12, 615 b, by which last it is conquered, Ael. xvii. 24 to veftpos and aXcon-^, Arist. H. A. ix. 32, 619 b),
Is hostile to fpeoSio?, o-i'm;, rpoxi'Xo?, Arist.
;

ib.

cf.

Plut. Sol.

Anim.

xxxi. 7

hostile also to xh v (Od. xv. 161), Sop/cay,

Phile. Cf. Plin. x. (74) 95. Anyeos (Orphic. Lith. 147), ravpo?, It places the herb KaAXiYpixo" in its nest for a charm, Geopon. xv. 1,19.

The Eagle
Dionys.
v.

a symbol of the Nile, Diod. Sic.

eKXrflrj

i.

19. 2.

Cf. Eustath. in

Bryant's Anc. Mythol. ii. of the Artemid. Oneirocr. i. 20, as the year, symbol pp. 19, 378. of elevation, Horap. i. 6; Vulture is also said to be by Horap. i.

239

[% A'iyvTrros] Kal 'Aer/a

cf.

on the equator, Clem. Alex. Strom, v. 567. For the explanation of these hieroglyphs, into which the emblem of the Vulture enters as a phonetic element, see Lauth, Sitzungsber. Bay. Ak. 1876, p. 81. A king who lives remote from and disdainful of his people is preOVTOS yap ev rols epi'ip-ois TOTTOIS e'^ei rrjv veoaa-idv, Kal figured as an Eagle
of the sun
:

v^rjXoTfpos iravr&v rS)V 7TTeivS)V tTTTarai, Horap.

ii.

56.

The white Eagle

iv. 17,

was
is

of Pythagoras, Iambi. V. Pyth. xxviii. 142, Ael. V. H. probably a symbol for the town of Croton, on whose 'coins an
(cf. Brit.

eagle
ii.

displayed

Mus. Cat. Coins,

i.

c.

20, also Creuzer,

Symb.

Pythagoras lured an Eagle at Olympia, Iambi. V. Pyth. xiii. 62, Porph. V. Pyth. 25, Plut. Numa viii. The constellation Aquila, Eurip. Rh. 530 /LieVa d' ateroy ovpavov nrorarai
602, footnote).

How

The

Arat. Phen. 313, Hygin. iii. 15, &c. lib. v. c. 14) constellation Aquila is frequently referred to in Latin ; e. g. Ov. F. v. 732 grata lovi fulvae rostra videbis avis ; [viii. Kal. Jun. Rostra
(cf.

Petavii Var. Diss.,

aquilae oriuntur chronice.]

Ib. vi.
;

194

si

magni praepes adunca

Columella
xi.

lovis

[Kal. Jun.

quaeritis astra, Tune oritur Aquila oritur chronice.] Cf.

Germanic. Phaen. 692 redit armiger uncis Unguibus, On the cf. ib. 610, &c. ante omnes gratus tibi, luppiter, Ales constellation with the in of connexion the Aquila, Eagle mythology
2
;

see also Eratosth.

c.

29,

Hygin. P. Astr.

ii.

16, for, int.

/.,

the stories

of the metamorphosis of Ethemea, of the Eagle that brought Venus' slipper to Mercury (cf. Strabo xvii. 808, Ael. V. H. xiii. 33), the eagle
that portended victory to Jove in his

combat with the Titans, &c.

It
is

The complicated mythology

of the Eagle baffles analysis.

A GLOSSARY OF GREEK BIRDS

(continued'].
is Zrjvbs

AETOI
212.

sometimes evidently a solar emblem, as

'

opvis in

Aesch. Suppl.

manner probably a translation of the of Egyptian Horus. In its combat with the Hare, the Swan, the Bull, the Dragon, and so forth, these latter are probably symbolic of their stellar name-sakes, and in such cases, the hostile Eagle is, in the main, a stellar and not a solar emblem. The following
Its
xpuo-a'eros- is in like
'

name golden hawk

are the principal facts in connexion with the constellation Aquila which seem to bear on the mythology of the Eagle. It rose nearly together with the Dolphin, and shortly after, and as it were in pursuit of, the

Lion rose, whose Hare and the Dogit set together with Aquarius, known also as star rising simultaneously Ganymede the cup-bearer, and it was close beside and rose together with the Arrow of Sagittarius. It is not far distant from the constelit lation Lyra, which last constellation is also known as the Vulture and the Eagle are known respectively to later writers (and to the Arabs) as Aquila or Vultur cadens and volans or yty Kadrj^evos and nero^e vos, nesr-el-waki and nesr-el-ta'ir, whence our modern names Vega and Altair applied to their two principal stars. (See for Arabic and other

Swan and

the Serpent of Ophiuchus

it

set as the

leading star

Regulus was

also called ^ao-tAiWos-, the

;

Notae ad Imagg. pp.

seems
to

references, Ideler, Sternnamen, pp. 67, 106, &c.; also Grotius' Aratus, 54, 60, &c., &c.) Aquila rose together with the

but Lyra or the Vulture, rising a little earlier, have been the true paranatellon of that sign accordingly it is probably not the true Eagle but the Vulture or Aquila cadens, which, substituted for the unlucky Scorpion, figures with the other three cardinal signs of Leo, Taurus, and Aquarius, in the familiar imagery of Ezek. i. 10, x. 14, and Rev. iv. 7. A solar myth is discussed s. v. dXideros. The combat with the Hare is interesting from its representation on a famous decadrachm of Agrigentum, as well as for the equally mystical
latter stars of the Scorpion,
:

description in Aesch. Ag. 115

jSoa-Kd/zcj/oi

nected with the Hare seems to

difficult,

me

(The symbolism con\aylvav. to be peculiarly complicated and

and all tentative hypotheses are more than commonly liable to be overthrown.) The Eagle with the Serpent or Dragon occurs not only in classical coinage (Chalcis, Agrigentum, Gortyna, Siphnos, &c.), but also on Persian and Egyptian sculptures. The Eagle with the
lightning (deros Trvpcpopos) or thunderbolt (ministrumfulmtnis, cf. Plin. x. 3, Serv. in Aen. i. 398, Sil. Ital. xii. 58 adsuetis fulmina ferre Un-

guibus) occurs on coins of Elis, Catana, Megalopolis, &c. Philo's phrase and 0. voQov for sunlight and moonlight is perhaps (i. 628) (pcyyo? yvfja-iov

suggestive or corroborative of a solar symbolism in aero? yvrja-ios. Ael. i. 35. Diosc. v. 161. Dion. De Avib. afTirrjs, the eagle-stone.
i.

ot p.ev

avrbv arro TO>V KauKatricoi/

:

opaii/,

ot 8e OTTO rrjs

TOV wKeavov o%dr)s

$ao-l K0fu'r#a<.

Lucan

vi.

676 quaeque sonant

feta tepefacta

sub

alite

saxa

Plin. x. 3, xxx. (14) 44, xxxvi. (21) 39, xxxvii.

(u)

72,

Horap.

ii.

49,

AETOI
AETO1
(continued}.

Phile 736, Geopon. xv. i, 30, Solinus, c. 37, Philostr. V. Apollon. ii. 14, Stobaeus 98, Priscian in Perieges. p. 393. Cf. Physiol. Syrus, where the stone is called WTOVLKOV, a corruption of CVTOKIOV or VKVTOKIOV cf.
:

Epiphan. De Duodecim Gemmis, &c., ed. Romae, 1743, p. 30, Marbod. Lapidarium, 339-391 (King's Ant. Gems, See also, for mediaeval and other references, Boch. Hieroz. p. 404). ii. 312-316, and N. and Q. (8) v. 518, 1894. The Eagle with its stone,
Eustath.

Hexaem.

p.

27,

an Egyptian symbol of security, Horap. ii. 49. Proverb and Fable. Fable of Fox and Eagle, Archiloch. fr. 86-88 Ar. Av. 652. Hence according to Rutherford (no), Aes. Fab. 5 (Babrius p. xlvii), the proverb ahrbs ev TTOTCIVOIS, Pind. N. iii. 77 (138); alerbs ev vetyeXaiai, Ar. Eq. 1013, Av. 978, 987, fr. 28, and Schol. applied
; ;

by the oracle
cf.
:

to the Great

King

(cf.

Ezek.

Zenob., Suid. eVt TO>V SucraXcorooi/, KCTOI for other explanations, see Steph. Thes.
derbv i7TTa<r6ai 8iSd(n<eis, Suid.,

Schol. in Ar. Eq. 1010 Trapoaov derbs ev ve<pe\ais &>v ov% dXiVxvii. 3),
;

Zenob. ii. 49 cf. Pseudo-Plutarch, Prov. 25 avev Trrepwv forels lirravQai hence, according to Rutherford, the fable of the Eagle and Tortoise, Babr. cxv, Aes. 419 ; cf. Diog. L.,
;
:

ii.

17, 10.

alerbv Kavdapos /uaieu(ropu, Ar. Lys.

696

eVi rS>v

rifia)povju,ei>a>j/

TOVS

p.tiovas irpoKardp^avTas
6 KavOapos, Suid.:
cf.

KCIK.OV.

\eyerai yap ra a>a roO deroO d(pavifiv

Ar. Pax, 133,

and

Schol., Lys. 695, Aes. Fab. 7,

Keller, op. c. p. 269.

The

oracle of Action, Herod,

v.

92.

Fable of Eagle shot with its own feathers, Aesch. Myrm. fr. 123, cf. Schol. in Ar. Av. 808, Aes. Fab. 4. The Eagle and the Archer, Bianor, Gk. Anthol. ii. p. 143.
derbs Kal /SatriXiVKoy, Plut. Mor. ii. 806 E. The Fighting-cock and the the Eagle and Lion in partnership, Babr. xcix ; the Eagle, Babr. v Eagle mindful of benefits, Aes. 6, 92, 120, Ael. xvii. 37, whence the proverb aUnov x<*P iv eicrivfiv, Apost. Cent. i. 78 ; cf. Tzetz. Chil. iv. 302.
;

The tame Eagle of Pyrrhus, Ael.

of Babylon, Ael.
cf.
xii.

21

that

ii. 40 ; the Eagle that saved Tilgamus saved Aristomenes, Paus. iv. 18. 5
: :

x.

see also Ael. Antip. Sidon. xcii in Gk. Anthol. ii. 33 (5) 6: cf. Marx, Gr. Marchen, 1889, pp. 29-50.

vi. 29,

Plin.

On Hawking
Miiller), Ael. iv.

with trained Eagles in India,

;

Ctesias,

fr.

(ed.

26

in

Thrace, Ael.

ii.

42

cf.

also

Leo Africanus and

Tzetzes Chiliad,

iv. 134. On Eagles trained for Falconry, see (e.g.) Scully, Contr. to the Ornith. of E. Turkestan, Stray Feathers, vi. p. 123, 1876; also Yule's Marco Polo, Schlegel's Fauconnerie, &c.

Herod,

Representations of Eagles. On Babylonian processional sceptres, i. On the sceptre of the Persian kings, Xen. Cyrop. vii. 195.

10

A GLOSSARY OF GREEK BIRDS

(continued'}.

AET02
I.

4 (cf. Keller, op. c. pp. 240, 435). On the sceptre of Zeus at Olympia, Paus. v. II. i (copied on a late coin of Elis) and at Megalopolis, id.
;

viii.

31.

(cf.

Find. P.

i.

6 evSei ava

O-KUTTTO)

AIOS aleros, Soph.

fr.

766

o-Kr)7TTot3d[jLa>v

ahros, Schol. in Ar. Av. 510); on pillars before the altar of Zeus Lycaeus, in Arcadia, id. viii. 38. 5 ; on the Omphalos at Delphi
(cf.

Soph. O. T. 480), Pind. P.

iv. I

xpuo-ecov Atos alrjT&v

ndptdpos (simirtvas,
r)

larly

on coins of Cyzicus).

Cf. Plut.

de Orac.
TO

i.

409 derovs
fj.6(rov

KVKVOVS, nv6o\oyov<riv OTTO T&V oLKpoiV

Trjs yrjS firl

<pepop.vovs els

ravTo

The great mechanical crvfjiireo-flv Uv6oi nepl TOV Ka\. o/KpaXoi/. Eagle with outspread wings on the altar at Olympia, Paus. vi. 20. 12. On the shield of Aristomenes at Messene, Paus. iv. 16. 7 (cf. account of shield in Eurip. fr. Meleag. iv, and on the shield of Aeacus, Zrji>a For references to coins, v. supra, vodov, (ro(pov opviv, Nonn. xiii. 214).
gable of a temple was called deros, Ar. Av. mo, or ae'ra^a, Cf. Eur. fr. Hypsip. tdov irpbs alQep e^a/LuXA^o-ai Kopais, ypair6t<av TOVS fv atTol<Ti 7rpoa-/3Xe7ra>i/ rvnovs Pind. Ol. xiii. 21 ris yap rj
Suid.
:
.

passim.

The

vaoiviv olavoiv /SatriXea didvpov eircBrjKe

cf.
;

Pind.

fr.

53, ap. Paus.

x. 5. 12,

and Bergk's note

/Mi/zemu
(TX^JP-CL

Tacit.

H.

iii.

71
:

Bekker Anecd.

p. 348. 3 aeroi)

dnoreraKOTos ra -nrepd for other references see Blaydes, in Ar. Av. 1106. Compare the Sacred Hawk or Eagle, or the winged

solar disc, on Egyptian gables, &c., and on Mithraic monuments. See Bronsted, Voy. en Grece, ii. 154; Welcker, Alte Denkmaler, i. 3. A conventional ornament on the gable even of modern buildings in

the Greek style,

still

represents the degenerate

emblem

of the Eagle's

wing.

See also, besides the special references to the other Eagle-names enumerated above, kindred mythological references s. vv. yu'ij/, Upa,

*AZEINOl', also d^effijUKH' KVKVOI, rats nrepv^iv dno\ap,[3dvovTfs

df'pn,

Hesych.

'AHAQ'N,

grammatical forms, Kuhn's Zeitschr. iii. p. 81, c.] Also drj&ovls (Eur. Rhes. 550, Theocr. viii. 38, freq. in Gk. Anthol., c.), ddovis (Theocr., Mosch.), dfirjdav = nf^Scoj/, Hesych., and a^Sco, Soph. Aj. 628. Dim. drjdovidevs, Theocr. xv. 121. Rt. vad^ to sing, a<-i'Sa>, &c.
TJ

[6 a.,

Anth. Pal.

vii.

44, Eust. 376. 24

in

for

see Bergk. Philol.

xxii. p. 10,

Ahrens

The Nightingale,
Mod. Gk.
Od.
xix.
drj86vi,

Motacilla luscinia, L., Daulias luscinia, auctt.

applied to various Warblers.
Kovprj ^Xcop^ls drjduv.

518 Uavdapeov

[German commentators,
;

translating ^Xwpjyi'y green, have made many needless conjectures as cf. Groshans, p. 5 to some other bird being here alluded to Buchholz, On the word xXwpiji'y see also G. E. Marindin and pp. 123-125.
;

W. W.

Fowler, Class. Rev. 1890, pp. 50, 231, and in particular Steph.

AETOI
AHAflN
Thes.
(continued}.

AHAflN

II

(ed. 1821), coll. 1284-5. The general significance is perhaps 'the nightingale, that clepeth forth the fresshe leves newe,' Chaucer, P. of

Fowles 351,
Hal.

^Xwpalff VTTO

/3a<7(raiy,

Soph. Oed. Col. 673.]

Other Epithets.
i.

'Ar0i'y, aloXooeipos (Nonn. xlvii. 33), moXocpooi/os (Opp. 728), fiapvdaKpvs (Phil. Thess. Ixvi), 8aKpv6eo-o-a (Eur. Hel. mo),

*Hpos ayyeXos,

^jj.fp6(pa)vos

s.

ip,fp6(p(i)vos

KipKr)\aTos (Aesch. Suppl. 62), \iyeia (Aesch.

(Sappho, p. 39, ap. Suid.), Ag. 1146; Soph. Oed. Col.

xii.

671), \tyv(pdoyyos (Ar. Av. 1380), \iyv(pa>vos (Theocr.

(C.
I.

7), p,f\iyr)pvs

G. 6261; Gk. Anthol. iv. pp. 231, 273; cf. Theocr. Ep. iv. 12), 6gv(pa>vos (Soph. Trach. 963 Babr. xii. 3, 19), gov66s (Aesch. Ag. 1142, Ar. Av. 676, Theocr. Ep. iv. n cf. Eur. Hel. mi), TroiKi\68eipos (Hes.
;

D. 201), Tro\vKa)Ti\os (Simonid. fr. 73, in Etym. M.), irvKvomepos (Soph. Oed. Col. l8), 7rav68vpros S. rravdvpros (Soph. El. 1077), TCKVOXereipa (ib. 107), ^Kopavxnv (Simon. 73). [Note similarity of epithets
Op.
et
s. v.

xeXiSwi/.]

Among

K\VTOS opOpos

innumerable poetic references, cf. Ibyc. fr. 7 rap-os avnvos Simon, fr. 73 8evT dr)86i>es TroXuKwrtXot, eyeiprjartv drjdovas.
Callim. L. P. 94 juar^p f*V yoepatv olrov drj8ovi8a)V Aesch. Ag. IIl6 "irvv, "irvv ffTevovcra, drj8(av. Soph.
oXo<puperat,
p-eXnci

X\a)pavxfves elapivai.

aye ftapv K\aiov(ra.

El.

147

<*

*!TVV
fr.

aiev "irvv

opvis
SevSpeo-i

arv^o^LieVa,

Aioj ayy(\os.
drjdav

Eurip.

Phleg.

773, 23

op6pevop,va yoois^lrvv^Irvv 7ro\v0pr]vov.

t

yfvvow e\\io[jieva 6pr vois e/Ltois (cf. Hor. Car. iv. 2. 5 Ityn flebiliter gemens, Catull. Ixv. 14 Daulias

appoviav Eurip. Hel. 1 1 II S> 8ia ov6av Ar. Av. 212 "irvv eXeXifrufvr) ^vvepyos.

de

\enrav

absumpti fata gemens Ityli). Soph. Aj. 628 otVrpa? yoov opviOos a^SoCr, cf. Aesch. fr. 412. Eur. Hec. 337 dr)86vos o-ro/xa. Ar. Ran. 684 pvgci S' e7riK\avTov drjdoviov vop.ov. Mosch. iii. 37 ovdc roaov ITOK aeurev cvl
<rK07re\oi(riv
irepnterofjievoi
'

drjfttov

cf.

v.

46.

Aristaenet.

Ep.

i.

3
in

fjdv

KOI

drjdoves,
ii.

TO,
fj

va^ara,

fj.\a)8ov(nv.

Philip

Ixvi

Gk. Anthol.

p.

213 met

6'

fBapvdaKpvs, enl a-rrjXais p.ev drjdwv' p,ep.(pop,Vi] de ftvQols,

aXKvovls /SXeTrerm, &c., &C.

Description.

Arist.
cf.

H. A.

iv.

9,

536 aSet
rj

KOI 6 apprjv

KCU

^Xeta
KOI
}

[an error, but

Od.

xix. 518], 7r\rjv

drfXfia Trauerat orav

eVcoa^
iii.

ra

veoma

^XH"

wTrrat KCU dr)da>v veorrov 7rpo8i8d(rKov(ra (cf. Ael.

^O Plut.

De

Sol.

Anim. 973, Dion.

Abst.
Kul
15,
e
iii.

De

Avib.

i.

20 dnoKTeivfi

8e TOVS d<pd6yyov$,
-roC

Porph.
fj.vov

De
ix.

5).

Arist.

H. A.

v. 8,

542 b rtWa

Qepovs dp%oeapos.

7TVT

<a*
OVK.

(p(o\vi de
ie^et TTJS

OTTO TGI) /ueTOTrcopou

p~e\pi TOV

H. A.

6i6b

y\a>TTr)s TO

6gv [true of the

cf.

Hoopoe;
43
(29),

dr)8a)v is

an interpolation here, Aub. and Wimm.,

iii.

Plin. x.
ix.

but compare the version in Apollod.

17

14].

H. A.

49 B, 632 b
fj8r)

S'

drjdwv qdei p.ev (ruff^cos rjp.epas KOL VVKTUS deKanevre, orav TO opos i' p,ra. 8e TavTa aftei per, (Tvi/f^ws S' ov<eTi. TOV 8e depovs
dfpirjcri

<xavr]V Kal

OVKCTI 7iavTo8aTrfjv ovSe

13
AHAflN
dXX'

A GLOSSARY OF GREEK BIRDS

(continued}.
cbrX?)i>,

Kal
rrjv

TO xp5)p.a p.Ta(3d\\ei

Kal ev ye 'iraXta TO ovoua fTfpov

<^>a>XeZ

KaXemu
(cf.

nepl
xii.

&pav ravTyv.
Plin.

(paiverai S* ov rroXvv \povov'

:

yap

N. H. x. 29, Clem. Alex. Paedag. x) the above excerpt is very obscure and mystical; with the verb dao-vvTjTai cf. Etym. M. s.v. AaiAfr, also Aesch. fr. 27 (tbi tit.}, and Paus. x. 4, 7. Hesiod, ap. Ael. V. H. xii. 2O rrjv dr)86va fj.6vr)v opvldav dpoipelv VTTVOV Kal did Tf\ovs dypvrrvelv. Ael. H. A. i. 43 drjdwv opviQav Xi-yupomm;,
Ael.

28

Xeyouo-i Se Kai ra Kpea avTrjs es dypvnviav \vaiTe\elv

xviii.

cf. ib. xii.

2O, Phile

Ael.

iii.

40

Kadeipypcvr) ev oiKio-Kco Sdrjs aTre^erai,

ml

d/JLVverai

TOV

ovnep ovv ol avdpwiroi Trerrfipafj-evoi, rag p.tv fjdr) Trpe&PvTepas p-fdidcri, <nrov8dov(n 8e 6r]pav ra veorria. Ib. V. 38 V TCUS eprjfjiiais orav a8rj Trpbs eavTrjv, anXovv TO /LteXo?* orav de dXaJ
opvidodfjpav vnep
rijs

dov^eias ry

<na>Trfj'

TO /ueXoy.

noiKiXa re dvapeXireiv Kal raKepws eXi'rreii' of capture, Dion. De Avib. iii. 13. On captive white or Nightingales, see also Nemesian, Eel. ii, De Luscinia. albino specimen, Plin. 1. c.
Kal
pr} SiafnapTavr),

T>V aKov6vTo>v
Its

mode

The
cf.

Ar. Av. 209

locus classicus for the Nightingale's song is Plin. x. (29) 43, see also Dion. De Avib. i. 20, Phile xviii, &c. ;
ix.

Pausan.
Trl TCO

30. 6 XeyouoH de ol QpaKes, oo~ai

T&V

drjbovtov e%ovo~i veoo~ffias

Tci0o) ToO 'Op^eoff,

5,

TavTas
fr.

fjdiov Kal p.e'i6t>

qdeiv.

Cf.

Antig. Hist.

Mirab.

Myrsili

Methymn.

8 (vol.

iv. p.

459, Miiller).

The Nightingale which sang over the infant Stesichorus, as a presage of poetry, Plin. x. 43 (29). The transmigration of Thamyras (? Thammuz),
Plato, Rep. x. 620.

talking Nightingales, Plin. N. H. x. 59 (42). lay of the loom, KcpKida 8' evrroirjTov, drjSova rav eV cpMois, Antip. Sid. xxii, Gk. Anthol. ii. n, cf. id. xxvi cf. Ar. Ran. 1316.

On

The

The
iv.

Cricket

is

called

rfjv

Nu/^e'coi/

Trapodlnv dr)86va, Gk. Anthol.

206.

viii

Ulysses, for his melancholy tale, is Movo-cof aqo>i/, Eur. Palamed. a poet is Movo-da>v drjdovts, Anthol. Pal. vii. 414 (cf. Movo-dv opvix*s, Theocr. vii. 47) a bad poet is drjdovoiv fjrriaXos (enough to give a Night;

ingale the shivers), Phryn.

Com.

Inc.

i.

The

Sirens are called aprrvioyovvoi a^Sdves, Lye. 653.

ouS' oo~ov dr]86ves vTrvvovaiv, Suid.
VTTVOS dr)86-

Proverb and Fable.

veios,

Nicoch. Inc. 3 Theocr.

i.

(ii.

846,

Mem.),

cf.

Nonn. Dionys.

v.

411

ofj.fj.aaLv

dpird^avres drjboviov
craij/ro,

(s.

otdonov) irrepov VTTVOV.

cf.

rol O-K>TTS a;Soo-i yapvp. 218, also

136,

136

TTOT'

dr)6va Kiao-as

pio~8evl

Gk. Anthol. (Jac.) iv. Luc. Pise. 37

Theocr.

v.

BO.TTOV av yv-^r drjdovas

Fable of the
Aes. Fab.

Hawk and

9, Plut.

Mor. 1586.

tne Nightingale, Hes. Op. et D. 203, cf. The Nightingale and the Swallow,

AHAflN
AHAflN
(continued}.
TTJV
xii.

13

ov #eXo>
cf.

\vm)V raw TraXatav pov

(rvfjXpop&v jj.p.v^crdai,

Acs. Fab. IO,

ri\as praeterea nihil, Plut. Apophth. Lacon. 123 TIS drjoova <al ^pa^elav ndvv crdpKa evpwv eiVe, (fxava TV TIS even KCU ovSev aXXo. Story of Agesilaus and one who mimicked the Nightingale's

Babr.

Vox

et

song, avras,

flnev, CIKOVKO. -rroXXdns, Plut.

Mor. 191 B.

On

melancholy strain of the Nightingale,

;

the myths of Itylus, Philomela, Procne, and in general on the 121 ; cf., int. /., Theocr. xv.
;

Ar. Av. 203, 665, and Scholia Pherecydes, fr. p. 136 (ed. Sturtz) Paus. i. 41. 8; Boios ap. Ant. Lib. xi Hygin. Fab. 45 (209, 212); iii. iv. 14. 8; Virg. Georg. 510, Eel. vi. 79; Martial x. 51, Apollod.
;

xiv.

Ovid, Met. vi. 424, Am. ii. 6. 7; Catull. Ixv. 14; Carm. de 75 Philomela, &c., &c. See also (int. al.} Hartung, Relig. und Myth. E. Oder d. Gr. iii. p. 33 ; Duntzer in Kuhn's Ztschr. xiv. p. 207 in Rh. Mus. f. Philol. (N. S.) xliii. p. 540 et seq. Keller op. c.
; ; ;

J.

pp. 304-320; Pott in Lazarus and Steinthal's Zeitschrift, xiv. p. 46, 1883 ; E. Harrison, J. Hellen. Studies, viii. 439-445, 1887, M. of Anc.

Athens,

p. Ixxxiv.
is

The
It

Nightingale's song, as Coleridge discovered, was a spirit of religious mysticism that First
'

named

not melancholy. these notes

a melancholy strain, And many a poet echoes the conceit.' I believe the innumerable references to the melancholy lay of doovis or dr)8vv, and to the lament for^Irvy, to be for the most part veiled allusions to the

worship of Adonis or Atys

that

is

to say, to the

mysterious and
'

departing year, when women wept for Tammuz 'A5oW ayopev, KOI TOV "Aduvtv KXdopev This conjecture is partially supported by the confusion between doovis and afiooi^iV, by the mythical relations between the Nightingale and the Swallow, and

melancholy
' :

ritual

of the

by the known connexion of both with the

also Thuc.
<pKei
ii.

rites of

Adonis.

Compare
Trjpevs

29

/uei/

eV

Aav\ia

rfjs

&WKIOOS vvv KuXovp-evrjs

yrjs, 6

rore VTTO
TavTfl

QpqK&v

oiVou/ieVqs* Kai TO epyov TO irepl TOV *!TVV al

ev
17

TTJ yfi

opvts

encDvopao-Tai.

7rpaav' TTO\\OIS $e KCU T>V TroirjTwv ev dr)86vos p.vr)fj,rj also Etym. (Cf. Hesych. AavXt'a Kopa>vr)
;

M.

p. 250, 8 AavXi'av Kopavyv, dvT\ TOV drjdova, 'Aptarot^a'j/T;? Sia TOV pvdov' eviot

In the above passage from Thucydides the commentators take cu it seems to me to mean ywalKfs to refer to Procne and Philomela that in that the women-folk simply spot practised the rites of Adonis.
;

feast of tabernacles, taking place at Daulis,

noteworthy that Dodwell found an archaic village-festival, or when he visited the locality The passage at the season of the vernal equinox (cf. Ezek. viii, &c.). in Theocr. xv. 121 ofoi drjSoviories degonevwv eVi Se'i/Speoi/, K.T.X., with its
It
is

context,

is

important in this connexion.

uv, Itys or Itylus,

As I have attempted to bring and possibly even Thamyras into relation with

14
AHAflN

A GLOSSARY OF GREEK BIRDS

(continued}.

Adonis, Atys, and Thammuz respectively, so I am tempted to see a connexion between a fourth Adonis-name, Duzi or Dazu, and the
traditional
arjftav,

etymology

(dacrvs)

of Daulis.

Again,

is it

certain that drdls

late

ibid. xliv.

here also

and rare epithet in Greek (Nonn. Dionys. xlvii. 32, cf. or may we not 265), means really the Attic nightingale have an Atys-name ? Lastly, a reference to a Moloch;

sacrifice is indicated in

Hesychius under the heading

de
ftcri)

A.if3vs

re

a.T)8o>v'

at

yap ev VLapxydovi
y

vofjLifjiov

yvvaiKes [at] ra i'Sta reKva Kara TI o-(payiaov Kp6va> [et maestis late loca questibus implent !] : cf.
(rfjs Aifivrjs

Soph,

in

Andromeda,

fr.

132, ap.

Hesych.

s. v.

Koupioi/.

Philomela and Procne are frequently confused, cf. Serv. ad Eel. vi. In all Greek authors, Philomel is the name of the Swallow, and 78.

Procne of the Nightingale (Ar. Av. 665). The Latins generally reverse but Varro De L. L. and Virg. Eel. vi adhere to the Greek version of the story (W. H. Thompson, ad Plat. Gorg. fr. 6, p. 180). drjSuv and
this
;

d\Kva>v are also apt to be confused, e. g. Arist. H. A. viii. 3, 593 b, where MSS. have drjSovvv for d\Kvova>v, and Suid. s.v. 'H/xepti/a a>a, where cf. a>a, between d\Kv<av and Kr)vg ; dr)8<av occurs among the 6a\da<na

Boch. Hieroz. ii. 218. In the version of the Itylus-Myth given by Boios, ap. Anton. Lib. u, the mother of Aedon is transformed into the bird

See also

s.

vv. dXideros, dXtcuoW,

al^eros).

x6

^-

Al'BETO'l (for

alperos'
;

deros, Uepyaiot,

Hesych.

AlTl'OAAOI

(also aiytOaXXos

cf.

KopuSaXos, Kopu8aXX<5s).

Titmouse.

Three sorts are indicated, Arist. H. A. viii. 3, 592 b 6 pev cnri^ir-qs pf= Parus major, L., the Great Tit or Ox-eye yto-roS) fan yap oaov (nria ~ Acredula (Parus] caudatus, S' opeivos, ovpdiov fiaKpov ex )V cTcpos the Long-tailed Tit (which occurs in Northern Greece, v. d. Miihle
:

rpiros eXa^io-ros, including the TomLindermayer p. 65) and its allies, of which, according to Heldreich (p. 39) P. ater, coeruleus and palustris are rare in Greece P. higubris, Nath., is commoner and now shares the same popular name KXeidcwds with the Great ix. 15, 616 b Tucrei Arist. H. A. viii. 3, 592 b opvis <rKO)\r)Ko(pdyos Tit. <'a TrXelora (the Long-tailed Tit is known to lay very numerous eggs) ix. 40, 626 /MaAiora aSiKei ras fie \Lrras (cf. Ael. H. A. i. 58, Phile 650,
p.

49,

Tit

eXato?

Geopon. xv. 2, 18). According to Alex. Mynd. ap. Athen. ii. p. 65, and <rvKci\is are also varieties of alyidaXos: vide s.v. auicaXis. Mentioned also Ar. Av. 887 together with p,e\ayKopv(f)os (into which
Plut.

<rvKoXfc is

QvXXis,

metamorphosed) De Od. et

Alcae.
iv.
;

Com.

ii.

825.

Is hostile to d<av-

Inv.

537 B.
i.

The metamorphosis
xx.
Is
20.

of

Timandra, Anton. Lib. Met. v

fused with alyo0ji\as, Dion.

and of Ortygius, Met.

15,
iii.

con-

De

Avib.

AHAQN
AfriQOS
by
(63)

AirOKE4>AAOI.

15

(also aiyiyflos).

An unknown and
(e.

the older commentators

mythical bird, identified with the Linnet. g. Belon)

(cf.

Arist.
;

H. A. ix. i, 609, 610 Dion. Ael. H. A. v. 48

;

oVo> iroXc'/uor

De

Avib.

i.

12

Antig. Hist. Mirab. 58 Plin. x. 95). Phile 696

;

TroXefuoi

5e KOI avQos Kal

aKav&is KOI cuyidos. Ib.

ix.

15,

6l6b
:

eu/SiWo?

KOI TroXvTfKvns, TOV 7roSa ^coXoff.

[Many MSS. have

alyioBos

for ^coXd?
cf.

some

texts read o>xP

s>

or ^Xcopoy, the latter Albertus

Magnus, but

aiyiOos dpcpiyvrjeis, Callim. fr. ap. Antig. 1. c. ; Plin. x. (8) 9.] Xe'yercu 8' on alyidov KCU avdov alp-a ov (rv/z/ztywrai aXX^Xois idem, Pliny X. (74)
:

95 (who calls it avis minima), Ael. H. A. x. 32, and Phile 432, the same statement of aKavQis and alyidaXos, and Antig. H. M. 106 (114) the same of atyidos and aKavdts. Dion. De Avib. iii. 14 Qrjparai KXo>/3o5,
V
eo

TraXat drjpadels

eWpoy

eirl

TO (3oav KaTaxXeifrat.

Antig. H.
is

M.

45 (5*)j

how

[Aegithus solo nomine huic nostrae aetati cognitus, P. Hardouin, Annott. ad

xo>Xo'?.

atyidos sucks the goats (v. alyoOfaas)

and

Plin. x. 8.]

Vide

s.

vv.

A
AITOOH'AAI.
paeus, L.

Macedonian name

for the Eagle.

Etymol. M.

The Goatsucker

or

Nightjar,

Caprimulgus euro-

The name is probably corrupt, and the mythical attribute of the bird due to a case of Volksetymologie.'
'

M. Gk. name
p. 37).
Tondrrjs,

-yido/3ucrrpa is

Also called /Sufaorpa, wKTpi8a

a corrupt translation of alyo6fj\as (Heldr. (i. e. the Bat, v. d. Miihle), WK-

and

TT\UVOS (Erh.).

(Cf.

Germ. Ziegenmelker, Kuhmelker, Fr.

tette-ckevre, &c.)
Arist.

e'Xarrcoj;*

Se
8e

H. A. ix. 30, 6l8b opvis 6pew6s, p-ncpw ptifav Korrixpou, KoKKvyos wo dvo [cf. Lindermayer, p. 38, Kriiper, p. 183, &c.] rpia" TO Wimm. in Arist. 1. c.]. &jX4 rjffos P\aiuK6s [verb, dub., cf. Aub. and Ael. H. A. iii. 39 roX^pdraroy OVK O^UCOTTOS TTJS tyftcpof. ras alyas.
rj

q>a)i>

.... tmriforcu

rais atgi Kara TO Kaprepov,

KOL rols

ovQcunv avrS>v

7rpoo"7r6To/Mej/oj elra
TTJV

Kp.vd TO -yaXa .... Tv<p\ol TOV

Cf. Plin. x.

fj-aaTov, KUI OTroo'jSeVj'VO't

cueWev

eiripporjv.

56 (40).

Vide

S.vv.

alyiOaXos, aiytOos.

AlTOKE^AAOI.

Probably a kind of Owl: perhaps the Horned or Long-eared Owl, Strix otus, L., or its small ally Ephialtes scops, K. Bl. The latter is the Asio of Plin. x. (23), xxix. 38, which name
in
its

Italian diminutive

form
Ib.

'

is

Shelley's
TOV

Sad Aziola/
TrjV

Arist.
i^TraTt

H. A.

ii.

15,

506

o\a>s oi'K e^
ii.

o-7r\ijva'

xo\f)V e^ei

Trpoff

TO

Kai Trpoy

TTJ

KotXta.

17,

509 TOV o-Top-a^ov e^ei evpvTepov TO

KUTCO.

Gesner

(p.

62) mentions Capriceps as an

unknown

bird.

Neither
it
:

Sundevall nor Aubert and

Wimmer

pronounce an opinion on

the

l6 A rOK E4>AAOI
I

A GLOSSARY OF GREEK BIRDS

(continued].
it

former thinks
p.
is

2$I ) alyoKe(j)a\os

possibly identical with alyodrjKas. According to Scaliger In both passages cited above alyoicecpaXos aiya>\ios.

mentioned along with yXau, and the name suggests a Horned Owl For other suggestions, see Newton, (sic Scaliger, Lidd. and Sc., &c.). Diet, of Birds, p. 365, s. v. Godwit.

Al'nmiO'Z.

Vulture.

Etymology very doubtful. The analogy of Lammergeier suggests a compound of ai or oiV (Curt.) and yv^, but the word is probably much more primitive and ancient. I suspect that most of the remarkably numerous bird-names beginning with al- (many of which are peculiarly
difficult to identify,

specific character), contain

a circumstance suggesting their generic rather than an element akin to avi-s^ Sk. vi-s (v. deros),

and
form

in this case that

afy/TTor//- is

yfy

is

the shortened or derived form.

The

dialectic

interesting in this connexion.

Horn, frequent, with ep. dy<v\oxfi\r}Sj ya^5>w^. Not merely a carrion-eater (as in Hes. Sc. 405-412), but attacks live birds (II. xvii. 460,

Od. XX. 322, cf. Soph. Aj. 169 .... pcyav alyvmov VTroSeurai/re?). Arist. H. A. ix. I, 609 b /ua^erou dera>' TroXe/uos auraXam. A portent of aiyvirioi in chase of ipq/cey in the Persian war, Herod, iii. 76 cf. Baehr's note. Is feared by rpwyXiVijs-, Phile 692. Sometimes distinguished from yty,
;

Ael.

ii.

46

V peOopico yvTTwv flat KCU aerwf, elvat KCU cippevas, KOI rrjv

TrffyvKfvcu p.f\avas (cf. Phil.

re.
yrjs

De An.

pr. 127)

Pallad. Alex, xx, in Gk. Anthol. iii. 8vo yvrres fdovaiv, rjnas Se U>VTO.S Tf&orapes alyvmoi.

xpoav Nic. Ther. 406 alyviriol yinres p. 119 KOI TOV peit TITVOV Kara
:

Cf.

Lob. Path.

j.

p. 87.

KCU p,eye6os ov%

of Aegypius and Neophron into alyvnioi xpoav de dXXa eXarrcoj/ opvis alyvrrLos eyevero N6O0p&)j/, Boios the smaller species here alluded to is the ap. Anton. Lib. Met. v
O/JLOLOI,
;

The metamorphosis

White or Egyptian Vulture, the Neophron percnopterus of modern

authors
:

vide

s.

vv.

yuxj/,

irepKi/oVrepos.

alyvmos, as also of (prjvTj, celebrated in Od. xvi. 216, Aesch. Ag. 49, Opp. Hal. i. 723, c., is connected with the Egyptian association of the Vulture with the goddess of Maternity (cf. Horap.
<f)i\ocrTopyia of
i.

The

ii).

alyvmos is apparently the poetic name, applied to the various species which frequent the battle-field, and on the other hand applied to an Eagle in such passages as II. xvii. 460. That the word is an old and antiquated one seems to be meant by Suidas alyvmov' OVTWS ol -n-aKmoi, dXX* ov yvrra. Cf. Bekk. An. 354. 28, Rutherford, New Phryn. p. 19.
:

Al'm'AIOI.
Arist.

Also alyoXios, and

aircaXios (Bk., Ar. vi. 6. 3).

An Owl.

H. A. viii. 3, 592 b, a nocturnal rapacious bird, mentioned with and o-Kco^, and resembling the former (in size) &/peuet ras
:

AirOKE4>AAOZ
AirflAIOI
(continued').

AIOYIA

1 7

[here Camus, reading m'ro>Xios, and following Belon and Buffon, translates Milmts niger, the Black Kite].
Arist.
otKel

H. A.

ix. 17,

6l6b

VVKTIVO^LOS eVrt, KOL fjpepas oXiyaKis (paiverat.

Trerpas KOI (nrrj\vyyas'

eon yap dida\\os [Gaza

tr.

vtctus gemini,

Guil. divaricately v. Aub. and Wimm. ii. p. 248], r^v 8e didvoiav /SiomKoy KOL cv/jiTjxavos. Ib. vi. 6, 562 eViore de Kal Terrapas ft-dyei VCOTTOVS [Plin.
x.

79

(60)].

The metamorphosis of Aegolius, Boios ap. Anton. Lib. Met. 19. If 8i6a\\os means particoloured, mya>Atos is clearly the White

or
;

Barn Owl, Strix flammea, L., as Littre' (ad Plin.) takes it to be it however does not catch birds, and is said to be scarce in Greece Gesner transl. by ulula, and identifies (v. d. Miihle, Lindermayer). it with the Tawny Owl. Sundevall librates between the Tawny and the Barn Owl A. and W. incline to the former. See cuyoKe^aXos,
;

eiroXios.

Ar0YIA.

poetic word, of uncertain or indefinite meaning.

Probably a large Gull, e. g. Larus marinus, the Black-backed Gull (Sundevall), or L. argentatus, the Herring Gull (Kriiper), the former
being rare in Greece. that of Groshans that
Aristotle
fails,
:

it

Netolicka's hypothesis of the Merganser, and was a Diver or Grebe, do not tally with

inasmuch as the

Schneider's identification with the Skua, Lestris parasiticus, latter does not dive (vide Buchholz, op. c. pp. 112,

The Herring Gull is 113) nor does it breed in the Mediterranean. abundant during the winter and breeds about the middle of April the Common Tern (Sterna anglica) lays about the same time (Kriiper) but in the lagoons and not on the cliffs.
:

Od.
jj.ev

v. 337, 353.

Arist.

H. A. v.

9,

542 b
rot)

17

5'

aWvia

KO\ 01 \dpoi TLKTOVO-I

r)

fV Tals rrepi daXarrav Trerpais, TO /xeV 7r\rjdos dvo

17

rpia'

aXX' 6
Plin. x.

/xeV

Xapoy TOU 6epovs y

32 487 viii. 3, 593 b. Arrian, Peripl., ed. Didot, 1855, i. p. 398, names it with Xapoi and Kopwi/at ai $aXa(nricu, and Hesych. renders diOviai by eivdXiai Kopwvai.
[cf.
i.

8'

aWvia dp\op.evov

capos

Mergus,
]

(48)] evOvs fK rpoirav.

ovdcTfpov 8e (pa)\vi.

Also

i,

Frequent
criiv
1/771,

in the
'

Gk. Anthol.
nov
ibid.
ii.

e. g.
f

Glauc.

vi, vol.

iii.

p.

58 cSXero yap

ra

oore'a

rror' eKfivov

TrvQerai, aldviais yvaxTra p.ovais eveneiv,

;

cf.

Marc. Arg. xxxi,

i.

p.

250

Callim. xci
:

Leon. Tar.

xci,

Gk.

Anthol.

Anon. ibid. iv. p. 143 178 TQV aldvirfs 7rXei'oi/a vij^d^evov arjpayyos aXiKrvnov os rode vaieis evori/Sey atdviais i^^u/3oXoi(7i terras, Is said to Phile, De Anim. Pr. 680, is hostile to neXapyos and Kp'.
p.

be deaf and dumb, Aristoph. Hist. Anim. Epit. i. 141. The metamorphosis of Hyperippa, daughter of Munychus, Nicander ap. Anton. Lib. Met. 14. Arat. Phen. 918, a sign of rain TroXXaKi? 8' dypidSa vf)cr<rai
;

A GLOSSARY OF GREEK BIRDS

(continued}.
:

AI0YIA

aWviai xepo-cua TLvaa-arovrai TrTtpvyco-aiv

cf.

Theophr.

De

Sign.

ii.

28,

Virg. Georg.

i.

362.
ii.

A long but unsatisfactory description in Dion. De Avib. A title or epithet of Athene, Paus. 5. 3, 41. 6.
i.
i.

5.

Said to be the name of a horse in Mnasalc. See also SUTTTTJS, Xcipos.

Al"E.

xiii.

Gk. Anthol.

i.

p. 125.

An unknown
xr?i/aXa>7n7

bird.

Arist.
7rr)ve\o\^

H. A.

viii.

3,

593 b

mentioned

between
ftapvTfpoi

and

as One of the opvidfs o-reyai/oVoSes

(omitted in several MSS.). According to Belon the Plover (Vanellus cristatus) was so called in Greece in his time: the interpretation cannot hold. Sundevall
9

to be one of the smaller Geese (? Anser leucopsis\ and from the goat-like cry. Perhaps as alyoKc(pa\os suggests the Horned Owl, so nt here suggests the Horned Grebe, Podiceps auritus, Lath., a common bird in Greece in winter.

conjectures

ai'

to be derived

AI'PIGAKO'X.

Vide

S.

vv. auraicos, epiOaicos.

AriAKOI.
Aen.
iv.

very doubtful word.

a>oi/

KaXelrat Se KCU TO

alpiQaKos aio*aKoy,

Etym. M.

Cf. Serv. in

254, v. 128.

Al'XA'AfiN (alaap&v, Hesych.).

sort of

Hawk,

traditionally identified

with

Merlin, Falco aesalon, L. (Gesner, &c.). Arist. H. A. ix. 36, 62O T>V Se icpaKuv devrepos
-the
I,

[rfj

Kparia].

Ib.

ix.
ii.

609 b

Kal alyvTricS iroXepios' aXo>7rKi rroXe/ito?

KopciKi.

Ael.

H. A.
orav

51 p.d\Tai 5' 6 K.6pa

KOI opvidi tcr^upaJ TO) KaX. atcraXcoi't,

Cf. Antig.

/cat

^eatr/jrai aXa>7TfKt p.a^6p.vov } Tifj-wpflrai.

N. H. x. (74) 95 Aesalon vocatur parva avis, Invicem haec catulos eius ipsamcuius pulli infestantur a vulpibus. que vellit quod ubi viderunt corvi, contra auxiliantur velut adversus
:

H. M. 59 (64)* Plin. ova corvi frangens,

communem
N. H.
x. 9.)

hostem.

(Some

editors read aesalona for epileum> Plin.

'AKAAANOl'l'

eiSo? opveov /nt/cpoO, Suid.

17

Vide S.W. dKa^Ois,

XctXoi> -yap

dKar'OyXXis.
e7Tfi.yop.evT}

Ar. Pax 1078

rv(p\a TLKTei
(cf.

KcoScof a.Ka\av6is

(Schol.

TO

wov)

Paroemiogr. ed. Gaisf., p. 69). Associated with Artemis, Ar. Av. 871. One of the nine Emathidae, daughters of Pieros, was metamorphosed into the bird aKaXavdis, Nicander ap. Anton. Lib.

Met.

ix.

'AKANGI'X.

small bird, usually identified with the Linnet, Fringilla cannabina, L., or the Goldfinch, F. carduelis, L., on the ground of the

more than doubtful

derivation from

aitavOa.

The

description

AI0YIA

AKMfcN

19

AKAN0II
is

(continued}.

in the

main mythical

cf.

a^Oos.

Mod. Gk.

a-KaBi,

the Siskin,

is

perhaps akin (Bike'las). Arist. H. A. viii. 3, 592 b

ix. I ova> Kal avBco Kal

opvis aKavBotpdyos' enl aKavBav vep-erat.

[cf.

Ib.

alyida iroXepios

Antig. Hist. Mirab. 106 (114),

\iyvpav

Plin. x.
e^ovo-a.

74
7.

(95)], ix.

17

KUKO^LOS Kal KaKoxpoof, (puvrjv /ueWoi

Agath. xxv.
141
:

Theocr.

Gk. Anthol. iv. p. 13 \iyvpov /So/i/SeCo-ii/ aKavdidfs. the Scholia in Theocr. make a<avdis synonymous with
5 in
TroiKiXis.

dicav0v\\is

and

Virg. Georg.
[#/.
alii

iii.

338 littoraque halcyonem

resonant, et acanthida lusciniam esse volunt,

pascitur.

acalanthida] dumi ; cf. Serv. in Virg. alii vero carduelem, quae spinis et carduis
the daughter of Autonous and Hipponote also that 'A.KavQv\\is indifferently
;

In Anton. Lib. Met.

vii,

damea

is

called 'Anai/Bis

and

her mother was metamorphosed into Kopv86s. Hesych. and Aelian have also azavBos. (Cf. Anton. Lib. 1. c.) Vide s. v.

'AKANGYAAI'I

(in

some MSS.

cueavBc^is).

Probably the Goldfinch,

Ib. ix. 13,

Fringilla carduelis, L.
Arist.
Koi)S

H. A.
fj

viii. 3,

593 TO peycOos
l

oarov KvnroXoyos.

6l6 rexvi-

5e

K.CU

TTJS

aK.av6v\\i8os cx
I

veomd'

TreVXcKrai

yap

axrirep (rcpalpa \ivrj,

e^oucra TTJV clfrdvcriv p.iKpdv

cf.

Plin. x. 33 (50).

Is hostile to Kopv8a\6s,

Mentioned also Eubul. fr. iii. 268, ap. Athen. ii. p. 65, Plut. ii. 537 B, and by Hesych. as vrpovBov yevos. The description in Arist. H. A. ix. 13 has suggested to scientific commentators (Sundevall, p. 116, &c.) the nest of the Long-tailed or Penduline Tits, Aegithalus caudatus or pendulinus (cf. alyi6a\os) or Bearded but the neat round nest of the Goldfinch Tit, Calamophilus biarmicus would suit the description well enough. The alternative form aitavBaKis is evidently identical with aKoKavQis, and so supports the identity of the
Ael.
iv.

5,

Phile,

De An.

Pr. 683.

bird with aKavOis, while its identity with TroiKiX/s-, also asserted by the Schol. in Theocr., is strengthened by the statements of hostility to
Kopvba\6s in the case of both these birds. The latter statement is, of In identifying dKavdvXXis with the Goldcourse, fabulous or mystical. finch, I only mean that such an identification was probably adopted by
Aristotle
:

what

d/caj/0vXXi's,

civBos,

&c. originally meant

is

unknown.

See also cuyiSaXos, akdos.

'A[K]KAAANirP- aKavBvXXis,
ings
cf.

Trapa Ad<axnv,

Valkenaer, Adon.
deroC,

p. 2*78

Hesych. [On various readAhr. Dor. ii. 69.]

iii.

"AKMQN- -yeW

Hesych.

Cf.

Opp. Cyneg.

326, where, though

amoves are cited as wolves, the description closely resembles that

of the mystical eagles in Aesch. Ag. 111-120.

C 2

20

A GLOSSARY OF GREEK BIRDS

dfros,

'AKYAEHT
381.
s.

Hesych. Also

dicuXds, Eustath.
cf.

ad Dionys. Perieg.

Perhaps akin to aquila\

Umbrian (Tab. Eugub.), angla

ankla.

'AAEKTPYft'N. Also aX<?KTup (Batr. 191, Simon. 81, Theocr. vii. 122, Aesch. Ag. 1671, Eum. 86 1, &c. dXeKreop seems thus to have been

an old form, retained

P- 307).

in

tragedy;

cf.

Rutherford,

New
c.)

Phryn.

Fem. d\KTopis

Com.

aXfKrpvaiva (Ar.

Nub.
I

666, 851,

and

rj

d\cKTpva>v (Ar. Nub. 663, Fr. 237, &c.). Cf. Hesych. aXenrpvoves' KOIV&S oi naXaiol Kai ras 6r)\eias opveis OVTMS eitd\ovv Phrynich. CCVli aXeKTOpls evpiffKeTdi ev rpaycadia irov KOI Koo^eoSi'a, Aeye de aXeKrpvwv KOI eVi 6r)\eos
KOI eVt appcvos as oi iraXaioi Ar. rpvova Kara rairo Kai TOV appeva.
:

Nub. 662 rf]v re 0r)\fiav KaXfls a\KDim. d\cKTopi8evs, a chicken, Ael.

Babr.
v.
I,

vii.

47

also dXeKropivKos, a cockerel,

xcvii. 9, cxxiv.

12.

Connected with O. P. halak, the sun,

a,

cf.

dXicuwy.

For

false

etymology

\eKTpov, see below.

The Common

or

Domestic Fowl, Gallus

gallinaceus, L.

Often

mentioned simply as opvis, a ^fowl' [especially a hen, Athen. ix. 373 dXXa [Mfv K.a.1 opvtdas K.OL opviQta vvv \iovov rj avvrjdfia KaXel ras 6r)\eias], cf. opvis KaGoiicis, Nic. Ther. 558 opvis evoiKios, Aesch. Eum. 866
; ;

Id. Alex.

60,
vi.

Herondas
Alpheus

535 101

KaroiKiSios,

opvis

Geopon. i. 3. 8 o-vvf<mos Opp. Cyneg.

}

&pvidcs

oi

iii.

118; nOas

opvis,

Mityl. in

Gk. Anth.,

ii.

p. 118,

cf.

Arat. Progn. 960 (228),

Early references.
eaeip.1,

Theogn. Scut. 86 1

eo-Trepfy r' e(ip.i, KOI opdpirj

avris

oXfKTpvovav (J)Q6yyos cyeipopevav. Simon, fr. 80 B (Athen. ix. 374 D) a/zep6<po>j/ dXeKrcop. Pind. OI. xii. 2O fVSo/xa^s ar* Epicharm. Com. Syr. (ap. Athen. I.e.) fr. 96 (Ahr. Dial. Dor.) wea
ctnos

K d\KTopid(i>v TTfTerjv&v.

Batrachom. 191
1.

eeos e/3o^o-ei/ dXeVrajp.

For many
Gen.

fragments, see Athen.

Description.
Arist.

c.

H. A.

v. 13, 544,

De

Part.

ii.

657 b,
I7>

De

iii.

749 b> described as

yevos'

fjfjiepov, striytioif,

KOVHTTIKOV, jSapu, ov TTT^TIKOV, OVK

^oTTTfpoV) d(ppo5i(riac7Tt/coi',

&C.

H. A.

ii.

5^8 b, 509 ^po504 b ema TWV

S'

?rp6 rrjs KoiXias' drro<pvd8as e^ov<ri.

Comb and
opveav \6<pov

spurs.
e'^otxri,

Ar. Av. 487, 1366, Arist. H. A.

ra
pei/

ii.

12,

avrfav TO>V Trrepfov eTraveo'TTjKOTa, 6

dXeKrpvcov
Ib. ix. 49,

fMovos idiov' ovre

yap (rap|

ecrriv ovre Troppto o~apKos rr^v (j)vo-iv.

KoTries,

50 KaXXmov, nXrJKrpa (Hesych. has also TrXaxr^p and

KtiXXaia,
cf.
:

the spurs).

' distinguished from X6<poy, the wattles,' Ael. xi. 26, Ar. Eq. 497, in Ael. xv. I, a fishSchol. <d\\aia 8e TOVS Trcoycoi/as- rwf d\Krpv6vu>v
'

hook dressed with two feathers vnb rots xaXXeois suggests the With ep. <poiviic6Xo<pos, Theocr. xxii. 72, Geop. xiv. 16. 2.

hackles.'

AKYAEHI
AAEKTPYflN
viii. 3.

AAEKTPYnN

(continued}.

with eXfo?, H. A. fr. 271, 1527 with the largest of the Woodpeckers, H. A. ix. 9, 614 b with daKaXairas, H. A. ix. 26, 617 b.

Compared
592 b

in size with (pao-ovz, Arist.

Reproduction.
rfjv yrjv CTrtfiaivei

Arist.

H. A.

V. 2,

59 b
637 b.

o-vyKadeio-rjs rrjs AfXcutf eVi

TO appevl

cf. ib. X. 6,

Ib. vi. 9,

vi. I,

558 b o^euerai
TpoTriK&v
(cf.

KOI rixrei o\ov TOV evtavTov

564 b op^ety. Ib. eeo 8vo fj-rjvfav TO>V ev TGJ

iii.

X/UGw

H. A.

v. 13, 544,

De

Gen.

i,

749

b,

P^ n x
-

74)-

TIKTOVO-I de Kal oiKoyevels eviai dls TTJS

rj/jLfpas' fj8rj

8e rives Xiaf TroXvTOKTjo-acrai

dircQavov 8ia ra^ecor.

H. A.

vi. 2,

560 b

at i/forrt'Ses npStTov TIKTOVQ-IV evdvs

dpxop,vov TOV fapof) Kal TrXeuo TIKTOVO~IV r) al Trpo~(3i>Tepai' tXarro) 8e TW K T>I> vea>Tpa>v. Ib. awio-Tarni de TO Tr/s dXfKTOpidns wbv /JLfTa fjifyedei TO.
rfjv

ev TO) Oepei

oxeiav KOL reXeioCTai fv deft r)p.pais. Ib. 560 a eV oKTuKaideKO. K\TTovo~iv) (v 8e T&7 xeifjitovi VIOT' ev TreWe KOI f'lKncriv.

fjfiepais

Plut. Q.
<pi<Tfji6s, cf.

Conv.

vii.

2 (Mor. 853. 15) d\KTopida)v t OTUV reKoxri,

Plin. x. 41 (57).

and development of the egg, H. A. vi. 3. am fcffrvpia, H. A. vi. 2, 559? ^ e Gen. iii. I, 75 1 vi. cf. Erasmus ad Prov. vmpffua TIKTCI. Plin. x. 60 (80) 27 Columella, wa 8i8vp.a, H. A. vi. 3, 562. On crosses between fowl and partridge, De Gen. ii. 7, 749 b. How Pea-hen's eggs are put under a sitting hen, H. A. vi. 9, 564 b. How the hen takes the chicks under her wing, H. A. ix. 8, 613 b cf. Alpheus Mityl. xii, in Gk. Anthol. ii. p. 118 ^eistructure
U7n7i>e/iia,

The

Kvv6o~ovpa, ovpia,
;

rj

fj-epiois

vKpadevo-i iriiKvvofJitva Tidas opvis, TCKVOIS evvalas dpcpexfc TTTepvyas

:

Eurip. H. Fur. 71 ov? vnb Trrepoif <ra>a> vfoo-ffovs opvis a>s v(f)(ip.evr} see also Plutarch, De Philost. (Mor. 599. 4) Opp. Cyneg. iii. 119. How a cock sometimes, after the hen's death, rears the brood, and ceases to
;

crow, H. A.

ix.

49, 631 b, Plin. x. (55) 76.

OTTOV avev drjXei&v dvaKfivTai [as to this

\ievov jrdvTfs fv\6ya>s oxevovviv.
1

Cf.

H. A. ix. 8, 614 ev Tols iepols, day on Mount Athos], TOV dvaTidePlut. Brut. Anim. Nat. vii (Mor.
fifj

2 12. 30) dXfKTpvvv

6'

d\fKTpvovos eTTiftaivav, GqXeias

napovo-qs, KUTU-

eggs in medicine, Diosc. ii. 44, Galen. De Fac. Simp. Med., Plin. n, &c. The longer eggs produce male birds, and are the better to eat, Hor. Sat. ii. 4. 12, Plin. x. 74 (52).
xxix. (3)

On

On
i.

artificial

74.

Geopon.
&c.

incubation in Egypt, Arist. H. A. xiv. 8. i. On capons, Arist. H. A.

vi. 2,
ix.

49, 631

559b, Diod. Sic. b cf. Plin.

;

x. (21) 24,

Varro, R. R.
xiv. 7-17.
jy

iii.

9,

&c.

On

the whole

management
iii

of

fowls,

Geopon.
f]

TLoTfpov

opvis npoTfpov

TO cobv fyevfTo, Plut. Q. Conv.

(Mor.

770. 13).

The Crowing Cock.

cf.

Among

Theogn., Simonid., Batrachom., supra. &o-jrp 6 Ilfpo-iKbs [cf. Ar. Av. 277, 485, 708,

innumerable poetic and other references, Cratin. ap. Athen. 3740

c.: v.

also Suidas] &puv

22

A GLOSSARY OF GREEK BIRDS

(continued").
6\6(pa>vos, 'AXexrwp.
eipjjrcu
S'

AAEKTPYQN
iraa-av

Kava-^v

ovrcoy eVeiS^

Kai ex TOV

XtKrpov ^/nas dteyeipet.

opdpov aeidov.
(pdeypaT

Theocr. xxiv. 63 opviQfs rpirov apn TOV e Soph. El. 1 8 as f]jjuv fjdr) Xa/i7rp6i> j/X/ou ore\as ewa
(ratprj
:

cf. ep. opdpofioas, QOO KOKKoftoas opvis Diph. iv. 421 (Mein.) opdpioKoKKvt- \lect. dub.~\ a\KTpv>v. Probably alluded to also Soph. Anten. 2, fr. 141 Plat. Symp. 223 C (Ath. ix. 373 D) opvtda Kal KrjpvKa KOI didieovov. Cf. Alciphr. i. 39. 20, Aristaenet. a\cKTpv6va)v abuvTwv, at Cock-crow.

opvi6a>v

fr.

Alexarch. ap. Athen. 98 E.

24 fts d\KTpv6vo)v wfia? Ar. Nub. 4, Juv. ix. 107, &c. Plut. ap. Eust. Od. p. 1479, 47 (re de KOKKvfav opdpi d\eKTQ>p 7rpo/caXeiTai. Antip. Thess. V, in Gk. Anthol. ii. p. 96 TraXai 5' rjaos 'AXe/crcop, Kjypuo-frcoz/ (pdoveprjv
i.
:

cf. Ar. Vesp. 8l5 'Upiyevfiav ayei. opvidcov eppois (pdovepooraroS) K. r. X. Anyt. xi, in Gk. Anthol. i. p. 132, Virg. Aen. viii. 456, &c. Arist. De
: 5

Ael. Acoust. 800 b TOVS rpaxfaovs e^oi/rey paKpovs jSiat'co? (pdeyyovrai. N. A. IV. 29 6 dXeKrpuojj' rrjs cre'h.fjvrjs ai/io-^ovo-Ty s (vBovcriq. (pacrt KOI (TKiprd.
17X105

5e avlax^v OVK av TTOTC

avrbv dia\ddoi, eJStJfWTaros Se eaurou tori

536.

Cf. Arist.
i?,

H. A.

iv. 9,

Lucian, Gallus, &c.

With

ep.

Babr. cxxiv. II.

,

to crow, Cratin.

ii.

186, Diph. iv.

48, 124, &c.

KaKKafciv, to cackle,

407 (Mein.), Theocr. Hesych., &c.

vii.

Why
and
ii.

the

Cock crows
i.

light,

Heliodor.

18.

by an affinity for the sun, or rejoicing in heat See also Schol. Ar. Av. 830, Cic. De Div.

26. According Cocks don't crow.

to

Paus.

Theophrastus (Ael. iii. 38) in moist localities v. 25. 9, on the shield of Idomeneus, as a
de lepov (paatv elvai TOV opvida Kal dyy\\eii>

descendant of Helios,

17X101;

dvievai peXXovros TOV fj\iov.

See also Schol. Diog. L. viii. 34, Plaut. M. Gl. iii. i. 96, Mart. xiv. 223, Isidor. De N. R. c. 3, &c., &c. How to prevent Cocks crowing, by means of a collar of sarmentum
wood, Plin. xxiv. 25. On hearing a Cock crow, or an ass bray,
it

is

a matter of

common

prudence

to spit, Joh. Chrysost. in

:

comm.

ep. S. P.

this reference to the ass is (vol. xi. p. 93, Montef.) ovov opviv in Ar. Av. 721, by Haupt, Inaug. Diss., Berlin, 1864.

ad Ephes. iv. 12 used to explain

Theocr.

On
xxii.

Fighting Cocks, Aesch.

;

Eum. 866
189;
cf.

Plato, Legg.

vii.

789

72
is

cf.

Opp. Cyneg.
(2.

ii.

Schol. in Ar. Eq. 494, Ach. 165

orav

[i.d](r)v

o"U/i/3uXXo>o"ii>

Lucian, Anarch. 37
cf.

918), &c.

TOVS d\KTpv6vas } (TKopoda 8i86a(riv avTols I (See also Xen. Symp. iv. 9, and

from (pvo-iyf;, garlic. The annual cock-fight at Athens, by Themistocles, Ael. V. H. ii. 28 aXetcrpvovas dywvifccrdai cf. J. E. Harrison, Myth, of (v rq> dedrpq) pia J^e'p? TOV erovs 8r}fjLO<ria Anc. Athens, p. 278; also at Pergamus, Plin. x. 21 (25). The cockin the Dionysiac theatre fight was depicted on the High-priest's chair
(pvo-iyyoopu,
instituted
:

(Boetticher, Harrison,

c.)

represented also in the Festival Calendar

AAEKTPYHN
AAEKTPYflN
(continued}.

23

of Panagia Gorgopiko at Athens, as taking place in the month Poseideon, about the end of December (Boetticher, Philologus, xxii. p. 397, 1865). As an attribute of January, on a Calendar of the time of Constantius ;

Graevii Thes. Ant.

iv.

Rom.

viii.

29

/*X?7 &*

d\KTpvu>v

Kal

96, Creuzer, TTJ irpbs ii\\ov

Symb.

iii.

616.

Ael.

N. A.
aldovs.

rjTTtjOels

dyom'a OVK av aaeie'

TTJS

TO yap rot (ppovrjua avra

KpciTrjcras 8e

KarecrraXTat, KOI

KaraSverai ye VTTO
Kv8povfj.ev(6 HOIKC.

yuvpos eort, *ai {i^ai^ei/ft, KOI

Cf.

and

Galli victi silent, canunt victores, Cic. De Divin. ii. 26 ; cf. Schol. <pvo-i<bv TOVTO eV ruts (rvfjiftoXals TWV dXfKTpvovcov TOVS fjTTrjdevras
rols veviKrjKoo-i
TrXrjKrpa,
ri/Xt'a,
:

Proverb, Ar. Av. 70

eirca-dai

cocks,
edges,
(still

Theocr. xxii. 71. On spurs for fightingAr. Av. 760, and Schol. The table with raised on which Cocks or Quails were pitted against one another
cf.

KcWpa,

cf.

used in the East), Aeschin.

irlva
t

viii.

221, Alciphr.

iii.

53, Poll.

ix.

108;

also

Plut.

Mor. 65
fJir)e

c.
o>$

It

was a matter of duty and of education

dyevvearepot KOI aroX/norepoi (paivoivro

to witness the cock-fights,

rS>v dXeKTpvovatv

p.rj

-rrpomrayopcvoiev

vnb rpav/zarcov ^

Ka/iareov

fj

TOV

aXXou 8v<rxepovs, Lucian,

KOjULTTOS.

De Gymn.

37.

See also

s.

vv.

opru,

O-TU<[)O-

On

the

marks of courage, Arist. Physiogn.

xiv. 16.

2,

806 b

Plin. x. (56) 77

Geopon.

The
1364.

How the
How
Phorm.

fighting-breed of Tanagra, Pausan. ix. 22. 4 (vide infra). Cock fights his own father, Ar. Nub. 1427, &c., cf. Av. 758,

the plumage of the male, Arist. H. A.

iv.

a hen that has defeated the Cock in combat, crows and assumes Terent. ix. 49, 631 b, cf. Ael. v. 5
;

4.

30 gallina

cecinit.

On

wide-spread superstitions con-

nected with the Crowing Hen, vide Hopf, Thierorakel, pp. 164, 165. On the pugnacity of the Cock, cf. also Pind. Ol. xii. 20. Aesch. Agam. 1671 Kofjuracrov 0ap<ra>i/, aXeKToop wore 6r)\eias ireXas. Cf. Ar. Av.
835 "Apew? veoTTos. See also Lucian, Gallus, &c. Placed as a symbol of battle on the head of Athene's statue in the
Acropolis at Elis, Pausan.
Varieties
TO
fjieyedos,

vi. 26. 23.

and Breeds.
S'

Adrian Fowls,

Arist.

H. A.

vi. I,

558 b pucpal
TOVS
6,

rocTOWl

dv cKaaTrjv

f]p.epav' elffl Se ^aXfyrat, KOI Kreivovo~i

veoTTovs TroXXaKiy'

xpa>fiara 5e TravroSaTra
vii.

X OV(rLV

^f.

De

Gen.
fr.

iii.

Chrysipp. ap. Athen.

Steph. Byz.

285 E, Plin.

x.

75 (53),

Hecat.

58,

ap.

Illyrian Fowls, that lay twice or thrice a day, Arist.

De

Mirab. 128,
KOI ol

842 b;

cf.

H. A.

vi. I,

558 b.
ix.

At Tanagra, Paus.
Koo-orv(poi Ka\ovp.evoi.

22. 4,

were two breeds,

oi re

/ua^i/zoi,

Cf.

Babr. Fab.

5 aXe/cropiWa)^ ty pd\rj Tavnypaioiv,

ols (paviv flvai dvfutv &anrep dvdpa>7rois.

See also Lucian, Gallus, on the

Cf. KO\oi4>pu|.

metempsychosis of Pythagoras,

dm

Sa/itov Tayaypaloy.

24

A GLOSSARY OF GREEK BIRDS

AAEKTPYQN (continued}. The Egyptian breed of Moi/oo-ipot,

and on
their

e o>i/ of /za^t^iot dXfKrpvovcs yfvvw as exemplary patience sitters, Geopon. xiv. 7. 30. silent breed at Nibas, near Thessalonica, Ael. xv. 20.

On

the breeds of fowls, galli tanagrici, medici^ chalcidici, &c., see

also Varro,
(56) 77^

De

R. R.

iii.

9.

Colum.

viii.

27 and 31

Plin. x. (21) 24,

Chrysipp. ap. Athen.

ix.

373

KaOdrrep rives ras \CVKCLS opvidas T>V

p.\aiva>v fjdiovs tlvai fj.d\\ov.

The

fatted fowls of the Delians,

x. 50, cf.

and Roman laws and

Columella
viii. 2,

practices
iii.

regarding the same; Plin.

Varro

9, Cic.

Academ.

iv.
fr.

The
Marco

large fowls of Ctesias,

;

57. 3, Ael. xvi. 2,

vii.

were Impeyan

Pheasants

cf.
i.

Cuvier in Grandsaigne's Pliny,

p. 242.

p. 409,

and Yule's

Polo,

Myth and Legend.

ptv, pr) 6ve 8e' privy

Pythag. ap. Iambi. Adhort. xxi. 17 d\KTpvova yap KCU 17X10) KaQiepvrai. Cf. Iambi. V. Pyth. xxviii.

147, 150,

&c.

white Cock sacred to the Moon, Pythag. ap. Diog. L. viii. 8. 19, Iambi. V. Pyth. xviii. 84 to the Sun, Suid. s. v. UvBayopa T a o-vp@o\a. A white or yellow Cock sacrificed to Anubis, Plut. de Is. Ix.
:

The Cock
Callus
c.)
}

(cf.

cf.

sacred to Athene, Paus. vi. 26. To Hermes, Lucian, Montfaucon, i. pi. Ixviii, Ixxi, Graev. Thes. A. R. V. 718 A, Plut. Conv. Disp. iii. 6. p. 666 6 de opBpos npbs rf)v epydvrjv
t
l

To Latona, Ael. iv. 29. Adr]vdv Kai rov dyopalov Eppr v enaviOTrjari. Sacrificed to Mars, Plut. Inst. Lacon. (Mor. 238 F.). Sacred to Demeter, and therefore not eaten at Eleusis, nor by the initiates of
;

Mithra Porphyr. De Abst. iv. 16. Sacrificed to Nephthys and Osiris on the 1 3th of Boedromion, and to Hercules and Thios on the 29th of Munychion, C. I. G. 523, Marm. Oxon. ii. 21, pp. 15, 17. Dedicated to Aesculapius, Plat. Phaed. 118. See also Artemid. v. 9 rjv^aro ns TO> 'AovXlprff, ei dia TOV erovs uvo<ros ?X0oi, Qvaeiv CIVTG> d\(Kalso Porphyr. Vit. Pythag. 36, Herondas, Ascl. iv. 12. rpvova fowl in medicine, Nic. Ther. 557, Cels. v. 27, Diosc. Ther. 19
:

On
and

the
27,

xiii. 233 Laribus cristam promittere galli cf. ibid. xii. 96. The Cuthic deity Nergal (2 Kings, xvii. 30) is said to have been represented as a Cock for which reason Rabbinical writers, according to Gesenius, connect the name with TUTtH, tharnegol, a Cock, which
; :

Galen and Pliny passim. Sacrificed to the Household gods, Juv.

word old-fashioned etymologists found hid in Tanagra. An image dedicated to the Twin Brethren, Callim.
Anthol.
i.

xxiv, in

Gk.

p.

218

cf.

Pausan.

vi. 26.

How

fowls were kept in the temples of Hercules

and Hebe,

ei>

rfj

AAEKTPYHN AAEKTPYQN
EvpeoTT/;,

25

(continued}.

Mnaseas

ap. Ael. xvii.

46

at

/uei/

vep.oi>Tai Vfui, ol 8e ev
ii.

'HpaK\eovs

ol T0)vde

yaperai

ovv dXcKropiftes ev r<w TTJS "H^ys I cf. Plut. ii. 696 K, Paus.

148.

Ael.

N. A.

ii.

30,

how

a new-purchased cock,

if

carried thrice
Ib.
iii.

round the
to death

table,

does not seek thereafter to escape.

31,

how

the lion fears the cock,

:

and how the

travellers in

latter

frightens

the basilisk

Libya take a cock along with nvp KOI aXe/crpucoi/ Aes. Fab. 323 Plut. De Inv. iv (Mor. 650, 5), Sol. Anim. xxxii (Mor. 1201, Hence also the use of a Cock to destroy the Lion-weed, \eov23).
for

which reason

them.

Cf. ibid. vi.

;

22 e^iora 8e

TO> p,ev Xeoj/ri

17

rfios Tr6a=opopdyxri,

Geopon.

ii.

42.

3.

A confusion
;

here with the Galli, priests of Cybele c. 20 (Nonius, s. v. mansuetum), when

possibly indicated according to Varro, De R. R. the Galli saw a lion, tympanis

is

...fecerunt note to Juv.

was

Aeo>i>,

mansuetum: for other important references see Mayor's Note further that a mystical name for the Sun 176. and that those who participated in the rites of Mithra were
viii.
;

Porphyr. De Abst. iv. 16. Niclas, the learned editor of the Geoponica (ed. 1781), and certain other historians quoted by him, finding that a lion in Bavaria evinced no terror at the sight of a Cock,
called Lions

but killed and ate the bird,

still

remained

faithful to the old tradition,

:

asserting that that lion's spirit must have been broken by captivity scimus quam vim habeat consuetude cum diu in galli vicinia detentus
;

quid mirum, si eum ferre didicerit, &c. Paus. ii. 34. 2 at Methana (Troezene) a Cock with white wings was torn in two by two men as a charm to protect the vines from the wind
esset,
!

Aty,
S.

cf.

J.

Cock, Sir

J.

G. Frazer, Folk-lore, i. 163, 1890. See on Sacrifices of the G. Dalyell's Darker Superstitions of Scotland, 1835 Sir
;

Baker, Nile Sources, pp. 327, 335, c., &c. On d\eKTpvofj.avTfia } see Lucian's Callus, De
ii,

Dea

Syr.

xlviii, Cic.
xii.

De

Div.

Plin. x. (21) 24;

cf.

Mem. Acad.

Inscr. vii. 23,

49; Hopf,

Thierorakel, pp. 161-163.

How some
The Cock
Theophr.

cannot abide a cock or a hen, Plut. as a weather-prophet, Ael. vii.

Sign.
i.

fr. viii.

10 (12. 23).

7,

Plut.

Mor. 129 A,
8.

How

Progn. 960 (228), Geopon. i. 3, the flesh of a fowl absorbs molten gold, Plin. xxix. 25.

De

17, Arat.

Is hostile to drrayds, Ael. vi. 45.

Proverb and Fable.

d\KTpvovos KoiXiav exftv, Ar. Vesp. 794 swallow pebbles), cf. Suid.
O.\fKT(t>p TTlWt KflU

(i.e.

the stomach of an

ostrich, to

OVK OUpft, Suid. q.V.

Kai/e'/LKoi/

\fj6ovo-i

yap TOI

8ieoSot 6rjKfiav opviv,

TT\T)V

orav TOKOS

Soph.

fr.

424.

26
AAEKTPYflN
'

A GLOSSARY OF GREEK BIRDS

(continued}.

KOIVOS A.6r)vai<i)v aXeWoop, descriptive of

a bombastic talker,

Demadas

ap. Athen.
fnTT) xviii

iii.

99 D.
a>s

dXe/crwp dov\ov

K\ivas nrfpov,

Phrynichus ap. Plut. Amator.

rfrfjcra-ei

(Mor. 762 F);

whence Ar. Vesp. 1490

epithet
SiavXoSpofio?,

$pvvixos &s

ns

0\KT(i>p.

With metaphorical
Artemid.
iv.

8ia

yap

TTJS

av\ijs

rpe\ei,

24

cf.

Ar. Av. 291.

Fable of the Eagle which carried off the Cock crowing over his The Weasel and the argumentative Cock, victory, Aesop, Fab. 21.
ib.

14.

wayfarers,

The Cock and Thieves, ib. 195. ib. 225. The two Cocks and the

The Cock and Dog,

Partridge,
ib. 22.

as

See also

Babrius and Aesop passim. Fable of the Weasel and the

Hen

us

&rj KCIT
1

evvoiav avTrjs

vo<rov<rr]s,

ows ex f

t)

How
all

Frat.Am. xix. the plumage of the Cock outshines the raiment of Croesus in
TrvvQavopevriv' KaXo>?, clnev,
civ crv

aTroor/js , Plut.

De

his glory,
i.

(pvcriKO)

yap avQei

KeKoo-prjrai KCU /xupi'w KGtXXioi/i,

Solon ap.

Diog. L.

2. 4.

The oldest Coins with the Cock are those of Representations. Himera and Dardanus (Imhoof-Bl. and K. pi. v. 38-42) and of Carystus (B. M. C., Central Greece, p. 100, pi. xviii), all of the early
fifth

century.

They

recall the Indian

Gallus Sonneratii

(cf. J.

P. Six,

in Imhoof-Bl. p. 35), or rather the Gallus

ferrugineus or bankiva of Northern India. Cf. also Blyth's note (Ibis, 1867, p. 157) on fowls sculptured on the Lycian marbles (c. 600 B. C.). See also Conze, Ann. de I'lnst, 1870, p. 280, on a Cock represented on an ancient relief of

Dionysus and Semele (?), B.C. 580-540. In regard to Himera, it is noteworthy that Pindar's twelfth Olympian Ode, in which the Cock is mentioned, was addressed to Ergoteles, an inhabitant of Himera (cf.
Buckton, N. and Q.
(4)
iii.

131).

is early and frequent on coins of Asia Minor: with Athena on coins of Leucas, Corinth, Dardanus; also on

The Cock

with the Lion

coins of Ithaca, Zacynthus, Argos, &c. On a statue of Athene, Paus. vi. 26

Apollo, to indicate sunrise, Plut.

(v.

supra);
xii.

on a statue of

De

Pyth. Orac.
25
(v.

574 (Mor. 488. 30).

On

the shield of Idomeneus, Paus.

s.

v.

supra).

See also

vv.

|3pY)T<Ss,

TJIKCU'OS,
,

KIKKOS, KoXoi<|>pu, KOTTOS,

<re'pi<os,

'AAIA'ETOZ
Arist.

s.

dXiaieros.
ix.

A
619

Sea-eagle.
e^ovcrii/

H. A.

32,

Ka/iTruXa, ovpOTrvyiov 8e TrXaru" otKov&i de Trept

av\eva re /j,eyav KCU TTO^VI/ Kal nrepa BaXarrav KOI auras, dpna^ovTcs
viii. 3,

nepl

de KCU ov dwd/j-evoi (pepctv TroXXaKis KcmKpe'poi/rcu els (Bvdov. [Here rrjv 6d\arrav Siarpi'jSet KOI ra \ifJLvala Kojrrfi.

593 b

KoWet seems

AAEKTPYflN

AAIAETOI

27

AAIAETOI

(continued'].

meaningless and may be an interpolation; cf. the next reference.] ix. 34, 620 6va>7r<TTaTOS /zeV eori, KCU ra TCKVO. avayK.a(i en ^iXd oi/ra
Trpos
TOI>

rj\iov
civ

(BXeTreiv,

Km

TOV

p.f]

(Bov\6p.evov

KOTTTCI

KOI <rrpe<pei, KCU

OTTorepou

e/Lwrpocr$ev ol o<p$aXp.oi daKpixraxnVj

erepov KTpe(pi. Plin. N. H. x. 3,

opviOctS) K.r.X.

[The same story, s. and in Gesner, &c.]

TOVTOV dTTOKreiVei, TOV 5' v. aeVoy, in Ael. H. A. ii. 26, also

fj

Orjpevutv TOVS irepl rfjv

e*c

6a\arrav
BaTfpov

Arist.

De

Mirab. 60, 835

TOV

fvyovs TO>V

derail'
ii.

eyyovwv aXidfTos yiverai TrapaXXa^, &c., tioned also Ar. Av. 891, Eur. fr. 637 6p<S 5'
TOSV

cf.

Dion.

De

Av.

i.

Men-

eV UKTO'IS vo^dSa

KvpaTocpOopov

aXidcTov

Opp. Hal. i. 425 Kparepoi ^' dXtateroi dpiraKT^pes, &C. See also Nonn. Dion. xlii. 531, where dXiaero?, associated with Poseidon, seizes a dove from the clutches of KI'PKOS, faidofjicvois 6vi>x^fo-i
:

HTap(TLov opviv

dei'poo^.

Cf. Sil. Ital. Punic, iv. 105.

A good
On
viii.

omen

to fishermen, Dion.

De

Avib.

ii.

i.

the fabled metamorphosis of Nisus or Pandareus see Ovid, Met. Boios ap. Anton. Lib. c. xi Hygin. Fab. 98 Virg.(?) 146, xii. 560
;

Ciris 536,

and

Keller, op.c. p. 259.

Arist. H. A. ix. 32, 619 is apparently descriptive of the Osprey, Pandion Haliaetus, with which bird dXtdero? is commonly identified by mediaeval and modern commentators but the description of the
;

620) applies rather to Aquila naevia, or Hal. albidlla (Sundevall). Sea-eagle is very frequently alluded to under the generic name deros, e. g- Pind. N. v. 21 irtpav TTOVTOLO

chase after sea-birds

(ix.

TraXXoi/T*

euerot' Soph. Oen. fr. 423, ap. Ar. Av. 1337 yevoipav tueroy v^nreTaS) as av noTcidfiijv vTrep drpvyerov yXavKas eV ol8p,a \ifJLvas Theocr.
: I

xiii.

24.

frequent on coins, e. g. Acragas (Imhoof-Bl. Sinope (ibid. v. n, 12), and many other towns especially in the Black Sea and Hellespont (Keller, op.c. p. 262). In all the above references, as in most passages relating to the Eagle, a mystical and symbolic meaning outweighs the zoological. The poem

An

Eagle with a
pi.
iv.

fish is

and K.

31),

of Ciris
is

is

noteworthy how

It of great importance for the understanding of the myth. many birds, or names associated with birds, occur,
;

with more or less obscure significance, in this poem to wit, Procne, the Daulian maids, Pandion, theAnserLedae, Haliaetus or Nisus, and
lastly Ciris.
I

accept the theory that

elaborate

Sun and Moon myth.

we have here to do with an The golden or purple lock in Nisus'

hair (cui splendidus ostro Inter honoratos medio de vertice canos Crinis inhaerebat, Ov. Met. viii. 8, cf. Ciris 122, Apollod. ii. 4. 5), recalls, on the one hand, the Samson-legend (as we are expressly told

by Tzetzes
by Boios.

in Lye. 648), and on the other, the crest of the solar tVo^ or focus, both of which birds appear in the version of the legend given

The name Nisus

is

akin to nesher^ m'sr, an eagle (vide

28 AAIAETOI
s. v.

A GLOSSARY OF GREEK BIRDS

(continued}.

aeros),

and Nisus or

'AXiciero? plunges, like

the setting Sun, into

believe KeipuXos- or <f]pv\os to be connected), or Scylla is the Moon (cf. Porphyr. De Abst. iii. 17), which, as the watery goddess, appears in some forms of the legend as a fish.

the sea.

Ciris, Ketpi? (with

which

The

last lines of the poem Ciris are of 'peculiar importance, where the mutual pursuit and flight of Haliaetus and Ciris are described, and compared with the alternate appearance and disappearance of the opposite constellations of Scorpio and Orion Quacunque ilia levem fugiens secat aethera pennis, Ecce inimicus atrox magno stridore per auras Insequitur Nisus qua se fert Nisus ad auras, Ilia levem fugiens
: :

raptim secat aethera pennis it is the Moon in opposition, the Moon at the full, which (strictly speaking, at the sacred season of the equinox) Cf. also Cornutus, p. 72 L sets and rises as the Sun rises and sets.
:

'

(teste Keller) Kvvrjyia

f'oine
. .

KOI TO

diaXeirrftv avrrjV ore p.ev 8ia)KOV(Tav

8'

TOV rjXiov ore

full

(pevyoixrav

ovx eWpa

ovtra avrrjs

rj

'EKar/7,

&C.

The

understanding of the stories of d^Scoy, Procne, Philomela, and the whole Tereus-legend, depends on the further elucidation of this myth.

it not for the comparison drawn with Scorpio and Orion, we might be rather disposed to refer the description to the Moon in the last quarter, stationed in advance of and as it were in flight before the Sun. The same four lines occur in Virg. Georg. i. 406-409, where I venture to think they are out of place and keeping.

Were

AAIA'nOAA'

TOV Kenfpov,

rj

Ba\amov

opvtv

Hesych.

(verb. dub).

A
Ibyc.
fr.

bird, doubtless the

ix.

Halcyon.

8 (13) ap. Athen.

Schneidewin.
p. 239.

388 D, according to Hermann and Others read \a6nroptpvpi8es, v. Bergk, P. Lyric. Gr. iii.
' 3

Cf. Alcman 12 (26) a\nr6p(pvpos ettpos opvts (vide s. v. K^puXos), whence Tennyson The sea-blue bird of March (on which, see Whitley Stokes and others, Academy xxv. 1884; also Tennyson in Nature I am Notes, p. 93, ii. p. 173, where the Laureate alters the epithet). not inclined to admit that aXiTro'ptpupo? means sea-blue, nor that it is anything so simple as a mere colour-epithet cf.
i.
;

'AAKYii'N
&c.),

s. dXicuwi'.

Also

d\icvovis

and aX/uW, Hesych.

(Ap. Rhod. i. 1085, Epigr. Gr. 205 Cretan avKvvv, Hesych. On the aspirate,
iii.

see Forstemann, Curt. Zeitschr.

48.

Not from aX?

cf.

Lat. a/c-edo.

to a\KTpv(>)v

Probably connected with O. P. halak or harac the Sun, and so akin and tfXeKTpov, also to 'Hpa/cX^s and to many other proper
e. g.

names,

Alc-inous.

The Halcyon,

a symbolic or mystical bird, early identified with the Kingfisher, Alcedo ispida, L. The Kingfisher is called, in Mod.

AAIAETOI

AAKYflN

29

AAKYQN
Gk.,

(continued].
-^apo(f)dyos, also

(Heldr.) o-apde\o(pdyos,

/MTTtpftTriXt

rrjs

QaXdao-rj?,

(in Acarnania) /3ao-tXo7roCXi. First mentioned in Simon. fr.i2 (ap.

and

Arist.

H. A.

v. 8,

Gr.,

Bergk

p. 874,
fr.

vide infra)

Aleman 26
6l6

(12), ap. Antig.

542 b, Poet. Lyr. Mirab. 27

;

and Ibycus

8 (13) d\Kv6vfs Tawo-iTTTepoi.

Arist.

Description.

H. A.

ix. 14,

17

8'

d\Kv<vv

eVn

p,ev

ov TroXXeS

peifov o-Tpovdov, TO 8e XP^P a * a ' Kvavovv e^et Kat ^Xwpoi/ KOI vTron6p(pvpov' Kat at TTTepvyfs KOI ra ?repi TOV Tpd^rj\ov t fjLfj.iyfievu>s 8e TOIOVTOV TO ff&fJia TTCLV ov \<p\s eKdo-TOV TWV xpa/jbaTcov' TO 8e pvy^os wd^Xcopoi/ jj.ev, /uaKp6i>
8e
/cat

XeTrrof.
8'
f)

viii.

3,

593 b TO T>V
eldrj.

d\Kvova)i>
f]

8e yevos

ndpvSpov

ecrriv'

CIVTUV oi/ra dvo

8'

(pOeyyerai, K.adidvovo-a eVi TO>V a(poivos' eorrt 8' avr^ p-dfav' TO 8c vwrov d/jLCpoTepai KVO.VOVV
KO\
p.ev

Two species occur in Greece, A. (Ceryle) rudis, L., the Spotted Kingfisher (Mod. Gk. aWpoj> tyapocpdyor, v. d.
[Cf. Plin. x. 47.

and A. ispida, the Common KingA. rudis has not TO VWTOV KVOVOVV, and suggests A. smyrnensis, which does not now occur in Greece (Kriiper) but in Asia Minor. Neither of these birds can sing, any more than the common Kingfisher, and the attempt is hopeless to identify the second Aristotelian species with either. The whole matter is confused and mystical.]
fisher.

Miihle), principally near the coast, Sundevall points out that

On
o>

the

'

song' of the Halcyon,

cf.

Tymnes

ii

(Gk. Anthol.
'.

i.

p.

256)

Pindar fr. 62 (34) a P napop-otov aXxvoariv TOV o~ov (pdoyyov lo~(H(rdp.evov Schol. Apoll. Rhod. i. IO86 (q. v.) ev\6ya>s 8e oa-ffav tirre TTJV a\Kvovos
:

(fxovfjv

cf.

Dion.

De

Avib.

ii.

7 TQ>V d\Kv6va>v

8'

ov< av
;

ftrrot Tty els (ptavrjv

I.

opvfov

fjdtov.

Its plaintive

and melancholy note

Eur.

in T.

a Trapa TTCTpivas, TTOVTOV 8etpd8aff, d\Kv<av } eXeyov OITOV Ar. Ran. 1309 d\Kvovcs al Trap' devdois daXdo-OTjs Kv/j.aai
J

deideis

'.

1089 opvts, imitated

Cf.

o-Tco/xuXXfrf.
'

II.

ix.

563
8'

/-tJjTJjp

A\KVOVOS Tro\viTvdeos OITOV fx ov(Ta

Mosch.

iii.
i.

*A.\Kv6vos

ov TOCTO-OV

eV

a\yeo~iv

a TC (pv\a a\Kv6va>v.
8e
fj.vp6p.eva.
f]

ta^e K^v^. Epigr. in Marm.

old
TIS
O.KTO.IS

Opp. Halieut. Oxon. iii. p. in

yoepoils

40 424

(Ixxi)

dvcTTrjvos

oftvpfTai

'AXxvovt's,

8aKpvo~i

See also Lucian in Alcyone, Philostr. Imagg. 362 K, Plut. cf. xi, Trist. v. i. 60, Her. xviii. 81, &c., &c.; also Eumath. De Hysm. et H. L. x. p. 448 TTJV yXa>TTai> d\Kv6ves TTO\VUtr. Anim., Ov. Met.
1

ircvOeo~T*pai) drjftoves QprjvrjTiKatTfpai, avTrjs NiojS^s

fj.i/j.ovfjifva.1

TO TroXuSa/tpti,
II. ix,

Trpoy 6pr)vov eplfovvai.

According
T>V aiwv

to the

Scholia in Ar. Aves, Horn.

vii.

Theocr.

Id. vii eOpfjvei

avTrjs ev TT) 0a\do~o-T] KXap-evoiV.

How
/SaXe

the females carry the old males on their backs, Ael.

17

cf. c.)
I

Plut. Utr.

Anim., Antig. Hist. Mirab. 27.

Cf. also

Aleman

(ap. Antig.

1.

817, (3d\ KqpvXos f'irjv, os T' eVt KV/JLCITOS avdos a/u,' akKvoveao-i TTOT/Jrai imitated in Ar. Av. 251 o>j> T' eirl TTOVTIOV otS/xa ^aXao-o-^y (pv\a /xeT* d\KVOVO~O l TTOTCLTai.
i

30

A GLOSSARY OF GREEK BIRDS

(continued}.

AAKYHN

vii. 59, cf. Virg. Georg. i. 399. Associated with Pallas, Antip. Sidon. xxvi, Gk. Anth. ii. p. 12 t<rra>i/ IlaXXdSos d\Kv6va (the shuttle, from its swift flash of colour) with Hera,
:
'

Beloved of the Sea-nymphs, Theocr.

Pindar

fr.

1.

c.
i.

With
The
[lev Trpo

ep. govOos, Mnasalc. viii (Gk. Anthol.

p. 124), [vide s. v. iTrn-a-

Xe/crpvcoj/].

Nest.

Arist.

H. A.
fie

v. 8,

542 b riWei nepl Tporras

TCLS

P lvas

'

816 Kai KaXovvTai orav ei>8ieii/ai -yeVooj/rat at rpoTrat, d\KvovL8es qpepai e7rra
rpoTraij',

eWa

fierd

rpon-d?,

"a>y onoTav xei/nepioi/ Kara

re'

fj.rjva

TrivvaKr)

KaBdnep KOI St/ican'St;? evoiiffW, Zeus Jj^ara reo-(rapaKaieKa, Xa0di/e/zdt>

fjnv

&pav Ka\eovatv
5' evSieii/at, oral/

enixjdovioi,
crvuftfj
5'

lepav iraidorpofpov noiKiXas d\Kvovos"

rijs

yivovrai

various yiveo~dai ras rpoTrdf,

H\eid8os
veorTidv,

/Sopeiou yfvoijievrjs.

Xeyerai

eV eTrra /i^ fjnepais Troie'ia'Oai

rrjv

ev 6e rats XoiTrals cVra f)p,epais TLKTCIV ra i/eorna KOI enrpefaiv.

nepi

p-ev

ovv TOVS evTctvda TOTTOVS OVK del <rvp.(3aivi yiveo-dai d\Kvovibas ypepas Trepl

ray rporrds, ev 8e r<u 2iKfXiK<B TreXdyfi o-^eSov act. TtWei irdvTuv &e a-navKararov Idflv aXxvoz/a ecrriV TTCVTC wd.
.
.

5'

17

aX/cuu)!/ rrcpt

cr^fSoj/ -yap Trepi

KOI Tponns oparat p.6vov } KCU ev TOLS v<popfj.ois irpo^rov o<rov

TTfpl

TO

jr^-olov

epl ain-f)?.

d(pavierai evOvs, 816 Kai Srjyo'i^opoy TOVTOV TOV (Schneider conjectures that this last refers

to

an Argonautic legend,

cf.

Apoll.

Rhod.

i.

1085 and Schol.)

The Nest

further described,
/cat

ib. ix. 14,

6l6

earl Trapo/no/a rat? a(paipais rals tfaXarri'ats

ov Tci%v

rats Ka\ovp.evais aXco'd^i/ai?, n\r]v TOV ^pco/aaro$'' TrjV 8e %p6av vnonvppov

K. T.

e%ovo~iv}

X.

/cat

KOTTTOVTI (lev

(TtS^pto)

o^ei

diaKoTTTeTai,

a/za
. . .

8e KOTTTOVTI Kai rat?

6oKt
Plut.

8e p-dXto-ra
ix.

x e P"' dpavovTi ra^u Sta^pawcrat, &cnrep 17 dXoo-d^i/jy. e*c reov aKavdwv TTJS fteXovrjs. A lengthy description in
see also Dion.

Ael. H. A.

17

De Avib.

ii.

Plin. x. (32) 47, (33)

49

Anim. xxxv; Acs. Fab. 29, &c. Cf. also Callim. xxxi (Gk. Anthol. i. p. 219) o>? Trdpo? nW^rai voTeprjs eov d\Kvovo$. The descripKai Oiyovri, tion in Plutarch ends as follows e/zoi Se TroXXaxts ISovri
Sol.
:

De

Traptorarat \eyeiv Kai qfteiv

'

A^Xa)

b~r)

Trore rotoi/ 'ATroXXcovo?

napd

yaw.'

f the d\Kuota8es or dXKuo^eioi ^jxepat, when birds of calm sit brooding on the charmed wave,' see also Theocr. vii. 57 K&\Kv6ves orope-

On

o~evVTi TO. KVfiaTa TO.V Te 6d\ao~o~av } TOV re VOTOV TOV r* evpov.

xiii

Apollonid.

(Gk. Anthol.
TTOVTOS

ii.

p. I2l)

et

Kai ev

aXwovvv

fjfj.ao~i

K\av(rop.eda, d\KVova>v,

als

del (TTripl^aTO
i.

KU/XO,

vrjvep.ov.

Ar. Av. I594>

Schol. in Ar.

Ran. 1344, Ael.

p. 983, Quaest. Grace, pp. 1809, 1810, Apoll. Rhod. i. 1086, Plin. x. (32) 47, xviii. (26) 62, xxxii. (8) 27, Aul. Cell. iii. 10, Sil. Ital. xiv. 275, Plaut. Poen. 145, Casina, prol. 26, Diosc. iv. 136, Alciphr. 5. i, Lucian Hale. 2, Ovid Met.

36, Philoch. 180, Plut. Sol.

Anim,

xi.

the

On 745, Colurn. xi. 2, Dion. De Avib. ii. 7, Carm. De Philom. 383. number of the Halcyon days, see, in addition to the above, Suidas,

according to

whom

Simonides made them eleven

(v.

supra),

Dema-

AAKYflN
AAKYflN
(continued}.

31

goras seven, and Philochorus nine. Hieroz. ii. 86 1.

See also references

in Bochart,

and Ceyx, cf. II. ix. 563 (where the bird Heyne, in loc.}, Lucian, Halcyon. 2, where Alcyone and Ceyx descend from the Morning Star, Ovid, Met. xi. 410, Apollod. I. vii. 4, Serv. ad Virg. Georg. i. 399, Lutat. ad Stat. Theb. ix. 361, Tzetz. ad Lye. p. 69, &c.
the

On

myth

of Alcyone
cf.

is

not mentioned, but

The myth of the Halcyon days is unexplained. The above statements have no zoological significance the Kingfisher neither breeds at four months old, nor lays five eggs (but rather six or seven), nor nests in the winter season, nor on the sea. I conjecture that the
:

story originally referred to some astronomical phenomenon, probably in connexion with the Pleiades, of which constellation Alcyone is the
principal star.

In what appears to have been the most vigorous period of ancient astronomy (not later than 2000 B.C., but continuing long afterwards to influence legend and nomenclature), the sun rose at the
:

vernal equinox in conjunction with the Pleiad, in the sign Taurus the Pleiad is in many languages associated with bird-names (cf. Engl. * henand-chickens,' see also
s.

v.

jj^po\[),

and

am

inclined to take the bird

on the

bull's

back

in coins of Eretria,

ciated constellation of the Pleiad.

Dicaea, and Thurii for the asso(Note, as a coincidence, the relation

;

of Alcyoneus to the heavenly Bull in Pind. I. v. 47 ubi Schol. fiovfiorav e TQV j3ovK.6Xov (1707, Trap' ov rag 'HXi'ou (3ovs aTr^Xatre The particular .) bird thus associated with Taurus may vary on some of the above. .

mentioned coins, where

Canon Tristram
rather to be the

(Ibis,

it is certainly not a Kingfisher, it is taken by 1893, p. 215) to be a Tern ; to me it seems Swallow, figuring as the bird of spring; (on the

cognate symbolism of the Dove, see

by Canon Tristram
I

(1.

c.)

to

s. v. The Halcyon is said ireXeia). have been the sacred bird of Eretria
;

cannot find a direct statement of the

fact.

that the Pleiades were called 'AXxvoi/es.

Suidas definitely asserts At the winter solstice, in the

same ancient epoch, the Pleiad culminated at night-fall in mid-heaven, a phenomenon possibly referred to in the line vi>g /iaxpi) KOI x<iipa. \*.ivr\v 8' eVi nXetaSa 8vvei. This culmination, between three and four months after
the heliacal rising of the Pleiad in Autumn, was, I conjecture, symbolized as the nesting of the Halcyon. Owing to the antiquity and
corruption of the legend,
;

it

is

impossible to hazard

more than a very

guarded conjecture but that the phenomenon was in some form an astronomic one I have no doubt. [It might for instance refer more directly to the Sun, which anciently began its annual course at the spring equinox when in conjunction with the Pleiads, and which at the winter season, when in the lowest part of its course, might be said to brood upon the sea, only beginning its ascent a week after the actual

32

A GLOSSARY OF GREEK BIRDS

(continued-).
(cf.

AAKYftN
tropic

Ptolemy, ap. Petav.

iii.

54, Kal. Jan.

Sol elevari incipit)].

The

risings

and

settings of the Pleiads

apparently the chief landmarks of nexion the comparison with aXocrd^vr]

to

and of the Dogstar were the ancient year, and in this conis

also

suggestive.

take

Volksetymologie,' of the Egyptian Cf. Chalcid. in Timaeum Plat. f. cxxiv, ed. q", the Dog-star. Fabr., Cum hanc eandem stellam do-TpoKvvov quidam, Aegyptii vero
o-oXf^T/t/

be a corruption, by

'

vocant
i.

Horap.

3).

and of
KVT](TIV
rj

this

(v. Jablonsk. in Steph. Thes. and cf. Leemans in The common Egyptian name for the Dog-star is Sothi^ we read in Plut. De Isid. p. 375 2co0! AtyvTrrio-rl o-^/iaiWi

TO KVflV.

birds anciently associated with the season of the vernal equinox are, with the exception of the Nightingale, associated with St. Martin in modern times; viz. the House-martin or Martlet (cf. xeXifio>v), the

The

Harrier (cf. KtpKos}, Fr. oiseau St. Martin, and the Kingfisher, Fr. martin-pecheur. It is precisely the same birds, with the addition of the solar Hoopoe and Woodpecker, and with the substitution of
aXidfro? (q. v.) for
<a'pKos, that figure together in the story of the metaBoios ap. Anton. Lib. Met. xi. of Pandareus morphosis In the calendars ascribed to Geminus (?), Columella and Ptolemy (?),
;

the Halcyon days are placed in the end of February or beginning of

March.

variance with the older tradition

of birds.

cannot account for this discrepancy, which is clearly at unless indeed the phrase had lost its
;

meaning and was simply transferred

See also s.vv.
Note.
cf.

to the

season of the migration

avfiuv, <xXnrop<f>upis, KTjpuXos, KTJU.

the mystical element in the stories of d\Kvot>v and di/dap Lucian, Hale. OVK av e^oi/nei/ tlirfiv ftefiaias OUT' 'AXfcvovcoj/ Trepi, OUT'
K\fos 8e
fj.vOa)v,

On

'Ar)86v(av'
a>

olov TrapeSocrav Trnrepes , TOIOI/TO KOI naKrl

1

opvi dprjvav /LieXcoSe, TrapaScoaco TO>V <rS)v vp.vd)V TTfpt, Kai o~ov TOV

KCU (pi\av$pov epami TroXXaxi? v

"AMAAAOI'AMHEAl'I.
'AMHEAl'ilN.
(q. v.),

irep&ig, Ho\vppr)vioi,

Hesych.
Ar. Av. 304.
Cf. Poll. vi. 52.

An unknown
An unknown
as

bird.

with epithet Koixpdraroy.

small bird mentioned together with Taken as identical with

J.
is

a/iTTfXiSfS-

vvv d/HTreXicoi/as KaXovcriv,

Pollux,

VI.

52

cf.

Lob.

Prol. p. 49.

In Mod. Gk. dpndKovpyos

the Black-headed Bunting,

Called also KpaaonovXi, p.e6v(TTpa.

'ANATKHI,

S.

o.vd<K\<s'

opvfov

TI

'ivdticov,

opoiov

^dpo),

Hesych.

name

is

strongly suggestive of the Arabic and Syrian

The Anka or

AAKYftN

ANOHAIA

33

ANAfKHI

(continued}.
is

Onka, which
relation with

said to be identical with Sirrmrgh, the magical

bird of the Persians,

and which
'Oy/ca;
cf.

is

believed further to

come

into

Athene
Vide

Von

Hammer-Purgstall, Wien.
iv.

Jahrb. d. Lit. xcvii. 126, Creuzer,

ii.

Symb.

397, Boch. Hieroz.

812, 852.

s. v.

OK^OS.

"AN00I.

An unknown
Gk., and
like

small bird.
so

The name
is

does not occur in

Mod.
Arist.
ix.

many

of the bird-names mentioned in a

non-scientific or fabulous sense,

probably an exotic.
/neye$o? orrov (Tiria.
rrjs
ITTTTOS

H. A.
ITTTTW

viii.

3,

592 b

opvis

a-KcoX^Ko^a-yos-,

I,6o9b

TToXejmos'

ccXavjwi yap 6
/cat,

CK

vop^s,

noav yap
ITTTTOU

6 avQos.

eirdpyefjios 8' earl KCU

OVK ova)7rds'

/Lu/ielrai

yap rou

pwvrjv, Ka\ (pojSel e7rt7rerd/zei/o?

'

ee\avvei, orav 8e

Xa/Sfl, KreivfL

avrov.

6 uvBos napa Trorapov Kal eX??, \poav S' e\i KaXrjv KOL (vjBioTos ecrrt. 6 10 and 12, 615 hostile to duavQis and a'iyidos' alyidov Kal avQov alpa. ov crvp/jiiyvvTai a\\r]\ois cf. Plin. x. 74 (95). With the above fabulous
IX. I,
i

account,
6',Te

cf.

Ael. H. A. V. 48,
.
. .

vi.

19 Ididfct Se rats pi^o-fa-i r<av TOIOVTVV

(ivOos KaXov/JLevos

Kai 6 /ueV civOos UTTOKptVerat xpep-eTicrpa "rnrov.

Also Plin.

Anthus

is

x. (47) 52 see also Boios ap. Anton. Lib. c. 7, where a son of Autonous and Hippodameia, killed by his father's
;

horses, and metamorphosed into the bird &v6os. fish dvOias that is said to be hostile to the horse.

In Phile 705

it

is

the

Note. As indicative of the mythical, fabulous, and probably exotic element in the above, compare the accounts of ai>0os and the former (TKa>\r]K.o(pdyos, ei>/3i'oro?, xpoav KaX (? aK-av6-is),
noXefjiios
'.

aKavdis

and

the latter aKavQo(pdyos, KctKo/3io?, KaKo^poos, oj/o> TroXe/xtos, &C. : a"yi(v)0os are perhaps two corruptions of the same word.

the bird cannot be identified, and though it is more than it was ever known to the Greeks, yet Sundevall's identification of avQos as the Yellow Wagtail, Motacilla flava, L.,

Though

doubtful whether

to be recorded. This hypothetical identification is based on the brilliant colour (which according to v. d. Miihle is more brilliant in Greece even than in N. Europe) and on the localities frequented. The Yellow Wagtail frequently consorts with the cattle at pasture, it may indeed have become associated with the above feeding on flies fable, the origin of which, however, is doubtless more deep-seated and

deserves

obscure.

'ANOnAfA.
Od.
i.

A
320
c.

bird associated with Athene, possibly the Wight- Heron.

Otrcfty yXavKfoiris 'A^i/r;, opi/ty 8' o>?

dvoTram fiieVraro.

For
p. 32,

various explanations and Scholia, see Steph. Thes. (ed. 1821), Lidd.

and

Sc.,

According to Rumpf,

De

aedibus Homericis,

ii.

Giessen, 1857, Netolicka, Naturh. aus Horn. p.

n, Buchholz, Horn.

34

A GLOSSARY OF GREEK BIRDS

(continued}.
its

ANOHAIA

Realien, p. 126, the Swallow, from

passing in and out through the

(Herodian).
dvpas,
r/

smoke-hole, napa TO 8iarpi@civ

dvoTrala' upveov ovop.a Kcil ci8of,
T) 77

fv rats oirals

Cf.

Hesych.

ava

TTJV oirr)v rrjs

ava

rrjv 6vpi8(i,

a<pavfjs

(MS.

afpuvos).

See also Ameis

in loc.,

Doederlein, Horn.

Gloss, &c.

Bochart, Hieroz.

ii.

337, suggests (not for the

first

time, for the state-

ment
to

is

made
it fit

in early

Hebrew

dictionaries) a connexion with Hebr.

to

anaphah, which he supposed

HS3N be a species of eagle, partly perhaps

make

in

with the interpretation,

to

common

in his time, of dvonala.

p.

But according

Tristram agrees,

Lewysohn anaphah is

(Zool.

d.

Talmuds,

109), with

whom

which seems to
is

me
it.

(Lev. xi. 19), to lend support to the hypothesis that dvonala

II. x.

rightly translated

Heron

identical with
1

Cf. epaoios,

274.

"ANTAP

afTos, VTTO Tvpprjv&v,

Hesych.
ol

'ANTl'^YXOI*
'AnA<t>0'I'

OVT&S KaXovvrai

Mf'nvoves opviGes (q. V.),

Hesych.

eWo^ TO opveov, Hesych. (Probably a Macedonian word, Schmidt in Hesych. or more likely Egyptian, vide infra, s. v.
;

AHOYI.

bird of the swallow kind.

apus,
L.,

Probably including the Swift,

rupestris,

Cypselus

and Hirundo
Trerpo^eXiSow.

Scop.,
KityeAoy,

the
the

Cliff

Martin; Mod. Gk.

Martin.
Arist.

Also for

Sand

H. A.
'

i.

I,

487 b opvis KOKOITOVS

&pai>,
f]

(cf.

Plin. xi. 47),

vcrfi

(paiverai 6 pev

anovs iraaav

5e Speiravls orav

rov Qepovs.

30,

6l8

ot

anodes, ovs Ka\ovo-i rives Kv\l/e\ovs o/noiot rals x

TTJV

Ib. ix.

0(TiV eZortV

ov yap paStov diayvuvai Trpos

^eXiSoya,

TT\T)V rcS TTJV <vi]\it]V

e^etv 8a(relav.
eicr

veoTTevovo-iv ev KV\l/e\iaw CK TrrjXov

e^ovo-ais' ev o~Teyv<a 8e Troietrai ras
KOI
TCI

ne7T\aafJ.vais /laxpatj, ocrov

veomas

VTTO Trerpais KCU (77rr;Xaioiff,

drjpia Kal TOVS

nisi in

avdpanovs nido nulla, &c.

diafpevyfiv.

Cf. Plin. X.

39 (55) his quies

the former passage (which is doubtfully authentic) appears that H. rupestris is the only bird of the Swallow kind which is a permanent resident in Greece (Kriiper p. 255, &c.), though
L.
it

The name is As regards

traditionally identified with the Swift, Cypselus apus^

Erhard (p. 46) says that Swifts winter in the Cyclades. The second passage is corrupt, and contains two different accounts of the nest H. rupestris builds solitarily, on the face of (cf. Sundevall p. 130).
high
cliffs (VTTO TreTpais)

(Kriiper,

pa<pals)

seems

to refer to the

1. The other account (cv Kv^e\io-iv c.). Sand Martin, vide s.v. Kuij/eXos. Sundevall

ANOnAIA
AF1OYZ
takes
to
(continued}.
ttTTou?

APF1H

35

to

be the Swift: Aubert and

Wimmer

(p.

in) take

it

be the House Martin (Hirundo urbica L.). The name Trfrpo^eXiSoi/i applies in Mod. Gk. both to H. rupestris and to the Swift (Heldreich).

"APAKOI.

An

Etruscan word

for a

Hawk.

apaKos'

fe'pa,

Hesych.
Cf.

Said to be a Lydian word, Jablonsk. in Steph. Thes.

"APAMOI.

A name
s.

for a

Heron

epcofito'?,

Hesych.
for the

'APno'nOYI,

dpyiTTous.

A Macedonian
alyiiroty,

name

Eagle, Hesych.

Perhaps a corruption of
'APHTIA'AEI "OPNI0EI.
like
ii.

or perhaps of apgxpos.

Fabulous

birds,

which shot forth their feathers

Apoll. Rhod.

arrows: doubtless an astronomical emblem.

Cf.

1035-1052.
[Cf.

King's Ant.
a

Gems
diver,

p.

330.

'APNEYTH'P.

Lat. urinator,

Sk. vdri, water (Curt.).]

Supposed
II.

to

mean

a diving bird, diver or grebe (Colymbus).

diver.

Perhaps only a professional

xvi.

Cf. SUTTTT]?.
II. xii.

742

dpvevTijpL toiK&s.

See also

385, Od.

xii.

413.
Cf.

*APJ=I<I>OI.

Persian

word

for

an Eagle, Hesych. (Pers. barges).

dpyioirous.

"APflAIOI.
"APP1H.

An unknown

or fabulous bird

vide

s. v. Spirt].

(Perhaps from fabulous bird.

xix.

rt.

of dp7r-do>, L. rap-io.}

An unknown

or

II.

350

apTTfl el/ana

ravvTrrepvyi, Xiyv(pa>i/a) (Eustath.

<Sov $aXdcr<rioi>,
rrjs
.

Xdpa> Tro\p.ovv).
^"col/res

Arist.

H. A.
ix. 1 8,

ix.

I,

609-610 en
r/y

ol

ano
.

daXdrTrjs
Kal

TroXe/iioi

dXX^Xoi?, olov fipevdos Kal Xdpoy Kai aprn]

7ri(piy

apiri)

Kal IKTWOS (pi'Xoi.

6fjLoio(3ioTos.

617
ii.

TroXe/uio? 8e
r]

apirrj

f]

(f>S>v{;,

Kal

yap

tKtivrj

Ael.

H. A.

47

Se opeios aprrrj

T&V opvlQ&v
Avib.
i.

npcxr-

irfcrovcra

rovs o(p6a\povs dfpapirdfci.

Cf.

Dion.

De

4.

Plin.

95 (74) Dissident harpe et triorches accipiter. Harpe et milvus contra triorchem communibus inimicitiis. The wife and son of Cleinis
'

are

metamorphosed

into the birds

to
its

apTrrj

and

aprraa-os

Boios ap. Anton.

IKTLVOS.
i.

Lib. Met. 20.

According

Hesych.,

ap-nrj is

Cretan for

Places ivy, KiWo?, in

nest for a charm, Ael.

35,

Phile 729,

Geopon. xv. i. The word is poetical. Dionysius (1. c.) refers to the Lammergeier. Some mediaeval commentators (e. g. Gesner) take Harpe and Milvus (IKTWOS) to be identical in Arist. and Plin. 11. cc., as does also Tzetzes,
Chiliad, v. 413 IKTWOS
opj/is ris

evnv,

6Wep KaXovpev

apTrrjv,

apTrdfav ra

36
APF1H (continued}.
veoTTta
TO.

A GLOSSARY OF GREEK BIRDS

TWV aXfKTopidav, and Sundevall makes Harpe the Black Kite,

Milvus

ater, or

M.

parasiticus.

be a large Gull (Larus}.

'AIBHNOl'"All AONopvtBfs,

Aubert and Wimmer suspect For other hypotheses, vide Buchholz

Possibly akin to
O-TTWOS.

apirr)

to

p. 137.

Hesych.

epoSioV,

Hesych.
ii.

Heb. HTDH, chasidah, the Stork.

Cf.

Boch. Hieroz.
'AIKA'AA4>OZ.

321-326.
bird,

An unknown

mentioned

Arist.

H. A.

ii.

12 as

possessing colic coeca

(d-nofpvdftas).

Usually translated Owl, from the story of the Metamorphosis of Ascalaphus, Ovid, Met. v. 539 Foedaque Jit volucris, venturi nuncia Indus, Ignavus bilbo, diruin mortalibus omen. Cf. Apollodor. ii. p. 107
tical

'AaKoXixpov ovv ArjfjL-fjTTjp ftroftpro' &TOV Serv. ad Aen. iv. 462. The mysaspect of the story is briefly indicated by Creuzer, Symbolik, iv.
'.

378. [Quaenam sit avis, neque ex Aristotele neque ex Plinio aut ex Aeliano deprehendere potuimus. Sed Ovidius inter fabulas ostendit esse bubonis speciem Scaliger in Arist.]
:

'AIKAAH'nAI.

(daK^XoTras, Arist.

<7KoAo7ra, q. v.
Arist.

MS. O). Probably identical The Woodcock, Scolopax rusticola.

6l7b
iv Tols KIJTTOIS dXi'o-Kerru
Ip/ceo-iy,

with

H. A.

ix.

26,

TO p-ey^dos

fi&ov dXfKTopis, TO

pvy%os
in

p,ciKpoV)

TO xpa)p.a opoiov arrayfji/r rpe^fi Se Ta\v.

The Woodcock according

abundant
in

Greece

to v. d. Miihle and Lindermayer is very November. Aubert and Wimmer rather identify

d<TKa\a>nas with the Curlew,

'AXTEPI'AI.
I.

An Eagle
Goshawk.

= x/jvo-aero?,
yeW

Ael.

ii.

39.

In Arist. H. A.

ix.

36,

620, mentioned as

ifpaKw, and usually

identified with the

249 aorrptav vertit Theodosius stellarem ut enim punctis quibusdam puto nostrum asturem tanquam stellis totus pictus in pectore. This identification, though adopted by Sundevall, is inacceptable. aartpLas is said to be the
Cf. Scaliger in Arist. p. igitur
:
.

d(TTpiav

largest of the eagles,

like xpixraeros
it

and to feed on fawns, cranes, and in Crete, bulls seems to be used not of the actual bird but as a symbol,
;

probably astronomical.
II.

bird of the

Heron
in

kind, supposed, for a similar

and equally
L.

unsatisfactory reason, to
It is

be the Bittern, Ardea

itself is in all

stellaris,

only mentioned
;

connexion with an Egyptian myth, probably

probability foreign

relating to the Stork

and the name

and corrupt

(cf.

APHH
A2TEPIAI
Arist.
(continued}.

ATTAfAI

37

H. A.

ix. 1,

609 b, 18,617 T&V

Ael.
TTJ

po)8iS)v yevos,

emKaXovutvos
ovofjui

OKI/OS-,

/uufloXoyemn yrWcr&n en dovXwv.

d&Tfptas, Kal Tida(TVTai ye eV
ei

H. A.

v.

36

ecrnv opviOos
(ptovrjs

Ai-yurrra),

Ka\

dvQpamov

eVatei.

de TIS avrbv oveiftifov 8ov\ov fMTCMj 6 Se opyi^erai' Kal fitIS OK.VOV KaXecrttev
a>$ KOI

avToV, 6 de flpevQverai Kal dyavaKTfl,

es dpyiav eldwopevos.

es TO dyevves CTKcoTTTOfjifVos KOI

Vide

S. V.

ep<o8i<$s..
s. v.

'AITH'P.

A name
De
Avib.

for the
iii.

Goldfinch, vide

dicaK0uXXis.
ea-riv,

Dion.
eVi

2 mrrcpis ols epvOpos re KVK\OS

&<rircp aor^p,
is

rat? KccpaXals.

Arrives in spring with the North wind, and

caught with bird-lime.

'AZTPAfAArNOI.

An unknown

small bird, mentioned along with the

:

Perhaps a synonym of d<rryjp foregoing, with epithet raxvf. Belon (cit. Bikelas) has It. stragalino Goldfinch, but, according

to Giglioli, the

word

is

not

known

in

any modern
Hesych.

Italian dialect.
to

'AITPAAO'I*

^apo'y,

VTTO

eerraXcoi/,

Supposed

be

akin to L. stur-nu-s (Curt.), L.paru-s (Fick), O. H. G. sprd, &c.

An unknown

bird

Hesych.

s. v.

evQv

'ATTArA'l, s. drrayas, s. drray^. Also drTapuyds, Hesych. (MSS. have dTTayrjs, aTrayts, drayi]), and ray^i/dpioi/, Suid. C Lob. Path.
Athen. 388 B notes the accent as an exception, and the cf. Eustath. p. 854 TO TraXaibv 'ATTayat plural orrayoi, not drrayijves
i.

p. 142.

p,ev 'ATTtKcos , 'ArTayrjves 8e KOLVWS.

1

Mod. Gk.

yivdpi (Sibthorpe ap.

7T6pdt

Walpole,
s. v.

Mem.

rel.

rayivdpi (Du Cange), arrato Turkey, p. 262), Ai/3aSofor

(Tournefort).

Vide

Tay^i/.

The word has been taken

an

Egyptian one, from the phrase

ii.

'Arrcrya? Alyvirrias,

Clem. Alex. Paed.

i. p.

140

cf.

Sturzius

De

Dial. Aeg. p. 86, ap. Steph. Thes. p. clxxiii.

The Francolin,
P- 352.

Tetrao francolinus, L.

See Lilford,

Ibis,

1862,

Meineke,

Ar. Av. 247, 761 with ep. rouc/Xof, TrepiTroiKiXo? or Tn-epoTro/KiXoy in loc.) cf. Suid. eon KardaTiKTos TrotKi'Xoic TTTepoTs* Xe-yeTai fie
;

(cf.
eirl

Sov\w
H. A.

KaTeo-TiypeVcoi/.

Ar. Ach. 875,

common

in Boeotia

absent from
Arist.
011

Crete, praeterquam in
ix. 26,

Cydoniatarum regione,
Ael.

Plin. x. 58 (83).
ix.

617

do-Ka\a>Tras TO xp<p-a o/zoioi/

arroy^n.
IV.

49 B, 633
rj

71T1JTIKOS
(ptovfj

dXX' fTTiyeiOS KOI KOVI&TIKOS.

H. A.
vi.

42 TO

IdlOV Ol/OjUa

(T0VCl

(pOeyyerai Kal dvafJie\Trei avro.

Ib.

45

voovcri

8e

apa drrayds

p.t> d\KTpv<'>vi

ix.

387

f.,

how

Socr. ap. Athen. exdurra, aXexTpvcov S' av ira\iv drraya. the drrayds in Egypt said in times of famine Tpis Tots
;

cf. Ael KaKnvpyois KGKO, (vide Casaub. in Athen. ii. p. 420, ed. 1600) V. H. xv. 27. Alex. Mynd. in Athen. 1. c. fjuKpy /zeV peifav earl nepdiKos, o\os

38

A GLOSSARY OF GREEK BIRDS

(continued}.

ATTAPAI
fie

Ka.T(iypa(f)os rot Trepl

fie

6rjpfvfTai

VTTO Kvvrjywv fiia

iii.

TO VMTOV, Kepap-eovs rrjv %poav viroTrvppifav p.a\\ov. TO fidpos Kai TTJV TWV TrrepStv /Spa^ur^Ta. (Cf.
e'ori
fie

Dion.

De

Avib.

IO.)

KOVKTTIKOS, 7ro\vreK.v6s re
e^coi>

icai

OTrepjuoXd'yoy.
TO.

Schol. in Ar. Av. 250 6 drrayas 6

TUV \ip.)va TOV Mapadwvos.

6 drrayay.
It is

yap \ip,voaftr) KCU eXeia ^copia KaTa/3oV/ceTai the stag, Opp. Cyneg. ii. 404.
Proverbs.
Suid.
s.

friendly with

array as

vovp,r]viq>

[crwep^frai], Trapot/zia eVi

ra>v

Cf. drrayas, Hesych. s. v. vov^vios, Schol. Ar. Av. 762. Timon ap. Diog. L. ix. 16. 6, Paroem. Gr. i. p. 307, ii. pp. 16, 212 (Scaliger in Prov. metricis). Ar. Vesp. 257 TOV TnjXoi/ wa-nep drrayas rvp@a<Tis
v.
/3a5i^o)i/.

Proverbial as a delicacy
fyeiv (v
fTriviKiois Kpeas.

Phoenicid.
Martial,

Ar. IlfXapyoif in Athen. 388 b drrayas 4. 509 Kovbev rjv TOVTM rrpos
xiii.

pftaXriv

r&v

/SpcopiTcov.

alitum primus, lonicarum gustus attagenarum.

Cf.

61 Inter sapores fertur Ovid, F. vi. 175, Hor.

vi.

Epod.

ii.

54

Plin. x.
c.

48

Apicius,

De Re
in

Coquin.
fr.

Aul. Cell.
1.

Noct. Att.

vii. 16,

Mentioned

also,

Hippon.

ap. Athen.

c.

The Francolin does not now occur

found in Crete, Cyprus, Sicily, Black Sea (Lindermayer p. 125). On this account, Sundevall and others have disputed its identity with arrayas, and have identified the latter with various birds, especially Perdix cinerea^ the Common
C. T. Newton, Cont. Rev. 1876, p. 92, taking be Pterocles alchata^ a species of Sand-grouse. The descriptions, especially that of Alex. Myndius, point distinctly to the Francolin, and even Lindermayer does not doubt that the name is to be so The record by interpreted, and that the bird was formerly abundant. Sibthorpe of the modern Greek name, which I cannot find in more recent writers, suggests that the bird has only lately disappeared from Greece. According to Danford (Dresser, Birds of Europe, vii. p. 124)
(or Northern) Partridge
;

Greece or Italy, though it is Malta, and on the southern shores of the

it

to

it

is fast

disappearing in Asia Minor also

is

mard, The Field, Sept. 1892). in recent years from England

BAl'BYKOI'
TTfXeKa^os
v.

The general disappearance

a parallel case.
[5e]
coll.
(SavflvKOs,

likewise in Cyprus (Guilleof the Quail

<i\r)ras,

'Ap-fpias
ii.

Hesych.

For

other readings,

Steph. Thes.

40, 41,

and Schmidt's

Hesych.
BAIH'0.

i.

pp. 352, 366.

for

An
i.

Egyptian name
7

Hawk.
C'K

Horap.

wri

V X^ S

a te'p

rda-aerat,

KaXen-at yap Trap

a-rjualvei <a\
t'a

AlyvrrTiois 6 lepag, Ba'ifjQ.

TOVTO

Kapdiav'

eWi yap

TO

/ueV /3at

TOV ovofiaros epfjLrjvdas' fie TO oj/o/za diaip(6ev, tyvxr], TO fie T}$ KapfitV 17 fie
rrjs

KCZT'

AiyvTTTLOvs tyvxr/s vrepi'/SoXo?, <waTf ffrjuaiveiv TT]V (rvvdecriv

Trjv

TOV

ovduaros, ^fvxrjv eynapdiav' dfi ov Ka\ 6 iepag 8ta TO irpbs

^fvx^v

o~vfji-

ATTAfAI
BAIHG
(continued}.

BEAAOYNHI

39

7ra0eti>,

vSwp ou
in

Trt'i/ei

TO KatfoXov, dXX' atfia,

<u

Kot ^ tyvyj] rpe'^erai.

Cf.

Leemans

Horap.
;

p. 151,

and

in particular Lauth, Sitzungsber. Bayer.

Akad., 1876, p. 78 the hawk enters as a phonetic or alphabetic element into the hieroglyphic spelling of bat or ba, and in the second place becomes associated with the symbolic meaning of the word. I suspect
that /3at/3uKo? is closely allied, especially as a bird like a pelican is figured instead of a hawk in an alternative spelling of the syllable ba. The Egyptian representation of the Soul as a Hawk is also mentioned
== it, and the Harpy-figures which tepa| soul are disembodied interesting in connexion with represent cf. Jomard, Descr. de PEg. Antiq. vol. ii. pp. 366, Plat. Phaedr. p. 246 381, Bunsen, Egypt's Place in History, v. 135, R. Brown, jun., Dionys. Myth. i. 340, &c.

by Chaeremon,
the

\//-uxjj-jpuos--&os

BA'P[B]AEBAPl'THI.
BAIIAEY'I.
Arist.

tipag, irapa Ai'jSvcn,

Hesych.

Cf. apaicos, peipaices.

An unknown

small bird.

Dion.

De

Avib.

iii.

2.

name
viii.
/cat

for the
3,

Wren,

Lat. Regulus.

H. A.

592

b, ix. II,

6153. rpo^iXoy KaXemu KUI npeaftvs

<pao"i,
;

/mi /SaatXcus*

5to

TOV aerof avreo,

7ro\fp.flv.

Plin.

Ep.

i.

5>

14

See regulus also Carm. de philomela v. 42 Regulus atque merops et rubro pectore progne Consimili modulo zinzinulare sciunt. Vide s. vv. {Sao-iXio-jcos,
cf.

omnium bipedum nequissimus

Plin.

H. N.

viii.

37.

irpeajBus,

po|3iXXos,

rptKKOs,

Tpox^Xos,

TpwyXo8uTT]s,

rupavvos

and

especially opxiXos.

BAIIArZKOI.
Artemid.
/cat

A
p.

name

for the

Wren
drjd&v

pao-iXcu's.

234
a>y

TO.

Se p-ovaiKct KOI rjdv^wva (ptXoXdyovy Kal p.ov(TiKOv$

Kal
KOI
/Sno-tXtV/coy

ev(p<avovs,

^eXtSobv

KOI

ra

o/uota.

Cf.

po|3iXXos.

Fab. dcrbs

Koi /SaaiXur/cos, Plut.

Mor.

ii.

806 E.

BAIKA'Z.

Ar. Av. 885. Vide s.v. pooxds.

Kio-cra,

BA'ZKIAAOr
p. 120.)

Hesych.

(A

/Saaica),

fortasse, ut loquax,

Lob. Prol.

BATl'l.

An unknown

bird.

H. A. viii. 3, 592 b opvts o-K<X?7Ko<pcryo9. (Gaza translates rubefra, as if from jSaroy, a name like our brambling,' and apparently supposed the bird to be the Stonechat, the traquet of Belon, to which bird,
Arist.
'

Saxicola rubetra, L., his

name

is still

applied.)

BATYPPHTA'AH.
BEI'PAKEZ-

Lydian word
Hesych.

for a Kite, IKTWOS,

Hesych.

iepaKfs,

Possibly for

BEAAOY'NHI*

rptopx^y, AaKavcs,

Hesych.

40
BI'TTAKOZ.
BOIKA'Z,
v.
11.

A GLOSSARY OF GREEK BIRDS

Parrot.

Vide

s.

v. \J/irraKOs.

|3ao-Kdis, 4>aaK({s.

the Teal

common
,

A small Wild Duck; probably including and Garganey (A. querquedula], both (Anas creccd] in Greece and in Athenaeus also a larger species.
;

Ar. Av. 885.

as, Arist.

H. A.
/nev

viii.

3,

593 b mentioned

among

the heavier

water-birds,

OJJLOIOS

V^TTTJ,

TO Se peyeQos eXdrTw.

Alex.

Mynd.

Athen.

ix.

52, 395

/uei/

apprjv Kardypcxpos, e^ouo-i Se 01 appfves

-

(Tip-d

ap. re

/ml eXarrofa

rfj (ru/ifierpia

ra pvyx a

*V TI

Ka ^ "XXo yevos

p.fv VTJTTTJS, eXarroj/ 8e x^aXooTreKOff.

4>a<7Kas,

Alex.

Mynd.

ibid, ai Se Xeyopevat (pa<TKd$es

oucrai rS)v p,iKpS)v KoXu/u./3i'5a)V,

Ta XoiTra

vfjTTats etai TrapaTrX^orioi.

BOYAY'THI.
iii.

An unknown

small bird,

mentioned Dion. De Avib.

2,

with epithet
Ki'y*Xor,

dvGfvrjs.

BOYKOAI'NHBOY'TAAII.

TO opveov,

Hesych.
ov- intens.,

[Said to be from

and raXaw

(?)].

The

ISTightingale, in

Aesop 235.
bird,

BPE'NOOI.

An unknown
H. A.
ix.

or birds,

opveov

(3pev6os,

oncp

ci/tot

Kocrvvfpov Xf'yovo-t,

Hesych.
ftpevdos

Arist.
TTJ

u, 615 a

[MS. Vat. PpwQos]

lv rots opeo-i KOI

eiro^r].

v\y

Karoi/cet.

eujSioTo'y ecrri Kal eofiiKo?

[mentioned with

Ibid,

ix. I,

609 a, a sea-bird,

TroXe'/uoi Sc ot OTTO r^s ^aXarr/;? ^"wiref

aXX^Xoty, oiov
is

Ppevdos Ka\ \dpos Kal

apnr).
cf.

a later interpolation

In this latter passage, fipevOos branta, the Brent Goose.

perhaps

BPHTO'I*
BY'AI
(v.
1.

dAe/crpuon/ evtavaios,

Hesych.

ppvas), for

Sp. buho, O.
shriek,

Mod. Gk. /iTrovcpos, Lat. bubo, It. ^/"^, Pvf as H.G. uwo, Germ. w/^w. [Cf. Lith. bub-auti, to
:

Fick

i.

685,

ii.

620.]

An Owl,
Arist.

especially the

Eagle Owl, Strix

'

bubo, L.,

Bubo maxi-

mus, Bonap.

H. A.

viii.

3,

592 b eon

6 (Bvas rr\v fieV ifieav ofioios yXavni,

TO 5e peytdos acroO ovSeV eX(irTeoy.

favourite

word of Dion Cassius,

usually as a bird of evil omen, e.g.

xlii.

c. Cf. 26, 1. 8, liv. 29, Ivi. 45, in loc., Plin. x. (12) 16, Ovid, Met. v. 550, vi. 431, x. 453, xv. 791, Seneca,

29 @vas e/3ve, also xl. 17, 47, Bubo, Virg. Aen. iv. 462, and Serv.
Ivi.

Here. F. 686, &c.

The Owl,
also
is

its egg bubo, in medicine and magic, Plin. xxix. 26 and 38 valuable, but difficult to obtain: quis enim, quaeso, ovum
;

BITTAKOI

PEPANOZ

41

BYAZ
sit?

(continued}.

bubonis

unquam

videre poterit,

quum ipsam avem

(v. d.

vidisse

prodigium

The Eagle Owl

and
BY'ZA
is
still

is

not rare in Greece

or yovpt.

Miihle, Lindermayer),

called

p.irov<j)os

fivas.

Nic.
are

ap.

Anton. Lib.

10,

where the daughters of

(cf.

Minyos yAa{), and

metamorphosed
opvis,

into wKrcpis

Ov. Met.
j^Xi'ou.

iv.

415),
j3u(T(ra

/3ua*

(f)vyov Se ai rpeis TTJV avyyv rov

Also

= A(VKo6eas
BY'TGAN-

BoiOS ap. Ant. Lib. 15.

(Bv&vnov, Curt.)

Also

f3ua<rrpi'a,

Herodian, 479.
TOV ^dpa,
s.

(Hence
Hesych.

BQ'KKAAII,

pdpicaXis.
list

small bird, mentioned with

o-vKaXis

and

others in a

of presents to the Indian king, Ael.

xiii.

25.

BflMOAO'XOI.
Arist.

A
ix.

little

Jackdaw.
TO>I>

H. A.

24,

617 b Tpirov yevos

Ko\oiS)V 6 p,iKpos } 6

See
PAYZAAI'THIopveov,
(6 ap.

napa

'ii/SoT?,

Hesych.
i
;

PE'PANOZ,
yfprjv,

f)

Theophr. Sign,
fj

mL<oivov TW
(?),

yei/et,

Suid.).

Also

35 (i75);
Cf.

6f]\fia yepavos Hesych.; yeprjv cf. Lob. Prol. p. 49.

:

Ael. Dion. ap. Eust. 231.

according to Curtius, from rt. gar, to cry. Utih.garny, Bret, garan, O. H. G. chranuh, Germ. Kranich, Kran, Armen. Kt'unk, Eng. crane: without the n in L. gwts, Lith. ger-ve, O. SI. geraixf, Russ. zurawl (v. Edl., &c.).

Etymology doubtful

The Crane.

Ardea grus,

L.,

Grus

cinereus,
is

auctt.

Mod. Gk.

yepavos, ytpdv (Heldr.).

The Crane

sage only, chiefly seen on its (cf. Strab. i. 2. 28): it breeds further north, in Macedonia (hence grues Strymomae, Virgil, Seneca, Martial, Claudian, &c. ; s. Bis-

Greece a bird of pasjourney northward in the spring

in

Lucan, &c.) and on the Danube (Kriiper, In Horn, p. 267). yepavos doubtless includes the Stork also, the latter bird not being mentioned, though equally common in the
toniae, Antip. Sidon. cv,

Troad (Schliemann,
Description.
rpd^j/Xov paKpov, id.

Ilios, p. 113).

p,ciKpov e^ei

TO pvyxos, Arist.
;

H. A.

i.

I,

486

b.

TOV

Prov. (frdpvyya CIVTW paKporepov yepdvov ytvevdai yvgaro rts o^o^ayoj, id. Nic. Eth. iii. 13, 1 1 8, &c. An uncomplimentary description, Athen. iv. 131 E. In colour, re0pa
cf.

De

Acoust. 800 b

(ashy, cinereous,

cf.

Babr.

Ixv. i), /teAairepa yrjpda-Kovaa

TO.

Trrepa

i'cr^et,

42
TEPANOI
Arist.

A GLOSSARY OF GREEK BIRDS

(continued].

iii. 1 2, 5 19, cf. De Gen. v. 5, 785, Plin. x. 42 (29), Solin. c. 10. Its noisy cry, Arist. De Acoust. 800 ; frag. 241, p. 152 a cf. II. iii. 3, Antip. Sidon. xvii, O. Smyrn. xiii. 104, Ar. Av. 710, Virg. Aen. x. 265, Mart. Ep. xxx Lucret. iv. 182 in Carm. De Philom. grus gruit &c. With

H.A.

ep. $&>AoK<)7ror, Cratin. 2. 20.

A
49
Ka\

smaller species in the

Balearic

Islands, called

Vtpio, Plin. x.

(69).

Gregarious habits:
v(f>

fjytfjiovi,

i.

Q. Smyrn.

xiii.

dyeXatoi/, H. A. i. i, 488, iv. 12, 597 b; irXirtJc6i/ 488. Pugnacity fights with the eagle, II. xv. 692, 104, Ael. iii. 13; and with its own kind, H. A. ix. 12,
i,
:

615

b.

Its flight is lofty, ovpuvodi

t

TT/JO,

II.

iii.

3;

cf.

Hes. Op. 446 euf

av yepuvov

<pa>vr)v eiraKovcrr]s,'

Y\^odtv CK vecptwv eviaixria KeK\r]yvirjs (with

which

cf. Pind. Nem. vii ei TL irepnv dcpdels dveKpnyov) ; Aes. Fab. 397 (ifTTpw eyyvs tWa/uat, Arist. H. A. ix. io, 614 b, Avian. Fab. xv Ast ego deformi sublimis in aera penna, Proxima sideribus numinibusque
;

feror
ii.

Ael.

iii.

14,

Plin. x. 23, Isidor. Origin, xii. 7

see also Horap.

in

98,

where a watcher of the

v\l/rj\a)S

stars is said to

be symbolized
ve(f)rj,
fj.rj

Egypt
l

as a crane,

yap
:

iravv in-rurai, Iva Oeda-rjTai ra

flies

apa X l P *&]>
viii.

Iva eV r)(n>xLq diapery

against the wind, Arist. H. A.

13, 597.
e

Lays two eggs,

ib.

ix.

12,

615 b

ov o-vyKadeio-rjs T^S

0/jXei'as

TO appev, ib. v. 2, 539 b.

Migrations.
Ti-fStW fls ra e\rj

Arist.

H. A.

viii.

12,
(cf.

597 eKToni&vo-iv e< TWV

TCI <'iv<0 T?JS

Aiyvtrrov

Herod,

ii.

22).

A fuller account,

how they alight

before foul weather,

1

TOVS enio-vpiTTovras v rots eV^arots

:

how they have in front a leader, at how when sleeping they stand first on

one leg and then on the other how while they rest the leader keeps watch, Arist. H.A. ix. io, 614 b: cf. frag. 241, 1522 a, Antig. H. Mirab. 46;

and how

their discipline taught

men

Cf. in particular

Eur. Hel. 1478

At/3ue$- ol<avo\

the rules of government, Ael. iii. 14. oroXade? Spftpov \irrov(rai

Trei^o/Ltej/ai 7roip.cvos,

%ip.epiov viacrovTai Trpecr/Surara (rvpiyyt

fly aloft in

&C.

How

they

the form of a triangle, with the old in front, the young in the middle, Ael. iii. 13, Plut. De Sol. Anim. Mor. 967 C, 979 A, Dion. De Av. ii. 17, iii. n. The distance they traverse, crossing the Euxine

between the promontories of Criumetopon and Carambis, Plin. x. 30 from Thrace to the river Hebrus, Ael. ii. i cf. Diog. Perieg. 155 ai'
:

T a/i(a> gvvia<Tiv evavTiai, ov

dvvfrcrrj.
,

fiev

The migration from Thrace

H. A.
7IO
viii.

eovvat eyyvdev, dXX' oaov 6\<as eVt rpirov takes place TOV Mai/iaxfjdrj

Arist.

12

(pdwoTrapov

fjiea-ovvros,

Ael.
;

iii.

13.

The flock was supposed

Heroic,
fvpov:
xi. 4, p.
cf.

to represent

a A or other

letters

cf.

Philostr.

ai yepavoi p.aprvpovTai rols 'A^aioiy ort avrai -ypdjMjuara

Claudian.

De

ales Littera,

pennarumque
&c., &c.

B. Gild. 477 ordinibus variis per nubila texitur notis inscribitur aer Lucan v. 712, Martial
;

ix. 14, xiii. 75,

See also Bochart, Hieroz.

ii.

p. 78,

G.

J.

Voss,

TEPANOI
TEPANOI
(continued}.

43

De

Arte

Gramm.

i.

25,
;

Mayor

in Cic.

Nat. Deor.
Nat. Deor.
( *iirvov

ii.
1.

49,

Hemsterh. ad
xiii.

Lucian, i. 305, &c., &c. cf. Cicero, How each carries a stone, $ %x flv
oW/ucoz/ ep/ua,

De
Kct '

c.,

Martial

75.

KOI irpbs ras

e^poXas T&V

Ael.

ii.

I, cf.

Antip. Sidon. cv, Ar. Av. 1137, 1429, Nonn.

Dionys. xl. 515, Plin. x. 30 (23), also Prov. yepwoi \idovs Kara7re7rru)Kmai, of provident men, Suid. and how the same is a touchstone for gold,
;

[In Plin. xxxvii. 72, the stone yepavlris is said to be so called from resembling the hue of the crane's neck.] How the oldest How crane, having encircled the flock, dies and is buried, Ael. ii. i. they post sentinels, who hold aloft a stone for wakefulness' sake, Ael.
Ael.
iii.

13.

iii.

13, Plut. Sol.

still

Anim.

x, xxix,

Plin. x. 30,. Phil.

De

An. Pr.
'

xi.

stone

figures in heraldry as the crane

'

and her

vigilance.'

The The

crane an Egyptian symbol of vigilance, Horap. ii. 94. It observes the its coming, intelligent of seasons,' Hes. Op. 448 fjr dporolo re Theocr. Id. X. 3! and o-ri/jia (pepei, Kal y^lp.aros &prjv deiKvvei oufipripov.

time of

Schol., Ar.

Av. JIO

(nrelpeiv pev

orav yfpavos

/cpd>bu(r' es

rfjv

A.i[Bur)v

The
fCTTi

fight

(pf'povcrat,

with the Pigmies. H. iii. 6 avdpavi nvyp-aioio-i (povov Kal and Schol.; cf. Arist. H. A. viii. 12, 597 (loc. dub.) ov yap

TOVTO juO^of, aXX'

iTTTroi,

eon

Kara. rrjv dXrjdeiav yevos p,iKpov p.fv, &(nrep Xeyerat,

'

Kul avroi KOI ol

i.
i.

TfjiayXodurai
1
;

etai TOV ftlov.

Cf. also Strab.

;

Geogr.

2. 28, p.

35, xv.

i.

57, p. 71

Ctesias, Photii Biblioth. p. 68

Opp. Hal.
;

Vit.
23

620; Philostr. Imagg. ii. p. 375, Heroic. I.e., Babrius xxvi Apoll. iii. 50, p. 136, &c. Frequent in Latin ; Plin. H. N. iv. 18, vii. 2, x.

(3); Ovid, Met. vi. 90; F. vi. 176 nee quae Pygmaeo sanguine gaudet avem cf. Julian. Anticensor. Epigr. 3 m/^an Uvyfj.ai(ov rjdo^vtj yepnvos Juv. vi. 506, xiii. 168, &c., &c. A myth of the cranes and pigmies in Boios ap. Athen. 393 C rjv TIS rrapa rols nvypaiois yvvi]
;
:

cf. Ael. xv. 29 Boios ap. Anton. Lib. 16 Tfpat/n, K.T.\. Eustath. in Iliad. 1444. 14; Ovid. Met. I.e. The legend of the Pigmies appears in India in the story of the hostility between the Garuda bird
dido-rjfjLos, oi'Ofj-a
:
; ;

and the people called kirata^ i. e. dwarfs, the 2/upfmu of Ael. xvi. 22 cf. Megasthenes It is quite possible that this fable has ap. Plin. vii. 2. an actual foundation in the pursuit of the ostrich by a dwarfish race.
;

(Compare

also Addison's

poem

nvyp.aioyepavop.axia

Tyson's Essay

concerning the Pygmies, &c.

The Cranes of Ibycus

1

68

Suid.

S. V.

"iftvKos' crvXXr/Cpdcls 8e

the avengers of crime. Schol. Ar. vno Xflvruv eV prjp,ias

CJtdlKOUf yevevdai, Kal avrbs

Thesmoph.
e'cprj,

Kav ras

ytpdvovs, as

e'rv^ej/ uTrfpiVrao-^at,
TCOJ/
i,

pev dvypefy
*<$)*)'

p.Ta de raura

Kgvr&W

(Is ev rfj TroXei 6fa<rdp,fvos

yepdvovs
12.

i'Se,

at

K. T. X.

Cf.

Iambi. V. Pyth.
ii.

xxviii.

opas

rovs

Cf. also Plut.

c.

De

Garrul. p. 509 F, Nemesian.

37, Apostol.
14,

De
i.

Nat. Horn.

42,

Eudoc.

p. 247,

Zenob.

i.

Diogen.

35,

H. Steph.

44
TEPANOI

A GLOSSARY OF GREEK BIRDS

(continued}.

Animadv. ad Adagia Erasmi,

p. 10; Stat. Silv. v. 3. 152 volucrumque precator Ibycus. Evidently alluded to also in Ar. Av. 1427. See also Welcker's interesting article, Die Kraniche des Ibykos, Rhein. Mus. i.

pp. 401-413, 1833-

weather-prophet. sign of early winter, or of storm, lav Trpcoi nerovTai KOI ddpooi, KOI eav vTroo-rpcKpao-i Trerofteyoi, Theophr. Sign. Hi. I, Geopon. i. 3. 12 ; cf. Hes. Op. et D. 629, and the imitation of the line
in Ar.

Av. 711

cu

xXayyai Ka\ov<rtv opftpovt, Ael.

'

i.

44;

cf.

x.265, Georg.

i.

351, 373,

(cf.

Milton,

With clang despise

Virg. Aen. the ground,

under a cloud In prospect '). How mariners return to port if they see the cranes flying the contrary way, Ael. iii. 14, cf. vii. 7. A sign of ' fair weather, Kal av TTOU yepavoi paXaKfjs TrpoirdpoiQc 70X771/77?, daCpaXevs
ravvo-aiev era Spoftov rj\iOa ira<rai, Arat. iv ov
f/

Phen. IOIO

cf.

Theophr. Sign,
p. 42)

yap Treroi/rat irpiv av neTopevoi Kadapa idaxrti'. The crane was not molested, Lucill. 66 (Gk. Anthol.' iii. cf. Ael. ii. i see however Babr. 13. Trpbs yepdvovs TroXe^o?
: ;

ov5d?

Mentioned as food,

Plat. Polit. p. 114,

Athen.

p. 131,
ii.

Plut.

De Esu
vi.
2.

Cam.
Its

ii

Plin. x. 30,

Hor. Sat.

ii.

8,

86,

Epod.

35,

Apic.

brain used as an aphrodisiac, Ael. i. 44. How captured, by means of a beetle inside a dry gourd, Dion. De Avib. iii. II. Grues mansuefactae, Plin.

H. N.

x. 23.

Their plumes carried in front of the shield by certain Eastern Herod, vii. 70 cf. iv. 175.
;

tribes,

The Dance
J.

Poll. iv.
;

20 (101).
still

called ycpavos, Plut. Theseus, xxi. I. 9 D, Luc. Salt. 34, Perhaps described in Callim. Delian Hymn,

515) &c.

danced

in

Guys, Voy.

litte'r.,

lettre xiii

beaux monuments de la de Plut. i. p. 137, 1829). mimics the flight of the cranes, which is incorrect the dancing of Cranes may be seen in the opening of the year in any zoological
:

Greece under the name of Kai>5io>r^y, vide represented in Leroy, Ruines des plus Grece (2nd ed.), p. 22, pi. x (Ricard, Vies The dictionaries usually say that the dance
;

garden.

comic

simile, dvvjrodrjTos opdpov

irepnra.Te'iv

yepavos,

Aristopho

3-

361 (Mem.).
Fables.
y.

yepavoi KOI yfwpyos,

KOL a\a>7rq,

Aesop, 93 (Babr. 26). y. KOI x*) V *) 4 21 34 (Plut. Mor. 614 F). y. KOI \VKOS, 2?6 b. y. KOI raws,

397 (Babr. 65).

See also ayop,

o-eprr]?.

n'NII

(s. yvis).

Tuscan word

for a

Crane

= yepavos,

Hesych.

TAAY'KION.

kind of Duck.

Perhaps the Golden-eye, Anas clangtila, L., Clangula glaucion, Bonap., which winters in considerable numbers in all the waters of Greece

TEPANOI
TAAYKION
(continued}.

FAAYE

45

(Lindermayer, p. 163); at least some species of duck with pale yellow eyes like those of yXavg. Athen. ix. 395 C TO e Xeyo/ni/oi> yXau/aoi/ dia
Tr)V TO>V o/u/Ltarcov

%pnav

/xt/cpa>

e'XaTToV earn

vr/TTrjs.

PAAY'E
v.

(s.

y\au)

(yXavo-crco,

= gleaming yXav/cos

[cf.

a/cel)^,

a/ceTTTo/iat

Edl. p. 37]).

The

Little Owl, Athene noctua, auctt.

vvKrcpofiios, Arist.

Mod. Gk.

KovKov@ata.
;

Description.
pivos,

yafji^wvv^ Arist.

H. A.

viii. 3,

H. A. i. I, 488, cf. Ar. Lys. 760 VVKTC592 b OVK ov /SXeVet rrjs J^/iepa?. ov KOTO
;

iraa'av rrjv
/cat

VVKTO. 6r]pevfi ) aXX' aKptairfpov KOI rrept opBpov.

/cat

Orjpevei 8e pi)?

o-avpas

o-(povdv\as KOI roiavr' a'XXa

yXaufcco8eiy
/cat

a>apta,

ix.

34,

619 b

(cf.

Ar.

Av. 589).
e^et,
ii.

IJLVOVO-I 01
ii.

rco ava) /3Xe^)dp&),

ii.

12, 504.

/uiKpoj/

e^ei rov (nr\i)va,

17, 509.

15, 506.

o-To/xa^oi' e^et

oXt'-ya?

ypepas <po)\l,
s.

viii. 1 6,

evpvrepov TO KUTO)' a7ro0yada? 6oo. The owl's nocturnal

hootings, Ar. Lys. 760 (vide

vv. |3uas, KIKUJJLIS).

4.

A
ix,

bird of evil omen,

Men.

230 av y\av
Tv/j,(3(p

avfupayr) de^oiKa^fv.
/cat

Dion.

in
:

Gk. Anth.
i.

ii.

p.

232

a/ACpi Se

aelo

atfXauTOi yXaiKes edfVTo

yoov

Rust.
p.d)(r)s

Ael. x. 37 (foretelling Pyrrhus' death) see also Pallad. De 35, Plin. x. 12, 16, &c. portent of victory Hesych. n-po
;

Re
rfjs

ev SaXa/Liiyi yXavjed (pacri dicnrTTJvai rrjv VIKTJV Trpoarjfj.aivovcmv.

Hence

Prov. yXaC^ tTTTaTat, cf. Suid., Ar. Vesp. 1086, Eq. 1091 and Schol. On the Owls released by Agathocles to encourage his soldiers, see Diod.
Sic. xx.

n,

3.

A
Cf.

weather-prophet,
iv,

aa-atra

evdiav
vii.

p.avTfverat,

Arist.

fr.
i.

241, 1522 a.
2.

Theophr. Sign, Georg. i. 403.

Ael.

7,

Arat. 999, Geopon.

ix. i,

6,

Virg.

The
e5o-7rep

hostility to

it

of small birds, Arist. H. A.

609, Luc.

Harm.

eVt rijV yXaC/ca Ta opvea, cf.

Ov. Met.

xi.
;

quando luce vagantem Noctis avem cernunt Capture of small birds by means of the
TT}?
fie

24 et coeunt ut aves Plin. x. (17) 19, &c.

si

owl, Arist.

H. A.
6

ix. i,

609

rjpfpas
(cf.

KOI

TO.

aXXa upviQia

rf]V

yXavKa
iv.

TreptTreVaTat,

KaXelrat

Ouvpafciv
ed.

Timon
ot Se

ap. Hesych., Diog. L.

/JLIV

42, Sillogr. Gr. p. 117,

/cat rrpocr-

Wachsmuth,

fjvre

yXavKa

Trepit;

(nriai TepoToCvro),

TreTojueva TiXXou<r*<' dio ol opvidodrjpai Oypevoicriv avrfj iraVTodcnra opvidia.

Cf. Arist.
xii. i
;

H. A. ix. 22, 617 b, Ael. i. 29, Phil. an Egyptian version, Horap. ii. 51.

De An.

Pr. 468, Dio Chrys. Full account in Dion. De

r]V

Avib.

iii.

17 -yXuuKi Se at KopvdaXides aypevovrai.

6 OrjpaTrjs eni

TWOS

Kt/cXa) pa/38ta 7TfpixP l o~QfvTa t^co* TTJV

yXavKa TO vvKTepivbv opveov

in Schneider's Eel.

o~7revovo~iv

at

KopvdaXides eXetr, TW Te

lw
12,

/cat

TOIJ pa/SSot? dXi'o'/fovTai.

See also Dio

Phys.
viii.
i.

Prusiensis, Orat. 72

and

quoted

48.

The owl
fr.

itself ai>Topxovij.evos

dXiV/ceTai, Arist.

H. A.

12,

597

b,

276, 1527 b.

46
PAAYE
Arist.
(continued}.

A GLOSSARY OF GREEK BIRDS

The War
H. A.

of the
IX. I,

Owls and Crows

noXepia y\avg, Kopwvrj, o

609 vvKT&p enifiov\evei rols wots rrjs Kopcoi/jyy, K. T. X. Ael. iii. 9, Antig. Mirab. 57 (62), Plut. Od. et Inv. iv (Mor. 537 C). The story is oriental, and is one of the chief tales in the Mahabharata. Cf. Indian Antiq. March, 1882, p. 87; also, 'The Night of Slaughter,'

by Sir Ed. Arnold. The account in Julian. Imp. Orat. iv. 149 suggests that the story is simply a parable of the Sun and Moon vide infra. Cf. Prov. ii\\o yXavt-, aXXo Kopatvi] (pdeyyercn.' See also S. V. KOpcoyr). crrl Twv a\\r]\ois prj o-up.<poai>oiWa>i>, Suid.
;

Milks the ewes

.

like

ants from

its

nestlings, Dion.

a goatsucker uses a bat's heart to keep away De Avib. i. 15.

:

Sacred

to

Demeter, Porph.
in Crete.

De
2,

Abst.
xvii.

iii.

5.

No

Owls

Ael. v.

10, Arist.

De

Mirab. 124 (130),

83 (84), Plin. x. 29 (41). Fables of the very wise Owl, Acs. 105, 106, from Dio Chrysost. xii, Ixxii. A fabled metamorphosis, Nicand. ap. Anton. Lib. 10 s. v. |3ua
; :

see also Boios ap. Ant. Lib. 15.

The

allusion to the

Owl

in Ar.

Av. 358

is

unexplained:

it

contains

some obscure
of the gvrpoi.

reference to the sacred \vrpn

and probably

to the feast

yXau can scarcely be said to be a generic term, except in the sense that the Little Owl, as the commonest species, is taken as typical of the rest. It is still extremely common about Athens (cf. Ar. Av. 301
y\avK
Vit.
els

'A^ray,
Cic.

cf.

Antiph.

3,
ii.

Plat.,

ad Quint,

96 (Meineke), Lucian, Nigr. 16, &c. Propert. ii. 20,

;

I,

Diog. L.,

nocturna

volucris funesta querela, Attica), as indeed it is, in one or other of its It is the bird of Athene (cf. Ar. Av. local forms, all round the Levant.
c., &c.), doubtless in her primitive character of the Eq. 1092, Goddess of Night the epithet yXavKooTns- is quite obscure, but I fancy we have it used in a very ancient sense when applied to the moon, e. g. cf. Eur. fr. (ap. Schol. Ap. Rhod. i. 1280) y\avi(>nis re o-rpe<percu p.r)vr)

516,

Emped.

ap. Plut.

ii.

934

cf.

also yXauxca, a

name

for the

Moon,

Schol. Find. Ol.

vi. 76 (cit. Fick, Beitr. Indog. Spr. xx, p. 156, 1894). as a moon-goddess, cf. Porph. ap. Euseb. P. E. iii. n; It was represented on Athenian coins Creuzer, Symb. iii. 380, &c. (yXavKes AaupiomKm, Ar. Av. no6, Schol. in Ar. Eq. 1091, Plut. i. 442,

On Athene

Philochori

On

fr. p. 83, Suid., Hesych.), and is still the city's badge. a very ancient colossal Owl from the Parthenon, see Friederichs,
J

Bausteine, p. 22
3?ai8pov ev
rf)

cf.

dffpoTroXei.

Hesych. y\av ev TrdXei' The owl of Athene

(cf.

never a horned or eared species

p. 20,

yap VTTO always a hornless, and Blumenbach, Sp. Hist. Nat. Ant.
is
f.

Trnpot/iia, dvaKflrui

Gottingen, 1808).
xiv.

dance called yXai), Athen.

629

also

a/con//-, q,

v.

FAAYE
rAQTTl'l.
Arist.
tievrjv

rYO>

47

An
H. A.

undetermined
viii. 12,

bird.

597 b.

Departs with the quails

y\5>rrav e|cryo-

e^ei pexpi 7roppo>.

Cf. Plin. X. 23 (33).

Supposed by Sundevall (op. c. p. 129) to be identical with iVy, the Wryneck, on account of the protrusible tongue as also by Niphus, in Arist., v. Camus, ii. 383 the Wryneck however winters in Greece (Lindermayer p. 41). Belon identified it with the Flamingo, Gesner, followed by Linnaeus, from a confusion with Ger. or Sw. Glutt, with the Greenshank, in connexion with which latter bird the name survives in modern zoology. Vide s. v. c\a<f>is.
;
;

PNA'<I>AAOI.
Arist.

An unknown
ix.

bird.
(pwvrjv c^ei dyaQrjv, KOI TO .^pco/ia /caXo?, Kai

H. A.

l6,

6l6b

(3iop,t]xavos, KOI TO

ddos

evrrpeTrqff.

8oKel

8'

flvai

gevixos opvis'

6\iyaKis

yap

(paiveTai ev rots pf] oiKfiois TOTTOIS.

Gesner suggests the Bohemian Waxwing, Ampelis garrulus, L., which however has not T^V (pcwrjv ayaOr^v, nor is there any evidence
of the

Waxwing

reaching Greece.

Probably the foreign name of

a foreign bird.

TOINE'EI'

nopals, Hesych.

Perhaps

for [f]o/as, q. v.

ro'AMII*

^dp, TO opveov, Hesych.

ZpTvg,
eifiof

ro'PTYErPA'nil*

Hesych.

Quasi fo'pru.
^pawn-is:
cf. J.

Hesych. Perhaps akin to Schneider in Arist. H. A. viii. 5. 4, p. 590.

opveov,
opvis Tempos,

G.

rPAY'KAAOIPPY'riAl*

Hesych.

Cf. icauicaXi'as.

at v0<r<nal

T>V yvn&V

ol 8f yvnai,

Hesych.

rPYHArETOI.
TY'rHI.

fabulous bird.
:

Ar. Ran. 929.

fabulous bird

supposed to be connected with Lith. gufa,

guzutys, a Stork.

Dion.
doKciiv, os
e'i

De Avib. ii. 16 yvyijs opvis eVrtV, avaftoav net Kai qftfiv TOI/TO TOVS opveis ev VVKT\ Karecrdiei TOVS dfj.(pi^iovs. Tf]v fKfivov y\a)o~a'av
^"^^
Tt)V

TIS

f/TTore/MOt

Ka ' <payew Soiy

O-IU>TTI]V.

TCO

fj-^Tra)

\O\OVVTI

iraidico,

Travrco?

avrov Ta\(Ds \vcrei

TY'vl/.

A
$r\vi\.

Vulture.

See also deros,

aiyuirios,

i/epros,

irepKKoirrepos,

Mod. Gk.
in
xi.

opveov, dyiovwa (Byzantios).

Frequent
II. iv.

Homer, usually with the idea of feeding on

;

carrion,

237,

162, xvi. 836, xxii. 42

vfKptov yu\^l

Od.

xxii. 30,
:

&c.

Cf.

Eur. Tr. 595

7rc Tf LV0 ^S
iii.

cr<afj.ara
.

(pepeiv rc'rarat

Eur. Rh. 5^5

Sil.

n, Used metaphorically, Eur. Andr.

vi.

Ov. Tr.

Lucret.
75.

iv.

680,

Ital.

396, &c.

A GLOSSARY OF GREEK BIRDS

(continued}.

H. A. vi. H. Mirab. 42 (48),

Arist.

5,

cf.

563 i/correuei eVi Tre'rpaty dTrpoarpdrois (also Antig. Aesch. Suppl. 796 *pep,a.c yuTrias TreVpa)' Sto crndviov
Kal 8ia TOVTO KOI

I8clv veoTTtav yvirbs Kal VCOTTOVS.

'Hpo&opoy 6

Epvcrcoi/oy

ToG a-o<piarov Trarr/p (pr)(rlv flvai TOVS yvnas a(p' cVf'pas 777$-, dS^Xou T/p-ti', TOVTO Te Xf-ycoi/ TO arj/Jiflov, OTI ovdels ecopa/ce yvrrbs veoTTidv, Kal OTI TroXXot eai<pvr)s (fraivoVTai aK.o\ovQovvTfs TO"IS o-Tpareupao-ii/ [as the Griffon

Vulture did at Sebastopol],

p.vpias
a-ye'Xa?

cf.

Ael.

ii.

46, Basil.

Hexaem.
:

viii 'ibois

av

yviru>v

rots

o~TpaToire8ois

TrapeTro/xei/a?

&C.

How

the

Vultures divine beforehand the place of battle, npo fjpfpwv

avrof irapayivofjieiHu, Horap. i. ii ; cf. Ael. ii. 46 (6) 7 ; Plaut. True. ii. 3. 16, Martial, Ep. 62, 6.
Arist.
1.
;

eWa eV
Plin. x.

Umbricius ap.

C.

TO

8'

eoVt xaXe-jrbv
Cf.

p.ei>

t&f li> } tWTrrm 8'

ix.

O/JLCOS.

TIKTOVO-I Se dvo <pa

01 yvTres (cf. Plin. x. 7).

H. A.

n,

615,

which

latter

passage has

ev

mbv

r)

8vo

TO. rrXf to-Ta.

On the mythical generation of vultures, how they are all females, are impregnated by the East wind, lay no eggs, and bring forth their young alive and feathered, see Ael. ii. 46, Arist. De Mirab. (6c) 835 a, I,
Horap. i. n, Dion. De Avib. 5, Phile, De An. Pr. 121, Plut. Quaest. de Us. Rom. 93 (Mor. 286 A, B), Ammian. Marcell. xvii, Tzetz. Chil. xii. 439, Euseb. Pr. Ev. iii. 12, and innumerable other references in
i.

Patristic literature.
s.

On

vv. deros,

dXideros,

the mythical genealogy of the vultures, see also These are Egyptian myths. Vultur 4>i^i/Y].

fulvus was sacred to Maut, the Goddess of Maternity, cf. Deut. xxxii. cf. Horap. i. II p.rjrepa de ypd<povTS yinra j^co-ypfKpoCo-i, eVeiS^ II, 12
|

appyv ev Toi/rco rep yevei T&V &a>v ov% vndpxei. Hence also the obstetrical value of a Vulture's feather, Plin. xxv. (14) 44. The Common Egyptian

Vulture or Pharaoh's Hen, Neophron percnopterus, was sacred to Isis, cf. Ael. X. 22 AtyuTTTioi 8e"Hpas peV iepbv opvtv clvai TreiriaTevKCKTi rbv yvira^
Se rr]v TTJS "ividos K(>a\r)v yvirbs TTTepols. In Horapollo, yv\js is The in feminine. Vulture sacred being always Egypt, was an unclean bird among the Jews cf. eiro\|/.
Korr/Liovo-i
;

On
Plut.

The

cf. Od. xvi. 216, Aesch. Ag. 49, Q. Rom., Mor. 286 A, B, Opp. Hal. i. 723; cf. aiyumos. Vulture is stated to feed its young with its own flesh or blood,

the (piXoo-Topyia of the Vultures,

a myth afterwards transferred to the Pelican; Horap. i. n, cf. Georg. Pisidas, 1064 (cit. Leemans) rbv fjujpbv fKTf^ovrfS, ^p-aTco/zevoiy FaXaicTor On the connexion between the Vulture 6\Kols ^toTTupoCo-i Ta /3pe'(pr/.

and the Pelican, see s.v. |3aiTJ9. The stories of the Vulture's tenderness and affection coincide with the resemblance between the Hebrew words DH1 compassion, and DiVI a vulture (Boch. Hieroz. ii. 803, &c.).

How
Ael.
i.

a Vulture's feather,

if

45, Piin. xxix. (4) 24.

46.

How
of

burnt, drives serpents from their holes, the pomegranate is fatal to vultures,

Ael.

vi.

How* the odour

myrrh

is

fatal

to Vultures, Ar.

De

49
(continued}.

Mirab. (147) 845

a,

35, Ael.

Theophr.

De
i.

C. PI. vi. 4,

iii. 7, iv. 18, Geopon. xiii. 16, xiv. 26, Clem. Alex. Paedag. ii. 8 and why, Dion.
; ;

De

Avib.

5.

hostile to

it,

Doves do not fear the Vulture, Ael. v. 50 the hawk is Most of the above mythical attributes of the Ael. ii. 42.
Phile,
c. iii

Vulture are

summed up by

De Vulture.
;

The
Lucret.

stories of
iii.

Prometheus and Tityus, Od. xi. 577 Aen. vi. 595 997; Ov. Met. iv. 456; Val. Fl. Argon, vii. 357, &c. See
;

also s.v. deros.

How
Cf.
7TO\(fj.(a

Ael.

the Persians exposed their dead to the Vultures, Herod, i. 140. X. 22 BapKcuoL (s. BaKKatot, 'lo-iravias eQvos, Steph.) rovs Iv
TOV
j3iov

KaTCKTrptyavTas yvtyl
Sil. Ital.
iii.

7rpo/3aXXov(rii',

lepov TO

<aov

dvai

KfTTio-TevKOTes (cf.

The augury

of Romulus,

Cass. xvi. 46, Dion. Hal. i. Augustus, Sueton. Aug. c. 95. The prophecy of Vettius, drawn from the vultures of Romulus, as to the duration of Rome, Censorin. xiv.

340, xiii. 470). Plut. Romulus ix, Quest. Rom. 93, Dio p. 73, Ael. x. 22, Liv. Hist. i. 7, &c.; of

The Vulture is sacred to Hercules, Plut. Mor. 286 A; is associated with Pallas, Eur. Tr. 594. The Vulture and Scarab together, according to their order and position, represented Neith or Phtha, Athene or
Hephaestus, Horap. i. 12 cf. Creuzer, Symb. iii. 338, and Lauth op. cit. In the system of Egyptian hieroglyphics the Vulture and the Beetle
;

are associated or contrasted with one another.

This relation bears

upon
is

certain statements

made by Greek
x. 15)

writers.
is

The

beetle, KavQapos,
;

devoid of females (Ael.

is

as the Vulture

of males

it is

killed,

as

the Vulture, by the odour of myrrh (Ael. i. 38, vi. 46, Phile 120, 1215); it shares with the 'Eagle' the gift of the renewal of youth
(Arist.

H. A.

viii.

17, 601).

For further

details concerning

Egyptian

references to other sources of information, see Horap. ed. Leemans, pp. 171-191 and for the connexion between the statements of Horapollo and the phonetic value of the Vulture-

Vulture-myths and for

many

symbol, see Lauth, Sitzungsber. Bayer. Akad. 1876, pp. 81-83. A fabled metamorphosis, Boios ap. Ant. Lib. 2i*Aypios 6e pfrffiaXev
IS yVTTO.,

TTaVTtoV 6pl'id<t)V

%6l(TTOV dfols T
ii.

K.O.I

avBptoTVOlS.

medicinal application, Dioscor.

the

cap.

De
(a

stercore

aTrodvp-iaflelo-a

epfipva eKTivdaa-fiv rrapadedoTai

yvnos a<po8os statement frequently

:

made by
iv. 8,

vulture's liver, heart,

Arab Doctors, Bochart). For other medicinal uses of the and feathers, see Plin. xxix. (4) 24, (6) 38, Galen
ii.

Sext. Platon.

2,

Quint. Seren.

c.

47, &c.

yvnbs ovaa* eVi T<UI/ prjSevbs \6yov (cf. ovov oxta), the proverb may refer, on the other hand, to the shadow of coming events, in allusion to the Vulture's fabled prescience (vide
Suid.
;

Proverbs.

atW

supra;

cf.

also

Erasm.

in Proverbiis s.v. vulturis ztmbrd).

darrov av

dySovas p/z^o-airo, Luc. Pise. 37.

50
(continued}.

A GLOSSARY OF GREEK BIRDS

In Arist. H. A. is, like alyvmos, a generic word for Vulture. 592 b, two species are distinguished, 6 fj.ev p.iKpbs KOI e/cXeuKorfpoj, 6 de pdfav Kal CT-TToSoeiSeo-repoy. Four vultures occur in Greece, Gypaetiis

yty

viii. 3,

barbatus, the Lammergeier, Vultur fulvus, the Griffon Vulture, V. cinereus, the Black or Cinereous Vulture, and Neophron percnopterus.

Sundevall and others have tried to apportion

among

these four the

ym//-.

names
But
I

(prjvrj,

irepwoTrTepos,
it

and the two

varieties

mentioned of

think

certain that here the small white

Neophron

is

meant

as the one variety, and that the larger darker sort includes the other three. The true Vultures were usually spoken of as dark-coloured or

black
xiii

e. g.

Plin. x.

vulturis atri

poena

6 vulturum praevalent nigri, cf. Phile 130 Juv. Sat. Senec. in Thyeste, visceribus atras pascit
;

effossis aves.

A
AA'KIA*

Macedonian name
TO.

for the

Jackdaw

= KO\OIOS,

Hesych.

ciypia opviQdpia,

Hesych.

bird. Also SaKvds, Festus: Dagnades AAKNl'l, Hesych. sunt avium genus, quas Aegyptii inter potandum cum coronis devincire soliti sunt, quae vellicando morsicandoque et canturiendo

An unknown

assidue

non patiuntur dormire

6 cptdaKos, TO opveov,

potantes.

AA'NAAAOI*
AEl'PHI.
ix.

Hesych.
in Elis.

A name
392
a.

for the

Sparrow

Nicander

ap. Athen.

AlTHPEIAl'KAIPON,
*

vTpovdoi,

Hesych.

Cf. SpTJyes.

also SiKmov (Ael. iv. 41) Arab, zikanon. An Indian as large as a Partridge's egg, whose dung causes a painless death like sleep; Ctesias p. 313, Ael. iv. 41, Phile, De
'

bird

Anim. Propr. 33

Scarabaeus sacer,

The 'bird' was the Dung-beetle, Arab, L., zikanon] the 'dung' was probably confounded with charas, a resinous preparation of Indian hemp.
(32), v. 761.
Ball,
ii.

Vide Valentine
R.
I.

Indian Antiq.

xiv. p.

310, 1885; also Proc.

Acad. (2)

Al'KTYI'

6 i'/mi/o?, VTTO AaK<ava>v, Hesych. than doubtful as a bird-name, and by Herod, iv. 192.

cf. tKrt'r.

The word

is

more

is

applied to a Libyan animal

APAKONTl'l.
nine

An unknown

or fabulous bird, into which one of the

Emathidae, daughters of Pierus, Nicand. ap. Anton. Lib. Met. c. 9.

was

metamorphosed;

APYOKOAAHTHI
APEnANl'Z, from Spenavov, Arist. H. A. i. i, 487 b.
i.e.
*

51
dpairavis,

sickle-wing.'

Also

Hesych.

evVrepos, oparai KOI dXurKerm oral/ vo-y TOV Bepovs' oXa>? de KOI cnrdviov
xeXi8o>i/,

A bird

similar to arrovs

and

Probably the larger Alpine Swift, Cypselus melba, L., and also perhaps the Common Swift, C. apus, both conspicuously sickle'

winged/
Bochart
Martin
:

On
ii.

the other hand, Aub.

as well as

and

Wimm.

p.

in,

also

62,

Gaza and

Scaliger,

say the Sand-

v.

Kv^eXos.

Cf. Plin. x. (33) 49, xi.

is

47 (107), xxx. (4) 12.

The
and

brief

account indicates that the bird

that its period .of circumstances telling in

comparatively scarce, residence in the country is short ; both

favour
of a
Swift as

against

the

Sand-Martin.
Spe-iraki's is

translated Keyxpis
o-Tpovdoi,

by Hesychius.
Hesych.
Also
Myrjpfs

APH*[r]EZ'

Mane'doves,

and

diprjyes.

Cf. Seiprjs, Spuc^ai, q. v.

APIKH'AI*

opvea void,

Hesych.

Also 8pi, arpovQos, ap.

Cyrill.,

Lob.

Parall. p. 102.

Cf. SpfJYes, &c.

APYOKOAA'IITHI.
fywKoXm//-

Also

fyuj/KoXaTm??, fyvKohdnTr)* (Ar.

Av. 480, 979),

iii.

(Hesych.),

SpvoKonos

(Arist.

De
d.

Part.

i,

662

b).

Cf. Sk.

darvaghata (Keller).

Woodpecker.
8puo\|/,

Mod. Gk. &* Xt8

ireXeKaK,
s.

Pa

(v.

Mtthle).

See

also

nrnr],

Ke\e<5s,
viii. 3,
:

TTITTW.

Arist.

H. A.

593, vide
KOTTTCI 8e

v.

mirw.

Ib. ix. 9, 614,

full

and

accurate description
<TKvnra)v evfKfv,
tj*

e^t'oxTij/.

ras 8pvs 6 dpvoKoXdnTrjs r&v ovoX7}Kcoy KOI aj/aXeyerat yap et-eXdovras avrovs rfj yXwrrrj'
KOI Tropevtrai enl rols Sv8pf(Ti ra^ecos Trdvia

TrXarelav

8*

e^fi KOI fjLeydXrjv.

Tpo-jTov, Kai VTTTIOS KdQdirep ol ao"KaXa3wrai.

e^et de KOI TOVS owlets fteXriovs KoXoiwf TTffpvKoras Trpbs rrjv dcr<pd\eiav rrjs eVi rots devdpecriv f<pe8peia$' ecrn de TCOV Spvo/coXaTrrcoi/ ev p.ev yevos TOVTOVS yap f^.rrrjyvv<; Tropeverat.
TU)V

eXaTTOj/

TOV Korrixpov, e^6i S' vTTcpvdpa piKpd, eTepov Se yevos [j.elov i] O~Tiv dXfKTopiSos TO 8e rp'irov yevos avrcav 6v TroXXw eXarrov TUV oev&pcw Kal ev vforrevei 8' eVt T>V devdpav, fv ciXXois T dyXfias. eXaigis . . . Kal Ti6acro~v6p,vos 8e TIS fjdrj dfj.vyo'aXov els pwyprjV vXov evBeis,
KOTTV<})OS'
rrj TptTfl nXrjyf)

orras fvappoo-dev viropeivftcv avrov rf)V irXrjyrjV, ev

Kal Karrjo-die TO paXaKov.

dieKo^f
bill

Cf. Arist.

De

of the woodpecker, Arist. De Part. iii. Four well-defined species occur in Greece,

Mirab. 13, 831 b: the hard i, 662 b.

(a) the Great Black Woodpecker, Picus Marttus, which evidently answers to the last and largest variety mentioned above (b) the Green Woodpecker, P. viridis
;

52
APYOKOAAFITHI
with
its

A GLOSSARY OF GREEK BIRDS

(continued}.
;

(<:, d) the Greater and Lesser Spotted The Green Woodpecker is Woodpeckers, P. major and minor. described under the name KeXeo's-, and accordingly Sundevall and others make the remaining two of the three Aristotelian varieties to be the Greater and Lesser Spotted Woodpeckers respectively. But as P. viridis, whether it had another name or not, would certainly be still classed as dpvoKoXiiirTrjs, it is better to take it as the middlesized sort, uniting the Greater and Lesser Spotted Woodpeckers as the last and least variety. The Woodpecker is not in Greek, as it is in Latin (e. g. Ov. Met. xiv. 321, F. iii. 37, 54, Virg. Aen. vii. 191, Plin. x. 18 (20), Plut. Q. Rom. xxi.

close ally, P. canus

iv; Aug. Civ. Dei, xiii. 15), a bird of great mythological importance, though the Dryopes were probably, like the descendants of It figures in the oriental Samir-legend Picus, a Woodpecker-tribe.

268 F, Romulus

(vide

s.

v.
eiroij/)

in Ael.

virtue of a certain herb,

i. 45 as making its nest in a tree, and, by removing a stone with which one shall have

blocked up the entrance Dion. De Avib. i. 14 and

; ;

to

eVo^ in Ar. Av. 480. also Baring-Gould, Myths of the Middle Ages, p. 397. The Woodpecker and the Hoopoe come into relation also in the version of the Tereus-

Plin. x. (18) 20, xxv. 5 Plut. p. 269 ; accordingly spoken of as a rival power See Cf. Alb. Magnus, De Mirab. 1601, p. 225.
cf.
is
;

myth given by Boios ap. Anton. Lib. Met. II, where the brother of Ae'don is transformed into the bird CTTO^, and her husband into
APY'CW.
AY'riTHI.

A Woodpecker = fyvo/coXaTrrjjs, Ar. Av. A diving bird, identical with aWvia

Etym. M. 8vnrai r
e

304.
(q. v.),

ewot

Etym. M.
Callim. 167, ap.

a\bs tpx&fuvot

with which

cf.

Arat. 9^4?

S.

V.

epojSios.

dvTTTov KeXoapo?.

Lye. 73 OTeva> (re, Trarpa, KOI T<i(f)ovs 'ArXai/rt'Sos', Applied to a professional diver or sponge-fisher in
also, therefore, in the

Opp. Hal. ii. 436, and possibly

Cf.

preceding reference.

AYTfNOI.

An unknown

water-bird.

Dion.

De

Avib.

ii.

13,

iii.

24.

El'AAAl'l, also iSuX/y.

opvis voids,

Hesych.
to Alex.

"EAAIOI

s.

eXaios.

According

Mynd.

ap. Athen.

ii.

65

a kind of alyi6a\6s or titmouse, called by some

7riptas\ crvKaXis S'

trvppias

(MS.

Pal.

vii.

fon dXi'oveercuJ orav a.Kp.dr) 199 ed. Mackail xi. 13 <i'\' eXaie.

TO. crvKa.

Conj. in Anth. Probably one of the

many Warblers which

olivetorum, Strickl.,

frequent the olive-gardens, e.g. Salicaria

elaeica,

and S.

Linderm.

(v.

Lindermayer,

pp. 88-92).

APYOKOAAFITHI
"EAANOI
'EAAZA'I.
'EAA<t>l'I.

EAflPIOI

53

= falvos,

Hesych.
bird, Ar.

An unknown

Av. 886.

An unknown

water-bird.

Dion. De Avib. ii. II i\a$ls 6' opveov eon TO. Trrepa iravTa tiri rots VWTOIS eXa<po>i/ fX ov ^OiKO ra dpii, Kal rpecperai Kara TOVS xepcrai'ouy 'ivyyas, Trjv yXa>o~o~av p.rjKia'Trjv ovo~av a)0~7Tp 6pp,iav els TO vdwp tin TTO\V Ka$teio~a,
'

X. The hair-like feathers on the back suggest, if anything, a Heron or Egret. gem in the British Museum represents a Heron or Stork, with the antlers of a Stag v. Torr, Rhodes, pi. I, Imhoof-Bl. and K.,
K. r.

pi. xxvi. 59.

'EAE'A.
s.

MSS. have
eXecls

also

e'Xata,
s.

(qy.

= eXfta

Sundev.), IXeia Callim.

Cf. e'Xaios.

Ar. Av. 302,

eX^as,

Hesych.

small bird, probably the

Selby,

Heed- Warbler, Salicaria arundinacea^

and

allied species.
l6,

Arist.
cr/aa,

H. A.

ix.

6l6 b

opvis cvffioTOS, KaOifci Oepovs /xeV ev 7rpoa-r]Vfj.M Kal

Kal eVicrKeTrei eVt
8' e'^fi

^eip.(ji)vos

8'

fv

U7/\t6),

T>V bovaKcov

Trepi

ra

eXrj'

e(TTi

8e TO p.ev peyedos jSpa^vy, (fxavrjv

may

or

may not be
dyadov.

the

same

bird.

In Ar. AV. JO2 eXeay Callim. ap. Schol. Ar. Av. 302 eXeta
dyadrjv.

fj.LKp6v t (f)a>vfj

The Reed-Warbler is a permanent common in all marshy places (Kriiper,

'EAEIO'r
efSof iepaKos,

resident in Greece,
&c.).

and

is

very

Hesych.

Sch. conjectures IXeio? fialustris in Arist. H. A. ix. 36, i, and for the common reading Xeloi writes 'in 8' eXeioi of Kal (j>pvvo\6yoi. Cf. A

and W.
'EAEO'I.
Arist.
alyo>\ios

ii.

p. 264.

Vide

s. v.

emXelos.

kind of Owl.
viii. 3,
:

H. A.

592 b; mentioned with, and said to resemble,

TO.S KLTTUS.
ix. I,

and

CTKCO^

peifav d\CKTpvovos, flypevti

609 b

*pe

readings, KoXfw, -yoXew). The size accords with that of the Tawny Owl, Syrnium Aluco, L., which is common in Greece and is not definitely ascribed to any
cf.

erXew TroXe/ntos (alternative

other classical name.

owl's
s.

cry,

e'XeXfO,

e\ios palustris, supporting this view by the mention of Crex in the context, and identifies the bird with Strix brachyotus, L., the

&c.,

Scaliger so identifies also Lat. ulula.

it,

taking eXcds from the Sundevall reads e'Xeo'y

Short-eared or Marsh Owl.

But both etymological suggestions are

Qrjpcvet

more than
TCIS KLTTas.

doubtful,

and neither Tawny nor Short-eared Owl

iii.

Artemidor.

65, Zonar. c. 684.

Kp<-'

'EAQ'PIOI.

water-bird, similar to
viii.

(verb. dub.}.

Clearch. ap. Athen.

os
:

332

(Casaubon), where later editors read

numbered among

TOVS opvtOas TOVS irapevdiao-Tas Ka\ovp.evovs.

54
'ENOY'IKOI'
"EFIIZA1

A GLOSSARY OF GREEK BIRDS

6 d<r(pd\6s, TO opvcov,

Hesych.
(<nriia, conj. Salmas.)

opvfa, Kwpioi,

Hesych.

'EniAAl *!.

An unknown

small bird.
Sylburge, Schneider,

Arist. H. A. viii. 3, 592 b opvis o-Ka>\r)Ko<pdyos. Piccolos and others read irrroXats, q. v.

'EniAEfOI,

s.

emXeos.

bird of prey, perhaps the Buzzard, Buteo

vidgaris, Bechst.
Plin.

H. N.

x.

9 epileum Graeci vocant qui solus omni tempore

This passage, (vide s. v. aladXwi/). following on a reference to Buteo, and stating a fact recorded by Aristotle of rpiop^s (q. v.), suggests that all three are identical. Perhaps connected with, or a mere variant of, eXeio's- or Aetos, q. v.
apparet,

caeteri

hieme abeunt

'Eno'AIOI.

fldos opveov wKrepivov, Suid.

Ambiguum an
p.

illud,

quod ab

Aristotele alya>\i6s,

H.

St.

Thesaur. App.

942 E.

Note.

We

have above (IXcuos,

all

a succession of bird-names
vation are alike obscure.

eXe'a eXeos, cmXcus, emXcios) very similar, whose meaning and deri-

The Hoopoe, Upupa

opveov
'.

epops,
'.

L.

Hesych. has also

also
a7ra<f)6s.

6770770?,

errojTra,

aXeKTpvova aypiov

and

Mod. Gk. Ta\oTTT(iv6s

(Boch., Jonston
(v. d.
;

or ro-aXoTremj/o's (Erhard, Heldreich), dypiostill

on Mt. Taygetus, Heldr.), dypwKOKopag

eVo^ is, in form, onomatopoeic, like upupa> but is very probably based on an Egyptian solar name, ""ATroTrir, 'HXtov dSe\(p6$, Plut. De Is. xxxvi with which cfSEncxpos Herod, ii. 153, &c., &c.; also the form dncKpas preserved in "ETTI^I, Plut. Is. et Os. lii. p. 372 B
Miihle).
;
:

Hesychius is identical with the name used by the Syriac Physiologist. For fanciful derivation see Aesch. fr. 305 en-or//- eVoTn-T?? T&V avrov K.a<wv cf. Hesych. s. v. See also s. vv. Kouicoitya, irouiros.
:

First

mentioned by Epicharm. ap. Athen.

yXavxas.
Arist.

ix.

391

(fr.

116,

Ahrens)

CTK.5>7ra$ fTTOTras

H. A. i. 488 b opvis opeior, cf. ix. n. 615 a (vide 343 for similar interpretation of Heb. or Arab, dukiphat, duk kepha, gallus montanus). H. A. ix. 15, 616 b OVK e^a T^S y\<arTT)s TO cf. Giebel, Z. f. ges. Naturw. 6v, vide s. vv. dY]8wy, (ULeXayKopu^os
Description.
ii.

Boch. Hier.

p.

X.

236.

Pausan.

x.

4 6 8e

erro^f es ov e^ei

\6yos TOP Trjpea aXhayrjvai,

TO.

peyedos p,v o\iyov

o-xni^a e|^prai.

to~T\v inrep

oprvya,

eTTi rfj

K(pa\fj 8e cl

Trrepa es

Xd^ou

Cf.

Ar. Av. 94, 99, 279; Ovid,

Metam.

vi.

671 cui stant

in vertice cristae,
Plin. x. (65) 36

Prominet immodicum cum fetum eduxere abeunt.

pro longo cuspide rostrum,

Is destructive to bees, Phil.

De

An. 712.

EN0YIKOI
(continued}.

EHO*

55

The

cry represented,

e7ro7ro7ro7ro7ro7ro7ro7ro7ro7rot,

Ar. Av. 227, &c.

Vv.

237, 243, 260 rto rto &c.,

though incorporated

in the

same speech, are

:

evidently from the nightingale and other birds Kifoca/3a{5, v. 261, is the owl's hoot.

behind the scenes

Nest.

Arist.

H. A.

vi.

I,

559 a povos ou

Trout-rat

veornav

ru>v KaO*

eavra

veoTTfVovTwv, a\\' el&dvofjievos els ra o-reAe^jj ev Tols KOI\OIS avraiv -rue-ret, Ib. ix. 15, 6l6b veoTTiav TToteirat K rrjs avdpcojrivrjs eV (TV[Ji,<f)opovp.vos.

According to Heldreich (p. 38) the Hoopoe is a spring and autumn migrant through Greece, but does not now breed there it however seems to breed in Macedonia and perhaps in Epirus (Kriiper). The story of the nest e* Konpov av0pa>7rii>r)s (also in Ael. H. A. iii. 26)
:

arises (i)

dung
an

from the Hoopoe's habit of seeking its insect food among cf. Fr. coq puant, Germ. obscoeno pastu, Plin. H. N. x. 29 Kothhahn, <Stinkhahn, Mistvogel, &c.), and (2) from the nest having
(avis
;

evil smell

also

from the accumulation within of excrement, and perhaps from a peculiar secretion of the birds (see for scientific references,

Aub. and

Wimm.

i.

p. 91).

Myth and Legend. The Tereus-myth (see also s. v. dTjSwf, dXidcrog, XcXiSwy) Aesch. fr. 297, in Arist. H. A. ix. 49 B, 633 a (more probably from the lost Sophoclean tragedy of Tereus, cf. Schol. Ar. Av. 284,
'

Welcker, Gr. Trag.

p.ev (fravevri SiarraXXei

i.

384) TOVTOV
|

erroTrrrjv

enona

TU>V

avrov

K(i<a,v
\

TTTroiKiXa>Ke Ka7ro8r]\(0<ras e^ei

dpatrvv Trerpalov opviv ev iravrevxia'

os
\

r/pi

nrcpov

ix.

15,

617

a,

and 496, 633 a

Cf. Arist. H. A. KipKov \7rdpyov' K. r. X. T^y Ideav /uera/SdXXa roO Oepovs KOI TOV

With the phrase eTroTrrrjv TWV avroO KQK&V, cf. Xeipuvos, Plin. x. (30) 44. <a<7t dia XVTTTJV adciv also Ach. Tat. V. 5 6 Trjpevs Plat. Phaedo p. 86

opvis yivfTdi' Kal Trjpov&i

en TOV nddovs

rfjv

eiKova.

In the use of the

word eVoTrrjy?, we have not merely a an allusion to the mysteries.

fanciful derivation of eVo^, but also

In this very obscure story we have frequent indications of confusion between Hoopoe and Cuckoo, and the 'metamorphosis' is in part connected with the resemblance between the Cuckoo and the Hawk cf. Arist. vi. 7, Theophr. H. PI. ii. 6, Geopon. xv. i, 22, Plin. H. N. See also Lenz, Zool. d. Gr. u. R. p. 318. For the relations x. 8, ii. between Hoopoe and Cuckoo, der Kuckuk und sein Kiister, v. Grimm, D. M. p. 646, Grohmann, Aberglaube aus Bohmen, Leipzig, 1864,
;

p. 68,

&c.

On

English and

German

the metamorphosis of the Cuckoo into a Folk-lore, see Swainson, Provincial

Hawk
Names

in

of

British Birds, p. 113.

How
i.

the

41, 9.

Hoopoe first appeared at Tereus' tomb in Megara, Paus. The Tereus-myth also in Aesch. Suppl. 60, Apollod. iii. 14,
v. 5,

Ach. Tat.

Ovid, Metam.

vi,

&c.

A GLOSSARY OF GREEK BIRDS

(continued}.

On
(N.

the Tereus-myth,

see in particular E. Oder,

F.), xliii. pp.

and the mythology of the Hoopoe in general, Der Wiedehopf in d. gr. Sage, Rhein. Mus.

541-556, 1888.

weather-prophet, Horap. ii. 92 ecii> irpb rou Kaipov rS>v a/x7reXa>i/ TroXXa Kpa&7, evotviav o-rjpaivfi. The same of the Cuckoo, Plin. H. N. xviii. 249, Hor. Sat. i. 7, 30. With ep. mo-toy, Anton. Lib. xi.
Phil.

Ael.
i.

De An. H. A. vi. 46).

when

Pr. 667

Ib. 724, uses

35 places a&iavrov

<p0iW 8e rots eVo^i dopKadav o-reap (also aypavns as a remedy (cf. icopuSos). Ael. or KaXXiT/n^oy (cf. as an amulet in its nest or deros)
Horap.
ii.

heals itself
xv.
i,

injured,

93

also written

ap.la.vTov,

Geopon.

19.

the Hoopoe by means of a certain herb (the same ablavrov] liberates its imprisoned young, Ael. iii. 26, cf. Ar. Av. 654, 655. The same story of Picus, Plin. H. N. x. 18 (20), vide s. v. SpuoKoXd-nrris.

How

This

is

a version of the well-known Samir-legend (the

open Sesame

'

of the Forty Thieves), and is told also of the Hoopoe in connexion with Solomon (Boch. Hieroz. ii. 347). See also Buxdorf, Lex. Talmud,

on similar German superstitions see Meier, Schwab. Sagen, Indian versions of the story of the Hoopoe which sheltered Solomon from the sun, see W. F. Sinclair, Ind. Antiquary, 1874, also ib. 1873, p. 229, Curzon's Monast. of the Levant, c. xii, &c. The story of the Indian Hoopoe, Ael. xvi. 5, which buried its father in its head (vide s. v. KopuSos) is probably connected with the same legend see Lassen, Ind. Alterth. 2nd ed. i. p. 304. The statement (Ael. 1. c.)
col.

2455 Nr. 265.

On

that the enofy 'ivSiKos purely fabulous.

Filial

is

dnr\d<riov rou irap

fjfuv,

KOI wpaiorepov ISelv, is

affection

of the

The Hoopoe on coins irc\apY<5s. Eckhel, Doctr. numm. vi. 531,

Hoopoe, Ael. x. 16, vide s. v. KouKOitya, of Antoninus as a symbol of filial love,

Numm.
The
fratres

Eg. Imp.

pi. x. i,

Creuzer, Symbolik, ii. p. 64, Zoega, Seguin. Scl. Numism. p. 152.

evil smell of the

in the story of

Hoopoe suggests a connexion with Pitumnus Pilumnus and Pitumnus or Sterculinius Serv. Aen. ix. 4 fuerunt dii horum Pitumnus usum stercorandorum invenit
; ;

agrorum, Oder, op.

c.

p.

556

cf.

Jordan-Preller,

The Hoopoe was a

Arabs
crest
it

sacred bird in Egypt, as

(cf.

Creuzer,
solar

I.e.,

Denon

pi. 119, 8,
it

c.,

Rom. Myth. 375. it still is among the From its rayed &c.).
i.

was a

emblem, and

is

in part as

such that

it

relation with KipKos, the sacred hawk of the solar Apollo. pecker, with its red or golden crest (cf. Ov. Met. xiv. 394)
like

comes into The woodbecomes in

in the

manner a

solar

emblem, and there

is

a curious parallel

con-

nexion between Circe and the metamorphosis of Picus. As a solar emblem also, the Hoopoe figures in the version of the Phoenix-myth

EPMAKON

57

EHCW

(continued}.

in Ael. xvi. 5.

To

a like source

is

traceable the Samir-legend,

and

possibly also the obscure origin of the Tereus-myth. From its sanctity in Egypt it became an unclean bird among the Jews, Lev. xi. 19,

Deut. xiv. 1 8, where its name nB'On dukiphat (cf. icouicou<f>a) is rendered Lapwing, as being the crested bird with which the translators were most familiar (cf. Newton, Diet, of Birds, p. 505).
In the Birds of Aristophanes

mythology of the Hoopoe.

Kouicou(J>a)
is

we have many veiled allusions to the The confusion with KOKKV (vide s. v.
;

indicated throughout

the fables of Tereus

and Procne

are frequently referred to, e. g. y yap aj/#po>7ror, v. 98 rr]v e/^i/ dydova, the Hoopoe's first cry, avoiye rfjv vXijv, v. 93, is c. vv. 203, 367,
:

the kindred fable of Kopvdos appears 472-476 the mysterious root in v. 654 is the magical dblavrov the allied solar the mention of rjXtaa-rrjs, v. 109, is a pun on fjXios and is suggested in v. 480 the nauseous of SpvoKoXdirr^s symbolism

a reference to the Samir-legend

in vv.
;

reputation of the nest

probably hinted at in the Hoopoe's pressing invitation to Peisthetairus, v. 641, that he should enter in.
is
s.

'EPI'GAKOI,

epi0aKos (Arist., Ael.), epi0eu's (Arat, Theophr.), epi'OuXos

(Schol. ad Ar. Vesp.).

Arist.

The Robin,

Erithacus rubecula, L.
ix.

H. A.

viii. 3,

592 b

opvis o-KQ>\r)Ko(pdyos.

496, 632 b

/*fra-

ftdXXovo-iv of epiOaKoi Koi ol KaXovp-evoi (poivinovpoi e dXXr]X(DV' eVri 8' 6 ol 8e (poiviKovpoi Oepivoi, 8ia(pepou(Ti 5' /xei/ cpiQaKos xeifjLfpivov,

ovdev as etVeiv dXX'

77

rfj

XP$

f^ovov

Geopon. XV.

I.

22.

A
fjifya

weather-prophet, Arat. Phen. 1025, Theophr. fr. vi. 3, 2 Arist. o-fjp-a KOI op^iXoy KOL epiBtvs, dvvav es KoiXas o^eas.
epiOaKos es
TO.

fr.

241,
1

I522b

av'Xia KOI TO. oiKovpeva Trapivv dfjXos

ean

^ei/iSvos

firiSrjuiav d'Trobidpdo'Kcov,

Cf. Ael. vii. 7-

A mimetic bird,
Abst.
iii.

fjupovvrai KOL p.pvr]VTai %>v av aKovo-cooriv,

(epidaicos

here

is

either

an

interpolation, or is

Porphyr. De used of some

other bird).

Proverb, Schol. in Ar. Vesp. 922 (927)

earl 8e opveov VTTO /zeV

/u'o Xo^/ii;

dvo cpidaKovs ov rptyft.

nvav KaXovpevov
I

epiSevs, viro &e eVepcoi/ epidvXos,

vno

TO>V

nXeiovav epidaKos

cf.

Photius.

Also

eptdcvs' 6 epiQaKos, TO opveov,

Hesych.

epiBaKos' opveov p,ovrjpfs Kal povoTponov, Suid.

epvffpos,

Sundevall derives cpi&ucof from

QCLKOS

(cf.

Eng.

redstart,

Germ. Rothsteiss), and

identifies the bird in Arist. with the Redstart,

:

Lusciola phoenicurus, L., in winter plumage

vide

s. v.

(jxuyiicoupos.

The

derivation
fact

is

far-fetched,

and the

identification is discountenanced

by the

that

through the winter (Kriiper is as common there as with

the Redstart does not, at least in Attica, remain p. 245), during which season the Robin
us.

See also

cuaaicos,
fpi

"EPMAKON'

opveov,

Hesych.

Probably by error for

A GLOSSARY OF GREEK BIRDS

opvis TTOLOS,

Hesych.

Probably for

en-ox//-,

or else

'EPYGPO'nOYZ.
bird,

Totanus
as

In Ar. Av. 303, usually translated Redshank, which cah'dn's, L., is common in Greece in winter.

Used
'EPQrA'l*
'EPflAIO'l

an

epithet of WXeia, Arist.

H. A.

v. 13,

544

b.

pa>8i6s,

Hesych.

very doubtful word.

(polo's-, Hippon. 59, ap. Etym. M. Heron, L. ardea etym. dub.

;
:

Also

c'&oXtor,

Hesych.)

Various species are mentioned

cinerea, L.
Ka\.,
cf.
;

6 Tre'XXor,

the

common Heron, Ardea

;

6 XeuKor, the Egret, stellaris, L.,

ii.

A. (Botaurus)

A. alba and A. gazetta the Bittern; Arist. H. A.

yevrj p.vpia'
01 /nev

6 da-rtpias

ix. i,

609 b

Dion.

De

Avib.

8 corn/ avrutv

yap (Spa^els

T' etat

Kal XeuKoi, aXXoi 6e TToiKt'Xot Kai p.ei^ovS} p.aoL S* eWpot, Kai

<TTIV

rots' fj,ev

OVK

eVi TTJS Ke(j)a\rjs 7r\6K(ip,os, a\\ois 8' &(nr(p

ns

/SoCTrpu^o? aTT^eop^Tai.

Plin. x.

60

(79).

The above
the
Apoll. Rh.
P- 43i.

identifications of TreXXos
in relation to

same words occur

176;
cf.

and dorepms (q. v.) are doubtful one another as proper names in
:

Pott in Lazarus

and Stemthal's

Zeitschrift, xiv.

Arist.

Ael.

H. A. viii. 3, 593 b Trepi ras \ip,vas H. N. v. 35, x. 5 oo-rpea c<r6i*iv Seivos eari
Its flight described, Arist.
a.

Kai TOVS Trora/zou? /Storeuft.

(?)
;

cf.

Pint. Sol.

Anim.
fr.

x.

(Mor. 9670).
1522

De

Inc. 10, 710 a,

241,

Mentioned

also Ar. Av. 886, 1142.

ix.

With

ep.

fj.aKpoKap.rrv\avxfvfs,

Epich. 49, ap. Athen.

398 D.

Myth and Legend.

Sent by Athene, to Odysseus and Diomede,

as a favourable augury, II. x. 274. Here from the nocturnal appearance of the bird and its loud cry, Netolicka (Naturh. a. Homer p. 10) and

others

abundant
Xio-drjv.

suggest the Night-Heron, Ardea Nycticorax, L., which is in the Troad cf. Hippon. 1. c. Kve<palo$ eXd&v p'o>8i&> Karrjv;

275 there is an alternative reading ire\\ov 'Adqrau? (Zopyrus, De Mileto Cond. iv (Schol. Venet.), cf. Groshans, Prodr. Faun, pp. 15, 16, Buchholz p. 119; for a discussion of important Scholia on
In
II.

x.

this passage,

and

for notes

on

e'padufc in general, see J.

s. v.

G. Schneider,
s.

in Arist. vol. iv. pp.

45-47; vide

ireXXos).

See also

v.

d^oirata.

The Heron
(Imh.-Bl.

as a symbol of

Athene on coins of Ambracia and Corinth

Said also to be sacred to Aphrodite,

and K.

p. 38, pi. vi).

Etym. M. A bird of good omen, Ael. x. 37, Plut. Mor. 405 D, especially the White Heron, Plin. xi. 37. A weather-prophet, Arat. Phaen. 913,
972, Athen.
viii.

332
ii.

E
;

De

Sign. Callim. s.

i.

18,

28, Virg.

v.

SUTTTTJS

(where Casaub. reads eXwpio?), Ael.vii-7, Theophr. Georg. i. 363, Lucan, v. 553, Cic. Div. i. 8, hence beloved of men, Dion. De Avib. ii. 8.

EPOvl/

HEPOIIOI

59

EPHAIOI
Arist.

(continued}.
TrtTra),

Hostile to

ra yap a>a Karfcrdifi KOI

cf.

roiis

VCOTTOVS TOV
;

f'pcoSiov,

H. A.

ix.

i,

609,

Nicand. ap. Ant. Lib. Met. 14

aerw

iro\fp.ios,

apndfci yap avrov, Kal aXooTreja, (pflelpei yap avTov rrjs VVKTOS, Kal Kopvdcp, TO yap <ua avrov K\eirTfi, Arist. H. A. 609 b ; hostile also to 6 XCVKOS \apos,
Ael.
iv. 5, Phile, De An. 682, and to sorex, Plin. x. (74) 95. Friendly with KopwvT], Arist. H. A. ix. i, 610, Ael. v. 48. Erodius, who tended the horses of his father Autonous, was turned

into the bird

e'pwSio'r,

the

groom
:

into

epcoSidy.

his father being metamorphosed into OKVOS, and aXX' oit% op.oiov' fjo~o~ov yap eo~Tiv iKavSas TOV
7.

TTtXXoG

Boios ap. Ant. Lib. Met.

in

Swallows a crab, napKivov, as a remedy, Phile 724, or places one its nest as a charm, Ael. i. 35, Geopon. xv. i. Noted, like the

stork, for

filial and parental affection, Ael. iii. 23. the painful generation of the Heron cf. Arist. H. A. ix. i, 609 b, hence a fanciful derivation of epooSids in Etym. M. and Plin. x. (60) 79

On

Eust. ad

II.

x. 274.

Vide

infra,

s.

v. ireXXos.
'.

Fable of \VKOS

KOI

pco8ios (s. ytpavos)

ap/cel eroi

<ai TO JJ.OVQV (ra>av

:

TTJV KfCpaXrjv,

Acs. Fab. 276, Babr. 94.

A fragment

epcoSto?

yap

Matav^pirjv Tpiopxov tvpvv fvQlovT afpeiXtTo, Simonid. ap. Athen.

vii.

299 C. Deprived by Neptune of the power of swimming, and why, Dion. De Avib. ii. 8. The Island of Diomedea, Ael. H. A. i. i KaXctrai TIS AiopjSeia 1/770-09, Kat epwdtovs e^ei TroXXouy, and how these epcofiioi, once the comrades of Diomede, give welcome to Greek visitors also Lycus ap. Antig. Mirab. 172 (188), Anton. Lib. Met. 37, Phile, De Anim. Pr. Cf. Ovid, Metam. xiv. 498, Aen. xi. 271 et Serv. in loc., Plin. x. 44 152.
;

(61).

Cf. also S. Augustin,

De

Civ. Dei, xviii. 16,

Lachmund, De Ave

There is evident but obscure diss., Amstelod. (1672) 1686. connexion between the story of the birds of Diomede, and the metamorphosis above alluded to where the son of Autonous and Hippodameia is killed by his father's horses, and his father and his servant
:

Diomedea

are turned into

is
iii.

epa>8ioi.

wide-spread, and usually told of the Stork,

23
;

story similar to that of the birds of Diomede cf. Alex. Mynd. ap. Ael.
references, see

for

Modern Greek

Marx, Gr. Marchen, 1876,

PP. 52, 55-

See also

curiSo^, dorepias, eXwpios, XeuicepwSio's, OKI/OS, ireXXos.

aero'?,

EY'PYME'AQN'
ZA'PIKEI'

Hesych.

(verb. dub.\ for

aero's,

Kuster

CJ.

Atq

(iri6cToi>

TreAafpjywi',

Hesych.

(verb. dub.). dub.}.

;

'HAY'TEPAI-

a!

rpvyoW, Hesych. (verb.

'HE'POnoi*

bird doubtless identical with aepo^

18,

vide

s.

v. /uep

According to Boios ap. Ant. Lib. Met.

the

boy Botres was

60

A GLOSSARY OF GREEK BIRDS

(continued}.
^eporro?, 6y ert v\iv riKrei fiev

HEPOnOI

transformed into the bird

vno y^f,

alel

8e

'HTKANO'I'
'HMIO'NION'HPIIA'AnirE'

6 dXfKrpvuv,

Hesych.

Cf. KIKKOS: forte Kuwait, Schmidt.

o/ms

Trow?,

Hesych.
Hesych.
Also
epKraXniyt;, Callim. Schol.

opveov

rt eidos,

ad Ar. Av. 884.

EO'KPONOZ.
Dion.
afT&v
PA'E.

A
Av.

fabulous bird.
ii.

De

flvai

15 els T>V d/i<t/3iW opviBav eori KOI 6 deoKpovoS) os vodos KOL iepaKcw Tncrrfverai, K.r.X.

water-bird,
ii.

mentioned with
q. v.

Sura/os

and

KoXv/^/Sos,

Dion.

De

Avib.
PAYni'l.

13,

iii.

24,

(eXvnis

in

Cod.

Med.

Ca

Gpanis,

6\mis also occur.

Perhaps
Arist.

identical with

species of Finch.

Cf. J.

y\dms, ypdms, Hesych.) G. Schneider in Arist. 1.

An unknown
c.

H. A.

viii.

3,

592 b opvis aKav6o(pdyos, mentioned with aKavdis

and
fiO'J'

xpwo/u?}Tpis.
opvis TTOIOS,
acro'y,

Hesych.

"IBINOZ"IBII,

Hesych.

s. t|3is;

also tpof, Hesych., Suid.

:

The
;

Ibis.
xi.

Egyptian word, bahu P]1tW A. V. great owl\ cf.

An

cf.

hib or hip in copt. vers. Lev.

tr. ibis

17 (for
;

Is.

xxxiv. II

in

vide Scholtzii Lex. Aegypt., Oxon. 1775, p. 155. name leheras still survives as Arab, el hareiz, and
following fragment:
Albert.

and Vulg.) Another Egyptian

LXX

Magn.

vi.

p.

is preserved in the 255 Avis autem, quae ab

incolis Aegypti secundum Aristotelem ieheras (s. leheras) vocatur, et habet duos modos, et unus illorum est albus et alius est niger.
Cf. Gesner, iii. p. 546 Avis (inquit Albertus, de ibide sentiens) quae ab Aegyptiis secundum Aristotelem leheras (s. ieheras) dicitur, secundum Avicennam Caseuz vocatur. Cf. Belletete, Annot. ad op. Savigny
(infra cit.), p. 39-

Of
first

the two species of Ibis, the

Whits

or Sacred Ibis, which was

v. p. 173, 1790) is Tantalus aethiopicus, Latham, Numenius Ibis, Savigny, or Ibis religiosa, Cuv. the Abou Hannes or Father John of the Abyssinians (Bruce), and Abou Mengel or Father Sickle-bill of the fellaheen. The Sacred Ibis

recognized by Bruce (Travels in Abyss,

still

from Nubia

Lower Egypt at the time of the inundation, coming Newton, Diet, of Birds, s. v.). Before the time of Bruce's discovery, the name had been variously assigned to several
regularly visits
(cf.

HEPonoi
IB II (continued}.

IBII

61

birds

having been likened to a Stork by Strabo,

bird by Belon,

it

was

identified

Eg. Nat. p. 199, and by Caylus, Antiq. Eg. vii. p. 54, though such an identification was expressly rejected by (e.g.) Albertus Magnus (vi. p. 640 non est ciconia: quia rostrum longum quidem sed aduncum habet), and Vincent. Burgund., Bibl. Mund. i. p. 1212; it was supposed to be a Curlew (falcinellus) by Gesner (H. A. iii. 546) and Aldrovandi (Orn.
with that

by Prosp.

Alpin.,

Hist.

and an Egret or White Heron by Hasselquist (Iter Palest. an identification adopted by Linnaeus (Syst. Nat. ed. x. p. 114); by Perrault (Acad. des Sc. Paris, iii. p. 58, pt. xiii) it was taken to be a much larger bird, the Tantalus ibis of Linnaeus and yet others, e. g. Maillet (Descr. de 1'Egypte, (Syst. Nat. ed. xii) 4to ii. p. 22) confounded it with the Egyptian Vulture or Pharaoh's Hen.' The White Ibis is figured on the Mosaic of Palestrina (cf. the coloured figures in the Pitture ant. di Petr. S. Bartholi) and in the
iii.

p. 312)
cl. 2,

(2)

no. 25),

'

Pitture ant. d' Erculaneo

(ii.

pll. 59, 60).

Ibis of Herodotus, the Glossy Ibis of ornithologists, is Ibis falcinellus, Temm., Falcinellus igneus or legacies falcinellus of

The Black

more recent writers. It is confounded by L. & Sc. with the To it the Arab name el hareiz Ibis, an American bird.
especially to apply.

Scarlet
is

said

On both species, see Cuvier, Ann. du Mus. iv. pp. 103-135, 1804; and especially the learned memoir of J. C. Savigny, Hist. nat. et On Ibis mummies, cf. T. Shaw, mythol. de 1'Ibis, 8vo Paris, 1805. Levant, 1738, pp. 422, 428, G. Edwards, Nat. Hist. 1743-1764, Blumenbach, Phil. Trans. 1794, and later writers.
The Sacred
u.

Ibis

is

aTi-oSiSpdovcouo-a, cf.

Phile xvi

said to nest in palm-trees, Ael. x. 29 TOVS alXovpovs according to Vierthaler, ap. Lenz, Z. d. Gr.
;

breeds in Sennaar, nesting on mimosa-trees, and building see also Heuglin, Ornith. Nord. twenty to thirty nests on a tree R. p. 379,
it
:

Afrikas, p. 1138.

Herod,
K.TI

ii.

75,

76 eon de x&pos
ra>

TTJS

'Apa/37? Kara Bovrovi/ iroXiv

/ud\mi

Kei^evos'
. .

KCU es TOVTO TO ^copt'op rj\dov } nvvdavo/jievos Trepl

T&V

Trrepcorcov

o(piW.

\6yos 5e eori, afia

AlyvnTOV'
raff

Tre'recr&u

eV

de

'i@is

eapi irrepaTovs o<pts CK. rrjs 'Apa/Si^ff ras opviQas aTrairaxraff es rr]v eV/3oXj)i/
o(pts,

ravTT]S rrjs ^copjj?

ov Trapitvai TOVS

dXXa

KaraKreiVetv*

KOI TTJV

'iftiv

dia TOVTO TO epyov rfrtju^cr^ai \eyovo~i 'Apd/3ioi p.fyd\cos Trpbs AlyvrrTLav. eldos de 6/ioXoyeovcri de Koi AlyvTTTioi dia raura rijuai/ TO.S opvidas TavTas.
TIJS p,ev 'ijBios

Tode'

/ueXati/a deiv>$ Trao-a, (TiceXfa de (popeei

yepdvov, TrpocrooTroy

TWJ/ pev drj /uaXiora eiriypVTrov, peyaQos o&ov Kpe. rS)V p,axopev(ov irpos TOVS o(piS, fjde Iderj. TCOJ/ 8' eV TTOO-I juaXXov
TO.

de es

Tolan dvdpanoio-C
detpfjv Traaav'

(dial yap
Trrfpoicrt,

drj

io~i

at i/3i)
Ke(pa\rjs

\fsi\r)

TTJV

K(pa\r]V, KOI Tr]v

\evKrj

7rXj)i/

Kal

TOV av^evos Kal

62
IB II (continued}.

A GLOSSARY OF GREEK BIRDS

T>V TTTepvyw
8eivS>s'
ix.

KOI TOV Trvyaiov aicpov'

raCra

ra

elirov Trdvra, /ne'Xatra e'ort

ovceAea

8e KOI Trpoa-wnov,
/iei>

ffj,(pepr)S

rrj

freprj.

Cf.

Arist.

H. A.

a\\rj hlyvTrrq) at \evnai tio-iv, nXrjv ev TlrjXovaiw ' ov yivovrai' ai 8e[ /ueAaii/at ev rfj a\\rj AlyvrrTq* OVK elo-iv, ev Ur)\ov(TL<o elviv. Cf. Plin. x. (30) 45, Solin. xxxv. p. 95. the geographical con-

27,

617 b

fv

ovv

TTJ

On

fusion implied in these accounts, vide pp. 493-496.

J.

G. Schneid. in Arist.

vol. iv.

The annual
alluded to:
xxxv,

fight

Cic. Nat.
iii.

between the Ibis and the flying serpents is also D. i. 101, Ael. ii. 38, Phile, De An. xvi, Solin.
9,

Pomp. Mela
640, &c.

Amm.

Marcell. xx. 15, Isidor.

i.

p. 306, Albert.

M.

vi. p.

The Ibis in conflict with a winged serpent on coins of Juba II, and Cleopatra of Mauretania (Imhoof-Bl. and K. p. 37), The 'Winged Serpents' were probably the hot winds and sandstorms (cf. Diod. Sic. i. 128) of spring, which disappeared as the Etesian winds (opvtBiai tu/e/iot) supervened, and the Ibis returned in the month of Thoth from its migration, with the season of the inundations which freed Egypt from all her pests cf. Savigny, op. cit. pp. 91, 134, Pluche, Hist, du an interpretation of the Winged Serpents, more subtle Ciel, i. i, p. 77 cf. the o<pis icpaK6fwp$os, Philo ap. than this, is however possible
:

Euseb. Praep. Evang. i. p. 41, Lydus De Menss. pp. 53, 137, Creuzer Symb. ii. 246, &c. On the other hand the Indian ocpas Trrepwroi of

Megasthenes (ap. Ael. xvi. 41) seem to have been real, not mythical, and were very probably Vampire Bats, Pteropus medius, Temm.
'
'

(Val. Ball).

On
i.

the Ibis as a useful destroyer of ordinary serpents,

36, ii. 50, Diod. Sic. i. 97, Strabo, Geogr. xvii. p. 823, How Moses brought it in cages of 28 (40), &c. papyrus to destroy the serpents of the Ethiopian desert, Joseph, ii. 10. How serpents are terrified by an Ibis' feather, Ael. i. 38, Phile, p. 127.

see Cic. Nat. D.

Plin.

N. H.

x.

De An.
xiii.

even paralyzed by it, Zoroast. in Geopon. xv. I, cf. ib. likewise the 8, Theoph. Simoc. Quest. Phys. xiv. p. 19, &c. crocodile: an indolent and rapacious man symbolized by a crocodile
v. 715, or
;

crowned with a plume of

uKivrjTov evpfoeis,

Ibis' feathers, TOVTOV

ii.

yap eav

i'/Seco?

7rrepo> Biyrjs^

Horap.

81, Pier. Valer. xvii. 22.

'

The

Ibis

was

also

hostile to the scorpion, Ael. x. 29, including winged scorpions,' Phile, De Ibi and is associated [obscurely] with the Scorpion on the small
:

zodiac of Dendera, Savigny, op.

Kircher, Oedip.
ii.

cit.

p.

131,

Denon, Voy.
also

pi.

130;

cf.

pp. 207, 213.

it

The

Ibis

destroyed

locusts

and

caterpillars,

Diod. Sic.;
Procop.

fed on

Physiol. Syr.

c. xviii,

Comm.

avoiding strong currents, in Levit. p. 344, Vincent. Burg.

fish,

Specul.
Strabo,
ejus ova

i. 1.

p.
c.

1212;
Its

and on the refuse of the markets of Alexandria, flesh was poisonous and fatal, Vine. B. i. 1212, ii. 1489
;

si

quis comeditur, moritur

cf.

Albert.

M.

xxiii. 24,

Gesner,

BIZ
IB II (continued'].

63

How the basilisk springs from an egg, the product of Ibi. eaten by the Ibis ex aliquo quod ilia peperit, ut putredinoso, poison magnum aliquid malum enascitur basiliscus, &c., Theoph. Simoc. 1. c.
cap.

De

cf.

Pier. Valer. p. 175.

It
;

was foul-feeding and insatiable of poison, Ael. x. 29, Phile xvi Gesner v. 547 apud Graecos lexicorum conditores ibin 6<pio(pdyov ab esu serpentium, et pvrrapocpdyov ab impuritate victus cognominare invenit. Nevertheless, it was in other respects cleanly (Ael. x. 29), and the Egyptian priests washed in water from which the Ibis had
cf.

drunk
p. 381.

(Ael.

vii.

45), ov TriWt

yap

rj

voo~)8cs

r)

nfcpcipyij.fvov,

Plut.

De

Is.

It is killed

by hyaena's

gall,

Ael.

vi.

46, Phile 666.

Mentioned with name

1.

AuKovpyos-,
viii.

Ar. Av. 1296.

Its

Compared with

the Stymphalian birds, Paus.

c.,

22, 5.

tameness noted, Strabo,

Joseph. Antiq. Jud. p. 127, Amm. Marcell. p. 337. name a term of reproach, Ovid, Ibis, v. 62 Ibidis interea tu quoque nomen habe cf. Callim. Alciati embl. 87, in sordidos.
Its
:

The
(T\r)VT)s

Ibis
f)

was sacred
e'ori,

to Isis, the

Moon- Goddess

Ael.

ii.

38 icpa
f/

rrjs

opvis

roo-ovrtov
ii.

yovv fjntpwv ra &>a

rrjs de

Ky\v<pi,

oVooi/

Qebs

avf-ei re KCU

Aqyei

(cf. ib.

35).

aiTiov, roTicorarry %wp5)V anacrtov AiyvTrrd? ecrTi, Koi

Alyvrrrov ovTrore aVo^/iel, TO 8e f) cr(\r]VT] Se voTKOTarr]

TO>V TrAai/oojueVcoi/ aWpcoi/ TTfTrio-reuerai, cf. Plin. x. 48.

Hence an emblem

of Egypt, Pier. Valer. xvii. 18, Kircher, Oedip. iv. p. 324, and as such on coins and medals of Hadrian and Q. Marius. See also Phile xvi
Kal rrjs o~e\T)vr]S ov rraprjXOe TOVS 8pop,ovs p.iovfjivi]S
.
. .

KOI 7r\r)povfievr)S.

Plut.

De

IS. p.

38l

Tl

8e

f)

TQ)V lJL(\aV<t)V T7Tep>V TTfpi TCt \CVKO. TTOlKlXta Kttl

pit-is cpfpaivei

(reXrjvrjv

dufpiKvprov, also

Symp.

4,

5.

Cf. Pignor.

Mens.

Expl. p. 76; Wilkinson, Anc. Egyptians, (2) ii. pp. 217-224; Renouf, Hibbert Lectures 1879, pp. 116, 237. It is figured together with the new moon on the southern Temple of Jupiter Ammon at Karnak
Isiac.

Creuzer, ii. p. 208, (Descr. de I'^gypte, Thebes, ii. 261, pi. 52 c.). On the connexion between Thoth and the Moon, discussed in explana;

tion of the Ibis" relation to the latter, see

It

Leemans

in

Horap.

p.

247.

the solar Osiris) at Egyptian banquets of the gods, Clem. Alex. Stromat. v. 7. Its mode of generation was probably related to lunar superstitions Ael. x. 29

represented the

moon

(as

hawk symbolized

fjiiyvvvrai de rois 0To'/xacri /cat TratdoTroioui/rat

rbv rporrov TOVTOV : cf. AnaxArist. De iii. in PL Phaedr., Solin. Gen. Schol. 6, 756 B, agoras ap. Its ashes prevent abortion, Plin. xxx. (15) 49. xxxv, &c.

The
Phaedr.

Ibis
p.

was sacred
;

also to

Thoth or Hermes

cf.
i.

Socr. ap. PI.

8
;

274
;

capp. 10, 36

Kircher, Obel. Pamph. iv. 325, Oedip. i. Thoth was the patron or emblem of Sirius, which 15, ii. 213, &c. star on the small zodiac of Dendera is represented close to a double;

Ael. x. 29; Plut. Pier. Valer. xvii. 19

Symp.

ix.

Diod.

Sic.

Horap.

i.

64
IBII (continued").

A GLOSSARY OF GREEK BIRDS

headed snake with ibis-heads; cf. Savigny, op. cit. p. 159, Kircher, c. on the same zodiac an ibis-headed man rides Oedip. iii. p. 96, on Capricornus, under which sign Sirius rose anti-heliacally (Dupuis, in this connexion, cf. Timoch. 3. 590 Orig. de tous les cultes, v. i) KVCOV. Thoth is figured as an Ibis, or with nS>s av o-<b(Ticv "(3is an ibis-head, Plut. Symp. ix, cf. Pherecydes, Hymn. Merc. T Q 'Epufjs
: ;

rj

tj3i'/nop0f,

dpxnyos

oftvooio,

o-uyypa/^ar<oi> yevvrjrajp, /ue^o-ccos

re

7100-77?

Hermes, pursued by Typhon, changed himself

Astr. P.

into

an

Ibis,

Hygin.

ii. c. 28, Ant. Lib. Met. c. 28, Ovid, Met. v. 331. Many of the bird's peculiarities, real or fabulous, are mystically associated with the same god: e.g. its dainty walk (Ael. ii. 38) with the inventor

of the dance

and

its

its numerical constants (e. g. its intestine 96 cubits long, pace of one cubit, Ael. x. 29) with the inventor of arithmetic
;

the equilateral triangle or A that its beak and legs made (Plut. Is. et or its legs alone, Pier. Valer. xvii. 18, xlvii) with the inventor Osir. 381
;

of letters

(cf. also Kircher, Obel. Pamphil. pp. 125-131), its knowledge of physic with the founder of the medical art. On the Ibis as the inventor

of clysters,
TOV
id.

cf.

Cic.

N. D.

ii.

50, 126, Plut.

De Sol. Anim. p.

974 C

TTJS i'/3eo>s

{iTTOKAvoTzoi/

a.\fj,rj

KadaipofjLevrjs AlyvTTTLOi crvvidelv KOI p.ip.rja'ao'dai

Xeyovaiv

De
p.

Is. et

Galen,
ii.

De

Osir. p. 381, Ael. ii. 35, x. 29, Phile xvi, Plin. viii. (27)41, x. 30, Ven. Sect, i, &c. ; the same story of the Stork, Don Quixote,

63

(edit.

Lond. 1749)
v.
2.

cf.

N. and Q.

(4) ix. p.

216: see also

of the Ibis'

Bacon,

De Augm.

The opposed black and white

plumage, as sometimes of Mercury's raiment, suggested various symbolic parallels, the opposition of male and female, of light and darkness,
of order
cf.

and

disorder, of speech

and

silence, of truth

and falsehood

Ael.

x.

29, Schol. in PI. Phaedr., Plut.

De

Is.

381 D, Clem. Alex. Str.

v. 7.

The
;

Ibis is a

nap* Alyvnriois

of

Hermes

symbol of the heart (Trtpi ou \6yos eVrt nXelaros Horap. i. 36), an organ under the protection and the bird has a heart-shaped outline (Ael. x. 29 <ap8ias
(^epofj-evos,

TO.V

{.'TTOKpuxJ/^Tcu TTJV Seprjv

KOI rrjv KecpaXrjV rois VTTO TO>

still
;

orepvo)

as indeed

its

mummies have

a weight as

it

issues

from

the egg equal to the heart of a new-born child (Plut. Symp. 670), or a heart of its own of exceptional size (Gaudent. Merula, Memorab. in this connexion we may compare the Eg. bahu with ba or iii. c. 50)
;

The Ibis was emcit.); cf. supra s. v. j3au)6. blematic of the ecliptic or zodiacal ring : dpidpov yap emvoias nal /xeVpou uaXicrra T>V <*)a)v 77 ijSis apxrjv Trape^ecrdai rols Alyvirriois SoKet, <us TCOV
<foz

the soul (Lauth, op.

KVK\UV Xoos, Clem. Alex. Stromat. p. 671.

It

enjoyed freedom from

x.

sickness, longevity, or even immortality (Apion ap. Ael. buried at Hermopolis (Herod, ii. 67, Ael. 1. c.).

29)

it

was

*IBY5.

Hesych., Suid.

vide

s.

v. i|3is.

'IAAAI'1, also eidaAiV

opvts TTOIOS,

Hesych.

IBII

IEPA=
deroC,

65

i8os [e&os, cf.

Schmidt]

Hesych,

IE'PA= (Ep. and Ion. iprjg, s. ?pf?: 1}. Not connected with lepos (i); perhaps from root pi swift (cf. Maass, Indo-Germ. Forsch. i.
p. 159),

but the etymology

is

quite obscure.

A Hawk.

generic term especially for the smaller hawks and Mod. Gk. lepdu or yepdici, applied to the Sparrow-hawk, falcons. Dimin. Kestrel, Hobby, &c., and also to the Kite (Erhard). 1 1 12. Ar. Av. EuSt. icpaKiSfvs, 753, 56; lepaKio-KOs,
II.

The

In Horn, with epithets VKVS

xvi. 582, wKvirrepos xiii. 62, &KIOTOS

TreTerjvwv xv. 237, ehacpporaros ncrtrjvcov xiii.

86

also
:

Od.

v. 66.

In Hes.

Ar. Av. 1453. In Arist. with ep. ya^^vv^os, o-apKOfpdyos, wp.o(pdyos, &C. Alcman 1 6 ap. v Athen. 373 ^vcrav 8' airpaKra vcavides, Q.o~r opvfis lepaKos vnc pirrafj-evai

Op.

et

D. 210

wKVTrerrjs tpyt;, ravvaiTrrepos opvis

>

cf.

'.

Eur. Andr. 1141

Varieties.
rpiop^rjs,

ol 8' OTTOOS 7reXeui8e? lepa<

I8ovo~ai
TODJ/

npbs

(pvyrjv eVamo-av.
p.ev

Arist.
8'

H. A.

ix.

36,

620

8'

iepaKuv /cpartOTO?
6
8'

8evTpo$

6 at(ra\o)i/, rpi'ros 6 Kipnos'

dcrrepias Kal 6 (patraro-

(povos KOI 6 nrepvLS dXXotoi* ol 8e TrXarvrepot lepaKes

worptop^ai

/caXovj/rai,

aXXoi 8e rrepKoi KOI cnri&cu, ol 8e Xelot Kai oi <ppvvo\6yoi' yevrj 8e TWV IfpuKoav (pao~i rives tivai OVK eAarrco r5>v 8Ka, 8ta0epou(ri 8' dXXjjXcoi', K. T. X. Cf. ib. viii. 3, 592 b. That there were ten species of hawks is asserted

by Callimachus, Etym. M. Vide Callim. fr. p. 468, ibique Bentleii cf. Schol. ad Ap. Rhod. i. 1049. For lists of the species, cf. Ar. Av. The Egyptian 1178, Ael. xii. 4, Dion. De Avib. 6, Plin. x. 8, 9, 10. hawks were smaller, Arist. H. A. xii. 4. The various hawks migrate during winter (cf. Job xxxix. 26) except rpiop^;?, Arist. H. A. viii. 3, or
;

i.

epileus, Plin. x. (8) 9.

Anatomical particulars.
X<>vo-i, depfj-Tjv rr]V

\o\r)v

apa

Trpos

TW

rjirari

KOI
ii.

rots 15,

fvrepois
l6,

KoiXiav, p,iKpbv rbv

7,

o-TrXr/i/a,

Arist.

H. A.

506 a,

5o6b;
615 eV
i'8ft

De

Part.

iii.

670 a.

Breeding habits.

Arist.

H. A.

vi. 6,
ii.

563, incubates
7>

twenty days

ix. 1 1,

aTTOTOfioi? vforrevfi.

De

Gen.
in

746 b

SOKOVO-IV ol diacpepovres TO)

fuyvwrticu Trpos dXX^Xovy (an error naturally arising

difference in size
ylvovrai ol j/eorroi
(pi\6drj\vs, cf.

and plumage
r)8i>Kpeco
i.

many

species).

o~(p68pa Kal Trioves.

from the sexual H. A. vi. 7, 564 Ael. H. N. ii. 43 8iva>s

(107) rpia /nei/ nVrftv, See also supra S. V.

Horap.
TU>V

8.

Antig.

Mirab. 99
K. r. X.

avavop.fvav 8e
deros,

VCOTT&V
ii.

K\eyfiv rbv eva }

and

cf.

Horap.

99.

H. A. ix. 36, 620 eV QpaKrj rfj Ka\ovfj.vr) TTOTC KeSpetTroXct ev ro> e\ei 0r)p*vawnp ol (ivdpwrroi, ra 6pvi0ia KOivrj pera TK>V IfpaKwv. Cf. De Mirab. vi. 118, 841 b, Ctesias in Phot. Excerpt, and ap.
Arist.

On Hawking.

Ael.
Plin.

iv.

26,
x.

Ael.

ii.

42,

Antig. Hist. Mirab.

H. N.

8 (10), &c.

The account
F

in

Dion.

De

[Amphipolis], 28 (34), Avib. i. 6, iii. 5, and

66
IEPAE
(continued}.

A GLOSSARY OF GREEK BIRDS

probably also in Martial, Ep. xiv. 216, refers to bird-catching with a captive hawk, as with the owl. See also for much curious information, 'lcpaKo<T6(piov,
s. rei accipitrariae scriptores, ed. Paris, 1612, Leipzig, 1866, also Schlegel's Fauconnerie, &c.

and
Plut.

Metamorphosis with the Cuckoo.

Arat. cap. xxx, Tzetz. ad Lye. 395
4, 4.
;

Arist. H. A. vi. 7, 562 b, Geopon. xv. I. Theophr. De

PI.

ii.

Vide

s.

vv.

eirovj/,

KOKKU.

Myth and Legend. Worship of Hawks in Egypt, Herod, ii. 65, 67 ; Ael. x. 14 AlyvTTTioi TOV lepaKct 'ATrdXXooi/i Tipav e'oiKCHTt (cf. II. xv. 237? Od. xv. 526 and Eust. in loc., Ar. Av. 516, Eq. 1052), KOI TOV p.ev Oebv'Qpbv
KaXovcrt
TTJ

(ptovfj

TT}

(r<pTepa

01

-yap lepaKes opvidtov povoi rals afcrlcrt

K. r. X.
;
:

TOV

17X101;

vii. 9,
Ii.

pqdius KOI afiaa-avHTT&s avTifiXerrovrfS, where the priests are called iepaKo/3o<m>i
Ael.
xii.

cf. ib. xi.

cf.

also Plut.
'

Is. et

39 and Os.
TOV TOV

p. 371.

6 p.eV TrepdiKodrjpas Kal wKvnrepos A.n6\\a)v6s eVri

fie

QfpaiTtoV

(poo*/,

(pyvijv

Kal apTrrjv 'Adrjva

(pacrii/,

7rpoaW/zovo~tj>, 'Ep/zoC

fie

<j)ao~o~o(p6vTr)v

cidvpp.a

elvai

"Upas 8e TOV

Tavvo~i rrTpov )
i

Kal

See Tpiopxyv OVTO) Ka\ov[j.fvov 'Aprep.iSoj. f^rpi Se 0(S)V TOV p-eppvov. also Strabo, Geogr. xvii. i. 47, Horap. i. 8, Pier. Valer. Hierogl. xxi,
&C.
Ttves de <f)ao-iv cv rots ap^atot? ^poi/ots,

tepaxa

/StjSXt'ov

fVfyKelv

els
TCLS

Otjftas Tols

tepevcrt (poiviKa pd/u/Ltan 7rpiL\T}p,p.evov,

e^ov yeypap,/xeVas
Sic.

TO>V OepaTTfias re Kal Tinas'

pap/Lta

dto?rep Kal TOVS tepoypap-fiaret? (popelv (poiviKovv

(irl

Kat

Trrepov lepaKos

TTJS

KffpaXrjs,

Diod.

i.

87, 8.

The

Egyptian Sun-god Phra with a hawk's head, tepa/cop.op<po?, ItpaKorrpbo-o)7roy, Philo ap. Eus. P. E. 41 D, 116 D (i. 10, iii. 12), Horap. i. 6. In the Rig-Veda the sun is frequently compared to a hawk, hovering
in the air.

legged

The hawk associated with fire-worship, Ael. x. 24. A hawk sometimes seen in Egypt, Ael.'xi. 39. Moult
;
;

three-

before

the inundation,

ib. xii. 4 live seventy years, ib. x. 14 the leg-bone has an attraction for gold, ib. throw earth on an unburied corpse, ib. ii. 42. Salve their eyes with OpidaKivrj or wild lettuce, ib. ii. 43 (also Dion. De Avib. i. 6); hence, as well as by reason of their sharp
;

sight, the

Hawk
(7)

or Eagle in medicine constitute a

26, xxxiv. (ii) 27:

remedy

for diseases

of the eye, Plin. xxix. (6) 38, &c.; as does the herb
6, Plin. xx.
it

t'epa/uoj/,

is

seldom possible

to trace

Horap. i. any

meaning
it is

in the mystical herbs associated with particular animals, and therefore worth noting in this instance that dpiftaKivrj is the sacred herb of Adonis. Are supposed by some to be bastard eagles, Ael. ii. 43 ; how a hawk caused the apprehension of a sacrilegious thief at

Delphi,

ib.

how
87);

the

hawks

to breed, having sent

in Egypt repair to certain Libyan islands two messengers in front, ib. (cf. Plin. H. N. x. 8,
;

Diod.
eagle,

Sic.

i.

and the

vulture,

do not eat the heart, ib. ii. 42 hostile to the fox, the ib. Are exempt from thirst, Damasc. V. Isid.
but drink blood instead of water, Horap.
i.

97

(cf. s. v.

aeros),

7.

Their

IEPAE
IE PAH (continued}.

IKTEPOI

67

heart

is

eaten, to obtain prophetic powers, Porph.

De

Abst.

ii.

48.

Hawk

sitting

on a

tree a sign of rain,

The Fable
Aes. fab.
9.

of the

Hawk

Theophr. Sign. fr. vi. 2, 17. and the Nightingale, Hes. Op. et D. 201,

metaphor of the

Hawk and
xi.

The metamorphosis
Deucalion, Ov. Met.

the Crows, Ar. Eq. 1052. of Hierax, Boios ap. Anton. Lib. iii
340.
in

cf.

that of

The Hawk entered

which
its

Egypt

into innumerable hieroglyphics, in

image
to

is,

in

the main, a phonetic element, the symbolic

ideas being, for

the most part,

i.

secondary

(cf.

supra,

s. v.

jSai-^O).

According

Horap.

8 *Apea ypd(povTes KOI 'Afppodirrjv, 8vo iepanas

faypacpovviv

these are the symbols

>,\

and

HM

Horus and

Hat- H or, the

latter being the OIKOS "Qpov of Plutarch. According to Chaeremon, fr. 8 Vv)(r)-rj\ios-0f6s = iepat-. On the sanctity of hawks in Egypt, and the solar symbolism associated with them there, see also (besides the references quoted above), Porph. De Abst. iii. 4 the Sun
;

called tVpa, ibid. iv. 16, Plut. Clem. Alex. Strom, v. 7.

De

Is. et Osir. c. 51,

Eus. P. E.

iii.

10,

For other words and phrases in which the hieroglyph of the had part, see Horap. i. 6 Qebv ^ov\6p.evoi cnyftgwu, v^os,
77
rj

Hawk

17

vnepoxfjv,

rj

ai/ui,

77

VIKTJV,

iepaKa

a>ypa(pov<ri

id.

ii.

15 iepa
crr]p,alvai
I

ray Tfrepvyas ev aepi,

diTOTa^iipevov
<oypa(f)ov(Tiv
:

otov

nrepvyas e\ovra avep.ov

reKva
81
iii.

id.

ii.

99

TO. 'i8ia

drropiav jSovAo/zcj/oi
4.

o'Tjp.fjvai,

IepaKa

Diod. Sic.

iepat; avrols arrjuaivei rravra TO.

ogcas yevofieva.
cit.

Leemans

in

Klaproth ad Goulianoff De Inv. Hierogl. Acrolog., Horap. p. 150, and especially Lauth, Sitzungsber. Bayer.
Cf.

Akad., 1876, pp. 77-79-

See also
,

alordXwi/, apaicos, |3aiY|'0, jSdppa^,

peXXou^s,

cXeios, eiriXcios,
^ao'O'O^oi'OS,

TrepKos, Trrepi'is, (riri^ias, Tpiopx^S, uTTOTpiopx^S,

,

&C.
opviQcs,

MZl'NEZ'

oitovoi,

Hesych.

Cf. deii/oi.

IKTEPOI.

bird

with

fabulous attributes;

according

to

Pliny,

identical with galgulus, the

Plin. xxx. ii (28)

Golden

Oriole.
si

Avis icterus vocatur a colore, quae

spectetur,

malum [t/crepoi/, malum regium, the jaundice] tradunt, et avem mori. Hanc puto Latine vocari galgulum (galbula, Mart,
sanari id
xiii.

68).

Cf.

Dion.

De

Avib.

i.

27

Coel. Aurel. Chron.

iii.

passio

vocabulum sumpsit secundum Graecos ab animalis nomine, quod sit coloris fellei. Cf. Schneider, in Arist. H. A. ix. 12 and Suid., who derives
;

the

word from

IKTWOS.

Vide

infra s.v.

F 2

68
'IKTfNOI, or In plur.

A GLOSSARY OF GREEK BIRDS

"KTIVOS (Aristoph., cf. Suid.):
iKTives

also IKTIS (Ufpyaioi, Hesych.).

licrivcs

(Ael.

i.

35,

ii.

47) or

(Paus.).

For other

grammatical forms, see L. & Sc., &c. Derivation unknown; sometimes said to be connected with Sk. yyena.

Kite
Kite

ictinus,
is

including the Common Kite, Milvus regalis, Briss., M. Sav.. and the Black Kite, M. ater, Gm. The Black
still

called IKTIVOS in the Cyclades,

where

it

is

the
is

comalso

moner

species of the two (Erh.). called To-tyTTjs in Attica (Heldreich).

The Common

Kite

1302
Ar.

In minor references frequent, usually as a robber, e.g. Theogn. 1261, Soph. Fr. 890 LKTLVOS us e/tXa-y^e Trapa<rvpas Kpeas Plat. Phaed. 82
;

Men.

4,

329 (493)

Plat.

Com.
in

2,

695 (69)
IKTIVO.
ii.

Aristoph.

fr.

2,

1192
:

(71),

fr.

525,
'

Etym. M.

p. 470.
viii,

34

TravrofpdaXfjLov apiraya

Simon.
apnayos

Iambi. II, Automed.

IKTIVOV

Gk. Anth.

192 OVTOS e^ei

-yap

x Pa
l

KpaTaiorepjjy.

Description.
trpbs
r<j5

Arist.

De

Part. 670, 34
:

fjiiKpos

6 <rn\r)V

rr)v

^oX^i/ e^et
8e KOI
'.

fjiran KCU irpos rfj Koi\ia

f) p.e

H. A.

vi. 6,

563 5uo

<uu'

fv'iorc

rpia' eVooaffi Trepi CIKOVIV

ib.

pas

ib. viii. 3,

592 peyfOos

o<rov Tpi6p%r)s
;

594 oXiyaKis

TTLVfi,

27rrni Se irivav.

av TIS avaibearcpov
<rxfT\iov rjdos.

eiTroi,

Very destructive to poultry Dion. De Avib. i. 7 cf. Theogn. 1302

;

ovdev

IKTLVOV

A
22
;

migratory bird
it

it

arrives

shearing-time, Ar. Av. 714; in Egypt

ovTts TOIOVTMV
X<t>pov(riv

before the swallow, at the spring it does not migrate, Herod, ii.

sometimes hibernates, Tonw, v ols ael

evravQa,
fjdr)

Arist.

H. A.

viii.

16,

600

oi fiev irXrjo-iov

diapevovo-i,

KO.I

oi 8e

Troppcorepco 6Vre? OVK

IKTWOI KOI ^eXiSoi'ey, airoKToniov(Tiv aXXa Kpinrrovo-iv

eavTOvs'
7ra/i7rai/,

yap (oupevai TroXXai %\tdovs

flalv ev dyytLOis e\/^iXo)fii/ai

Kai iKTii/oie/c rotovrav eWero/xei/oi x<0piW, orav (paivavrai TO rrpa>Tov.

The common Kite is merely a bird of passage in Greece, a very few remaining to winter there (Kriiper) the Black Kite is a rare visitor to the mainland of Greece. Both species are common, and breed, in
;

Macedonia
Geminus,
I

(Kriiper, Elwes, &c.).

'ixrivo?

(pmVrai appears in various Calendars, e. g. Phaen. c. xvi, who dates its advent, according to Eudoxus thirteen days, to Euctemon eight, and to Callippus one day,
sag. in Arat.

The statement

According to Grotius, Arat. Phaen. notae ad imagg. p. 55, Milvus, in Latin, refers to the constellation Cygnus cf. Ov. F. iii. 793 Stella Lycaoniam vergit declivis ad Arcton Milvus. Haec ilia nocte [xvi. Kal. April.] videnda venit see also Plin. xviii. 6 but according to Ideler, Sternnamen, p. 77, the dates given do not
before the vernal equinox.
;

tally with

this hypothesis, the heliacal rising of

;

Cygnus being three

months

earlier

and he

prefers to

assume

that the statements in the

older Calendars referred to the bird of passage, and were mistakenly

IKTINOZ IKTINOZ
(continued}.

IAIAI

69

by Ovid and Pliny. I am for myself Ovid did allude to the constellation, but that he did not mean (nor say) that on the date in question it rose with the sun as a matter of fact it then rose at midnight, and was on the
attributed to a constellation
inclined to think that
;

it disappeared at sunrise. 'IKT'IVOS is also the name of one of the mystical XUKOI or ZK proves (q. v.) in Opp. Cyneg. iii. 331.

meridian when

Myth and Legend.

iv. 5,

Phile,

De

An. 688, Cic.

1.

Hostile to Kopag, Arist. H. A. ix. I, 609, Ael. De Nat. Deor. ii. 49 friendly to 7n'<iy
; ;

Ael. v. 48. Use Opvos as a remedy, Phile 725 place pdpvov in the nest as a charm, Ael. i. 55 how a stick from a Kite's nest is a remedy for headache, Plin. xxix. (6) 36, xxx. (4) 12 detest the
apnrj, Arist.
c.,
;
;

and

pomegranate, /5oia, so that they never even alight on that tree, and why, Dion. De Avib. i. 7. Suffer at certain seasons from sore feet,
Dion. I.e., namely, at the time of the Solstice, Plin. from sore eyes, Suid. s. v. i/crepoy. See also Albert. M.
24, p. 641.
in the
x. (10)

12

and

Cf. supra,

s. v.

Up<x.

How

the Kites

De Animal, xxiii. in Elis rob men

market-place
47, Arist.
x,

(cf.

Ael.

ii.

De
v.

Ar. Av. 1624), but never molest the iep66vroi 9 Mirab. 123, 842 a, Theopomp. ap. Apollon. Hist.
14,

Mirab.

Pausan.
cf.

Plin.

1.

c.

on the Kite as dangerous

;

to

sacrifices,

Ar.

Pax

1099, Av. 892

cf.

r<

tVnV&> r<u eVrtoy^w, Ar.

the Kite was once a King, Ar. Av. 499. The story milvos artem gubernandi docuisse caudae flexibus, does not seem to occur in Greek. In Latin, Milvus is proverbial for its

Av. 865.
in Plin.

How

1.

c.,

powers of flight and of vision ix. Ep. 55.

Fable of
Arist.
IKT'IVOS
;

cf.

Pers. Sat.

iv.

26, Juv. ix. 25, Martial

that lost
;

170, Babr. 73

Suid.

cf.

its voice trying to neigh, Aes. Fab. ed. Halm, Julian in Misopogone, p. 366 (cit. Schneider in

H. A.

vi. 6)

TOV

IKTIVO. entdfO'dai ra> xpfpfTifciv,

p.rj

axnrfp

ol

yevvaioi

TWV

eira TOV p.ev eViXatfd/uei/oi/, ro 8e KOI (pavXoTepov

dwrjOevra
eii/ai TJ?J>

eXetj> fjcap&f, ap.<poiv erre':

T>V aXXcov opviOw

(pavrjv

cf.

ac0os.

Fable
Ar. Av.
ovv

of \dpos Koi IKTWOS, Aes. 239. Proverb, irpoK.vXivSe'ia-dai 5OI j cf. Suid. eapos yap dp%op,evov LKTIVOS (paivercu.
dira\\ayevTes x ft P-^vos TrpoeKvXivdovvTo
/cat

iKriVots,
ol

rrevrjres

Trpoo-CKvvovv avrovs.

See also
'IAIA'1.

apirif],

jSaTuppTjydXir), SIKTUS, eXayos.

Also

IXXds,

Athen.

of Athen. also rv\ds.

ii. 65 a, Eust. 947, 8. Perhaps akin to i'x^ a i. e.

>

In some
Kt^Xa.

MSS.

A kind

of

Thrush

for references, see KIX\T).

Gesner, Belon, and others identify l\ids as the Redwing, Turdus iliacus, L., on account of its small size (Arist. H. A. ix. 20, 617). Sundevall
In points out that the expression TJTTOV Trot/aX?? (1. c.) is inapplicable. Athen. ii. 65 a (c. 68) these words are omitted from a corresponding

passage; and the account of the nesting habits of

ict^Xi;

(H. A.

vi. i)

70
IAIAI (continued}.

A GLOSSARY OF GREEK BIRDS

are transferred to iXXay.

Both the Redwing and the Fieldfare are

now

winter-migrants in Greece, and not very

common

(Kriiper, Linder-

mayer, &c.). The word was probably an old or dialectic form, meaning simply thrush, to which it was sought to apply a specific meaning
in Aristotle.

'IMANTO'nOYI.
Stilt.

wading-bird;
9 a*

the

name

is

now

allotted

to

the

Dion.

De

Avib.

ii.

^' ipavTcnroo'es

XeTrroI? p.ev o~<e\eo~i xpcovrai, KCU

e^ov(ri TTJV Trpoo~r)yopiav CK TOVTOV.

KCIIVOV S'

eV

avrfov eo~Ttv,

on

T/)I>

Karatdev

yevvv %ovT(s

ireTrrjyviav, JJLOVOV KIVOVO~I TTJV

avadev.

Cf. Plin. x. 47 (64).

ii.

'INAIKO'I "OPNII.

The Phoenix
p. 167.

(q. v.), Aristid.

p.

107

cf.

Creuzer,

Symbolik,
"IN YE' opvcov
TI,

ii.

xpcoi/rai ot (papp.aKides,

Hesych.

Vide

S.

V. tuyl.
cf.

'lEOBO'POI,

or

igo(pdyos,

Athen. 65 a

(*os = viscum,

mistletoe,

Ital. vi'scada,

the Missel- thrush).

vtscivorus, L.

The Missel-thrush, Turdus

Miihle),
Sej/Sporo-t'xXa

Mod. Gr.
Elprjvr)

Kipiaplva (v. d.

Eurytania, The only one of the true powoTo-ix^a in Laconia (Heldreich). thrushes resident in Greece throughout the year (Kriiper).
Arist.

on Parnassus,

Kvpa

in

H. A.

ix.

20, 617.

Vide

s. v.

KixXtj.
rj

'innAAEKTPYfi'N*
7Tpi(rTpa>fj.a(ri.

TOV p.fyav a\KTpvova }

TOV ypa(pop.evov tv

Cf. Ar.
cf.

evioi yvrra, Hesych. Ran. 932 (959), Pax 1177, Av. 800 TOV govdbv t

ypafyovrai 8e olov ypvnes.

Aesch.
Note.

Myrm. fr. 130, &c., &c. The epithet {-ovOos is applied

to various creatures, e.g. aj

d\Kv<av, xeXiScov, /zeXio-cra, Terrt|, all of which

agree in being closely linked with religious symbolism. The meaning of the adjective is quite unknown. With the various conjectures of modern commentators cf. Photius j-ovOov' XeTrrov, drraXov, eXcxppov, xXoopdV, vypov, av66v Ka\6v,
:

ITVKVOV, o^u, Taxy. ol 8e TroiKiXov, eveiSes, dtavyes.

opvcov
(s. tirira,

TTOIOV, irapa7r\r)o~iov

^vaXcaTreKt,

Hesych.

6 Spvo/coXax^, cdvix&s, Hesych. s. iirTtt, s. The lira). supposed to be trr, Lat. ic-o (Vanicek 82), cf. LTTOS and the word is taken to be identical with mirw (q. v.) but the irra
,

root

is

suggests identity with

O-ITTTJ.

Doubtless identical also with

eo~Tiv

iimr],
'IOVTI.

Boios ap. Anton. Lib. 21

KOI

dyadbs OVTOS 6 opvis eVl Orjpav

IAIAI

ivr=

71

'mno'KAMriTOZ"IIKAA,
v.

o-rpov&W

Hesych.

(verb. dub.}.

ixXa.

"IZTPAE*
"ITYE.
"lYPE.

opvis TTOIOS,

Hesych.

Perhaps

for Terpaf (q.

v.).

opvfov, Suid.,

Phot, Lex. Seg.

Cf. iuy.

Perhaps from the hissing cry, cf. Ivyfj, a snake's hiss, Nic. Th. 400 but more probably a word of foreign and unknown
;

origin.

The Wryneck, Yunx

(Heldreich).

torquilla,

L.

Mod. Gk.

oxpfj/So'Xi,

pvpp.riKo\ayos

See also iVu, ITU,

Kii>ai8io>, crcio-oiruyis.
<='

Arist. H. A. ii. 12, 504 a (a full and accurate description) oXi'yoi r<i>es 8uo p.V [SaKrvXovs] epTrpoo-Qev 8to 8' oiriadev, olov 17 KaXovpevr) 'ivyg [cf. De Part. iv. 12, 695]. aurr; d' e'ari /LUKpco pev jueicoj/ (nrifrs, TO 8' eiSos notKiXov, idiq d' ex el T<* T iftpi- [TOVJ SaKruXouy /cat] TJ^V yX corral/ ofioiav rols
e^et

yap eVt

fj.fjKOS

eKTaariv KOI

eirl

fty eavnjv*

en

fie

Trepiarpe^ei

roi'

rerrapa? SaKryXous, KOI TrdKiv rpa^^Xor ety Tovnicra) TOV \OITTOV

'

r)p(p.ovvTos,

KadaTTfp oi ofais.
KoXoiaii/'

ovv%as
rjy

e^ft /zeyaXous /xew ofJLoiovs

ne(pVKOTas rols T>V

Se

(poavf]

Tpiei

(cf.

Plin. xi. (47)

107).

Ael.
19.

H. A. ix. 13 wyyar, epcoTLKas Mentioned among mimetic

rj

av0pa>7roi (paaiv elvai rives: cf. ibid. XV.

birds, Ael.

H. A.

vi.

19 vrroKpiveTai TOV

tikayiov

tvyt-

av\6v.

Superstition,

Avib.

i.

23),
iv.

Find. P.

interwoven with a phallic symbolism (cf. Dion. De used the iuy as a charm to bring back a strayed lover. 214 (in connexion with Jason and Medea) TTOTVIO. 8' o|vrarou/
Ivyya TtTpaKvap-ov Ov\vp.Tr6Qev ev aXurcp fevj-aiaa KVK\(O

jSeXecov TroiKiKav

[icuvdd* opviv KvTrpoyei/eia (pepev 7rpS>Tov avQpamoia'i.

Theocr.

Id. ii"luy

\Ke TO TTJVOV ep.6v TTOTi SwfjLd TOV avdpa. Gk. Anth. (Jac. iv. 140, Anth. Pal. V. 205) "luy^ f) NIKOVS 77 KCU biairovTtov \Keiv avdpa Kal CK OaXdfjiav
\

Soph. Oenom. iii. I IVyya OrjprjTrjpiav epcoro?. The bird was bound upon a wheel and spun round, cf. Theocr. ii. 30; Schol. Pindar, 1. c. ap. Suid. ed. Gaisford \anpdvovo~ai yap UVTO
naidas
Trio-TafJ.evrj.

Cf.

dO~fJ.VOVO~lV

TpO^OV
O.VTOV

TIVOS, OV 7TplppOfJ.^OVO~lV O^ia

TTa8oVO~ai.

oi de <pdO~LV

OTt

TO.

evTfpa

ee\Kvo~ao~ai

K.a6dirTovo~i

rw rpo^w.
ix. 13,

Suidas, Tzetzes in Lycophr. 310, Ael. H. A.

&c.

Hesych., In Pind. P. iv.

Cf.

214 ivyya TeTpaK.vap.ov is supposed to be the bird thus bound, cross-fixed or spread-eagled ; cf. Pind. P. ii. 40 TCTpaKva^ov Se<Tfj.6v.
also King, Ant.

and
See

Gems,
iii.

i.

381.

In Xen.
against

Mem.
or for

some one
itself

(Schn.),

wheel
ii.

work the bird and perhaps the word is here used for the a charm in a more general sense cf. Aristaenet.
12, 17 eX<aj/ tuyya eVi TIVI is to
;

8 TOV (pi\Tp07roibv

i/ce'reve

also Pind.

Nem.

iv.

35 uryyi

13

co(77rep OTTO 'ivyyos rep

ray luyyas cf. ^rop Vop.r)viq 6iyi\itv Luc. Dom. /cdXXei eXKopevosl Ar. Lys. IIIO, Diog. L. vi. 2, 76;
irdkiv
near*

Keivrjs dvciKivrjo-ai

8' eX/tOjuai

72
E
(continued"}.

A GLOSSARY OF GREEK BIRDS

Ael. xv. 19, Opp. Hal.

xii.

still more loosely used in Ael. ii. 9, v. 40, iv. 132 Compare also Virgil's translation of Theocritus, Ducite ab urbe domum mea carmina, ducite Daphnin. The magic
;

46, xiv. 15,

c.

wheel was properly called pd/u/3or, Theocr. ii. 30, Orphic, fr. xvii (Hermann) ap. Clem. Alex. Strom, p. 15. 8, Luc. D. Meretr. iv. 5, c.; o-rpd(aXos, Schol. ad Synes. 361 D, Psell. in Schol. ad Orac. Chald., TpoxiWoy, Tzetz. Chil. xi. 380 (trochiscilus, Apul. De Mag. xxx), cf. Clem.
Alex. Strom,
Propert.
iii.

v. 8,

or

PLKOS,

Suid.,

and

in Lat.
4,

rhombus. Mart.

ix.

30,

or turbo, Hor. Epod. xvii. 7. It was probably similar to, though not identical with, the poTrrpov, or tambourine of the Corybantes, and the bird was, like that instrument,
6, 26, rota,

Plaut. Cistell.

ii. i.

to Marcellus in

associated with the worship of Rhea, Dion. De Avib. i. 23. According Nonn. Dionys. ix. 116, the pop.pos was (and under the same name still is, in Italy) an instrument twirled round at the end of
if suppose, that it was a bull-roarer this be so, the tvyg TTpa<vap.os was not rotated round on its own axis, but spun at the end of a string, as we spin cockchafers. Concerning

a thong, which means to say,

'

'

the magic wheel, see also Selden,

De

Diis Syr.

i.

i,

33.

represented on a vase in connexion with Dionysus, Brit. Mus. Vase Cat. No. 1293 and the Pindaric epithet TTOIKI'XJ? has been interpreted as a link in its Dionysiac character (cf. R. Brown, jun.,
bird
is
;

The

In this connexion the name'Ivyyiu for Dionysus (Hesych.), very interesting. Another vase (No. 1356) represents Adonis holding out the bird to Aphrodite.

Dionys. Myth,
is

i.

339).

wyg was

989, Lye. 310

also used metaphorically for love or desire, and Schol. Heliodor. iv. 15, &c.

cf.

Aesch. Pers.

The

ivyg in Anth. Pal. v. 205

e

was engraved on an amethyst,

\

xpvcro>

TTotKtX&io-a, diavyeos

dp.(6v<rTov

yXvirrr)

it is

represented on a gem,
pi. xxi.

associated with Jason and the Golden Fleece (Imh.-Bl. and K. 21, p. 131) probably in illustration of Find. Pyth. iv.

According to Nicander, ap. Anton. Lib. Met. 9, one of the nine Emathidae, daughters of Pierus, was metamorphosed into the bird
fcyf.

The ivyg was equally sacred among the ancient Persians and BabySee also lonians, Marini Proclus, xxviii, cf. Hopf, Thierorakel, p. 144. the remarkable description of the Royal Judgement-seat at Babylon, Philostr. V. Apollon. i. 25, where however the precise meaning of tvyg is
not clear
TOV opofpov TeTrapfS,

eWa$a' xpixrai 8e Zvyyes aTTOKpep-avrai 'ASpaoTeiaj/ avro) TrapcyyvSxrai, Kai ro p.fj virep rovs avBpwirovs aipeadai' ravras ol fiayoi avrot (paaiv dp/JLOTreadai, (poiTO)VTS es cf. Creuzer, Symb. ii. 221. ra /3ao-iXeia* KaXoutri 8f avras 6e>v -yXaxro-as
I

8iKaei

p,ev df) 6 f3a.(ri\tvs TrjV

See also Pseudo-Zoroaster,

fr.

54, ed. Cory.

IYPE

KAAANAPOI

73

IYFH (continued}.
vii. pp. 157-160) supposes, chiefly from and Pindar Nem. iv, that the 'ivy was originally a ii, moon-charm or invocation to the Moon-Goddess Io>, a theory supported by Mart. ix. 30, where rhombus is in like manner a moon-charm, as also by such parallel passages as Virg. Eel. viii. 69, and Tibull. i. 8. 21. The ury was undoubtedly thus used in lunar rites, but the bird does not cry 'lo>, 'Ia>, and the suggested derivation of its name and sanctity from such a cry cannot hold. It is interesting, however, to find that lo and ivyg do come into relation with one another, the witch who by her spells had made Zeus enamoured of lo, being transformed by Juno

Bury

(J.

of Hellen. St.

Theocritus Id.

into the bird

iii.

'ivyg,

249

see also Schol. Find.

?vyg are after all their etymology. ivyg

p. 360, Creuzer, Symb. thus quite possible that 'lo> and cognate, though the bird's cry had nothing to do with
1.

Niceph. in Schol. ad Synesium,

c.

It is

with

and 'l(Bis come into relation with one another, as both connected moon- worship and the dialectic form of the latter, tpvg (Hesych.,
;

? i'fi^)

suggests perhaps an ancient confusion between the two names.

"IXAA.

form of K^Xa,
Hesych.
:

Hesych.
cf.

Cf.

Lob. Path.
i-or^Xa.
;

p.

107.

Also

icr/cXa, I'xaXq,

Mod. Gk.

'iXNEY'MftN.

An unknown
Hesych,

or fabulous small bird

c.

mentioned by

Nicander ap. Anton. Lib.

'IftNA"!'
ncpicrTfpd,

14.
s. v.

Vide

oivds.

'IQNI'X.
a/ta

An unknown
KOI Xi/ui/aiW,
i.

bird; mentioned

among

the opvidas Trora/uiW

i.

Aristoph.

Hist.

Anim.

Epit.

24 (Supplem.

Aristot.

i.

p. 5, Berolini, 1885).

KAKKA'BH,,?.

icaKicapis.

*iJ/3a, Hesych.

(Cf. Sk. kukkubha.)

A name
UTT*

for the Partridge.

Athen.
'AXAC/xai/of*

ix.

390 a Kakovvrai
rciSe

8*

of TrepSiKes
|

vn ei/tW

KaKKaftai, a>s KOI

\

err??

KOI peXos 'AXfc/zap

a-vv6efj.evos
;

evpf, yey\a>(r<Tap.Vov

piCfiv, Arist.

(Alcman, fr. 25 Bergk). Hence Athen. I.e.; cf. Anthol. Lat. 733 (ed. 536 b Riese) Interea perdix cacabat nidumque revisit. Cf. Stat. Sylv. ii. 4. 20 quaeque refert iungens iterata vocabula perdix. Vide s. v. Wp8i.
o-rd/xa [Svopa,

Casaub.]

H.A.

iv. 9,

KAAAMOAY'THI.
Ael.
vi.

An unknown

bird.
Cf. Phile, 664.

46 KeSpou TOV

Ka\ap.odvTr]v aTrdAXtxri <pv\\a.

KA'AANAPOZ.
corypha

calandra,

Chaucer,

The Calandra Lark, Alauda Calandra, L., MelanThe Chelaundre or Calendre of auctt. who distinguishes it from the lark or laverokke, Rom. of
662,
cf.

the Rose,

v.

655.

Skeat

(in

loc.)

derives the word,

74

A GLOSSARY OF GREEK BIRDS

(continued'].

KAAANAPOI

through O. F. calandre, caladre, from L. caradrius, Gk.

Said by others (cf. Babr. Ixxxii ; and vide infra s. v. xapaSpios). to be connected with "L.caliendrum, a tufted head-dress, a top-knot.
Dion.
vfiaroy

De

Avib.

iii.

15
fj.ev

Oeir)

TO \Lvov' 6

rr\r]o-iov SXw&poi de OVK. av TIS eXoi paSiW, et yap TOV TTOTOV xprjfav TrpocriTTTarai, 6 de dypevT^s
/LIT)

Teens ev KaXvQjj Xav6dva)V KOI eTTiTcivwv TO SLKTVOV, TTIVOVTU

KaXv^ei TOV K<i\av-

8pov.

The same
;

device

is

still

Italy; cf. Frederick II, De Eel. Phys. p. 41 see also Bechstein's

used for the capture of small birds in Venat p. 32; J. G. Schneider, Anm. z. d.
*

Cage

Birds,' &c.
bird.

KA'AAPIZ.
Arist.

(In

MS. Da
ix. I,

K 6\apis).

An unknown

H. A.

609

TOV de KaXapiv 6 alywXibs KOI ol aXAoi yajur^a)/coXXvpi(oi/a,

Gesner suggested vvxfs KaTeadiovo-iV odev 6 7ro\fp.os a^Tols. Billerbeck KiXXvpov s. Ki\\ovpov cf. J. G. Schneider in loc.
:

The whole

replete with difficulties, and, in foreign influence or even of spurious origin.

chapter

is

my

opinion, with signs of

KA'AAI>OI'
KAAI'APIZ.
KA'AAflN.

d(TKaXa<j)os,

Hesych.

Vide

S.v.

A name
VTTO

for the

Cock.
of

KaXXaia, ra

ra yeveia T>V d\KTpvova>v, ovs KaXXcova?

Cf. xeiXurcs.

'Arri/col

\eyowrivy Moeris.

KAAOTY'nOI'

6 SpuoKoXan-rj;?,

Hesych.

Cf. gvXoKonos.
s. v.

KA'PYAOI, KAPY'AAAOI, Hesych.

KA'P<I>YPOI'
ot vcotrtroi,

Vide

K<5pu8os.

Hesych.
Hesych.

KAIANAH'PIONreading

IKTWOS,

A very
bird,

doubtful word

an emended

is KCLO-W'

6rjpiov

(Schmidt).
of three varieties, of which

KA'iniOI "OPNIZ.

remarkable

one croaks
like

like a frog,

one bleats

like

dog.

Full description in Ael. xvii. 33, 38.

a goat, and the third barks It is not

identified

by Gesner.
s.

KATAPPA'KTHI,

unknown

bird

An KarapdKTTis (Arist., Codd. Med. Vatic., &c.). to as discordant so are which to the references ;
lost, if

suggest that the meaning was early ever applied to an actual species.

indeed the
'

name was

It is

the

Cormorant,' j?9,

of the

LXX.

Mentioned in Ar. Av. 886. In Soph. frr. 344, 641, applied to the Eagle and to the Harpies (cf. Hesych.), as KaTappaKrrjp is to /a'pKos, Lye.

KAAANAPOI

KATPEYI

75

KATAPPAKTHI
169.

(continued}.

In Aristotle, said to be a sea-bird, but not web-footed: mentioned as opvis Trorapoy, Aristoph. H. A. Epit. i. 24, and tfaXuo-o-io?, ib. i. 23.
Arist.
12,

H. A.

ii.

17,

509 TOV
fj

o-rdpi^oi; CX

615 opvis

o~xiCo7rovs'

p.(v Trepi
f)

mention in ii. 17, between Aubert and Wimmer identify KarappaKTrjs with Podiceps auritus, the Eared Grebe, Mod. Gk. KapauaTaiKiov (Erh. p. 48) Sundevall, on the other hand, with the Little Cormorant, Phalacrocorax or Graculus pygmaeits (vide icoXoios, J3). Neither of these birds, however, suggests by its habits the name and neither is white in colour, so that they at least conflict KaTappaKTTjs with the following excerpt from Dion. De Avib. ii. 2 cos ot T>V Xdpuv e'Xdcrits
TO.

From

XP OVOV OVK eXdrTova this account and from

(con's)

L Ib. ix. (vpvv KOI TrXarvv o\ov. $uXaTrc>, orav &e KUC% O.VTOV (is TO oo~ov nXedpov die\doi TIS' eo~Ti 8' eXarrov

o-xi&TToda

and ra

(TTeyavoiroda (Xdpos),

crovfs, la"xyp os &* Kct ^

T *l v XP oav Xev/cdy, Kat

rails

ras
.

(pdo~cras dvaipovcriv
.

iepai

npoaro/jioios

(is

TOV TVOVTOV ola TTITTT^V otWrai

Tols (TKOTreXois Kat TO'IS

alyia\ols ((pi(dvei.

Further, a fabulous account of the breeding-habits.

According

to the

same author
criV

(iii.

TOVS

KaTappaKTas'

6pp,fj

22) aaviviv (iKovas eVi-ypa^aj/res i^ycov yap cos eVi Tiva KUTdTTTavTes l\6vv

TOIS (raviai KOI diafpOdpovTm.

applied to the
is

These accounts are usually Gannet or Solan Goose, Sula bassana (cf. Oedmann, Act.
vii.

Acad. Stockh.,

1786, Schneid. in Arist. vol.

ii.

p. 88)

but the size

incompatible with such an identification, and the bird is not a native of Greece. The account in Plin. x. (44) 51 is wholly fabulous, and includes the story of the Birds of Diomede, ot KaTctpdo-vovaiv els ras
TO>V ftapfidpcov K((pa\ds, Arist.

De

Mirab. 79, 836 a

cf.

Ael.

i.

i,

and

vide

s.

v. epwSio's.

Gesner,

who

is

followed in

modern

by the lexicographers,

identified /carappaKrrjs

ornithological nomenclature and with the Skua, Lestris

catarrhactes, L., a bird which does not occur in the Mediterranean.

KATPEY'l.

An unknown
fr.

or mystical bird. 23
/ueyetfor Trpos

Cleitarch.
rS)V
fjiovs
'

18, ap. Ael. xvii.

cT/uapciyScp

TOV racov* ra 8e aKpa

oldas olovs 6<p6a\K.r.X.

nTp(ov (OIKS
'

Kal 6pS>v p,(V a'XXcos, OVK

epeis Kivvdfiapiv TO
o/Lt/Lia,

cx

et

&*

*L S

a*

aTTi'Soi,

Cf. Strabo,

XV.

i.

69.
|

Nonn. Dion.

xxvi.

206 Karpeus

S'

eWo/ieVoio irpoticcnri&i xv~ tv

a'lyXr]
|

o'/ijSpou

av6o<pvr]S \iyv<pa>vos'

OTTO /3Xe(papcoi> de oi

Tre/LtTrerat,

op-

Bpivfjai

ftoXais
|

dvrippOTros

TJOVS.

TroXXdici
|

S'

f)vefJi6(VTos
fjLoKirrjv
|

vnep 8(vSpoio
vpvov dtfovuv,

\iyaivav,

trvvdpovos copiWos dveir\(K.

rj

ydrova

(poiviKeais TTTepv|

yco-o-i K(Ka(rp.(vos'

Ta^a

(patrjS)

fteX7rop.ej/ov KaTprjos eco'iov

opdpiov alo\68eipov

drjftova KS>p.ov v(paiveiv.

The description of the plumage in Aelian has suggested to some commentators the Manal or Impeyan Pheasant, Lophopus impeyanus (cf. Val. Ball, Ind. Antiq., xiv. 305, 1885), which bird is very possibly

7<

A GLOSSARY OF GREEK BIRDS

(continued).

KATPEYZ

vulture, Strabo, xv. i, 73, and by the a\(KTpv6i>es /xeyiorai of Ael. xvi. 2 but the identification of Karpevs with that bird is precluded by the comparison of its voice with the
:

meant by the partridge larger than a

melodious.
the bird
of Ael.
(rvyyevrjs,
is

Nightingale's, a statement which suggests comparison with Sk. kdtdra, The various accounts are all fabulous or mystical, and
viii.

always coupled with the equally mystical wpiW. The dypeus 24, though described as TO yevos Koa-a-vfyw (ppyrup KOI
probably akin.
)

is

KAY'AE (=Kd/r a^)

s.

K<XUT).
5.

KauTjs, Hippon. words as Lith.

Root unknown:
cf.

Apparently a Doric form of KTJU: also a comparison with such

is

kovas>
:

Dutch kauuw, Eng. chough,

Fick,
ii.

tempting,

but unwarranted
\dpos,

63.

diving

sea-bird.

Hesych.
fr.

Antim.

2 (57), ap. Schol. in Apoll.

v8<op.

Rhod.

i.

1008

T)VT(

ns
:

SvTTTrjaiv es

aXpvpov
;

Cf. Lye.
;

Euphor. 87
KAYKAAl'AI,

Leon. Tar. 74

425 *A\vros OVK aira>0e Kavr)<as TTOT>V Anth. P. vii. 652. Vide s. vv. KT)U, KTJ.
opvis TTOIOS,

s.

KaimaXos,

s.

KauKidXrjs.

Hesych.

KE'APOI- oprvl, Hesych.

KEBAH'flYPII.

very doubtful word.

= K<pa\r]),
Greece
KErXPHl'l

In Ar. Av. 303 usually translated Redpoll (from which bird, Fringilla linaria, L., only occurs in
during severe winters.
ii.

K^
25),
ii.

rarely,

The meaning
Eubul.
i.

is

unknown.
xiii.

(Arist.

H. A.

17, Ael.

ii.

43), teyxpis (Arist., Ael.

xii. 3,
fr.

Kfpxvrjts

or Kepxvys (Aristoph., Ael.

ap. Athen.
i.

Photius), Kfyxprj (Aristoph. H. A. Epit. Hesych. Cf. also Epical, Ke'pKyos.

65

e,

22,

28), ripx**}*

Kestrel-Hawk.

Mod. Gk.
and not

itpdiu,

KipKivefr

dvepoydpos (Heldr.).
is

The Common
chris,

Kestrel, Falco tinnunculus, L.,

rare
;

a permanent

resident in Greece,

but the Lesser Kestrel, F. cen-

Naum.

or F. tinnunculoides, Natt., a

in its season the

summer migrant, is commonest of Greek hawks cf. G. St. Hilaire

;

ap.
u.

Bory de

St.

Vincent, More'e, Oiseaux, p. 29,

pi.

ii,

Hi

Aub.

Wimm.,

Arist.

De

Gen., Introd. p. 28
'

p. 14, who says Uhr an dem Thore der Akropolis Morgens 5-7

and Lindermayer,

Kruper, op. cit., p. 161 ; Ich habe im Jahre 1848 von

;

4 Stiicke erlegt,

ohne mich von der Stelle zu bewegen.' Derivation unknown. L. and S. compare
Lat.
cf.

neyxpos, Keyxpyis with

'

mtHum,

mil-uus

but derive the

name from

'

Kepxvo?,

hoarse

Fr. cresserelle, O. F. quercerelle.

Scalig. in Arist. p.

251

KATPEYI
KEfXPHII
(continued}.

KEAEOZ

77

Quercerellam vocant Franci, non corrupta voce, quasi Cenchrellellam, ut ait

Ruellius,

sed quasi Querquerellam

nam Querstridet et
cf.

querum, lamentabile, dixerunt veteres;

queri videtur.
ii.

semper enim
is

The

derivation from Keyxpos

le

also old,

Camus

p. 257 'parce qu'elle a comme de petites graines.'

plumage couvert de petites taches

ii. 17, 509 rij? KoiXia? avTrjs n e\et o/xoioi/ 7rpoXo/3o). (Cf. 284 Dieses Vogels Magen ist dem Kropf gleich und gar nicht fleischigt). Ib. vi. I, 55&b ^fio-ra TIKTCI ra>v yaa\^a)vvxa)V. COTTTOI

Arist.

H. A.
p.

Gesner,

(J.6V

OVV KOL TTT(lpa

/ui'Xroff.

fjdrj,

TlKTCl

fie

KCtl

7T\LO).
i.

Ib. vi. 2,
povrj

559

0)01

epvdpd

<TTIV

&<T7r(p

Aristoph. H. A.
17

Epit.
KCU

28

rt'/crei

wa

(poiviKa.

De

Gen. iii. 750 /^aXtora fie Keyxpis S' mVei T&V yajM^coi/y^ft)!/, vyporrjs
17

iroXvyovov' povov
rj

yap
fj

(T^efioi/

TOVTO KOI

crvfjicfrvTos

Kal
fi'

(TTUKTOS (rTrep/zari-

KOV /nera

rrjs VTrapxoixrrjs

avrfj 6epp.oTTf]TOs.

TLKTCL

ovfi'

avr) TroXXa Xiay

aXXa

re'rrapa TO TrXftorov.

Cf.

H. A,

viii. 3,

the other hand, according to Ael.

Keyxprjis, KOI TTOTOU fieernt ovdev.

ii.

43

m
:

594

Plin. X. (37) 52.

On

<pCXoi/ tepa/ccoj/ 6 KaXetrai

Mentioned

also in Ar. Av. 304, 589, 1181

Ael.

xii.

4.

One

of the

daughters of Pieros was transformed by the Muses into the bird Keyxpis, Nicand. ap. Anton. Lib. c. 9.
In Ael. xiii. 25, Keyxpis seems to refer to a different bird, being mentioned as a dainty with <rvKoXis, and Kepxvrjs is mentioned in a similar way by Eubul. ap. Athen. ii. 65 e.

KEfXPl'THI.
Avib.
iii.

Apparently a sort of wild duck or goose, Dion.

23.
ol
fie'

De

KEf PII'

opvcov iepag,

dX/evo'j/a,

Hesych.

On
supra,

the fabled metamorphosis of Ciris, Nisus, Pandion, &c., vide

s. v.

dXideros

cf.

also KtjpuXos, Kipis.

KEfHA'

Ktacra, ACIKOWCS,

Hesych.

KEAEO'l (MSS. have /t^Xio's, Ka\i6s, KoXios). The Green Woodpecker, Picus viridi's, L. (a scarce bird in Greece, Lindermayer). Mod.

Gk.

TreXeKavos, rcriKXifiapa, devdpotydyos,

Heldr.
Ib. viii. 3,
fie

Arist.

H. A.
TO>V

ii.

4,
fie

504
TO.

has feet like

ivy|.
eo*Ti

593 TO
fie

rpvyav, TO
errl

xP^P- a X^ w P of 0X05*

^V\OKOTTOS

v\(ov

TroXXa, (powfjv re fjLeyaXrjv e^et* yiverai

Trepi

neXoTroi'v^a-oi/.

The preceding
:

reference
Ib. ix.
oi/cei

is
I,

as accurate as the
609, 610
(pi'Xoi

following is Kal K\f6s' 6

Kai Xi/3uo'?.

unmeaning or mystical
fiev

Xaefioy

yap KeXeos Trapa TTOTapbv

opj/eoi/

Kal Xo^fta?' TroXefUoi KeXeos

Suid.

Ta^vTaTov.

The

identification of KeXeo's with

78

A GLOSSARY OF GREEK BIRDS

(continued}.

KEAEOI
cf.

the Green

Woodpecker
vol.
iii.

is

said to have been

first

given by Gesner,

Schn. in Arist.,

p. 592.

The bird KfXeds- figures, together with Xai'ds and others, in a very mystical story of Boios, ap. Anton. Lib. c. xix. Celeus is also the name of a mystical king of Attica, in connexion with the story of Ceres and Triptolemus this circumstance may be
;

correlated with other

to
s.

Woodpecker-myths
:

in
i.

v.

SpuoKoXdirrris

cf.

Mythogr. Vatic,

On Greg. Nazianz. p. 48, ed. Gaisf., &c. Celeus and the Ceres-myth, cf. Horn. Hymn. Cer. 475 Ar. Ach. 48 Pausan. i. 14, 38, 39, ii. 14; Anton. Lib. c. xix; vide also Creuzer's
;

Greek and Latin referred Schol. ad 7. 8, iii. 7. 2 other relations between

;

Symbolik
KE'I~I4>OI.

(ed. 1836)

i.

152, iv. 368, 384.

MSS. have
;

also

*ep,(pos,

KiV^oy, yetyos.

An unknown

water-

usually, but without warrant, identified (after Schneider in Arist., and Promt. Lips. 1786, p. 501) with the Stormy Petrel,

bird

Thalassidroma pelagica, L. According to Hesych., identical with The accounts are fabulous, and the name is very probably icrjf.
foreign.
Arist.

H. A.

viii.

3,

aWvia.

Ib. ix. 35,

620

dXlcrKovTai
ex. t

593 b, a sea-bird, mentioned with \dpos and rw a<pp&>* Kcnnovvi yap avrov, 5to 7rpo<r&* de

paivovTes Qrjpevovaiv.
IJLOVOV

T *l v P* v

6ivbs

o.

ylvovrai

moves.

"XXqy crapta evtobr), TO de nvyalov Cf. Nic. Alexiph. 165-169 dfppov

(TTfyKepdo-aio doov dopirrj'ia Keircpov,

K. r. X.

See also Lye. 76, 836, and

dfj,(pcj)

Tzetz.

ad Lye. 76

OaXdacriov

6r)pa>(riv ol Tiaides TO>V dAtecof.

opveov \apofides, onep Cf. also Suidas, s. v.

(sc.

dfppw)
to the

According

Schol. in Ar.

Pax 1067 emu

ii.

TTO\VV p.tv eV rols Trrepois, 6\iyov 8c cv TOIS

Dion.
vdoi>p

De

Avib.

IO

C'K

TTJS

KovtporrjTos ol aXiel? ovop-dfrvviv'

TO yap

aKpov Tols TToalv eVtrpe^ei Kat o~r}p,aivfi Tols d\iev(Tiv flTlTV^iav. Feeds on small fish killed by tunnies and dolphins sleeps seldom afraid of thunder. Arat. Prognost. 916 nai TTOTC <al Kerrcpoi OTTOT' evdioi Trorecoj/Tai
; ;
|

dvTia p,e\\6vT(iov dvn<>v

ei\rjo'a

(pepovTai

cf.

Schol.

see also Theophr.

:
1

Fr. vi. 28
eldos

Symmach.

(Schol. Ar.
Trepl
Trjv

6pvov KovfpoTarov
[MTayeTai'
;

Pax 1067) p. 217. See also Hesych. 6d\ao~aav fitarpi/Sovros , o ev%fpS)S VTTO
Kal

dvefj-ov

ev6ev Xeyerni 6iis

Kovcpos

a booby]
(Schol.
(ed.

cf.

Ar.

Pax 1067

Keir(poi
B.

Tprjpuves:

avdpwTros Kerrfpos (i. e. Id. Plut. 912 S) Kerrcpe

K7T(p(odeis,

KaXemu
j

de KOIVWS \dpos,

gull).

Hence

Prov.

vii.

22

LXX)

cf.

Cic. Att. 13. 40.

KEPAr*!'
to

KopavT),

Hesych.

Cf.

Lye. 1317.
in

avTOK\rjTov Kfpatda applied

Medea.

KE'PBEPOI.
cf. s. v.

Mentioned as a bird-name
Xae&o's.

Anton. Lib., Met.

c.

xix;

KEAEOZ
KE'PGIOI.
S. v.

KH=

79
Vide

Perhaps the Tree Creeper, Certhia famih'aris, L.

KwiroXoyos.

Arist.

devdpn, Kal
\ap.7rpdv.

H. A. ix. 17, 616 b opvidiov p.iKpov' TO eon tipiirotydyos, TTJV 8e dtdvoiav

p,ei>

rjOos

Opavvsj KOI

otm

nepl

ev/Sioroy, Kal ri}v (pavfjv e^ti

The passage

tion of KepQios suggests the

contains several birds difficult to identify. Tree Creeper, with which

The
it

descrip-

is

usually

identified (Belon, Sundevall, &c.), but

wnroXoyos

is

and the above

synonym.
KE'PKAEtVpa|,
*cpe

description

is

not enough to

certainly the Creeper, reveal an indubitable

Hesych.
Hesych.
f

KEPKA'r

r6 Zpveov,
s.

KEPKIGAAI'Z,
KEPKI'ZKEPKl'flN.

KpKi0a\Xis

epw&icfc,

Hesych.

cidos opvfov,

Hesych.
discussion

(For

of possible

Sk. roots, see

Temple,

infra cit).

An
;

Ael. xvi. 3
to

is

Indian talking bird. the size of a starling, particoloured,

impatient of captivity, and gets
it

docile,
its

and learns
eVeiSj)

speak

it

is

name

Kal avros Siacret'ercu rbv oppov, a>s TTOIOVVTCLI ol K/ycXoi.

.In spite of

these

two discrepant statements,

is

possible that Aelian refers to the

Common Mynah,
1882, p. 291
p.
;

religiosa, or allied species,

tristis, the Talking Mynah, Gracula Hind, sarak or shdrak Temple, Ind. Antiq. Val. Ball, ib. 1885, p. 305; cf. Lassen, Ind. Alterth. iii.

Acridotheres

321 (1858).
tipag,
f,

KE'PKNOI-

a\fKrpvo>v,

Hesych.

KEPKOPQ'NOI.
Ael. xv. 14.

An

Indian bird, probably identical with

KE'PKOI'

aXeKrpua)!/,

Hesych.

KEPXNH'I.
KH'AAI.

Vide
Cf.

s.v.

toptilus

Hind. Hargela. An Indian bird; the Adjutant, LepSee Val. Ball, Ind. Antiq. xiv. p. 305, 1885. argala, L.
1

Ael. xvi. 4 To p-fjfdos TpiTrXdaiov cort'Sos , KOI TO o~Top.a yevvctiov dtivwS) Kal p.aKpa rci crKeXr;. (frcpet de TOV Trprjyopeava Kal fKelvov p.cyto~Tov, Trpocrc/u0ep)) KcopvKGj), <p6eyp.a 8e

e^t

Kal p.d\a any^es, Kal TTJV p.V a\\rjv TTTtXoxrtV

eort Tempos, Tas de TTTepvyas aKpas co^po? eVri.

KH'=.

An unknown
KT|U|.

sea-bird.
KdiKa,

Probably the same word as

KCIKO,

icaiiag,

In Hesych. 479 avT\a>

probably for
TTCO-OVO-'

K^KU.
KTJ^.

Od.

XV.

d' cv8ovTrr)0-

as dvahir)

Cf. Schol. opvfov

80

A GLOSSARY OF GREEK BIRDS

(contimied}.
e

KH=
Cf.

6aXdo-aiov napaTrXrjaiov ^fXi8dj/i' evioi

Xdpov avrov Xeyovcriv,

ol 8e

aWviav.

Hesych. KTJ' 6 \dpos /caret 'Anrtcoi/a. Xeyerai 8e Kal Kavrjf-, aWviav d7rodi86ao-iv' ol 8e KfTTfpov' ol 8e Si'Xfiepovra dXXqXooj/.
KaTappdKTTjs), which does not occur, save

rives <al

Usually identified with the Gannet, Sula bassana, L. (vide

s. v.

by the

rarest chance, in

Among other more than dubious hypotheses, Netolicka (Naturh. aus Homer, p. 14), with whom Buchholz, Korner, and others agree, suggests the Great Crested Grebe, Podiceps cristatus, L., whose
Greece.
cry
is

keck, keck.
s.

(Cf. s.v. KTJU|.)

KHPY'AOI,

KrjpvXos, s. KfipvXos
s.

(Ar. Av. 300),

s.

KrjpvXXos (Eustath.

ad

Horn.),

doubtful, perhaps foreign, word, KipvXos (Hesych.). sometimes applied to the Halcyon, sometimes compared with it. Sundevall's identification of KrjpvXos with a second species which

occurs in Greece, Alcedo (Ceryle] rudis, the Smyrna Kingfisher, is quite untenable, the poetical and mythical use of both KrjpvXos

and d\Kvwv being opposed to so concrete an interpretation. The suggested connexion with Lat. coeruleus (O. Keller, Lat.
Etym., 1893,
p. 15) is in equal
S;;,

degree improbable.
eirjv,
|

Alcman, 12
dXiirop<f>upis.

(20) /3aXe
|

/3aXe KrjpvXos

os

T'

eVi

KV/JLO.TOS

avdos
Cf.

a/n'

a\Kv6v((T<ri irorrjTai

vrjXees r}rop e^tov d\tn6p<pvpos eiapos opvis.

S.

v.

viii. 3,

iii. 41 ovSe roa-ov yXavKols cvl KVfj.a(ri KrjpvXos qSev. Arist. H. A. 593 b Trtpl rrjv QaXarrav KO\ aXwow Kal KrjpvXos. Ael. v. 48 a\Kvova Kal KrjpvXov nodovvras dXXfjXotv TrdXai 'icrp.fv. Ib. vii. 17 KrjpvXos

Mosch.

6(jLa>vvp.oi

Kal auft^toi, Kal

7rl

nfpidyov&iv

TG>v

y^pa yf Trapeipevovs avrovs emfle/Jifvai al KaXov p.fva>v p.(o~o7TTepvyi<i)v. Cf. Antig. H. Mirab.
is

23

(27),

where

KrjpvXos

said to be the male kingfisher;

cf.
I

also

also Hesych. KtpvXos' apcrr/i/ opvis o~vi>ov(Tiao~TiK6s, rives 8e d\Kvova Tzetzes ad Lye. 387 Schol. Ar. Av., Schol. Theocr. vii. 57 Eustath. ad Horn. II. i. 558. In Clearch. ap. Athen. x. 332 E, numbered among
; ;

TOiy opvidas rovs 7rapev8iao~ras KaXovp-evovs, with rpo^iXoy and 6 rfj KpeKi Mentioned also by Archilochus, fr. 121 ap. Ael. npoo-ep.(pfpf)s epcoSioy.
xii.

9 Kiy<Xos

Ktvel 8e Kal

ra ovpala Trrepa, wcnrepovv 6 Trapa

rco

'Ap^iXo^a)

KrjpvXos.

In Ar. Av. 299, usually written KeipvXos, as

s. v.

if

from

Ket'peo.

Cf. infra

o-TTopytXos.

The names and

;

attributes of KrjpvXos are undoubtedly akin to those of

and it is interesting to note that, according to HesyKfipis or Ciris chius, the name Ktlpis applies either to a hawk or to the Halcyon. I would place the legend of aXwav and KrjpvXos side by side with the
astronomic parable of Haliaetus and
Ciris.

Vide

s.

vv. dXideros,

KH=
KH'V'E.

KITKAOI

81

(See also

s.

vv. icaua,

iclji.)

sea-bird.

Babr. cxv. 2 Xapoi? re ral Krjvj-iv elirfv erypaHrrai?. Apollod. 28, ad Lucian. i. 178 said by Schol. to be the male aXKv&>i>, and identical with
;

KrjpvXos.

In Dion.

De

Avib.

ii.

7,

applied rather to the female O.\KVUV'

8'

el

TOV appeva Te\evTr)<rai

Kal

Kal TTOTOV TTUVTOS eVl TTO\V crvpjSati}, fiopas an-e^o/ifi/ai

SiafpOeipovrai, Kal
fi7roi)(rai

Tag (o8as

ft

Karcnravfiv jueXXoief, K'/V

(riyworiv.

K.TJVKOS de (ptovrjs /n^r'

<rr]p,aivei

ey^?

LtI
/

77

"'

"XXov

aKovo-ai TIS' (ppovridas

s.v. 'H/ifpw/a

yap

Kal reXeuras

Kal dvarvx^p-nra.

birds,

^wa (whatever that may mean) mentions KrjVKes On the fable of Ceyx, together with a\Kvovfs and droves. Ceyx comes into Alcyone, &c., see Ovid. Met. xi. 269, &c., &c.
;

Suidas, as sea-

relation with
c.

xxvi

Hercules and the Argonautic legends in Anton. Lib. and the Hesiodic myth of Ceyx and Cycnus is of the same

order.

We

may,

think, rest assured that

Kr)v

was not

originally

a concrete and specific bird-name, but a mystical term associated with

the Halcyon-myth
(cf. s. v.

lojpuXos).
KO'^XOS-.

Kl'rKAOI.

(MSS. of Arist. have Kiyx^os, KIX^OS,

Other forms

are KeyK\os, KiyKaXos Suid., KiyK\ts,

Etym. Mag.)

Cf. Sk. can-cala,

mobile (Burnouf, Diet. 237).

Wagtail, Motacilla

sp.

Suidas, also called ici'XXoupos

Arist.

According to Hesychius, Photius, and and aeicroiruyis (q. v.).

593 b mentioned among the smaller aquatic birds Truyapyos is less than the latter, which is as large as a thrush. Travres S' OVTOI TO ovpalov KIVOIKTIV. Ib. ix. 12, 615 Trepl rfjv Oakarrav /3ioi. TO f)Qo$ rravovpyos Kal dv&drjpaTOS) OTav Se XrjCpdfj, TtQao~o~6viii. 3,

H. A.

with

axomXos and

TaTos.

Tvyxdvei

8'

&v

Kal dvdnrjpos'

a/cpar^ff

[cf.

De

Gen.

ii.

99] yap

rail/

OTTl(r&V fO~TlV.

Ael.
fj.r)de

xii.

TTTTJVOV eVrt do-Qeves TO. KaToniv,

Kal dia TOITO (pao-i

fj.r)

Idia

Ka6* cavTov dvvdptvov UVTOV vfOTTiuv (rv/uTrXelai, eV TO.LS aXXwj/ oe TIKTCLV' fvdev TOI Kal TOVS TTTW^OV? KryxXous Ka\ovv at TO>V dypoiKcov TTapoipiai (cf.

Menand.Thais4,ap. Suid. and Phot. (4.132, Meineke)Ki'yKXot>

Kivel df TO.
S'

Trrw^oTtpos).
1.

ovpaui TTTepd.

Cf. Aristoph. in Antiar. (2. 955) ap. Ael.

c. oo-<pi>v

eg aKpav, 8iaKiyK\io~ov TJVTC KiyK\ov.

1.

Autocr. in

Tympan.

(2.

891) ap.

Ael.

. . oia Cf. also Theogn. KtyK\os aXXcrat. also verb /ayKX/o>, Theogn. 303, npoo-Kiy1257 KiyK\os rro\vn\dyKTos K\iop,ai, Theocr. v. 117 ; also KiyXo/3arai/ pvOpov Aristoph. fr. 6 (2. 997)

C.

oia rraiovo-i -napOtvoi

:

ap. Ael. 1. c. Vide Hesych. /ay/cXo?, opveov TTVKVMS TTJV ovpav KIVOVV' ov Kal TO KiyK\Leiv, o ean Siao-ei'ecr&u* TLVCS de o-[e]i(ro7ruyiSa.

acp*

seems, because vxoiviXos

Sundevall takes KiyK\os to be a Sandpiper, Tringa sp., chiefly, as it is doubtless a name for the Wagtail, Motacilla.
I

But

movement

prefer to believe that KiyK\os is also a Wagtail, firstly because the is much more characteristic and noticeable in that bird than

in the Sandpiper, secondly

because of the statement as to

its size,

and

82
KITKAOI

A GLOSSARY OF GREEK BIRDS

(continued}.

The statement thirdly because of its asserted tameness in captivity. in Aelian, about the nest (also ap. Phile, 492), may perhaps be
all

explained by the fact that, according to Kriiper, the Wagtails in Greece leave the plains in summer to breed, resorting to the hills, or in the
case of

M. melanocephala
it

to the salt-marshes

and lagoons.
&c., are

At the
influ-

same time
KirKPA'MAIKl'KIPPOI,
s.

is

evident that allusions to

Kiy/cXoy,

much

enced by notions and superstitions connected with the bird iuy.

Spveov,

Hesych.

Cf. Ku'xpajJios.

KIKKOS,

and

KIKKTJ.

Cock and Hen, Hesych.

Hesych.

Cf.

Mod.

Gk.

KOKKopas,

KIKKA'BH.
Call.
fr.

Also
318.

Kucu|3os, KiKujStjl's, KIKUJAOS, KITUJJUS,

KIKUJJLIS.

An

Owl.

Perhaps connected also with Lat. cicuma (Festus).

;

KvpivSis, s.

Schol.

ad Ar. Av. 262

sub voce
u

KiKKaftav.

Tas yXavKas ourw

KiK\r)orK.ov<ri

\eyovcriv' oBtv KOI KiKKafBas extras Xeyovoui/, 01 5e Ki/cu/it'Sa?, oas

"/capr' dyadfj KIKU/ZIJ," KOI "OfjLrjpos Se

^aXfaSa

Beoi"

K.r.X.

Cf. KovKovftayia,

and

KOVKKOS, the

modern Athenian popular names

for

y\ai>.

Vide

s.v.

KOKKopdpT].

KIKYMHTZ"

yXav^, Hesych.

Also

ib. KiTUjJtii'a'

yXaC/ca

qy. KiKUfxiSa.

Cf. KIKKCI|3TJ.

KIAI'AI'

<rrpov66s aparjv,

Hesych.

Kl'AAOYPOI.

A
527.

Wagtail.

With

KiXX-ovpoy,
cf.

cf.

L. mota-cilla,
viii.

and

perhaps
Fick,
i.

Kiy-K\-os.

On
S.

the root,

Benfey's Zeitschr.

1892.

Vide

vv. iciyicXos, o-eiaoiruyts, aeiaoupa.

KINAI'AION.

name

for iuy, Hesych., Phot.

ii.

Cf.

Dion.

De

Avib.

i.

23, Schol. in Theocr.

17.

KINAA^OI'-

fyvca,

Hesych.
Also
ifiwa/noXdyor,

KINNA'MnMON ''OPNEON.
Solin. (33) 46.

Plin.

X.

(33)

50;

cf.

of flesh which Herod, iii. 1 1 1 ; might break down by their weight the nests to which the birds carried them, and in which the cinnamon was found. In Arist. H. A. ix. 13, 616, a variation of the same story, the nests being brought down with Cf. Ael. ii. 34, xvii. 21 Antig. H. Mirab. c. 49 weighted arrows. Plin. xii. (19) 42 Phile De Pr. An. 28 (27) Sindbad the Sailor, &c.
;

The fabled Cinnamon Bird. how the Arab merchants left pieces

et

Sometimes confused with the Phoenix; cf. Claud. Epist. ii. 15 Venit extremo Phoenix longaevus ab Euro, Apportans unco cinnama
;

rara pede

Ovid, Met. xv. 399

Stat. Silv.

ii.

6. 87.

KlfKAOI
KINNYPl'AEI'
TO.

KIPKOI
(Perhaps akin to

83
Kti>vpop,ai.)

fJUKpa opviddpia,

Hesych.

KINY'TIAOr
Kl'PlI*

xapaSpid?,
opveov,

Hesych.
r)

very doubtful word.

\i>xvos,

*A.do)Vis

AaKuves, Hesych.

Also

Kippis' etSos

lepaKos.
Se, 6

o/zoiW 8e Xe-yerai Trapa Kvrrpiois Kippis 6 "Adavis, napa AaKaxri

These referCf. Kvpis, 6 "AScom, Hesych. \vxos, Et. M. ences are important in connexion with the solar symbolism
underlying the stones of Ciris,
Ciris-myth,
s. v. <ippis (s. Kippis),

KrjpvXos,

&c.

cf.

the version of the

ii.

Dion.
;

De

Avib.

14.

Kl'PKH.

A
iv.

poetic or mystical bird-name

different from,

and

hostile

tO, KlpKOS.

Ael.

aeiprjv,

/ifXiWqs ovopa, rrpos

KipKrjv

expo's.

KipKrj

8e frpos
Cf.

KipKov, ov r<$ yevei povov, dXXa xai

ib. iv. 58.

rfj (pvcrei

dicxpepovra Trefpapao-Oov.

Kl'PKOI.

the sacred poetic and mystical name for a Hawk of Apollo ; in the main an astronomical, perhaps solar, emblem. In Mod. Gk. KipKivefr is said to be a name for the
:

Hawk

Kestrel (Heldr.), vide

s.

v.

KYxpVsopvis, 'ATroXXwi/oy

In Homer, the bird of Apollo, 8fibs

ra^vs ayycXos,

an emblem of swiftness, eXa^pdraros- TrerfT/j/oov, II. xxii. 139, cf. Apoll. Rh. ii. 935, Opp. Cyn. i. 282 xiii. 87 nipKos ravafjan usually as an enemy of the Dove, II. xxii. Tivaa-a-ofjifvos irrepvyeuviv 140 (cf. iprjg, xxi. 493), Od. xv. 526, cf. Apoll. Rh. i. 1049 TJVTC KipKovs
Od. Od.
xv. 525
;

j;

eo/cvTrcTa?

ayeXrjdov diroTpeaaaxri rreXeiai

ib.
II.

to ^ap, KoXoto?, usually, as in

TTfXeiaScov

and other small

birds,

543? S^ 1 ) lv * 4&6 I hostile xvii. 757. Frequent in Aesch.,

iii.
;

Homer, an enemy of the Dove

T>V Ofj-onTepav
(^)d/3w,

Suppl. 223 eV/x6y

tos

te(r$e, KipKoav

Pr.

V. 857

Ki'pccoi

TreXeiaii'

*Ena<pos)

ov naKpav XeXei/z/zeVoi (note in this passage the association with Egyptian mentioned in connexion with the Tereus-myth, as metamor;
fr.

phosing with eVo^,

(paivovTi diaird\\i

32, ap. Arist.

\

H. A.
:

ix.

49 b

CTTOX^

...

6s

rjpi

p.ev

nrepov

Kipnov XcTrdpyou
;

eagle, TrpoV eoxdpav ^oi^ou, Pers. 205

Arist.

cf.

as a portent, pursuing an Suppl. 60 OTTO ras Trjpetas

ib. ix. I.

prjTidos oiKrpas dXd^ov, fctp/cj/Xdrov T' drjdovos.

H. A.

ix.

36,
cf.

620 rpiros TWV

IcpaKatv [r<3 Kpdret];

609 b

dXo>7r/a

Ael. v. 48, Phile, 704, Wotton, De Diff. Anim. 7roXejutos, vii, 143, &c. In Plin. x. 8 circos occurs as an alternative reading for aegithus\ cf. circus as the name of a gem, similis accipitri, Piin.
xxxvii. 10.

Mentioned as

hostile to the
fj.(v

Dove

also in Ael.

iii.

46, v. 50 at 8

Trepi-

(TTfpal Trpos aercov

:

K\ayyr)V Kal yvir&v flappov&i, KipKcoz/ de KOI dXtaera)^ OVKCTI to rpvy&v and to Kopa)vrj, ib. vi. 45 ; to KIPKTJ, ib. iv. 5> 5^ 5 anc^ to mice, Batrach. 49. it places chicory (niKpis) in its nest as

How

a charm, Ael.

i.

35, Phile, 722, or wild lettuce, aypia dpidaKivrj,

Geopon.

84
KIPKOI
xv.
i.

A GLOSSARY OF GREEK BIRDS

(continued}.
19,

with which

it

salves

its

eyes, Anatol. p. 297

,

(cf.

iepa)

and

is

killed

by pomegranate-seed (poias o-idrjv Konelo-av) Ael. vi. 46, Phile,637Used by fowlers, Opp. Cyn. i. 64 CLVTOIS eVi dpvpa o-iW/iTropo? ea-nero

Kip/cor.

The bird is not identifiable as a separate species, and is so recognized by Scaliger and others. Neither the brief note as to its size in a corrupt passage of the ninth book of the History of Animals, nor
the

mystical references to

its

Aristotle, Aelian,

and

Phile,

alleged hostilities and attributes in are sufficient to prove that the name

indicated
poetical,

at

any time a certain particular

is

and

The word is species. chiefly used in relation to TreXeta, or with reference

to Apollo. The attempts on the part of commentators to assign KipKos to a particular species are all based on the epithet Xerrapyos. Thus

Sundevall suggests the

Hen

which the male

is

blueish-grey

Harrier or Ringtail, Circus cyaneus, of while Belon and others of the older
:

naturalists, followed

by Camus, assigned the name to the Moor Buzzard or Marsh Harrier, C. aeruginosus, which is only white beneath the tail. But the meaning of \tirapyos is in reality unknown it will not bear using, nor is it likely to have been used, as a specific or diagnostic
;

Cf. s.v. Truyapyog. chief allusions to KtpKos are obviously mystical, though the underlying symbolism, involving also the symbolic meanings of the

epithet.

The

Hoopoe, the Dove, the Crow, the Fox, the Pomegranate, &c., is not In this connexion, the passage in Opp. Cyn. iii. 293-339 is important and suggestive, but I refrain from putting forward a tentative hypothesis as to its meaning we have here enumerated five kinds of XUKOI, of which the first is ro^eur^p or ovd6s, the next three are and the last Orjpevei eiri 7rra>Keoro-ti/ opoucof, i.e. is Kipicog, xpiVeo?, IKTIVO?, Xayaxpovos (the last two are called axixoccg, q. v.) of these five names the last four are all also names or epithets of hawks.
decipherable.
; ;

Kl'PYAOI, Hesych., for

Kl'ZIA,
s.

iceipuXog, KTjpuXos.

Ki-n-a,

also Keto-o-a (Hesych.).

The

Jay, Garrulus glancf.

Mod. Gk. KiWa (Heldr.); forms. dialectic Perhaps one of many

darms, L.

Ital.

the

Gazza, in its many bird-names

connected with
cf.

(v. Edl., p. 52); Edlinger connects See also s.v. O. H. G. heh-aro, Germ. Haher, the Nutcracker.
rt.

kak,

to

cry,

quasi ktk-ja

Sk.

kikt,

a Jackdaw,

with

which

Von

Ar. Av. 302, 1297; with ed. ^vpaicovo-ios. Arist.H. A. viii. 3, 592 b Plin. x. persecuted by eXeor and alya>\io$. (Cf. De Gen. iv. 6, 774 b 79 [60].) Arist. H. A. ix. 13, 615 b, 6l6 (jxovas /iera/3aXXei ir\fi<rrus (K(I(?
;

ens

elnelv rj^fpav aXX^j/ d<pirjai)' TiKTfi de irep\ evvea wa, Troietrat

KIPKOI
KIIIA
de
(continued}.

KIXAH

85

makes a Store of veoTTtav eVi rwv 8fv8pa>v K rpi\S)V Kal epiow acorns, orav 8' vrro\t7ra)(nv at fiaXavoi, dnoKpimTovora ra^teverat. Ib. ix. 2O, 617 a, is the size of to/3opo?, the Missel-Thrush.
TTJV
:

Its garrulity:

Alexid. Thras.

(3,

420 Mein.)

XaXi<rrepai/ ov /array,
'.

ovTf rpvy6va\ Lye. 1319 rfjv \d\r)6pov Kicra-av vi. 19, Plut. De Sol. Anim. p. 973 C, Dion. Ael. faculty,
drjdov

oiV

and

imitative
i.

De

Avib.

18,

Plin. x. 42 (59),
it

is

Porph. De Abst. iii. 4; hence Kio-o-a/3io>, caught with a springe and bait of olive, Dion.
in frr. Antiph. 3. 145,

Poll. v. 90.

How
iii.

De
185,

Avib.

8.
3.

Mentioned also

Anaxand.

3.

Mnesim.

570 (Meineke). According to Nicand. ap. Anton. Lib. c. 9, one of the Emathides, daughters of Pierus, was metamorphosed into the bird /a'o-0-a Mart. Ep. xiv. 76 Pers. Prol. Plin. x. 33. cf. Ovid, Met. v. 294, 663 Sundevall supposes the Magpie (which is very much rarer in Greece than the Jay) to have been meant, but the description tallies much
; ;

In Italian, gazza, che'ca, cecca, pica, &c., apply both to the Magpie and to the Jay, as very possibly Kicraa also did in Greek. Pliny (x. 29) gives an accurate account of the Magpie,
describing
of
it

better with the Jay, which called KctpctKaga (Heldr.).

still

retains the

name.

The Magpie

is

now

as a variety of pica of recent advent to the neighbourhood

Rome.
Hesych.

KI'IIIPII, Suid., Kiaipias,

An unknown

bird.

KI'XAH.

Thrush

Dor. Kixfa (Ar. Nub. 339, Epicharm. in Athen. ii. 64 f (68)). the generic term including IXids s. IXXds, t|op6pos,
:

rpixas, q. v.

The
is

root

appears in

Russ.

kwickzol, a

thrush,
Cf.

with which ouzel

also "x^a, 'ioxXa.

perhaps cognate.

Mod. Gk. r^Xa.

Mentioned in Od. xxii. 468 Kt^Xai rawo-inrfpoi. Homer is said to have received a present of xt^Xat for reciting a certain poem, hence called 'Efl-tJuxXidre: Menaech. ap. Athen. ii. 65 b.
viii. 3, 593 b, ix. 22, 6l7b, is as large Ib. ix. 49 B. 632 b larger than fj-aXaKOKpavevs. 8e Kat ro TOV pev yap ^Lp.wvos ^apa, rov Se /^6Ta/3dXXei rj xpaijua* KI'^XTJ Oepovs TroiKiXa TO. nepl TOV av^eVa to-^ei' TYJV /xei/roi (pwrjv ovftev /Ltera-

Description.

Arist.

H. A.

as Trvyapyos,

and a

little

/3aXX.
the

This would suggest a confusion of species Cf. Ael. xii. 28. more variegated birds being Fieldfares and Redwings the latter
:

are said to occur in large flocks in Spring

alike

(v. d.

Miihle), though
to,

all

have departed by Summer.

rjSi6v ecrnv,
r)

Its
;

song alluded

Ar. Ach. 1116

noTfpov aKpides

Kt'^Xai

Ar. Pax 531, &C.

Builds in a spray of myrtle, 6a\\ov (jivppivrjs, or places one in the nest for a charm, Ael. i. 35, Phile, De An. 723, Geopon. xv. I, 19, Anatol. p. 298 A different account, Arist. H. A. cf. Fab. Aes. 194.
Nesting.
:

vi. I,

559 a * 8e

Kt'^Xai

veomav

p.ev noLovvrai, ucrirep al ^eXi8dj/ey IK.

rryXov

86
KIXAH
TT\

A GLOSSARY OF GREEK BIRDS

(continued}.

v^qXoTs T>V dfvdpav, (p^ijs Se TTOLOVO-LV a\\rj\ais Kai WOT* dvai 8ia TTJV <rvvexf<-av axnrep 6pfj,adov veoTTiatv. similar account, restricted to the variety t'XXay, Alex. Mynd. ap. Athen. ii. 65 a ^v /cat
rols

<rvvay\a<rTiKr)v elvai Kai veorrevfiv cos *at ray ^eXiSovas.

fare,

Note.

The

Field-

T. pilaws^ L., which breeds only in Northern Europe, is the Sundevall takes the above only Thrush which nests in colonies. passage (Arist. H. A. vi. i) to indicate that the Fieldfare formerly nested
at least in Macedonia. In Anth. Pal. ix. 373, Mackail 35 8) takes /a^Xr; to be either the Thrush or the Fieldfare, which latter however is a winter-migrant in Greece. (For other references

in

Greece or

(P-

to the Anthology, vide

least,

s.

v.

Koao-u<J>os.)

The Missel-Thrush

is,

now

at

the only species, except the Blackbird, which remains to breed in Greece or Asia Minor.

Migration.
x.

Arist.

H. A.

viii. 1 6,

600

$coXe?,

f.

e.

hibernates.

Cf. Plin.

Sed plumam non amittunt 24 (35) Abeunt et merulae turdique. nee occultantur visi saepe ibi quo hibernum pabulum petunt itaque
;

in

Germania hyeme maxime

Varieties.
Arist.

turdi cernuntur.

H. A.
S'

ix. 2O,

617 KIX^W
aXX'
77

etSq rptcT

f]

p.ev tgofiopos

[lo<pdyos Athen.]' avrr)

OVK

ea-diei

toi/ Kai prjrivTjv, TO de

^ytOos

oaov

KITTO. ecrTLV.
.

Tepa
S'
TJV

Tpi)(u.s'

avTr) S'

ov

(pOeyyeTdi, TO Se p.eye6os oanv

3X\rj

Kahovvi Tives IXiada

TJTTOV TroiKiXr).

[iXXaSa,
ii.

s.

rvXada, Athen.],

TC TOVTVV

/cat

Cf.

Athen.

65

a.
Ki'^Xai,

The Thrush
2,

as

Food: frequent
2,

in
;

Com.

Poets, OTTTOI
Ki

Pher.
2,

300
;

(i, 23),

Telecl.

362

(i, 12)

ava/3paaroi

X\ai, Pher.

316

(i, 10)

Kpea T opvLdcia KixnXav, Ar.

Nub.

339,
;

and elsewhere frequent;

Ki'xXai /xeXtTt fJL6fj.iyp.evat, Plat. Com. 2, 674 (2, 8) e\aio(pi\o(pdyovs Kixf)Xas, Cf. Athen. ii. pp. 64, 65, Epicharm. 281 L. ap. Athen. 1. c., &c. &c. Geopon. xiv. 24, Colum. De R. R.viii. 10, Varro, De R. R. iii. 5, Pallad. i. 26, Martial, Ep. xiii. 51, 92, Hor. Epist. i. 15, 41, Plin. x. 23 (30), &c. &c. Prescribed as a remedy for Pompey, and obtained from the aviaries of Lucullus hence the saying Et AOVKOV\\OS crpixpa, no/Lwnji'os
;

OVK av e^o-e, Plut.

518 F, 620 B, ii. 204 B, 786 A. Capture by traps and nets, nayibas Kai ve(p\as, Athen. ii. 64: cf. Dion. De Avib. iii. 13, Pallad. xiii. 6, &c.
i.

talking thrush, Plin.

x. (42) 59.
iii.

Proverb and Fable.

p.vp<nv(i)vi,

KaxpoTepos Ktx^s, Eubul.

22O

(5).

Aes. Fab. 194.

KAATroi.

An

alternative reading for irXdyyos, q. v.

Cf.

Lat. clangunt aquilae, Carm.

De

Philom., &c.

KAAAAPO'PYrXOI,
KAOIfTN.

i.

e.

clapper-bill.

name

for rpfyiXos, Ael.

xii.

15.

flSos opvcov,

Hesych.

Perhaps

for Ko\oi5>v.

KIXAH
KNIflOAOTOI.

KOKKYE

87

(MSS. have

also Kvi8o\os, KviooXoyos,

Creeper, Certhiafamiliaris, L. Vide s. v. H. A. viii. 3, 593 TO p-eyedos piKpbs oo~ov aKavdvXXis, rfjv 8e %poav e<m 8e Kat roCro vXoK07rov. <nro8oeif)s Kal KaraoriKroy' (pavel 8e piKpov. (Mentioned at the end of the list of Woodpeckers.) Gloger, Sundevall, Aubert u. Wimmer, and others, agree in the above identification. The word is used by Nicander, ap. Anton. Lib. c. 14, as an epithet
Arist.

The Tree

or

synonym

of mirw, q. v.

KOKKO'AE*

Kop&vr],

Hesych.

KOKKOBA'PH.

An Owl
the Little

= yXavg, Hesych.
:

Cf.

Kiicicd/Sir],

also

Mod. Gk.

and Calabr.

KovKovpayia,

meaning

Neap, cucuveggta, Alban. kukuvatzke, all also Mod. Gk. x ovX ovP lo"r s tne Owl, yXa
*i >

i. Owl, Sp. chucha vide O. Keller, Lat. Etym. 1893, p. Bikelas cites, from Wagner's Carm. Gr. Med. Aevi, the form

Tawny

KouKou^as.

Coray would read

for KOKKopdprj, KOKKojSorj,

and

for

KiKKaftrj (q. V.), KtKaj3oY].

KOKKOBO'AI "OPNII.
(Soph.
fr.

aXefcrpuwi/,

vapa

2o<poK\fi.

Eust.

1479, 44

900).

KOKK00PAY'ZTHr
KO'KKYH.

opms

TTOIOS,

Hesych.

Cf. Sk. kokilas, Lith. kukuti, O.

The Cuckoo,

Cuculus canorus, L.

H. G. gauh, Scot, gowk, &c. Mod. Gk. KOVKKOS.

te'pa, Arist.

Full Description and comparison with

Its Cry, freq.
;

H. A. vi.

7, 563, 564.

e. g.

Hes. Op.

et

D. 484

^p.os KOKKV

TTfToXoKn
I

TOTrpmrov TepTTfi re fipoTOVs

eV anflpova

yaiav

KOKKV&I dpvbs ev Ar. Av. 507, Ran.

1379, 1384.

Cf. Lyc. 395 KOKKvya Kopna^ovra fjia^avpas (rroftovs.

still

Note.
vide
rpar,
S. V.

KOKKvfciv is

more frequently used of the Crowing Cock

Ar. Ach. 598
e'^eipoTOi/T/o-ap
/ue

dXcKTpuwi'.

On
iv. c.

KOKKvyes ye

cf.

Bind. Thes.

1737 B, also L. and

Arist.
fj.ev,
1.

S., s. v.

KOKKU.

Nesting and Breeding.

ovdels ewpaKev'
6 de TLKrei

veorrovs de KOKKvyos \eyov<riv ebsaXX' ov Trou/cra/iei/oj veoTTidv. dXX' eVi'ore

C.
TO.

p.V

rrj
8'

TO>V

cXaTTOvow opvidcov fvriKTfi KdTa<pay(0v

rooi> (paj35>v

(pa

TO,

p,d\i(TTa
7T\(l(TTa

Iv TOLS

veoTTials
TTJ

TIKTCI 8' oXtyaKi? fiev 8uo,

f]

fKfivw, ra 5e
Kal

ev.

cvTiKrei 8e

KOI

TIJS

VTroXatSos i/eoTrta"

8'

fKircTrci

eKrpeCpei.

Id.

H. A.
TIKTCI

ix.

29,

6l8a
X a /xat

Kal ev VTroXaiSoff Kal Kopvdov

fJievrjs

SevSpov 8' ev rfj TTJS xXwpi'Sos xaXov'> orav av^dvrjrai 6 TOV KOKKvyos veorros, ol 8e Xeyov&iv a)S K/3aXXei ra avrrjs [rj Tpe(pov(ra] Kal anroXXui/rai OVTWS. Kal drroKTeivacra 17 rpefpovcra 8i'8a)(ri KaTafpayelv' Sta yap TO KaXov elvai TOV
VCOTTLU.
ev

TIKTCI /uaXtora p.i> fv rals

T>V (paftuv

MOV.

TOV KOKKvyos veoTTOv d7roSoKifJ.d(iv TO. avTrjs. Id. De Mirab. 3. 830 b TOVS KOKKvyas TOUV ev Ty 'EXi/c^ (?), ev rats veoTTiais T>V <paTTQ)v f) TQ>V Tpvyovov

88

A GLOSSARY OF GREEK BIRDS

(continued}.

KOKKYE
PI.
ii.

fVTLKreiv.

See also
Dion.

Arist.

De

Gen.
i.

iii. I,

750, Ael.

iii.

30,

18, 9,

De

Avib.

13,

Plin. x. (9) 26, Phile,

Theophr. Caus. De An. Pr.

564 veorrevei
559> KOKKV

xxiv.

A
yevns

species that builds

TI

its

own

nest

Arist.

H. A.

vi. 7,
I,

aiiT&v Troppco

Km

fv aTroro/iois Trerpcus.

[Ib. vi.

probably for

Korrvcpos].

The Cuckoo is said by Kriiper (p. 184) to lay in Greece chiefly in the nest of Sylvia orphea, and also of the species of Saxicola. Coccystes glandarius, the Great Spotted Cuckoo, which also occurs in Greece,
(Mod. Gk.

The repeated statement

originally to

Kpavos), lays in the nests of the Jackdaw, Magpie and Crow. that KOKKV^ lays in the nest of <pdrra or (pd^ is

a statement be of foreign origin and refer Oriental species a little light is perhaps thrown that in certain Chinese legends the circumstance the point by upon the Dove and the Cuckoo are confounded together: vide infra s. v.
inexplicable, unless such

some

ircpiorepd.

identifications of

This discrepancy deprives of all value the attempted t>7roXaiV, wihch are based on its being some bird in

whose nest the

S.

Common Cuckoo
H. A.
vi.

habitually lays

its

egg

see also

v.

irdmros.
Arist.
7,

Migration.
OepovS) TOV Se
Kal

563 b (paiWrai
Ib. IX.

eV

6\iyov \povov TOV

^fi/zcai/a d<pai>terai.

49 B, 633

/xera/3dXXei TO XP&>M a

8' VTTO Kvva, rfj fytovfj [ov] o-a(pr]vi(i, orav pe\\rj d(pavifcrdai' d(pai/ifrai Cf. Ael. (pavepbs de yiverat OTTO TOV eapos ap^a^-evos l*-*XP L Kvvos fViToX^s . Dion. iii. 30 oparai 6 KOKKV^ rjpos vnap^of^fvov els avaToXas Seipi'ou
1

De

Avib.

i.

13 irp&TOS TU>V Xonr&v TTTrjv&v

fjfjuv

TO cap dyycXXcoi/.

Cf. Plut. Arat.

Metamorphosis with the Hawk, Arist. H. A. vi. 7, 563 b, ix. 49 B, 633. xxx (i. 1041 C) KOI Kadd-rrep rep Koiwvyl (fyrjviv AUTOOTTOJ
e

teVa|

TOVS XfTTTOVS OpVlOdS, OTl <pl>yOlV dVTOV, LnLV tKflVOVg O)? eCTTdl Cf. also Tzetz. ad Lye. 395. (Acs. Fab. 198, ed. Halm).
s.

See also supra,

vv.

TTOI|/,

Kipicos.

Other Myths and Legends. How Jupiter, in the shape of a Cuckoo, sought Hera on Mount Thornax and how for this reason the cuckoo figures on Hera's sceptre, Pausan. ii. 17, 4: cf. Schol. ad Theocr. hence the mountain was called 6'poy KoKKvyiov, Pausan. ii. 36, i xv. 64 cf. Creuzer, Symb. iii. 248; cf. also the Teutonic Gauchsberg, Grimm,.
;

D. Myth.

p. 646,
its

&c.

propinquity to Sparta, and from the circumstance of the Cuckoo having come in a cloud, Creuzer (1. c.) conjectures an allusion to the same story in Ar. Av. 814; cf. also the weather prophecy in

From

Hesiod,

1.

c.

the Cuckoo was king over Egypt and Phoenicia, Ar. Av. 504. In these latter statements we have evidence of a confusion with the

How

KOKKYE- KOAOI02
KOKKYE
(continued}.
;

89

for the relations between the Hoopoe, vide s. vv. eiro\|f, KouKou<f>a Cuckoo and the Hoopoe, Der Kuckuk und sein Kiister, v. Grimm, 1. c.
(int. al.} Von Mannhardt, Myth. iii. pp. 209-298 Hardy, Pop. Hist, of the Cuckoo, Folk-lore Record, pt. ii Hopf, Orakelthiere, p. 152.

On

the mythology of the Cuckoo, see also

f.

Zeitsch.

d.

How
Cuckoo

the Atnphisbaena, alone

is

among

serpents, appears before the

Plin. xxx.
in

heard,

i.e.

in early spring,

remedy
Arist.

for fleas,

Plin. I.e.;

a Cuckoo

(10) 25; a magic a hare-skin, a remedy for

sleeplessness, Plin. xxx. (15)

48; the Cuckoo as food,

Plin. x. 9

cf.

H. A.

vi. 7,
s.

564 (spurious passage).

v.

KO'AAPII.

Vide
s.

KOAAYPl'fiN,
Arist.

Ko/ttAA/eoi',
ix.

Hesych.
a
size

An

undetermined
ra>

bird.
. .

H. A.

23,

6l/b ra
Is of

aura eV$/

Korru^w

dXiVKerai Se

Kara

^eijuwi/a /ndXtara.

with KOTTV<pos,

TrapfiaXos, p.a\a.KOKpai>vs,

handed down
in

Belon's unsupported hypothesis of the Shrike (Observ. in the modern scientific name of Lanius

ii.

98)

is

collurio.

by Camus, ii. p. 238, says (Hist. Des Ois. ii. p. 70) that Mod. Gk. the Shrike is called xoXXuptW there is no recent evidence of this. Gloger suggests with more probability, Turdus
Buffon, quoted
;

L., the Fieldfare,

a.

KOAOIO'I,

The Jackdaw. Corvus

KoXotoy, KaXoiciKovda.
'.

monedula, L. Root very doubtful.

[opi>eoi/]

Mod. Gk.

Hesych. KoXoidV
(TKooTres'j p-i/epai

oti

ra^a

oparat tv 'AAeai>pei'a

also, KoXoiot'

nopwvai.

II. xvi. 583 ; xvii. 755 fyapwv ve<pos ep^erai ^e KoXoi&v, ov\ov K(K\r)yovTS. In regard to the Jackdaw's cry, cf. Pind. N. 3, 143 (78) KoXoiol xpayerat
\

Antip. Sid. 47 KoAoicov Kpoo-y/uds the verb KoAoiaa), Poll. v. 89.

J. Poll. vi.

13 KO\OIOVS K\a>fiv

hence

Frequent in Aristophanes
1020, &c.
Arist.
ii.

Av. passim, Ach. 875, Vesp. 129, Eq.

ix. 24, 617 b 6i5j/ rpia* KopaKias, XUKOS, j3a>fj,oXox S q. v. 5^9 T ^ Trpo? Trjv KoiXiav relvov f\(i evpv KOL TrXaru. Its claws are weaker than those of 8pvoKo\dnrr]s ib. ix. 9, 614 (here Schneider,
5

H. A.

Ib.

17?

followed by Sundevall, would read for KoXoieov, Ko\iS>v

s. KeXeoiv).

De

Gen.

iii.

6,

756 b

f)

Tols pvy^ari els a\\rj\a Koivavia d>j\ov eVi ratv ndao'evo-

How
into

the Jackdaw, a victim to sociality,

is

caught with a dish of

;

oil,

Ael. iv. 30, which, looking at his own reflection, he falls Athen. ix. 393 b, Dion. De Avib. iii. 19. Caught also with springes

baited with an olive, Dion.

ib.

iii.

18.

weather-prophet,

of

KoXotot e*

T&V

vr\<j&v

Trero/ueixn

rols yeapyois

90
KOAOIOI
(rrj(j.flov

A GLOSSARY OF GREEK BIRDS

(continued}.

avxnov

/cat

acpopt'us etVtV, Arist. fr. 240, 1522.

/cat

dye\r)8a

IpfjKfO'cnv
/cat

opolov

sign of rain, Ph. Arat. 965 cf. ib. <p$eydp.epot,

5

Kopat; Se av Kopavrj

KoXoibs deiXrjs ox/nay

ft

(pOeyyoLVTO
/cat

^ftjwcoi'os
TTJ}

ai TWO. eViS^/Miay 8i8d<TKOV(Ti' /coXotoi de

fj.ev

iepaK.iovTS }

7reTop.tvoi
vii.

7j Arat. 1023, 1026 Ovid, Amor. ii. 6, 34 pluviae graculus auctor aquae ; Lucret. v. 1082. In augury, frequent. Ar. Av. 50 x<u KO\OIOS ovroo-l ava> K^vfv : cf.
aVwTepo)
nrj

de Kara>repa>, Kpvfj.ov

/cat

verov drjXovai, Arist. ap. Ael.

;

cf.

Theophr.

De

Sign.

vi. I

W. H. Thompson's

note on Plat. Phaed. 249 D.

How

the Jackdaws, destroying the grasshoppers' eggs, are cherished

Illyrians,

by the Thessalians,

and Lemnians,

Ael.

iii.

12, Plin. xi. 29.

the Veneti bribe the Jackdaws to spare their crops, and how the Daws respect the compact, Ael. xvii. 16, Antig. Hist. Mir. 173 (189), Arist. De Mirab. ii. 9, 841 b. On the construction of scare-crows, cf.

How

Geopon.

xiv. 25.
i.

Story of a Jackdaw enamoured of a certain youth, Ael.

6, xii. 37.

The Jackdaw
laurel as a

in medicine, Plin. xxix. (6) 36, xxx.

Plin. viii. 27.

(n) 30, &c.

xxxiii.

Uses

remedy,

Fables.
in

The Daws and

; ;

the
:

Husbandman, Babr.

The Daw

borrowed plumes, ib. Ixxii also KO\OIOS KOI y\avg, in Fab. Aes. ed. Halm, 200 Phaedr. i. 3 cf. Luc. Apol. 4 KoXotos aXXorpiois vrrepot? cryaXWai Hor. Ep. 1.3. 19, 2o moveat cornicula risum, Furtivis nudata coloribus. See also Aes. Fab. 201, 202, 398. Proverb. KO\OIOS irapa KO\OIOV idvei, Arist. Rhet. i. II, 1371 b cf.
:
;

Nic. Eth.
(3, 382).

viii. 2,

Of

Lucian, Fugit. 30 chatterers, TroXXot yap /utWi o-$e KaraKpa>^ov<n /coXotot, Ar.
Ko\oiS>v,

1155, &c.

KaK&v navdpiore

Eq. 1020.
KOAOIO'I,
p.

The

Little Cormorant.

Phalacrocorax pjygmaeus,

Bonap.; vide s. v. KaTappdic-nis. Arist. H. A. ix. 24, 617 b eon 8e /cat aXXo yevos /coXotcov irepl rf)V AvSiav Kal tyvy&nr, 6 areyavoTrovv eariv. Is friendly with Xapos (6 /caX. /coXotos),
Ael. v. 48.

Common
H. A.
,

Sundevall ingeniously suggests the above interpretation, the large or Cormorant, corvo marine,' being known as /cdpa (Arist.
'

viii. 3,

593 b).

&c.,
r|

is

Ar. Ach. 875 (883) vdWus, /coXotous, drrayas, (paXaquoted by Athen. ix. 395 E as a list of water-birds. Cf. s. v.

GaXdaaios.
aXe/crp^toi/,

KOAO|'<I>PYE' Tavaypalos

Hesych.

KOAOKTPYfli'N.
error in

In Hesych., supposed to be based on an ancient MS. Ravenn. of Ar. Ran. 935, for Kd\cKTpv6va.
KoXvrfos (Ar. Ach.), KoXu/ujSas (Athen. 395 ; especially a Grebe.
e,

KOAYMBI'I,

s.

Anton. Lib.).

A water-bird

KOAOIOZ

KOPAE

91

KOAYMBII

(continued}.

Mentioned Ar. Av. 304, Ach. 875, brought to market from Boeotia. among the water-birds in Arist. H. A. i. I, 487, viii. 3, 593 b; Alex.

Mynd.
o/up.ara,

in

pVTrapofjieXaiva rfjv

395 d 77 p.iKpa KoXv/u,/3is 7rai/ra>i> Aa^um} TO>V evvSpcov, XP oiav KOI TO pvyxos ov e^ei, {TKeVroi/ re (lect. dub.) ra ra Se TroXXckKaraSuerai. Dion. De Avib. ii. 12 roi? KoXvpfiois eo~T\v

Athen.

ix.

del TO vrj\0~6ai <piXoi>, KOI ovS' ay VTTVOV

K.r.A.
:

X *P lv
l

% Tpofprjs eVi

r>)i>

yrjv eX$oiep,

ib.

iii.

24, capture of KoXvpfiis at night, with net

and

lantern.

Alex. Mynd., so far as it is intelligible, is a good description of the Little Grebe or Dabchick, Podiceps minor, L., In which is a common resident in Greece (Mod. Gk. /SourqKrdpa).
Arist.

The above passage from

De

Part.

iv.

12

we

find a

minute account of the Grebe's

foot,

but

without a name.

According to Nicand. ap. Anton. Lib. c. ix, one of the Emathides, daughters of Pierus, was metamorphosed into the bird Ko\vp,pas.

KO'MBA*

Kopavrj, noXvpprjvioi,

Hesych. Hesych. It is possible that the word and that it may relate to the game

KONTl'AOI- ddos

opve'ov,

^ 6pri;,

may
of

be connected with

KoVros,

opTvyoKOTTta,

or quail-tapping.

KOPAKI'AI.

Also KopaKiKos (synonymous according to Hesych.).

Chough.

Pyrrhocorax

alpinus, the Alpine

;

graculus, the Cornish

more

rarely.

Chough Mod. Gk. KaXiaKovda

b.

Chough, and Fregilus both found in Greece, the latter

in Attica,
Kopuvo-n-ovXt

in

Laconia (Heldr.). Arist. H. A. ix. 24, 617

pvy%os.

sort of KO\OLOS'
6/

oa-ov Kopo>j>?7,

Hesych.

6 p.e\as KoAoio'y, KOI Kopaicivos

KO'PAE,

a.

The Raven. Corvus

:

corax, L. Cf. Sk. kar-dvas, L. cor-vus

Sw. krd-ka, O. N. hro-kr, A. S. hro-c, Eng. crow, rook, O. N. hra-fn, Eng. raven the same root in Kpo>, crepare, raucus, O. H. G.

Mod. Gk. Kopag, KopaKas, Kophruofan, Ger. rufen, Eng. croak. Dim. Ar. Kopag (Erh.). Kopaicii'os, Eq. 1053 ; KopaicurKOs, Gloss.
Not in Homer. Poet., frequent, with the idea of ravenous, carrionGk. Anthol. (Jac.) iv. 179 feeding, e.g. Aesch. Suppl. 751, Ag. 1473 Hence Prov. els KopaKas, Ar. ayKei/jiai p.ya delnvov ap.Tpo{3iois Kopa.Kecro~t.
;

Vesp. 51, 852, Nub. 123, 133, 789, Pax 500, 1221, Thesmoph. 1226, &c.,
Arist. fr. 454, 1552 b, Plut. also in the comic fragments.
ix.

415, Lucian, Alex. 46 (2, 552) frequent See also the long note of Photius cf. also
; ;

Antisthenes ap. D. L.
Xpeiaiy, els
:

1,4 Kpelrroj/ e'Xeye <add (prjaiv 'E/carcoj/ eV raty )i>Tas KopaKas f) els KoXaKas eKTrecretj/' 01 pev yap vcKpovs, of 8e cf. Pallad. 32, Gk. Anthol. iii. 121 p KOI X povov
vi.

92

A GLOSSARY OF GREEK BIRDS

(continued}.
ftceplfct,
J

KOPAH

XOITTOV T avTo Kopa

/Sco/ioXd^oy re

KoXa.

With

epithet

Eur. Andr. 862.

Anatomical particulars.
Xo\rjv irpbs TOIS evrepois.

Arist.

De

Part.

iv. I,

626 b TO pvyxos

e^ei

lo~xvpbv KOL 07cX7pdV, TOV oTOfia^ou TO

?rp6ff TTJV

Koi\iav Tiivov cvpv KOI nXarv,

Breeding.
TOIS pvyxevi

Arist.

De

Gen.

iii.

6,

756 b

f)

p.ev
eiori

o^eia oXiycm? oparai,

f)

Se

Kpbs aXXi;Xa

Koii/am'a TroXXafci?,

yap

Ttvey 01 Xeyovo-i
;

Kara

TO

Dion. De Avib. i. o-TO/ia p.iyvv<r6ai TOVS KopaKas, cf. Plin. x. (12) 15 9 ov piyvvvTat Tvplv TWO. TCUS drjXeiais (pdrjv axnrep yap.fj\iov TrepiKpd^ai. Pair for life, Athen. ix. 506. Lays four to five eggs, Arist. H. A. ix. 31, 618 b.

1.

Incubates twenty days and expels the fledglings, ib. C. Ael. iii. 43 Kopa 6 fjSrj yepav orav pfj $vvr}Tai
01
|

vi. 6,

563

b.

cf.

Piin.

rpefpeiv TOVS VCOTTOVS,

;

eavrbv avTOis Trporcivei Tpofprjv, Anim. Pr. vi.

Se fffBiawn TOV TraTepa

cf.

Phile,

De

Habits.

Mentioned among
23,

TO. KCITO. TrdXeiy

ii.

eico^oVa

paXiaTa

r)v,

Arist.

H. A.

ix.

617

b.

Is

a mimic, Ael.

51.

/SovXeTai 8e

TO>I>

fupeladai ras (rTayovas, ib. vi. 19. Arist. H. A. ix. 23, 6i7b.

ov n(Ta(3d\\ct TOVS TOTTOVS ov

How

the Ravens pick out sheeps' eyes, Ar.

Av. 582.

Myth and Legend.

Trepi
Tfjv

How
KOTTTOI/

there are never

in

more than two Ravens

;

at Krannon in Egypt, Ael. vii. 1 8 in Pedasia in Arist. De Plin. x. Mirab. b, Thessaly, 126, 842 (12) 15 In this last instance they inhabit Caria, Arist. De Mirab. 137, 844 b. the temple, and one has a white throat. Perhaps the nopals here were
Ka^ov/jLevrjv
;

priests or priestesses,

cf.

ir^Xeia.

See also

Arist.

H. A.

ix.

31.

the KopaKes or *opd/aa, as a grade in the Mithraic hierarchy, cf. Porphyr. De Abst. iv. 16, Hieronym. ad Laet. 7, Diodor. i. 62, Inscr.
Griiter. p. 1087. 4,
p. 253,

On

&c.

cf.

Montfaucon,

ii.

p. 377, Creuzer's

Symbolik

i.

Miinter ad Jul. Firmic. v. p. 20, &c. Creuzer (i. p. 431) correlates the Indian myth of Brahma appearing in one of his incarnations as a Raven, and compares in turn this latter story (ii. p. 655) with that
in

Herod,

iv. 15.

The Raven

of Odin

is,

perhaps, also cognate.

The Raven

as a messenger of Apollo.
TO> /ieV ap' a'yyeXoy

Hesiod,
^X$e
|

fr.

125 (142) ap.

OTTO SaiTOS
:
|

Schol. Pind. P. 48 (28)

Ko'pa

itprjs

IlvdS) es fjyadfrjv KCU p ecppao-fv epy

i.

didrjXa
cf.

$oi/3a> aKepo-Kop.r)

cf.

Ael.

47
i.

'ATrdXXtoi/off
;

Bepdrrav, with

which
Abst.

famulum
ii.

in

Cat. Ixvi. 57,

<S>oi'/3ou

and
Ael.
ales,

Ellis's note

see also Bianor iv in Gk. Anthol.

142

XaTpts:

47, 48,

vii. 18,

Porph.

De

iii.

5, Stat. Silv.

ii.

4 Phoebeius

&c.

Hence with the laurel-emblem, on

Stat.

Theb.

iii.

506 comes obscurus tripodum

Hence also coins of Delphi. Petron. Sat. c. 122

;

delphicus ales.

KOPAE

93

KOPAE (continued}. The legend of Coronis

(Paus. ii. 26, 6), mother of Aesculapius the raven sent for water by Apollo, and punished for dallying by the way hence the raven, alone of birds, does not bring water to its young
:

Dion.

De

Avib.

i.

9,

Phil.

De An.

Pr. vi

cf.

Callim.

fr.

nuper

edit.,

Gompertz, Mitth. a. d. Rainersammlung, 1893, Kenyon, Class. Rev. See further, Ael. i. 47; also Ovid, F. ii. 249, where 1893, p. 430. Corvus in the same story appears as a constellation according to Hyginus, Poet. Astron. c. xl, the raven waited to devour some ripening
;

figs, and the punishment of everlasting thirst is correlated with the juxtaposition of the constellations Corvus and Crater, which latter the Hydra guards (Ovid, F. ii. 243 Continuata loco tria sidera Corvus et

Anguis, Et medius Crater inter utrumque iacet). Hence Prov. *o/:;a In the version of the same story in Ovid, Met. vdpevfi, Hesych., Suid.
ii,

the raven was originally white

(v.

536)

Nam

fuit

haec quondam niveis

;

a worldargentea pennis Ales, ut aequaret totas sine labe columbas wide legend cf. Hygin. Fab. 202, Cower, Conf. Amant. iii, &c.
:

On

the

name Coronis
and

in

connexion with Moon-symbolism,

i.

cf.

Pott

in Lazarus

Steintheil's Zeitschr., xiv. p. 18, 1883.

It is skilled in

Cic. Divin.
i, 12,
i.

i.

39, Ovid,
iii.

augury, Ael. Met.

Hor. Car.

cf. Aes. Fab. 212, Plin. x. (12), 15, ; 534, Plaut. Aulul. iv. 3, i, Id. Asin. ii. 17, Stat. Theb. iii. 506, Petron. Sat. 122, Valer. Max.

48

ii.

c. 4,

Festus, 197,

c.

ravens conducted Alexander to the Temple of Jupiter Ammon, and subsequently gave warning of his death, Plut. V. Alex. c. 27.

How

How the ravens flocked to Delphi, and despoiled the gifts of the Athenians, before the Sicilian disaster, Pausan. x. 15, 5. How ravens guided the Boeotians to the site of a new city, Photius,
s. v.

es Kopaicas.
all

How

the ravens departed from Athens

the defeat of

Medius

at Pharsalus, Arist. ix. 31,

and the Peloponnese on 618 b cf. Plin. x. 15

:

see Schneider in loc., and 82, and Strab. xi. p. 591.

to in Ar.

ad Xen. Hellen.

ii.

3, 4,

further Diodor. xiv.

to

Some

similar incident
p.[j,vT]fj.evos

seems

be alluded
(rot
|

Eq. 1052 dXX'

lepaKa <pi\et }

tv (ppeaiV) 6s

Tjfycrye

crvvdrjoas AaKfdaifjioviav KopaKivovs.

How

in

Egypt the ravens beg of those

rrjv

sailing

by
its

denied, cut the cordage, Ael. ii. 48. cf. Phile, 727. Detests Ael. i. 35
:

Places liyvov in
evfapov

in boats, and if nest as a charm,

TTOUV, Phile,

De An.

670,

or

va>fJLOV (nrepfjui)

Ael.

vi.

46.

Is hostile to iKrlios, alaraXav,

ovos, Arist.

H. A.

Phile, 690.
Bl.,

ix. I, 609 b, Ael. v. 48, Phile, 388, 705, and to raven and an ass together on a coin of Mindaon, Imh.

and Kell., p. 32, pi. 24 (the constellation Corvus set shortly after Cancer, with which latter the Ass is associated). The hare detests the voice of the raven, Ael. xiii. 1 1 (and the constellation Lepus sets soon

94
KOPAE
(continued}.

A GLOSSARY OF GREEK BIRDS

The raven is friendly after the rising of Corvus, as does also Taurus). to the fox, Arist. H. A. ix. I, 609 b. The raven's eggs dye the hair and the teeth black, Ael. i. 48, Phile, De An. vi, Plin. xxix. (6) 34. The
raven in medicine, Plin. xxix. (4) 13, &c. After killing a chameleon, the raven uses a leaf of laurel as an antidote to the reptile's venom,
Plin. viii. (27) 41.

For an account of the various Raven-myths discussed

in

connexion

with the astronomic symbolism of the constellation Corvus, see Hygin. Poet. Astron. xl, Fab. ccii, German, c. xl, Eratosthen. c. xli, Theon.
p. 151, Vitruv. ix. 7,
p.

Ovid.

1.

c.,

Dupuis, Orig. de tous les

cultes, vi.

457,&c.

A "Weather-prophet. A prophet
1

of storm

Arat. 963-969 89 TTOTC Kal

yeveal KOpaKav Kal <pv\a /coXoian/ vdaros ep%ofjLvoio Aio?

(paivopevoi dye\T]8a Kal iprjKfao'iv o/zola
(3apcirj
|

ndpa
.

(rrjfji

eyevovro,

(p0ydp,voi

17

TTOTC KOI

Kpo)avr
I

SicrcraKi (pwvfj

fjuiKpbv vi.
I,

eVtppoie{)(ri Ttvaacropevoi Trrcpa TTVKVO,

cf.

Theophr.
paivfi'

De

Sign.

l6 *opa

TroXXas- /iera/3dXXfii/

<B0obff

(puvds,
<rr)-

TOVTOJV eav ra^i/ 8ty (pOey^rjTai. Kal

KOI edv verav OVTWV

7nppoir)(TT] Kal rivd^rj

ra Trrepa vdu>p

no\\ds

/xerajSaXXj; <pa>vas Kal edv (pdeipifrrai

r,^

eV
vii.

e'Xaiay'

KOI edv re evStas fdv re vdaros ovros /zi/i^rai

o-rjfjialvti

(pavfj

olov

ffTaXaypovs v8a>p

(vide Aratus,

1.

c.), cf. ib. c.

Arist. ap. Ael.

avraSy

7 ra^ecoff KOI eVirpox 009 <p^eyyo/xei/os KCU Kpovav rds TTTepvyas Kal Kpornv on ^ftjucov earai Kareyvo) rrpaiTos. Kopa 8e au Kal Kopavr) Kal KO\OIOS
o^fias fl

8e[\r)s

(pdeyyoivTO, %fip.covo$ e&e&dai

ii.

nva

7ri8r)p,iav

8i8darKov(ri

Plut. Sol.
fair

Anim.

129 A, Nic. Ther. 406 and Schol, &c.

ddpoa KK\r)ya>Ts
:

sign of
div\

weather: Arat. 1003

avrap
eireira p.ey

Kal KopaKes povvovfjifv' fpypaloi (Booavrfs

\

rrXciorepot, dye\r)8bv eTrrjV KO'LTOIO

cit. vi. 4, 13,

(pavfjs e/n7rXeioi

cf.

Theophr. op.

Q. Smyrn.

xii.

513,

Geopon.

i.

2,

6;

i.

3, 8,
is

Plin. xviii. 87, Virg.

G.
is

the Georgics, the allusion

case, though

evidently to rooks, as
;

In 382, 410. perhaps also the

i.
'

more
'

doubtfully, in Aratus

cf.

W. W.

Fowler,

Year

with the Birds

Varieties.

(3rd ed.), p. 234.

:

White ravens, Arist. H. A. iii. 12, 519 cf. De Color. Cod. Rhod. Lect. Antiq. xvii. i i though \evKos Kopag = xi. 417 (Jac. iv. 130) Anth. an unheard-of Pal. thing, niger, cygnus
6,

799 b

TI

7retpaeiff

\*VKOV Idelv KopaKa

see also Photius,

(3,

s. v.

cs

Athen. 359 E; Lucian, Epigr. 9

Trrrjvds re ^eXcoj/as
|

689) Qarrov

crjv

\CVKOVS

(vpelv
vii.

Nub. 133
According

Juv. Sat.
to

Boios and

doKtpbv pyropa KamradoKrjv ; cf. Schol. in Ar. KCU KVKVOS, Acs. 206. 202. Cf. fable of *opa Simmias, ap. Anton. Lib. c. xx, Lycias, son
rj

of Cleinis, was metamorphosed into a white Raven. The ravens in Egypt are smaller than in Greece, Arist. H. A. viii. 28, 606.

a fabulous variety, Lucian, Ver.

Hist.

i.

16.

Kopa

KOPAE KOPAE
in

KOPYAAAOZ

95

(continued}.
a,

Athen. 353

and *opa

wKrepivos in Lucian Asin. 12

(ii.

581), for

yuKTiKopaS, q.v.

On

talking Ravens, Porph.

De

Abst.

iii.

4, Plin. x. (43) 60,

&c.

Fable of the pitcher and the stones, Bianor iv, in Gk. Fox and Crow, Babr. 77, Aes. (ed. Anthol. ii. 142 Ael. ii. 48, vii. 7. Halm), 204 cf. Hor. Sat. ii. 5, 56. The Sick Raven, Babr. 78, Aes. 208 TLS T(ov 6eS>v, TCKVOV, <raxrf i, TWOS yiip VTTO (TOV /3&>/z6y ov% <jv\r)6r) Daw and Raven, Aes. 201. Raven and Serpent, Aes. 207: cf. Gk.
Fables.
;
:
|

Anthol.

ii.

97.

Raven
cf.

(VTTO rrayiSos Kparrjdeis)

Prov. KaKov KopaKos

ed. Leutsch
:

KCIKOV woV, Ael.

iii.

43

and Hermes, Aes. Paroem. Gr. ii.

;

205.
p.

466,

W. H. Thompson's

Phaedrus,

p. 132.

KO'PAE. p. A Cormorant, Phalacrocorax carlo, L., and P. graculus, L. Mod. Gk. KaXirfaKov.
Arist.

H. A.

viii. 3,
TO.

593 b

6 Ka\ovfj.evos Kopa

earl TO

p,ev

peyeOos olov

TreXapyo?, 7r\r)v

o~Ke\rj e^et

eXarrca, cTTeyavoTrovs de nal veuoriKoy, TO 8e

XpMfMi /AeXas.
TtoV TOIOVTWV.

Ka6iei de OVTOS eVi T>V Sevdpav Koi veoTTfvei evTavQa p.6vos

The Cormorant appears in various Italian dialects as cormoran^ coruo marin, corvastro, &c., the Little Cormorant (vide s. v. KoXoiog) as corvo marin piccolo, and in Venetia, corveto marin, i. e. Sea-Jackdaw
(Giglioli).

The corvus aquaticus

apud Graecos nomen
the phalacrocorax,
KO'PA<t>OI.
icopvcpos,

of Plin.

est inde),

ib. x. (48)

xi. (37) 47, mentioned as bald (quibus and therefore presumably identical with 68, must have been a different bird.

An unknown
whence

bird,

Hesych.

According to Schn.,

for

fxeXayicopu^os.

KO'PGIAOI-

opvts ov rives fiaviXio-Kov,

opvis,

Hesych.

Cf. rp6)(iXos.

KO'PKOPA'

Hepymot, Hesych.
K<5pu8o,
s.

KOPY'AAAOI.
&c.,
vii.

KopuSos, Plato, Euthyd., Ar. Av. 302, 472,

iv. 131, Arist. H. A. &c., Theocr. Galen, &c. ; icopuSaXX^, Epich. 25

Anaxandrides ap. Athen.

141, Plut.
;

De

Is.,

&c.,

Ahr.

KopuSaXXts, Simon. 68
s.

KopuSaXis, Phile,

De

An. Pr. 683

fr.

KopuSaXXos,

KopuSdXos, Theocr. x. 50, Babr. 88, Eubul.

ap.

Phryn., Arist. H. A. ix. 15; icopuSwy, Arist. H. A. ix. i, 609, cf. Schol. ad Ar. Av. 303 ; ic6pu6os, Hesych. (a doubtful word, defined as tls T>V rpo^tXa)!/ cf. KopuOwy), &c. cf. Lob. Phryn.
:

338

Rutherford,

New

Phryn.
6rj\vKS)s

p.

426.

On

the
6

gender,
5e

cf.

Schol. ad Ar. Av. 472

eip^Ke Triv

KopfSoV,

(Euthyd. 291

D)

TOVS

96

A GLOSSARY OF GREEK BIRDS

(continued).
Kopus).

KOPYAAAOI

Lark (from
(Belon), and
Description.

Mod. Gk.

KopvSaXoy,

<rKOp8aXor,

in Santorini o-Kovptav\6s (Bikelas) qy. o--Kovpt[S]auXo?.

Arist.

H. A.

ix. 13,

615 b

fj

^Xcopi's-

cariv f)\iKov Kopvftos

ix.

49 B, 633 b cniyfios, KOVHTTIKOS (i. e. bathes in the sand, like a hen) viii. 16, 600 a <po>Xei: vi. i, 559 run-ci eV 777 777, like the quail and the partridge ix, 8, 614 a eVi SeVSpou ov KaOi&i d\X' eVt r^s- y^s ix. 29, 6i8a
:
:
:

the cuckoo lays in its nest, which is placed on the ground, cf. Ael. iii. 30. Is caught with bird-lime, Dion. De Avib. iii. 2, or by help of the owl, ib. iii. 17. The crest referred to proverbially, Simon, fr. 68.
(Plut. ii. 91 E, 809 A, V. Timol. xxxvii, 253 E) irdo-aiaiv Kopv8a\\io-iv XP*1 \6(pov eyy'ivecrdai. Arist. mentions neither the singing nor the soaring of the lark ; but Theocr. vii. 141 has aeiSoi/ KopuSoi KOI oKavOidtt, and
x.

50 eyeipopevq) Kopv8a\\a>, surgente corydalo. The lark's song was apparently not appreciated cf. Alciphr. Epist. 48 ov eyo> r/?? d
:

<pa)vr]S

eveKa opdSiS Kopv86v

ct

[s.

opdoKopvo'ov] Ka\flo-dui irpos

:

f)fjiS)V

Epigr.

KVKVCO dvvarai KopvSus irapaTrXrja-iov adeiv

and proverbs

cited

by

Schneider

in Arist. vol. iv. p. 128.

Varieties.
\6<poi>

Arist.
^*

H. A.
fTepa

ix.

25,

617 b 8vo

yevrj,

f)

pev erepa errlyeios Kal

ex ovfra ) ^
jjLOiov
TJ7

dy\aia
is

Kal ov (nropas aHnrep eKeivr], TO p.evTOi

if^ei,

repa e^outra, ro 5e p.fyedos ZXarrov' Kal \6<pov OVK

first

the Crested Lark, Alaitda cristata, L., a permanent resident in Greece; the other is the Common Lark, Alauda arvensis, L., a winter migrant (v.d. Miihle, p. 36, Lindermayer,
Se.

The

species

p. 49).

Both species receive the name KopuSaXds

Arist.

in

Mod. Gk. (Erhard).

I, $1X01 <rxoivia>v KOI KOpV&OS KOI Xl/SuOff KOL K\OS. ix. I, 609 b 6 TTe'XXo? TToXf/iei KOpvdti), TO, Ib. 609 TroXe/uia TrotfiXi'Sey Kat KopvSwves Kal yap o>a avrov /cXfTrret. Kal f also to a/cai/#vXXi's, Phile, 683, Ael. iv. 5. vs. Hostile x^>P TTiVpa Uses the "grass aypvarris as an amulet or protection, Ael. i. 35, as

Myth and Legend.

H. A.

ix.

610

does
Koirr]

the

Hoopoe,

Phile,

724;
725.
;

whence
Geopon.
Is
cf.

the
xv.
i,

proverb
19.

eV

Kopv8ov

o-KoXif)

KeKpvnraL

ayp&o-Tis,

Uses, in like

manner, oak-leaves,
(77rep/u,<m,

Phile,

killed

Phile, 662, Ael. vi. 46

59, 796.

by mustard-seed, vdnvos Galen, Theriac. i. 9, 943, &c.,

Diosc.

ii.

How

the lark led an Attic colony to Corone in

Messenia, and how Apollo, under the and cured diseases there, Paus. iv. 34, 8.

name

Ko'puSo?,

How

the

had a temple Lemnians honoured

the larks, ra rtoi/ arTeXa/3a>i> fvpio~KovTa$ &>a Kal Korrrovras, Plut. ii. 380 F. The story of the Lark and his Father, Aesop ap. Ar. Av. 471
irdvTwv TTpWTrjv opviOa yevecrdai, TTporepav rrjs yr/s, Acaxreira voo~q) TOV avrtjs d7rodi>f)<TKfiv' yrjv d' OVK (ivai, TOV 8e TrpoKfladai 7rfp.7TT<uov' Trjv S* dnopovcrav
UTT'

dprjxavias TOV Trnrep* avTijs ev

Tfj Ke<pa\fj

KaTopv^ai.
(Ael.

The same
N. A.
xvi. 5)

story told in great detail of the

Hoopoe,

eVov^

'iv SIKOS

KOPYAAAOI KOPYAAAOI
(continued}.

KOPflNH

97

with the statement that the Greeks probably transferred the legend to the lark vide s.v. eiroij/. The legend, which probably includes a solar myth,
;

very obscure. Connected with it is probably the epithet e7riTu/i/3i'Stoi KopvdaXXidesj Theocr. vii. 27, but the line in Babrius Ixxii. 20 KopvdaXkbs
is

ovv rdcpois naifav

and

eTrox//-

Alauda
alauda.

is

is spurious and unreliable (W. G. R.). The Kopvdos (both crested birds) are frequently confused the very word possibly an Eastern word for the Hoopoe, Arab, al hudhud.
:

Cf. Plin. xi.

37 galerita appellata quondam, postea gallico

(?)

vocabulo

Associated with the

name

Philoclees, Ar. Av. 1295.

The

superficial

resemblance between KopvdaXos and the

"ApTffiis KopvQaXia (Athen. iv. 139)

name of may help to explain"Apre/iiy 'AKaXavdis

c. 7,

and the other

similar epithets in Ar. Av. 870-877.

fabled metamorphosis, Boios ap. Anton. Lib.

is

where Hippo-

dameia

transformed into a lark,

KopvSaXos
els Trdyrjv

6Yt eKopvcrcreTo Trpos ras ITTTTOV?.

(c.

Fables.
/cat

aXovs, Aes. 209

88).

55, F. 228).

KOpvdaXos

yccopyo'y, Ib.

2IO (F. 379, C. 421, B.

KOPYOft'N, also Kopui/6euV dXf/crputoi/, Hesych. with Kopu&wi/, s. v. KopuSaXos.

Very probably

identical

KOPYAAin'N-

opvtGos eldos,

Hesych.

Vide

s.

v. icoXXupia>i>.

The Crow, Corvus

cor one, L., including also the

Hooded

Mod. Gk. Kop&va (Erh.), Kovpovva (v. d. M.). Crow, C. comix, L. Sometimes the Rook, which only appears in Greece during the
winter,

and appears

onrepjULoXoyos.

On

to have received no special name vide s.v. the confusion in Latin between comix, corvus,
:

&c., v.

Wedgwood, Tr.
'

Philol. Soc.,

1854,

p.

107; also

W. W.

Fowler,
ILv\. IO.

Year with the Birds/

c. vii.

Dim.

Kopw^iSeus, Cratin.

First in Hes. Op. 747

;

M T0t

e(peop.evr) Kpu>rj \ctKepvfa Kopavrj

;

cf.

Ar.

Av. 609 Apoll. Rhod. iii. 928 Arat. 950. Described as frequenting cities, Arist. H. A. ix. 23, 617 b, not a migrant, ib. (cf. Fab. Aes. 415). No bigger in Egypt than in Greece, ib. viii. 28, 606 alimentary canal as in the Raven, ib. ii. 17, 504 frequent the sea;

shore, to feed on jettisoned carcases, being omnivorous, ib. viii. 3, 593 b ; Archil. 44, ap. Athen. 594 O-VKYJ Trerpair) 7ro\\as jBoaKovo-a Kopwvas (? rooks).

Breeding habits.

Arist.

De

Gen.

iv. 6,

774b

TLKrovatv

a'reXr/ /cat

rv(p\d.
avru)v

H. A.
/cat

VI. 8,

564

eVspa^bt'O'i

de ai 6rj\eiai povai, Kai 8iaT(\ov(riv

en

ovcrai dia Travros' rpffpovcri 8'

auras

ol

appeves Kop,iovTes

rr]v rpocprjv
/cat

avrais
Treroafifec-

airi^ovrfs

ib. 6,

563 b

eVrt

rtra xpovov eTTt/zeXelrat*

On

their

monogamous

habits,

yap ijdrj mutual

98

A GLOSSARY OF GREEK BIRDS

(continued}.

KOPHNH
tion
iii.

and constancy, whence

ctt.}.

their invocation at weddings, vide Ael.

9 (infra

Def.
cf.

Myth and Legend. Its proverbial longevity. Hes. ii. p. 415 C Ivvfa rot iwei yeveas XuKepua K.op<avr),
Ar. Av. 609, Arat. 1023 cvvedveipa Kopcwr)
(?
:

in Plut.
\

De

Orac.
:

dv8pa>v
iii.

?7/3a>i>ra>j/

Opp. Cyn.

evra re (pv\a TToKvfaoi

TToXtat Kopwvai
:

7roXuKpa>oi) re Kop&vai.

117 aicrdCf. also Ar. Av. 967

oVaTrX^o-a?, lived
/3i'oi/

crows' lives

Babr. Fab. 46, 9 Kopavrjv devrcpav Automed. ix (Gk. Anthol. ii. 193)
iii.

two
:

<uotre

Kopavrjs
:

s ravaov eXdfpov xpovov f]e Kopavijs Com. t f Anon. 4, 680 (Meineke) inrep raj Kopvva? /3e/3ia>K<k, &c. See also Plin. vii. 48, Horat. Car. iii. 17, 16 annosa cornix Martial, x. 67 cornicibus

Lucill. xcvii (ib.

49)

ei /ieV

omnibus superstes, Auson. Id. xviii.

c.

Lucret.

v.

1083, Juv.

x.

247, Ovid,

Amor.

ii.

6, 36.

I,

Is hostile to yd\r), y\av, op^tXo?, 609,610: to aKav6v\\is, Ael. iv. 5

7rpeo-/3vy, rvrcavos,
:

Arist.

H. A.

ix.

to deros

and

KipKos, Ael. xv.

22;

The War of the Owls and friendly to epcoSws, Arist. 1, c., Ael. v. 48. Crows, Ael. iii. 9, V. 48 exrfi de fj y\avg eariv avrfj TroXe/Aior, KOI vvKrcap cnijBovXevd rols tools Trjs Kopavys, f) be fj.c& fjfjLepav Klvr)v ravro Spa retro,
etdiua %X flv T *) v
Cf. Jataka, p. 270 ; o^nv TfjV y\avKa TrjviKavra dadevrj. De Gubern. Zool. Myth., &c. Vide 1882, p. 87; s. v. yXau^ for a discussion of the moon-symbolism of the latter bird, and compare the Chinese expression of the Golden Crow and the

Ind.

Antiq.,

Jewelled Hare to signify the Sun and Moon. The same legend may account for Athene's supposed enmity to the Crow, cf. Ovid, Amor. ii. 6, 35 cornix invisa Minervae.

725

Uses dpi<TTp)v as a charm, Ael. i. 35 also pa/m/of, and Trepia-repeuva TOV VTTTIOV, Geopon. XV. 1,19.
; ;

Phile,

De Am.

Pr.

weather-prophet

of storm, Theophr. Sign.

vi.

3,
:

Kp<ar)

KOI rpirov ^et/if'pia

o^juaiw

Kal o\^e qdovora

|

39 lav ra^u Arat. IOO2

8ls Koi

ff<rvxa TroiKiXXouovz [s. KcoriXXoucra,

Lob.]

&py

ev fcnrepir) Kpo>yp.ov TroKvfpojva

:

Kopuvrj

ib.

IO22

/cat

241, I522b, ap. Ael.

17,
13,

cf. Arist. vvxrtpov de[()ov<ra evvedvcipa Kopavr) vii. 7, Plut. ii. 674 B, Virg. G. i. 388, Hor. C.
\

fr.
iii.

Lucan v. 556; a sign of fair weather, Theophr. vi. 4, 53 KOI ea>@v fvdvs lav Kpdrj rpi'?, evdiav orq/zati/ei, KOI ecrnfpas ^ft/ucows Souo-a cf. Ael. 1. c., Virg. G. i. 410, Geopon. i. 2, 6, &c.
:

a crow's

portended when the fig-leaves are shaped like 410 E. The Crow in augury, seldom mentioned in Greek, save in Ar. Aves see also Ael. iii. 9, where a solitary crow is mentioned as an evil omen

bad summer

is

foot, Plut.

ii.

according to Porph.
of crows.

De

Abst.

iii.

4,

A
i.

crow on the left-hand

ii.

the Arabs understood the language is unlucky, Virg. Eel. ix. 15, Cic.
;

De

Div.

39, Plaut. Asin.

i,

12,

&c.

cf.

Hopf, Orakelthiere,

p. 115.

According

to Bent, Cyclades, 1885, p. 394, the inhabitants of Anti-

KOPflNH

99

KOPQNH

(continued}.

paros are called Kovpovvai by their neighbours in Paros, the reason assigned being that if the former see a crow on the south side of

they are in terror. a crow never enters the Acropolis at Athens, Arist. fr. 324, I532b, Ael. v. 8, Apollon. viii, Plin. x. (12) 14. (This statement is
tree,

How

some modern travellers, cf. Dr. Chandler, Trav. in Greece, and may have a foundation in fact, due simply to the height of the hill.) How a crow in Egypt used to cany messages for King Marres, and was honoured with a sepulchre, Ael. vi. 7. How a crow
believed by
c. xi. p.

54

dies

if it falls in

with the leavings of a wolf's dinner

(!),

Ael.

vi.

46, Phile,

671.

a brazen crow was found in the foundation of Coronea, Paus. iv. 34, 5. How the crows showed the grave of Hesiod, Paus. ix. 38, 3. How the young crow leaves the egg feet first, Dion. De Avib. i. 10.
heart eaten, to secure prophetic powers, Porph.

How

The
It

De

Abst.

ii.

48

(cf.

was invoked
p.Ta TO
eirl

at

weddings, Ael.
Koputvrjv

iii.

9 OKOUO) Se TOVS naXai Kal Iv rots

ydfjLOis

vp.eva.iov rrjV

KO\~IV, o-vvdrjp,a opovoias TOVTO rots

)

avviovo'LV

Kopwvas

Cf. Horap. i. 9 ydp.ov de dr]\ovvres dvo Atywmot] regarding which statement, see Lauth, Sitzungsber. Bayer. Akad. 1876, p. 79. Cf. also Horap. i. 8 r6i>"Apea KOI
TraidoTToiiq didovTff.

<Bypa(pot;(n [01

Trjv^AcppodiTrjvypd^ovTes, dvo Kopwvas faypacpovaiv, <$ avdpa KOI yvvalKa,

errel

roOro TO
ycvvrjo"?],

q>ov dvo <wa yevvq, a<p' a>v cippev Kal 6rj\v

onfp

o~7raviti)S

yiVerai, dvo dpo~viK.dj

r)

yvvao~dai Set. eVeiSai/ 6e dvo 6rj\VKa^ ra dpcreviKa ras

jj-rjv f)

6rj\fias yafjLTjo-avra ov /Jiiayerai eVepa Kopwvrj, ov8e

,

QrjXeia erepa KOpwvrj

fj.ia

aXXa

p-ova

ra airo^vyevTa 6iareXet.
&)?

dib Kal

Kopavy o~vvavfpa>'

Tai ol ai>6pa)7TOi,
TOiavrrjs avrcov 6/j.ovoias
Kopij Kopwvrj'
ix.

x riP
'

^ OVTl
1

o~vvr)VTr)KOTcs

rf]S

de

X^P LV P^XP 1 vvv

\eyovo-iv dyvoovvres.

"EXX^ycy ev rdls ydpois' eKKOpi, Cf. the Delphic oracle ap. Pausan.

37,

en//-'

rj\6es yeverjv dt^rj^fvoS) oXX'

en

KOI vvv
\

i<jToftor[i

yepovri

verjv

Trort/SaXXe Kopwvrjv.

eKKopi, Kopi, Kopuvrj, or (Prov.) xo'pe, eV/fo'pei are quite obscure (cf. Herm. Opusc. ii. 227, Leemans in Horap. p. 156, various commentators on Pind. P. iii. 19, &c.). They are prob( ably part of a Crow-song,' and very likely involve a corruption of foreign words (which word includes the article) is said to be
Kopdovrjv
:

The much-discussed words

TTJKOpI

Coptic for a Crow or Daw. Various uses of cKKopew, fcoxojplgbpai, &c., are perhaps involved in the same corruption cf. also the word-play on Koprj, Kouposy &c., in the Crow-song next referred to.
;

On
viii.

the Crow-song,
lda

Kopcuiuo-fxa,

and

its

singers, Kopoworai, see Athen.

iap.{3oTroiov
S.

359
a>s

de 3?oiviK.a rrjv
rfj

KoXo(pa>i/ioi/
(cf.

p.vr]p,ovevovTa

nvu>v

dvdpvv
raCra'

dyeipovTMV

Kopavy

Hesych.

V. ropawtOTOu), Kal

Xeyovmv

'Eo-^\ot

Kopco^ ^eipa

Trpoo-dore Kpiflav, Trj naidl roD 'ATroXXcovoy,

wv, K.r.X.

Ilgen, Poet. Gr.

Mendicorum

Spec., in Opusc.

100
KOPflNH

A GLOSSARY OF GREEK BIRDS

(continued}.
i.

Var. Phil.,
s.v.

p.

169

Fauriel,

Chants de

la Gr.

Mod.,

i.

p. cix.

See also

6 ^ 1 ^"-

Frequent in Fable, e.g. Kopowrj KOI nopat- (the prophesy), Fab. ACS. 2O2 Kopcovr/ *A0r)vq duovo-a,
;

Crow
ib.

that could not

xeXia>i> KOI

213.

KopavTj, ib. 416.

Proverb
cf.

Kop^vrj o-KopTriov [fjpnacre'].

Anth. Pal.

xii.

92, Hesych., Suid.,

Ael.

vii. 7,
C

Zenob.

iv.

60, p. 101.

KOPft'NH KOPfl'NH

H AAYAI'AI.

The Nightingale

vide

s. v.

dYjSui'.

H OAAA'IIIOI. Od. V. 66 Tavvy\(i)O'o~oi

Ib. xii. 418, xiv.
fJL<popOVTO.

An
re

undetermined sea-bird.
\

Kopwvai
ol

eivaXiai,

rfjaiv

re

$aXacr<ria

epya
\

fifp.rj'hfv.

308

5e Kopavyo-iv txeXoi Trepi vrja peXatvav

K.VfJ.aO~lV

Arrian. Peripl. c. 21 Xapoi *ai aWviai KOL KopS>vai al da\d(rcriai TO 7r\r)Qo$ ov pradfttyrot* ovrot of opvides Oepanevova-iv roO *A^iXXea)y roi/ veoov. fc
6<rr)p.fpai

Karate roi/roi es
av
*7

TTJV 6d\a(T<Tav'

eirfira OTTO Tijs 6a\d(T(Trjs

fJLCVOt TO. TTTfpO. (TTTOV^fj

(T7rTOVTai fS TOV ^COJ/, KOI paivOVCTt TOV V0)V.

Arat. Progn. 95

7TOV

Ka

'

XaKepv^a
|

Trap' rfiovi

7rpov%ovcrr]

TTOU /cai noTap.oio e/Sa^aro /xe^pi Trap' ^f ep^o/iefou ^ep(r< VTrerv^e Kopooi/^, aKpovs &ILOVS fK Kf<paXf)y, ^ <at /iaXa Traora KoXu/z/3a, 77 TroXXj) arpe(perat
|

Trap' vdcop na^ea.

Ke(pa\f)v

opftpovs
fjv

Geopon. i. 3, 7 Kf*' KOpd>vr) eV' atyiaXoi) r^i/ WKTOS o-fpo&porepov Kpa>ovara, 7TO" a vrlXP* vr)i K( 8iaj3px ovo a Theophr. Sign. vi. I, l6 Kopcovrj eVt TreVpa? Kopvarao7rpoiJ.r)vvi Kipa KaTaxXv^fi. vdap (rrjfjLaivet' Kal *coXu/i/3a)(ra TroXXa/ciy
Kpw^ovaa
'

cf.

*l

*i-

These passages, with which compare Arist. H. A. viii. 3, 593 b, and Ael. xv. 22, denote a different bird altogether from fcopeov?/, evidently a swimming and diving bird, and not merely one frequenting the seashore as the Carrion Crow and Hooded Crow do. It is neither a Xapo? nor an aWuia (Arrian, 1. c.) though identified with them by the Scholiast
in
It

Od.

v.

66, with

whom
name

cf.

Hesych. Kop&vaC aXiai aWvuu,

KoXv/t/3i'Sfy.
|3)
:

may be

another

for the

Cormorant (vide

s. v.

Kopa,

but

it is

not safely identifiable.

It is apparently such passages which are imitated in Virg. G. i. 388 Turn cornix plena pluviam vocat improba voce, Et sola in sicca secum

spatiatur arena;

cf. Claud. De Bell. Gild. 492 Heu nimium segnes, cauta qui mente notatis, Si revolant mergi, graditur si littore cornix. It is at least pretty Cf. however the weather-prophecies s. v. KoXoios.

clear that in such passages the Latin poets they had read than of what they had seen.

were thinking more of what

KO'IKIKOI, KOTtKas, KOTTOS, KOTTuXos.

KOCTKIKOL'
ol

The Common Fowl.

KOTIKCIS'

Hesych.
opvis.

KaToiKiftioi

opvdes.

dXeVnwp.

KOTTOS'

KorruXoi* KaroLKidiai opvds.

KOPHNH
KOZKIKOI
(continued}.

KOIIY4>OI

IO1

These obscure words do not occur elsewhere.

connected with
/cat

KOTTOS
s.

is

said to be
:

KOTTIS, for

a crest or top-knot,
CTTI
rfj
1

cf.

Hesych.
\6(pov

v. -irpoKorra

01

d\KTpvoves KOTTOI 8ia TOV

,

Ke(pa\f)

(cf.

supra,
I

S.

V.

For KOOVClKOy, KOTTUAOS cf. K.OO~(T(.\OS) KOO~O~V(pOS, KOTTVffOS KOTiKdS, K<XX(i)l>). on the other hand, suggests a corruption of KUTOIKUS. Cf. Lob. Proll. 327 Schmidt ad Hesych. 3758, 3790.
;

KO'IIY^OI,
Athen.

a.
ii.

Also

KO\|/IKOS,

650,

&c.

KO\|/UKOS,

Ar. Av. 306, 806, 1081 Suid.

Nicostr. ap.

The Blackbird, Turdus

KOTO-V(pl, KOT^KpOf.

merula, L.

Mod. Gk.

KoVo-v<pos, KoYcrtxpo?,

Description.
ix. 9,

Its size

compared with the Woodpecker,

617
;

Arist.
;

H. A.
KVO.VOS,
ib. 29,

614 b

with

\aios, ib. 19,

with rpi^a?,

ib. 20,

617

with

ib.

617.

21,617 with \J/-a'poff, ib. 26, 617 b. Dion. De Avib. i. 27 8uo 8' eVri
;

(poivucovv e^ei ro
yevij

pvyxs,
ol

/neXaver, ol 8e

Kr)p(j>
:

TO.

^- r} 7rpo" f tKores',

pev ndvrr] KOL TCOV tTepav fj,a\\ov rrpbs ras

ib.

KOQ-Q-V^V' KOI

<aSas fTTiTtjdeioi

this is plainly the sexual difference.

ix.

Migration, Arist. H.A. viii. 16, 600, (pcoXet. Change of plumage, 49 B, 632 b T>V S' opvewv TToXXa /^era/3aXXoua'i Kara ray &pa$ KOI TO
avdos' Kal rr]V (puvr]V 5
V p.ev

Kal rfjv (frwvfiv, olov 6 KOTTV(pos avT\ fj,e\avos

aXAotai/'

yap

TOO

$epei aSft, TOV de ^fi^covoff Trarayei KOL

Eustath. Hexaem. Qopvpvdes. Cf. Arist. fr. 273, I527b; Ael. xii. 28. wStKoO KpaKTiKos cf. also Clem. Alex. Paedag. x, Plin. x. 28 p. 30 e Merula ex nigra rufescit, canit aestate, hyeme balbutit, circa solstitium
:

mutat.

Song

referred to also, Ael.

\

vi.

19

Theocr. Ep.

iv.

10

clapivol

de \iyv(p86yyoi(riv aoio~als

Koao~v<poi d^eC(riv TroifctXorpavXa

v. 13,

jueXf/.

Nesting.
TOU

Arist.

H. A.

554

81$-

r/Krei 6 Koa-avfpos' TO. fiev ovv Trpair.i

dndvTWV, TOV

T'IKTZI TO>V opve^v cf. Dion. De Avib. i. 27. vaTfpov TOKOV fls re'Xoy eKrpe0 Arist. H. A. ix. 13, 616, builds a nest lined with hair and wool like xXwpi's-.

KO(r<Tv(f)ov VTTO ^fi^tan/off

8'

aTToXXvrai, Trpcoi'airara yap

:

White Blackbirds on
15,

Cyllene.

Arist.

H. A.

ix. 19,

617,

De

Mirab.
Steph.

831 b, Pausan.

viii.

17, 3, Sostrat. ap. Ael. v. 27, Plin. x. 30,

;

c. Byz. s. v. KuXAr^, albino blackbirds are

according to
still

Lindermayer (p. 30) white or remarkably common on Cyllene, but in

fable.

Aristotle the fact

is

mixed with
Dion.
in the
xXcopfl

Mode
IG>

of capture.
Ki'^X?/,

De

Avib.

iii.

13.

together with

Anthology; Rhian.
TrXarai/iVrw
|

vi

Frequently mentioned, (Gk. Anth. Jac. i. 231)

erypfvcrar,
'.

Aei(WKO?
\

VTTO

Koo~o-v<pov

elXe

Kara
ii.

TTTfpvyoav'

^a> p.ev dvao~TevdxG)v

eneKoxvev iepos opvis

|

Archias

xxiii (ib.

85)

fiiVo-ats <rvv Kt^Xaiiriy

:

vnep (ppaypolo 8ia)^^eiV

Koo-o-vcf)os rjepirjs

KoXnov

eov ve(p\r]s
iriova Ki^Xaj;

Antip. Sid.
a
|

/nia 8'

Ixii (ib. ii. 23) dia-adv eK /Spo^ifiwv a p.ev pia Paul. Sil. Ixxii (ib. iv. Imrfia Koao-vcfrov ctXe Traya
:

63) OpOplOS fVTT^CKTOlO \LVOV ve<pOei8l

K.6\7T(t>
|

e/LlTTCCTe (T\!V

Kl^Xjy KOO~O~V<pos

102
KOZZY4>OZ
Tjdvpoas.
fjviSe

A GLOSSARY OF GREEK BIRDS

(continued}.

Mentioned as a destructive
Kix^r)v Kat
K6<ro~v<pov,
Jj^iSe

bird,
|

Anon. 416

(ib.

iv.

206)

KCU

roVcrous

^apas, dpovpairjs ap-rrayas

evnopirjs.

Myth and Legend.

with rpvycov
:

Arist.
vi. 46.

H. A.

ix. i,

608

b, hostile to

*pe, friendly
cf.

cf.

Ael.

Is killed

by pomegranate,

Phile,

De

An.

Pr. 657.
|3.

KO'ZZY4>OZ,

A
22,

breed of fowls
4 TOVTOW TWV
f[Ji(f>prjS

at

Tanagra.
fieyeOns p.ev Kara TOVS Avfiovs
a.vep.a>vr]v

Pausan.

ix.

Koo~(rv(f)(dv

eo~Tiv opvidaS)

XP oa $*
:

Kopaxi, KaXXaia de KOL 6 \6<pos Kara

/uaXiora.

Xevxa 8e
ovpas
opvis

(rrjp.e'ia

ov /neyaXa eVi re aKpto

rw pdpfai

Kal enl anpas

exouai

rrjs

cf. ib. viii. 17, 3.

KOTTO'Z.

[i.

e.

aXfKrpvwi/]
ib.
al
;

Hesych.

Hence
Hesych.

KOTToftoXew, TO trapavii.

TWO. opvtv,
,

cf.

Kopa>vo[Bo\e1v,

Anth. Pal.

546;
the

also

'4v6a

opvifas Koip.S)VTai,

Among

Mod.

Gk. names
KOYKOY'4>A,
s.

for a

Fowl

are KoVra and KorraTrovXt.

J.

KouKouc|)as,

KOUKOU^OS.
Cf. Lib.

Hoopoe.

Vide
in

s.

v. tiro\|f.

The Egyptian name for the MS. Anon. De Avibus (cit.

s.

Ducange

Gloss.
p.

Med.

et Inf. Gr.,

v.

KOU'KOU<|>OS,

Leemans
KaXclrai

ad Horap.

280) en-o^ opveov

tv dfpi TTfTOfjievov'

OVTOS

KOVKOV(pOS, KOI TTOVTTOS.

Horapollo,

i.

8iori TOVTO [JLOVOV T<>v d\6yo>v

55 AiyuTmoi ev^apia-riav ypdfpovrfs KovKov(pav coypa<f)ov(ri, 7T(iav VTTO ro)V yoveo>v eKTpiicpfj, yijpdo'a(po>i'
(c

uiv avTois TrjV avrfjv arraTroS/ScDcri X^P lv

6eiocv

^ Ael.

X. 1 6)

odev KOL eVi TO>V

aKf]TTTpo)v KovKov<pa TrporifJirjffis

ecrri.

sceptre at Mycenae, s. v. KOKKU. On or staves, see Creuzer's Symbolik, ii. 64, 280, pi. iv. 17; Denon, PI. For an account of the hieroglyphic symbol of the cxix. 8, &c., &c. Hoopoe, and an explanation of the statements of Horapollo, vide

Cuckoo on Hera's the Hoopoe on Egyptian sceptres

Cf. the

Lauth, in Sitzungsb. d. Bayer. Akad. 1876, p. 106. references given above, s.v. Iiro\|/, add the following

To
:

the Egyptian

<rVo<pi'ero [Qavvos]
'ITTTTCOV

napa

TOLS AlyvTTTLOiS)

otcoycoi/

re Xoyov? Kat CTTOTTOOV TrpcxrayyfXias Ka\

Xpep.eTio-p.ovs

paQw, Exc. Cr. Barbari, Chron. Min.,

ed. Fick,

1893,

P- 239.

KOYPEY'Z'

opvts TTOIOS, drro rot) <p6eyyecr6ai ffifpepes fjx*? yvafpiKov /xa^atpiov,

Hesych.
KOYTl'AEZ'
\i8as,
o-VKaXXi'Se?,

Hesych.

Cf. KovTidia' diKTva

TO.

-rrpos

ras (TVKaX-

Hesych.
6 Xapoy,
Kio-o-a,

KPA'BOZ'
KPArrfl'N-

Hesych.
Hesych.

KOIZY4>OZ

KYANOI

103

KPA'MBnTON'
KPAYfO'Z.

IKTIVOS TO

>ov,

Hesych,
SpvoKoXdnrov
ctSos,

Woodpecker.
TTOIOS

Hesych.

who has
cf.

also Kpavyov

opvis.

Von

Edlinger

cites

Lith. kraki\

KPE'=, also Kepicds (Hesych.).

very doubtful bird, usually identified, with the Corn-crake or Land-rail, Sundevall and others, by Rallus crex, L., Crex pratensis, auctt. opruyop^Tpa Kuxpap>s.

The name
Herod,
ii.

is lost

in

Mod. Gk.
in size with the Ibis.

76,

compared
S'

al KpfKfs tols pvyx^iv. Schol. in Ar. (Suid.) opveov dvaoitavia-TOv rols ya/jLOvcriv, 6v rrdvv TO pvyxos Kal Trpiova&es 6 rot? yaftovo-iv olawffcrot' racro-fTai de KOL , f\ ov: c f- Hesych. opveov
errt

Ar. Av. 1138 TOVTOVS

CTVKIOV

rpo^ov

[cf.

iuy].

As a bird

of evil ornen to the newly married,

Euphor. 4 (quoted by Tzetzes) bv S' fjflo-e ydpov KO.KOV e^^o/uevos Kpe|, and Lycophr. 513, where Helen is Svadprrayos Kpeg. A messenger of Athene, Porph. De Abst. iii. 5. Arist. H. A. ix. I, 609 b Kpe TroAejuios eXecS KOL KOTTU$< KOL ^Xcopi'coi/t
cf.
. . .

Kal

yap avrovs
is

fiXdirrei

K.a\

rot

reKva avT&v.

In Ael.

iv.

(loc

dub?)

Kpeg

hostile

to

aWvia'.

also Phile,
ix.

De
17

An. Pr. 68 1, with epithet

Se xpe| TO p.V rjdos /ua^tjuo?, rqv 5e duivoiav evprjxavos Trpbs TOV ftiov, aXXco? 8e KaKOTror/uoy opvis. Arist.

j3pa$v7rTpos.

Arist.

H. A.

17,

6l6b

De

Part.

iv.

12,

695, mentioned

among

the long-legged birds with

a short hind-toe.

has been identified, on account of its pugnacity; with the Ruff, Kpe' Machetes pugnax, L.; but the Ruffs fight with one another (cf. jae^i/wj/), and, moreover, all the accounts of mutual hostilities between birds are
unreliable,

and

in the

main mythological.
:

From
its

the

size,

and the
rttfipes,

rudimentary hind-toe, the Black-winged Bechst. was suggested first by Belon

a standard of comparison with the Ibis
bird, rests
is

Stilt,

Himantopus

by Herodotus as somewhat in favour of this

use

which

is

common

in

Egypt. The identification with the Corn-crake

facts that the Scholiasts

mainly on the assumption that the name is onomatopoeic. The knew little or nothing about the bird, and

that the

name

is lost

in

an

exotic,
77

and that

its

Mod. Gk., suggest that the word was perhaps meaning was early lost.

KPirH'KPl'EZ'

yXaOl, Hesych.
xeAi8a>i/,
?

f)

Hesych.

Doubtless corrupt

Meineke suggests

or

K/Ycr */.

KY'ANOI.
Arist.
'

Probably the Wall-Creeper, Tichodroma muraria, L. H. A. ix. 21, 617 /mXicrra ev Nto-ypw [eV 2Kupa>, Ael.]
eVi
TCOI>

eVrt,

TTOieTrai

irfTpwv Tas 5iarpi/3ay* TO Se fAtyedos KOTTV(J)OV p.tv eXarra-i',

104

A GLOSSARY OF GREEK BIRDS

(continued}.
p,(yd\o7rovs
e,

KYANOI

cnrlflp Se /jLfifav /ziKpo)*

Kal rrpos ras Trerpas Trpoaa

fj.aKpov } <TK\r)

KVCIVOVS oXos"

ro 5e pvy%os

^TTTOV Kal

de

Ael.
rpi/3as

iv.
/cat

59

opi/t?

drravdpconos rbv rponov, [uawv pev ra?

oliciav

dariKas 8iaovre vfjvois

di^^pco-

ray KHT'

av\i(reis,

ovre

rjireipois

<pi\r)8e'i )

ayaOais' 2/cupa)
TTCOI/

e, Krzi et

TIS TOICLVTTJ cVepa

ayay XuTrpa Kal ayovos Kat

%r)pvov(ra,

a>s

ra

TroXXfi.

The description in Aristotle accords very perfectly with the WallCreeper (with which bird Gloger, Sundevall, and Heldreich identify it) as regards habitat, size, feet, and bill, as does Aelian's account of its but the bird is not KVWOVS b\os, nor is Aelian's account solitary nature
:

of

its

habitat satisfactory.

Aubert and

Wimmer on

the other hand,

following Belon, Gesner, and other older commentators, identify KVCIVOS with the Blue Thrush (Mod. Gk. vrfrpoKoVo-ucpor, cf. infra, s. v. Xcuos))

which agrees with the description in colour, but in little else, and is a very common bird, whereas KVUVOS is mentioned as scarce and local.
KYKNI'AI.

An

Eagle, white like a swan,

viii.

at

Sipylus

near Lake

Tantalus, Pausan.
the existence in

17, 3.

That Pausanias is here in error is rendered the more probable by Med. Gk. of the words rvweas, rfrKveas, Mod. Gk. rcriKvtas, meaning a White Heron or Egret. The White Eagle of Pythagoras (Iambi. Vit. Pythag. 132, Ael. V. H. iv. 17) is supposed to be an allegory for the town of Croton, on whose coins an eagle is represented cf. O. Keller, op. cit., pp. 238,
;

431.

KY'KNOI.
ii.

p.

379,

(Hesych. has also Ku'8 s .) Sk. fak-uni, a bird; Bopp, cf. Fick in Herzenberger's Beitr. z. I. Gr. Spr., vii.

p. 94,

1883

cf.

the Gk. use of opvis for the constellation

Cygnus

(Arat. 275, 599, 628, &c.).

Swan.
Greece;
is

Mod. Gk.
the

KVKVOS, viaXfia (Heldr.),

and
olor,

in the

Cyclades
in

KOV\OS (Erh.).

The Mute Swan, Cygnus

Hooper or Whistling Swan,
cf.

Gm., breeds
p. 56.

C. mustcus, Bechst.,
cit.,
'

probably only a winter migrant;

Heldr., op.

Epithets.
151
;

dfpanroTrjs, Hes. Sc. H. 316 operas (= ^x e T y )j Eur. El. 8o\ixavx*]v, Eur. (?) I. A. 794; SowXi^dSeipoff, II. ii. 460, xv. 692; Christod. Ecphr. 384, Xtyvdpoos, id. 414, in Gk. Anth.
;
'?

Id.
,

Opp. Cyneg. ii. 547; /ieXwSos Eur. I. T. 1104; TTOTORh. 618; TroXio'^pco?, Id. Bacch. 1364: cf. Ar. Vesp. 1064; Pallad. 40, in Gk. Anth. iii. 123; x tovl^XP ms Eur. Hel. 216.
1

-,

frequent

emblem

of whiteness

cf.

Eur. Rh. 618

'

o-n'X/3oucn

wore
;

KUKVOV irrepov.

[Note the frequent allusions in Euripides

KYANOI

KYKNOI

105

KYKNOI

(continued}.
;

rare in Aeschylus

not in Sophocles, save for Tm'Xoz/ KVKVCIOV in the

dubious

fr.

708, ap. Clem. Alex. Strom. 716.]

Arist.
b,

Description.
ib.
viii.

3,

593

H. A. i. I, 488, viii. 12, 597 b enumerated among ra /Sapurepa TO>V

opvis aye\aios
o-reyavoTro'Scoj/

ib.

ix.

12,

615

ftioTfvovo-i irepl

VTKVOI Kal
8'

evyrjpoi, Kal

OVK apxovai paxys.

\ipvas KOI eX?7, cvjSi'oroi Se KCU fvrjOtis Kal TOV aerof, eav apf-rjTai, dp.vvop.fvoi viKwaiv^ avTol nSiKol Se, Kal irepl ras reXeura? /zaXtora a8ov<nv'
fjdr]

avaTTtrovrai

yap
rfj

Kal fls TO neXayos, Kai Tives

irXeovres Trapa TTJV AijBvrjv

yocoSei, Kal TOVTODV
<apa>v

irepiTV%ov ev

BaXdrTrj TroXXoi? q8ovo~i

I

(pcovfj

aTTo6vrjO~KOVTas eviovs

cf.

Ael. V.

H.
:

Ka\\inat$a

elvat Kal TroXyrratSa, /c.r.X.

14 Xeyet 'Apia-roreX^? TOV KVKVOV Eustath. cf. also Athen. ix. 393 d
i.
;

ad Horn.
dantly
i.

II.

p.

193

Dion.

De

Avib.

ii.

19.

Arist.

H. A.

ii.

17,

509

e'x

a7ro(f)vddas oXiyas
'Ao-icp

KaTcadfv Kara TTJV TOV eVre'pou Te\evTrjv.

Occur abun:

383, Aen.

Aornos, in Mirab. 102, 839. Its flight described, Plin. x. (23) 32. food, Athen. ix. 393, Plut. De Esu Cam. 2, &c.

cf. Virg. G. II. ii. 461 699; on the river Hebrus, Ar. Av. 768; on Lake the spot called Pyriphlegethon, near Cumae, Arist. De

ev Xeipwvi, Kavo~Tplov dp(j)l pee^pa,

vii.

The swan
s.

as

Myth and Legend.

and compare

On

the combat with the Eagle, vide

v. deros,

De

Avib.

ii.

also the story of Leda ; cf. also Ael. v. 34, xvii. 24 ; Dion. Is hostile also to 8paKa>v, Ael. v. 48, Phile 691. 19.

T&V opveav, Arist. H. A. ix. I, 6lO (cf. aXX^XcxpoA. and W., dXX^Xocpi'Xo?, Sund.), cf. Plin. x. (23) 32 mutua carne vescuntur inter se. Is killed by KWVSIOV, Ael. iii. 7 places the herb
Is aXX^Xocpayo? pdXicrTa
vos, Pice.,
;

Xvyaia in its nest as a charm, Boios ap. Athen. ix. 393 E. How the Indians do not favour the swan, from its want of filial affection, Ael. xiv. 13 yet the swan bewails its dead parent in Eur. El. 151, cf. Bacch. 1364 opvis
;

ona>5
Sit

Kr)(j)rjva

[a/Kp6/3aXXei] TroXio^pcos KVKVOS.

Associated with the

s. v.

op(f)a\os

Delphi, Plut.

De
i.

Orac.

i.

409

vide

deros.

good omen

to

sailors, Virg.

Aen.

393, Aemil.

Macer

in Ornithogr. Anthol. Vet. Lat.

Epigr. et Poem. i. 116 (cf. Serv. in Aen. 1. c.) Cygnus in auspiciis semper laetissimus ales, Hunc optant nautae, quia se non mergit in undas see also Stat. Theb. iii. 524 cf. the Swan as a figure-head, Nicostr.
:
;

iii.

282, &c.

of the also

Swan

cf. also the mythological (and astronomical) association see with Castor and Pollux (Hopf, Orakelthiere, p. 177)
:

The Swan-maidens, Class. Journal, xvi. p. 94. Kopat Tpels KVKvopopcfroi, Aesch. Pr. V. 797. According to Nicand. and
in

Drummond

Areus ap. Anton. Lib. c. xii, a certain Cycnus, and his mother Thuria, were metamorphosed into swans at Lake Conopa, Kal no\\ol tv TJJ &pa
TOV dpOTov fvraiiOa (paivovTai KVKVOI. On the Swan as the bird of Apollo,
cf.

Hymn. Horn,

xxi, Caljim.
xi. I,

Hymn.
Dionys.

Apoll.

5, id.

Hymn.

Del. 249, Ar. Av. 772, 870, Ael.

Nonn.

xxxviii.

2O2 KVKVOV aywv rrrepofVTa, Kal ov

ra^w "LTTTTOV 'A7r6XXcoj>,&C.,

106

A GLOSSARY OF GREEK BIRDS

(continued}.

KYKNOI

&c.; represented on coins of Clazomenae. With the Greek association of the Swan with Apollo, cf. the Hindoo connexion of the same bird with Brahma. Associated with Venus, in Latin only, Hor. C. iv. I, 9, Sil.
Ital.

Punic,

vii.

441, Stat. Silv.

iii.
:

4,

22

cf.

the Cilix of Aphrodite

and

the

Swan

1886, i. C. 393, Creuzer,

vide Kalkmann, Jahrb. d. k. d. Inst., see also Guignat, pi. 41, Collignon, Gk. Mythol. p. 132, fig. 56
;

in the British

Museum

pi.

liii.

2.

The Swan's Song.

Tf\T]dovri cotKcos
.
|

Hesiod, Sc. H. 314

ol

*Ap.<pi

5' 1rr\v

pe'fi>

'ClKcavbs
fjirvov'

8e

K<IT'

avTov
\

KVKVOI depcrtTrorai /neyaX'

cf.

01

pa

-ye

TroXXoi
|

vrjxoir
<re

eV
fj.ev

aKpov v8a>p
Kal

Virg. Aen.
cf.

viii.

655.
|

Hymn.
6'^% tVt-

Hom.
i.

xxi

$>ol/3e,

KVKVOS VTTO irrepvyav \iy

|

det'Sei,

0pa><rKcoi> TTorcifjibv

Trapa divrjcvTo,

Tlrjvfiov

Meleager
\

no

in

Gk. Anth.

31 d\Kv6vs
ical

Trepl

Kvpa,

xeXi8oi/ey

dufpl
I

7Tor/io{5,

vif a\<ros drjd&v [q&ov<ri]

Eur.

peXadpa, KVKVOS eV o-^dai<nv I. T. IIO3 Xipvav ff efXur-

<rov(rav

vdwp

KVK\OV
\

[s,

KVKVCLOV], evda KVKVOS ^ieXa>| dbs

\

Movaas

Oepcnrevfi

'.

Ar. Av. 769 TOidde KVKVOI

'ArroXXco,

avfj-jjuyrj
r/

@or)v 6/Mou

nTfpols

KpeKovrfS 'LaK^ov

o^&a
vrept

e(pf6[j.evoi ?rap' E/3pop Trorajuoi/i

|

Callim.

Hymn.

Del. 249
\

KVKVOI 8e deov fj.\7rovrS dot8oi

Mrjoviov IIuKTcoXov fKvK\axravTO \LnovTfs

|

A^Xoj', eVjjeKraj/ de Xo^ci^

i.

Moi/(rd<i/ opvides, doidoraTOi

Pratin.
fj.eXos
:

(Bergk 457)
ii.

Dion.

De

Avib.

ola re KVKVOV ayovra TroiKiXoTrrepov 19 avrrj^ovo-iv avrols qdovaiv ol re o-Korre\oi

i(T/iei/

KOI ai (pdpayyes, KOL povaiKMTaTOvs iravrav TOVTOVS

6pvi6a>v, Kal lepovs

Ka\ovfj.v 'ATroXXo) vos.

q8ovo~i 8' ou^t Oprjv&o'fs, &o~7rep ol d\Kv6ves, aXX' f]8v

KCU p-eXi^poj/, Kal

iv.
ii.

olov av\ols

rj

KiOdpais xpa>fj.evoi

Anon. 468
I

in

Gk.

Anth.
47j ib.

2l8

fl

KVKVG) dvvarai Kopvdos 7rapan\r]o~iov qdeiv

\

Antip. Sidon.

19 Xwirepos KVKVWV 6 /juKpbs 6poos ^e KO\OI>V

I

KidvafJLfvos v(f)fXais

Theocr. Id.

V.

136 ov 6^.iTOV
iii.

Kpoaypos ev elapivols . enorras KVKVOIO~IV

viii.

epio-Sfiv

cf.
i.

Ar. Ran. 207, Lucret.

54, Plut. Ei.
ii.

16, iv.

182, Virg. Eel.

36,

55,

387 povcriKy re fj8eTai, Kal KVKVUV (pava'ts. of the Especially dying Swan, Aesch. Ag. (1419), 1444 KVKVOV 8iKr)v,\
vcrrarov
/LieX^acra
6avdo~i[JLov
;

Mart.

rbv

yoov

Kelrai (pi\r)TO>p roOS'

cf.

Plato,

Phaedo 85 B, Rep. 620 A

6po8ov\ovs avrov
7reiria-TVK

cf.

Porphyr.
KVKVOVS
[6

De

Abst.

iii.

p.

286 ov naifav
ii.

\eyev rovs

SoaKpar???].

Ael.

32, v. 34

yap
drjpiov

OTI p,r]8evbs dXyeivov

cf.

fj.r]8e

\nrapov /nereo-n

$ai/aTO>,

with

which passage
OTTO

TOV

Chrysipp. ap. Athen. xiv. 616 B (piXcxmoTrrq?, /neXXcov o~(pdTTfO~6ai flrrelv e(pr] 8e\iv a>o~7Tfp TO KVKveiov qo~as

dnodavflvl Plut. Mor. l6l

et-qaai de Kal TOV jSiov

I

T\VT>V Kal
An. Pr.
i

p.r)

yevecrdai

Kara TOVTO TWV KVKVMV dyevveo~Tpos

(pi\6\l/vxe, TOV
cf.

Phile,

De

X.

233 avdparre
I

KVKVOV

/3Xe7ro)j/,

Trpbs TTJV Te\fVTT]V, (I (ppovels, pr) o~Tvyvdo~r)s

x.

Cic.

De

Orat.

iii.

i,

see also Ael.

36, xi.

Fab. Aes. 215,

216, 416 b;

Opp. Cyneg.

Rhod. iv. 1301; Polyb. xxx. 4, 7, xxxi. 20, i; KvKvot 547 OVK a P a T l p-ovvoio~iv ev 6pvi6eo-o~iv eao~i Cor. Dio Orat. deidovTes voraroy p. 102 Chrysost. yoov
Apoll.
ii.
I

KYKNOI
KYKNOI
(continued}.
;

107

(Reiske)

cf.

Hor. C.
ii.

ii.

20,

Ovid, Her.

77, Stat. Silv.

4, 10,
ii.

&c., &c.
20.

Artemid. Oneirocr.

The Modern

vii. i, Met. xiv. 430, Mart. xiii. singing swan a portent of death, cf. allusions are innumerable
;

Chaucer, P. of Fowles, 342, Tennyson, also for numerous references, Douce's

Lenz, Zool.
d.

The Dying Swan,' &c.

of Shakspeare,
i.

see
262,

Illustr.

Gr. u. R., pp. 384-400, &c.

Athen.

discredited by some, e.g. Alex. Mynd. ap. 393 d Lucian, De Electro seu Cycnis Cic. Tusc. Quaest. i Philostr. V. Apollon. iii. c. 23 cf. Greg. Nazianz. Ep. i. Plin. x. (23) 32
ix.
; ; ; ; ;

The Swan's song was

TOT' qfrovrai

KvKvoij

oTav

KoAcnoi

(TitoTTTjO'ojo'tv.

Cf.

Scaliger, Ferrariae

multos cygnos vidimus, sed cantores sane malos, neque melius ansere canere cf. also Aldrov. Ornith. iii. 19, 5 Wormius in Mus. Worm. iii.
; ;

Panckoucke, vii. 385 Voss. De Idol. ii. Brown's Vulg. Errours, iii. p. 27 p. 1212; Pierius, De Cycnis, p. 254 the curious conjectures of Bryant, Anc. Mythol. ii. 353-384; Pallas,
c.

19

Mauduit ap.

Plin. ed.

Zoogr. ross.-asiat, ii. p. 212, and recent writers. Modern naturalists accept the story of the singing swans, asserting that though the Common Swan cannot sing, yet the Whooper or Whistling Swan does
so.
It
is

certain

that the

Whooper
it

sings, for

many

state the fact, but I

best,

do not think

can sing very well

ornithologists at the very

This concrete dant sonitum rauci per stagna loquacia cygni. explanation is quite inadequate ; it is beyond a doubt that the Swan's Song (like the Halcyon's) veiled, and still hides, some mystical allusion. Applied as an epithet to a poet, especially an old poet Eur. H. F.
;

691

Traiavas
|

6'

eVri

(rot?

p.e\ddpois

KVKVOS
\

cos

yepoov
x/.

doiBbs
\

7roAicii>
ii.

en

KeAa6Yyo-co,

Id.

Bacch. 1361
KVKVOS
:

o)

Zrjvoov 6 (ro(pbs

Posidipp. Christod. Ecph. 384,

;

in

Gk. Anth.
iii.

48
'

ib.
1

175

^/^s

Anacreon is the 'EXi/cowo? toraro KUKI>OS, Hivdapos t/zepo^wi/os 'Swan of Teos,' Antip. i. 26, cf. Hor. C. iv. 2, 25. Cf. Horap. ii. 39 yepovra ^OVCTLKOV /SofAdjuevoi (Trj/jLijvcii KVKVOV ^<i)ypa(pov(nv' OVTOS yctp
:

T)$VTCITOV fJLtXos qdei

The Swan of Leda. Cf. Eur. I. T. 794, 1104, Hel. 19, c., Here. F. 690, Orest. 1388; also various passages in the Anthology, e.g. Pallad.
40, in
20,

Gk. Anth. iii. 123, Anon. ib. iv. 118, 128, &c. ; cf. Lucian, De Deor. 14 (i. 264). For mythographic references, see Hygin. Fab.' 77, P. Astron. ii. 8, German, c. 24, Eratosth. c. 25, Theon. p. 136, &c.

According to these latter authors, the mythology of the Swan is inseparable from the phenomena attending the constellation Cygnus. The stellar Swan lies in the Milky Way, 'the river of heaven'; it is it rose a little in advance of the adjacent to the constellation Lyra
;

Eagle, but, lying more to the north,

it

Eagle had gone down

but in turn defeated

that

is

to say,

it

only set some time after the was attacked by the Eagle,

it, cf.

Arist.

H. A.

ix. 12,

615

b, Ael. xvii. 24,

&c.

IO8

A GLOSSARY OF GREEK BIRDS

(continuect).
;

KYKNOI
it

stood in mid-heaven at the rising of the Pleiad at its own rising, the Virgin (Leda) was in mid-heaven, and the twins Castor and Pollux

were just setting in the west. The stories of Cycnus, son of Mars (Hesiod, Anton. Lib. 12, Philochor. ap. Athen., Ovid, Met., &c.), of Cycnus, King of Liguria (Hygin. Fab. 144), Cycnus, brother of Phaethon (Lucian, De Electro, Virg. Aen. x. 189), and others, which are also similarly connected with astronomical myths, lie outside the scope of this book. Cf. (int. al.), Dupuis, Orig. de tous les cultes, iii. p. 813, vii.
P- 367.

KY'MBH.

very doubtful bird.

S. to

nrfpolSanoves

Kvupai,
;

Supposed by L. and
SUpra.

be a Tumbler-pigeon
opviQes
I

Ernped. 188. but cf. Ko'p.{3<x,

opviQevrai

Hesych. has Kv^af

(?)

also

Kv/x/3[ar]eurui'-

KY'MINAIIrrx^fc^
Horn, and

Arist., cf.
Kvftrjvats'

J.

Y |, q. v. Kvfrvdts in some MSS., both of G. Schneider in Arist., vol. iv. p. 92.

y\av[ats], query Kvprjvftisl See also s. v. KIKKU^.
also

Hesych. has
TTJV

KvddvaV

y\avKa,

query
;

Kvfifjva.

An unknown
KIK\T)<TKOVO-I

or fabulous bird
II.

perhaps an Owl.
rjv

xiv.

290
I

opvidi Xiyvpfj eva\iyKios,

KVfjLivdiv.

r ev

opewiv

^aX/aSa

$eoi,

avdpes de

Ar. Av.

l8l

Xpei de nets TIS

6vv\as ^yKuXeo/neVo?,

Kepxvrjs, Tpiopxys, yv\lf,

Kvpivdis, aleTos.
xii. 4.

Mentioned likewise among the rapacious

ix. 12,

birds, Ael.

Arist.

H. A.

615 b 6\tyaKis

(J.ev

(paiWrat, oiKel yap

op?/, ecrri

de

/leXny, Kal fj.ey@os 5(rov iepa

6 (f)ao~cro(^6vos KaXovfievos, Kai rrjv Ideav pctKpbs

CIVTTJV
'.

Kal Xenros.

K.vp.iv^iv

de Ka\oi(Tiv "laves

the passage

is

very cor-

rupt,

and according to some texts (followed apparently by Pliny, x. 8, and by Eustath. in Horn.), the next clause concerning vppis or ivrvy^ applies to the same bird, ^ 6' v/3piV, (poor! 8c rives elvai TOV avrbv TOVTOV
opvida
T<a TTTvyyi,

OVTOS

fj/J-epas

^ev ov (paiverai 8ia TO

[oi oirot, cj.

pr) /SXeVfii/

ou, ras

5e

Sundevall], Kal fia^orrat 8e irpbs rbv deTov ovra) o-(po5pa WOT' ap.0a> XafjLJBdveardai noXXaKis a)VT(is VTTO rS)V vop,c>)V. TiKTei pv ovv 8vo coa, veoTTevei de Kal OVTOS ev Tierpais Kai <r7rrj\aiois.
vi/KTas Orjpevei coanep ol aeroi

Conjectured by Sundevall to be the Black or Glossy

Ibis,

from the

suggestion of metallic colouring in xaX/a'y, and from Mod. Gk. xXfcoKora, Erh. ; but this is certainly not a bird of the mountains, and the

supposed derivation from

^aXxo's is imaginary.

By Aub. and Wimmer,

Tetrao
urogallus,
L.
17

and

others,

ascribed

to

the

Capercailzie,

Usually taken to be a large Owl (cf. Suidas, xaX*iV, eI8os opveov, yXai|, cf. Schol. Ar. Av. 262), as by Belon, Gaza, and other older Cuvier (Grandsaigne's Pliny, I. v. 11, pp. 374, 375) identinaturalists. fies it with the Hawk Owl, Strix uralensis, Pall., and Netolicka agrees.

KYKN02
KYMINAIZ
(continued").

KYO/EAOI

109

bird being, in Homer, that in whose shape "Ynvos appears, additional point in favour of identifying it with a nocturnal species
this relation of vnvos to the bird

The

is
:

an and

phrase

x^ KfOS

vrrvos.

^aX/ti's- suggests a connexion with the ^aX/a? belongs to the language of the gods, that
;

is to say, is probably a foreign word it is not likely to be a simple Is there a possible alternative that ^aXxeos ZTTVOS derivative of ^aXico?. is wrongly translated by/erreus somnus ?

For an account
Schneider,
1.

of various Scholia relating to this bird,

cf.

J.

G.
are

In some, if not all, of the names of this bird, undoubtedly confronted with foreign words.
c.

we

KYHAPI'IIIA'

etSos

aXr/woW, Hesych.
nixpafjios,

Query

KvrrapiWtoi.
:

KY'XPAMOI.
xpavos,

MSS. have
Kiyxpapas
'.

Ke'xpa/xos,

Kfxpa/ioy

Schn. writes

Kyxpap,os

(^eyxpos)

Hesych. wyas Belon

translates miliarius.

An unknown

bird

probably (as Sundevall takes

it)

identical with

One or both opTuyopJTpa, the Corncrake, Rallus crex, L. names doubtless apply also to the Water-rail, Rallus aquaticus,
which is very abundant in Greece, and according to Von der Miihle abandons its usual haunts in Autumn and frequently
L.,

associates with the quails (op.

Arist.
/ecu

cit.,

p. 92).

H. A.

viii. 12,

597

b.

dj/aKctAemu avrovs

rwcTOJp*

bird which accompanies the quails, Kfu orav TOVTOV rr\v (pa>vr)V aKovcraxnV) ol

Qrjpevovres "ivaviv

on
'

ov

Sundevall translates

Karo^vovo-iv [ot oprvye?] : which expression ' delay not their coming,' and A. and W. remain

no

longer.'
s.

Cf. Plin. x. (23) 33.

Kuv|/eXXos.

KY'^EAOI,

bird of the

Swallow kind

perhaps the
opvis

Sand-Martin, Hirundo riparta, L.

Hesych. KityeXor

Arist.

H. A.

ix.

30, 680,

mentioned as synonymous with

Plin. x. (39) 55.

cnrous,

v.,

ais ^eXiSdo'tt'' ov
rr)v Kvf)p.r}v e^eii/ Save'iav
:

yap padiov diayv5>vai

cf.

TTpos rr)V ^eXiSova, rrX)i/ r<a

In the description of the

though KV^\LS (a box, or beehive) would rather suggest the nest of the House-Martin (If. urbica, L.), yet the epithet naKpos would certainly not apply moreover the House-Martin was certainly
nest
(loc. cit.),
:

included in

xeXt$a>i>.

Accordingly the evidence leans to identifying

;

this identification is Ki>\lff\os with the Sand-Martin, H. riparia^ L. followed by Sundevall, while A. and W., on the contrary, identify the bird with the House-Martin. There was doubtless a confusion of

species.

If the

would seem

to be the Swift

passage in Pliny suggests one more than another, it yet in the Aristotelian reference the
;

HO
KYvpEAOI
claims.

A GLOSSARY OF GREEK BIRDS

(continued}.

hypothesis of the Sand-Martin, advocated by Sundevall, has strong

Kfi'KAAOZ* KwKoXov'

cldos aXeKrpvovos,

Hesych.

Cf.

S. V.

XotcaXos.

KQNflnOGH'PAIKQTIAA'I.
&oiv.

opvis 6

navanas fypcvuv, Hesych.

The Swallow.
3;
cf.

Boeotian word.

Anacr. 99

Strattis,

Simonid. 243.
flSos.

AAfOGH'PAI' Hesych., aerou

XayaxjxJ^os

= jieXaj/deros

(q. V.).

An

epithet of the Eagle.

Arist.

H. A.

ix.

32,

6i8b.

The Eagle
;

in

combat with the hare

:

is
cf.

frequent on gems, and on coins of Agrigentum, Messana, Elis, &c.

Imhoof-Blum. and Keller, passim

Keller, Th. d.
(cf.

cl.

Alterth., p. 449.

Layard, Nineveh, ii. pi. 62) indicates a lost mythological significance, in which one is tempted vide s. vv. deros, Kopa. to recognize a Solar or Stellar symbol
;

The wide occurrence

of this subject

AAfQAl'AZ.

A A

synonym

of

cSros,

Alex.

Mynd.

ap. Athen. ix. 390.

AATOI'NHI-

opvis TTOIOS,

Hesych.

AAm'nOYI.
ei

Ptarmigan.
:

Plin. x. (48) 68 praecipuo sapore lagopus

ped.es leporino villo

nomen

hoc dedere, cetero candidae, columbarum magnitudine, &c. The In Mart. vii. 87, lagois, s. logois of Hor. Sat. ii. 2, 22, is possibly akin. an old reading was Si meus aurita gaudet lagopode Flaccus, altered by
Scaliger to glaucopide.
AAffl'l.

bird-name, mentioned
iv.

with

the

Swallow,

in

Artemid.

Oneirocr.
xeXiSoVeioy,

56.
s.

The name
c.

suggests a reference to daavKovs

Boios ap. Anton. Lib.

401 a. According to xx a certain Oreius was metamorphosed into the bird Xayobs, opvis eV ovdevl <paiv6/j,evo$ aya$a>.
Diph.
also XatSos,
Xt/3vo's).

Calliad. ap. Athen. ix.

AAEAO'I (MSS.

bird, in all probability identical

with Xcuos, q. v. Arist. H. A. ix. I, 6lO Xae&k

*cai oprj [oiK6t],

KOI Ke\ebs (pi\oi.

6 8e

\afobs rrerpas KOI

^tXo^capet ov av

OIKT/.

We

may

the association of

connect the reputed friendship of KeXeo? and \ae86s with /ceXeds and Xcuos together, in the obscure story of the

metamorphosis of those impious persons who entered the forbidden cave in Crete where Jupiter was born Boios ap. Anton. Lib. c. xix.
;

AAI"O'I.

Probably the Blue Thrush, Petrocichla cyanus, L.

is

The
and

Stone-thrush, P. saxatilis, L.,

less

common

in Greece,

KYO'EAOI

AAPOI

III

AAIOZ
is

(continued}.

chiefly

found in the northern and more mountainous parts.

Both

receive the

Mod. Gk. name

7rerpoKoVo-u<po9

(Heldr.),

and
ro

were probably confused under the ancient name Arist. H. A. ix. 19, 617 opoios rc5 \ii\avi Korrucpa)

also.
ecrrlv 6 Xcuo?,

peyedos piKpw eXarrcov* OVTOS eVt r&v Trerp&v *al eVl rail/ Kepdpav ras 8iafabled metamorphosis, Boios ap. Anton. Lib. c. xix. TpLftas TToidrai.

It

seems

The
H. A.
ii.

but certain that \acdos and \aios refer to the same bird. In Arist. correct reading of the name, or names, is unknown.
all
ix. 19,

edd. have also

(Balos

and (pmos

(cf.

Camus,
it

i.

747, Schneider,
in

120).

The name

Xa'ios is

taken from the passage

the supposed derivation from \aas helping to gain

acceptance.

Anton. Lib., Schn.

and

Pice, read \aios also for XaeSog, q. v.

AA'AAfEIXeXfKi,

opveov elBos,

Hesych.
s. v.

Possibly connected with

Mod. Gk.

a Stork

vide

ireXapyos.

AA'POI,

a.

Sea-Gull.

In Mod. (and doubtless also in Ancient) Gk.

yXdpos includes both the Gulls and the Terns.

Od. v. 51, a perfect description. Arist. H. A. ii. 17, 509 e^<-i rbv <TTOpaxov *vpvv Kal rrXarvv oXov. Ib. V. 9, 542 b TIKTCI TOV Oepovs, ev TOLS nepl 6d\arTav Tre'rpmy, TO 7T\r)6os 8vo ^ rpia' ov (fia)\evi cf. Plin. X. 32. On its
|

breeding habits, see also Dion. Varieties. Arist. H. A. viii.

De

Avib.

ii.

4.

3, 593 b \dpos TO XP^M" o-TroSoa&Jy, also Xapo? 6 \evKos. The former is, according to Aub. and Wimmer, one of the darker Terns, e. g. Sterna nigra, Briss. but the epithet seems
;

more

descriptive of the ashy grey of the

na\aKoKpdvevs. \cvKol KCU as al TTfpicrTfpal Ppaxe'ts'

Dion.

De

Avib.

ii.

Black-backed Gulls cf. 4 enumerates three sorts: of fuv

:

'

'

ol 8e

TOVTGW pev

clat pflifovcc KOI l(r\vpo-

repot, TrvKvordrois Se Trrepoi? TrepKrKeTrovrat' Kai rivfs eri KOL

TOVTWV evpcyc-

6e<TTepoC

\fVKa

S'

eVri Kai TOUTOI? Trrepo, TT\TJV ovov eVi rats aKpordrais

*cat

irTpvgi Kal rols rpa^Xot? /zeXaiVovrai.

voprjs T
8'

rovrois arravTes oi XotTrol Xapoi

KCIL

KOI edpas 7rapa^copoi)(ri Kai u>s fiacriXcvo'iv virfiKovcrC

yrjpdaKovai

avrols Kvdvea yiverai Trrfpa.

Here the

first

group are probably the

Terns, the last the Black-backed Gulls. A bye- word for greediness, Ar. Eq. 959, Nub. 591, Av. 567. Devour dolphins stranded on the beach, Ael. xv. 23. Open shell-fish by dropping them from a height, Ael. Hi. 20.
viii.

Hostile to fipevQos, apTrrj, and <?po>8io's, Arist. H. A. 5, Phile 682; friendly to KO\OIOS, Ael. v. 48. Killed by pomegranate-seed, Ael. vi. 46, Phile 657. Associated with Hercules, Ar. Av. 567. The Gulls are souls of disembodied fishermen,
3,

Myth and Legend.

593 b, Ael.

iv.

hence their gentle and peaceable disposition, Dion. I.e. feather was tied to a fishing-line as a kind of float, Ael. xv. 10. Fable. Xdpos Kal <Vr/or, Aes. 239 (ed. Halm).

gull's

112
AA'POI,
|3.

A GLOSSARY OF GREEK BIRDS

kind of tame singing bird, Anth. Pal.

vii.

199.

AEfOI, vide s.v. iXeios.

AEYKEPflAIO'l (also
L.
Arist.
XevKopd>8ioy).

The
>s

Spoonbill, Platalea leucorodius,

Mod. Gk.
H. A.

KovXtdpi

(=Fr.

cueiller).
f

viii. 3,

593 b ro pfyeQ

epa&iov eXdrratv, KOI e^ei TO

The

description of the

bill easily identifies

the bird in this passage

Sundevall, &c.), but the name would probably be likewise applied to the other White Herons or Egrets.

(Belon,

AIBYO'I.

(MSS. have

Xefr'os,

K&IOS,

ic^Sios, cf.

Schn. in Arist.

iv. p.

7).

An unknown
Ar. Av. 65.
Arist.

bird: possibly to be

compared with
:

AtjSuxos opvis,

H. A.

ix. I,

609 K\COS
bird.

KOI \iftvbs TroXcfuot

cf. s. v.

XcteBog.

AO'KAAOZ.
Arist.

An unknown

H. A. ii. 17, 509, mentioned with ao-KaXacpos as a bird having Omitted in Cod. Venetus and others. Gesner supposes the word to be Italian (?=aluco, an Owl), and to have come in as
colic coeca.

a marginal rendering of do-Ka\a<pos.

Scaliger reads KwicaXos.

AY'KOI.

sort of

a nickname of the
Pice, read XUKIOS,

Jackdaw (Arist. H. A. ix. 24, 6iob); probably common Jackdaw, cf. pwjjioXoxos. (Schn. and
which form occurs in Hesych.
:

\VKIOS, KO\OIOV

See also

s. v.

MAKEII'KPANOI.
Hesych.
Ka\

name

for the
error//-'

Hoopoe.
8ia

paKfo-iKpavos.

TO

KOpvOaioXov avrov Xeyovai. 7ro\v(avvfj.ov de Xeyerai TO \6(poV) KUI ye (rivTtjv re yap avrbv KOI dXfKTpvova [aypiov, inser. Heinsius]
\yovari.

MAAAKOKPANEY'I.
Arist.

An unknown
22,

bird.

H. A.

ix.

617 b

ael eVi ro ai/ro KaBi^dvei, KOI dXia-Kerai evravQa.

TO 8e eiSo? Kf<pa\r)
/jLiKp<p.

p,ev p.eyd\rj

^ovdpoTviros^ TO de fjteyedos eXarrcov Kt^Xi^s

o~TOp.a

6'

6vpa)o"TOv,

[UKpov, o~Tpoyyv\ov'

TO 5e xp>[Jia

o~Tro8oei8r]S

0X09.

evTTovs de KOI KaKOTrrepos.

dXiovcerai 8e p.d\i(TTa yXavKi [?

aucupium

per noctuamj.

by Sundevall with the Lesser Grey Shrike, Lanius minor, Mod. Gk. Kf(pn\ds and deTo^d^os (Heldr.). Lindermayer (op. c. bird is extremely common in Greece, and sings p. 114) states that this all day long auf der aussersten Spitze eines Baumes oder Strauches sitzend.' This identification is more plausible than the many others that have been suggested, such as the Jay, the Bullfinch, and even the Snipe
Identified
L., in
'

AAPOI

MEAAMFlYrOI

113

MAAAKOKPANEYI

(continued}.

(Belon, Schneider, Brisson, &c.). It must, however, be remembered that the bird is mentioned once only, and in a portion of the Historia

Animalium

that
it

is full

of difficulties

and incongruities
is

the epithets
;

associated with

are numerous, but

;

mean little

or nothing

does not occur elsewhere

dXio-Kerai yXavKi

x ov ^P OTV7ros a phrase of doubtful

meaning and questionable construction. The Aristotelian description seems at first sight copious and adequate, but in the words of Camus,
autant
'autant qu'il semblerait devoir etre facile de reconnoitre le Crane-mol, est-il certain que jusqu'ici il ne 1'a pas eteV The bird irdpSaXos,

q. v., is

next mentioned, and

opt>i6es,

is

in like

manner impossible

to identify.

MAPA'IIAI-

Hesych.
MaicedoviKr),

MATTY'HI'

f)

piv

<pa>vr)

opm, Hesych.

Cf.

paTTitrj,

Artemid.

ap. Athen. xiv.

663 D, &c.
piKpav opviOuv, Hesych.

MEOYOPl'AEI'

eiSos

MEAArKO'PY4>OZ.

Probably the

Marsh

Tit,

Parus
the

palustris, L.;

in

which
there

identification Sundevall

and Aub. and

Wimm.
auctt.

agree.

But
verb

was a confusion between this bird and

atricapilla,
L.,

Blackcap Warbler,

Motacilla

Sylvia

atricapilla,

The

p.e\ayKopv(pifa, to

warble like the

p.e\ayKopv(pos,

Hero

Spir. p. 220,

suggests the latter of these two. Mentioned in Ar. Av. 887.

Arist.

See also

s.v. <ruKa\is.

H. A.

ix. 15,
KCI\

6l6b am

nXelara

TI'KT

fj,era

TOV ev Aiftvg (TTpovdov'

77

eajparew p.cv

yap

enTOKaideKa, riKTei pevTOi KOI

TrXet'a)

e'Uoo-iv.

riVrft

5' del TTfptrra, cos (patriv.

TOi'ff

crKiaXrjKas.

veorrevd de Kai ovros ev rots dev&pecri, KOI Idiov de TOVTG> KOI dr)$6vi napa TOVS a\\ovs opvidas TO
TO o|u [vide
s.

*Xiv
els

TTJS y\a>TTYjs

v. eirovj/].

ix.

49 B, 632 b
fj

/^-raj

aXXfoovs

at avKa\L&fs KOI ol p.e\ayKopv(poi' yiverai 5'

pev (TVKaXls

irep\

r>]v OTTcopav,

TO (pQtvorrwpov (cf. Geopon. XV. I, 22 evOvs p.Ta TO TpvyrjTOv). diafpepovat 8e KCU OVTOI ovQev d\\r]\<0v * OTI 5' 6 avros C<TTIV opj/iy, fjdr] ooTTTni TTfpi TTJV n\r)V TTJ XPfy Ka 1 TW </><w?7.
6
jj.fTa

de p.e\ayKopv(pos evdews

fieTci(3o\r)v eKa.T(pov

TO yevos rouro,

OI/TTCO

de reXecos iieTafteftiKrjKOTa

ovfi'

ev

Garepq)

e'idei

6Wa.

dvo

d' elvat yevrj

ap. Athen. ii. 69, p. 65 b airov avKaXida Kai fjLe\ayKopv(jjov. Ael. vi. 46, Phile 6oi
Cf. Plin. x. 44, Alex.

Mynd.

TOV p.\ayKopv<pov ayvos

enTpiflei.

A fabulous Arabian bird, Plin. xxxvii. 33.

MEAA'MHYroi.

word applied to the Eagle in the Fable of the Fox the Eagle, Archil, fr. Schol. Venet. II. xxiv. 315 (86). euo$e KUI 6 'Ap^i'Xo^os /ueXdjuTruyov TOVTOV KaXelv Schol. Lye. 91 elal and

no

yap

n(\dp.Tniyoi, nvyapyoi,

eidrj

dfTwv KUT 'Ap^iXoxoi/

cf.

also Hesych.,

and Gaisford's

note.

Cf, also

Schneidewin

Farnell,

Gk. Lyr.

Poets, p. 300, &c.

i

114

A GLOSSARY OF GREEK BIRDS

(continued'}.

MEAAMHYrOI

solar

symbolism probably underlies

this

name and

its

correlative

iruyapyos.
iv. 31,

Cf. the references to 'HpaxXij? /zeXa/iTruyo?, ap.

Diodor. Sic.

&c.

MEAANA'ETOI
Arist.

= Xayw<|)oj'os.
ix.

An

epithet of the Eagle.

H. A.

32,

6l8b

fj.\as TTJV

XP av

Kc" P-eycQos eXa^toro?, KpartCTros

oprj

TOVTUV

[rail/

irvydpyav KOI nXdyyatv].

Xaywcpovos.
ouSe

OVTOS oiKei

Kal v\as' KaXeircu

fie

fzeXai/aeros' KCU

KTpe<pei Se p.6vos TO. TCKVO. OVTOS KOI e^dyei.

p,d^tfj,o5

eo~Tl

de MKvftoXos Kal evdrj^cov Kal acfrdovos Kal a(pojBos KOI

KOI ev(pr]p,os' ov

yap

fjLLWpi^ei

XeXr/fcej/

cf.

Ib. vi. 6,

563 b

01

8c

peXaves,

K. r. X.

Plin. x. 3

Melanaetus a Graecis

dicta,

eademque Valeria [MSS.

in

Valeria], minima magnitudine, viribus praecipua, colore nigricans, &c. Aubert and Wimmer suppose a small species of Eagle, e. g. Aquila minuta, Brehm, to be meant Sundevall suggests the Peregrine Falcon.
;

XayoxjxJp'os, I see no grounds for these or any other concrete interpretations the passage is mystical and probAubert and Wimmer have already called attention to ably foreign. the want of meaning and irrational order of the six epithets a>Ku/3oXos-,
is

As

mentioned above,

s. v.

cv0r)p,a>v,-

&C.
as an epithet of the Eagle, see
c.,

On

fjieXas

s.

vv. deixSs,

|J.op<f>i/og

cf.

O. Keller, op.

p.

237. Both

the constellation Aquila in ' inclined to think that the

/AeXaixxeTog and Xayw^oi/os are applied to and I am the Comm. Alfrag. p. 106 Black Eagle had originally a mystical
;

'

and astronomical meaning.

MEAA'NAEIPOI- opvddpiov
Setp TJS (q.
v.),

Cf.

s.

v.

jxeXdpruyos.

KOIOV,

Hesych.
dcipr).

Perhaps

connected with

rather than with

17

MEAEArPl'l.

Salmas. ad Plin.

Also (AeXeaypos, p. 612.

KaroiKiSios opvis,

Hesych.

fxeXaypis,

word, connected with Sem. Melek ; as in Melkart, Meleager, Melicertes, &c. (cf. Keller, Volksetym. p. 236, Lat.
foreign

Etym.

p. 180). sp.

The Guinea-Fowl, Numida

First

mentioned by Soph. Meleag. fr. ap. Plin. xxxvii. (2) n, the birds weeping tears of amber for the death of the hero. Mentioned in connexion with amber also by Mnaseas ap. Plin. 1. c.

full

description in Clytus Miles, ap. Athen. xiv. 655c-f aa-ropyov

TO p.ev p.eyedos opvidos yevvaiov^ Tr]v 8e Kf(pa\f]V irpbs TO. eKyova TO opveov* eV avrrjs 8e \6(f)ov crapKivov, o-K\r]p6v} Kal TO TavTrjv \l/i\fjv, troi/^a fUKpav rrpos

aTpoyyvXov, e^e^oi/ra
TO 8e
aai/Jia

K.al TO XP^P"^ ^XoeiS^. TTJS KefpaXrjs a>o-7Tfp TrcrrraXov, affav TVOLK'L\OV^ peXavos OVTOS TOV ^pa)/naroff oXou, Trrt'Xoi? \fVKols

Kal nvKvols

dii\T)iJL[j.ei>ov'

TrapanXfjaiai

6'

elalv al dfjXeiai TOIS appecriv, K. r. X.

MEAAMnYrOI
MEAEAFPII
Arist.
(continued}.
vi. 2,

MEAEAPPII

15

H. A.

559 Kareon-y/zeVa ra am T&V

/LteXeaypt^cov

cf.

Aristoph.

H. A. See

Epit. i. 28 wa dcrrepeoTa. also the description given

by Columella,

viii. 8,

2 Africana est

quam

plerique

Numidicam

dicunt, meleagridi similis, nisi

et cristam capite gerit,

galeam (paleam, emend. Newton)

sunt in meleagride coerulea.

quod rutilam quae utraque

is

This passage from Columella

very

interesting as showing that the Greek pc\taypig and the Roman Gallina africana or numidica were different from one another, the latter having

a red wattle, the former a blue.

ypis

This would look as though the

/ueXea-

had sprung from what is now called Numida ptilorhyncha, an Abyssinian species, and had been brought to Athens by way of Egypt while the Afra avis originated in the Numida meleagris of W. Africa.
;

See Newton, Diet, of Birds,

p. 399, footnote.

fj.\eaypides mentioned, however, by Scylax, Periplus, were seen beyond the Pillars of Hercules, in N. W. Africa, as were those mentioned by Mnaseas and these were doubtless, therefore, of the redwattled species. Strabo and Diodorus report the birds as inhabiting an island in the Red Sea Sophocles (1. c.), speaks of them poetically
; ;

The

as Indian.

Mentioned as sacred
Hapdevov
Aetolia,
ev

birds, Clyt. Miles. I.e.

ot

Trepi

8e

TO Ifpov

TTJS

Aepo>

ci<riv

KaXovpevoi
xiv.

opvides

p.e\faypides.

Also

in

Menodot. ap. Athen.

42
:

Ael.

iv.

655 a. the metamorphosis of the sisters of Meleager

el

00-01

8e apa aldovvrai TO flelov KCU p,a\\ov

rr]v "Aprejutv,
T)

OVK T

civ

rroT

Toivde

TWV opvldwv

TTi

Tpo<pr)V TTpoo'd'^aiVTOj KOI rJTts

Veo~Ti

aiTLO. 'icrao~i

01 rrjv vfjcrov

olKOvvTCs TTjv Aepov KOI

padelv aXXaxodev.

Ib. v.

27 TOS

eV Aepo)

fi\caypidas OTTO

TWV yaptywvvxw opvetov \eyet "la-Tpos. Sacrificed at the temple of Isis in Tithorea (Phocis), Pausan. x. 31
/M?ySej/6s

ddiKela-Qai

(x.

32, 9, ed. Teubn.).

Were
01 /xeV

kept also in the Acropolis

/ieXeaypi'Scs*
Tfj

6'pm? ai eW/uoiTo eV
a.K.pon6\i'

Til a/cpO7rd\et,

Hesych. opi/ca d8e\(pas TOV Me\eaypov

arrep cveftovTO ev
/ueTa/3aXeii/
els

Xeyovo"* de
ol

TUS /ieXeaypi'Sa? opi'idas,

r}v

8e TO.S avvTjdtis 'lo/caXXi'8o?

TTJS

cv

Aepvy Trapdevov,
cf.

TifiSto'i

daip.ovid)s t

Suid., Phot.

On
c. I,
viii. 4.

the story of the metamorphosis,

Nicand. ap. Anton. Lib.

iii.

Hygin. Fab. 174, Ovid, Met.

viii.

534, Mart.

58, 15, Lactant.

How

the Meleagrides fought around the

x. (26) 38,

tomb

of Meleager

(cf. s. v.

ptyvw) PHn.
For other
ii.

&c.
; ;

Terpawi');

Hor. Epod. references, see Antig. Caryst. xi Juv. xi. 142 53 Afrae aves; Mart. iii. 58, 15 Numidicae guttatae xiii. 45 Libycae volucres xiii. 75 Stat. Silv. i. 6, 78, ii. 4, 28 Suet. Calig. 22 (vide s. v. Petron. 93 Varro, De R. R. iii. 9, 18, c.
;

1 16

A GLOSSARY OF GREEK BIRDS

s.

ME'MNftN,

fxepojas,

s.

Mepvovos

op^is.

The

Ruff,

Machetes

pugnax, L.
Mosch.
tra/Lia
iii.

42 ov

TOO-OV duoio-iv ev ayKecrt TralSa TOV 'Aoi?

'nrra^vos

Trepi

Paus. X. 31, 6 p-ep-vovides Tais opvio~iv ecrnv KivvpuTO Mepvovos opvis. ovofia, Kara 8e CTOS 01 'EXXqo-Trdi/rtoi (paaiv avras ev elpr]pLevais f)p,epais levai
re eVt TOU Me/zi/oi'O? TOV ra^or, KCU OTTOCTOV TOU p,vfjp.a.TOS devdpcov eo~T\v iroas ^iXoj/, rotTO /cat (raipovcnv at opvides KCU vypois TOLS Trrepoi? roi) f) Ael. V. I ouKoCi/ Toi? opvidas Tovs cirwvvfjiov? AioTyTrov TO) vSart puivowi.

TOV fjpwos d(piKvel(r6at Kara

els

trav eros, KOI

/uci^f (rdat

diaipeiadai re Kai Siao-^ifeo-^ai

:

K. r. X. cf. Anecd. Bekk. ii. p. 25. See also Dion. De Avib. i. 8 Quint. Smyrn. Posthomer. ii. 645, et seq. Plin. x. (26) 37 Ovid, Met. xiii. 607,

%dpav KOI dia<popav, Kai

fJ-dx^ Kaprcpdv,

Paris.

Amor.

i.

13, 3

Solin.

c.

40.

The

identification, first suggested

by Cuvier (Grandidier's
'

Pliny, loc.

cit), is certain, the

combats or

'

hilling

of Ruffs being unmistakeably

described

for

modern

descriptions, see

Montagu, quoted

in Yarrell,

4th ed. vol. iii. p. 428. At the same time, it is evident that the myth is a very ancient one, and its connexion with this particular species of
bird and its peculiar annual combats may be a late version of an old and mysterious story cf. Creuzer, Symb. ii. 181, &c. In other words, though Pausanias and Aelian undoubtedly alluded to the Ruff, I do not for a moment believe that Moschus did so. Vide s. v.
:

ME'PMNOI,

A
ME'POvl/.

s. jj^ppijs, Hesych., also Cram. Anecd. Oxon. i. 64, 24. kind of hawk, sacred to Cybele, Ael. xii. 4 ; according to

Hesych., identical with Tpi6pxt)s.

The

H\ur<rovpy6s (Erh.), and

Bee-eater, Merops apiaster, L. Mod. Gk. /zcXt on Parnassus popydprjs (Heldr.).

vi. I,

In Arist. H. A.
aepoira
:

559 aepox^,

S. e"po\lf

cf.

Hesych. depones,

opi/ea TIJ/O,
'.

(Bk.), ov S' oi BOIOOTO! Ka\oi<riv also Schol. in Ar. Av. 1354 ;

depoirovs,

Anton. Liber,
Albertus M.,

Suid. in verb. dvrine\npyiiv rjepo^ S. fjepoTros, Boios, ap. name similar to jBopydpijs used by Scotus, aves c. 18.

quae dicuntur Graece Boareia, ovant

in

quam obarcham
opvis.

Graeci vocant

foraminibus terrae, and by cf. Schneider in Arist. 1. c.

:

According to Bent (Cyclades, 1885,

Syra simply a bird,
Arist.

p. 325),

pepovnas

now means

in

IX. 13, 615 b (pavl de rives KCU TOVS p.ep07ras dvTeKTpefaadai eKyovwv ov povov yr)pdo~KovTas aXXa KOI evdus, OTCIV oioi T (%O~LV' 8' idea TOV opvidos T>V TOV de Trarf'pa Kai Trjv p.r]Tepa pe.veiv evBov. 17

H. A.

VTTO TOM/

7TTepS)v earl
TO.
fi'

ra pev vnoKUTco

&>^poj/, TO.

fie

eWra) wvirep

Trjs

d\Ki>6vos Kvdveov,
TIKTCI 8e Trepl 1^
rj

eV aKpti>v TO)V TTTepvyiw epvOpd

(cf.

Plin. x. (33) 51).

eTTTa VTTO Ti]v oTTcopav [it

breeds in Greece about the middle of April,

S' et<ra>

Lindermayer],

ev Tols Kpypvols Tols paXaKols' eto-fiyerai

KOI reVrapa?

MEMNQN
MEPO*
(continued).

NEBP04>ONOI

117

TT^etr.

Ib. vi.

I,

559

&

Botwroi KaXovviv depoTra,

ets ras- orras ev rfj

Vforrevei povos. yfj KaT(i8v6fj.fvos

On
T<OV,

piety of pepo^, 8iKatoraros- KOI 6U(re/3e0Taros' opvidav cmav30, Plin. x. (33) 51 ; cf. Boch. Hieroz. ii. p. 302. Is destructive to bees, Arist. H. A. x. 40, 626, Ael. v. n, vii. 6, Plut.

the

filial

see Ael.

xi.

Mor. 976

Is said to fly

Geopon. xv. 2, Phile 650, Virg. Georg. backwards, Ael. i. 49. fabled metamorphosis, Boios, 1. c. An6\\a)v
c,
J

iv. 14.

Be opviQa enoirjo-e TOV

TTOtSa TjepOTTOV, OS

Tl

VVV TLKTfl

JJLV V7TO yrjS, O61

&

p.\fTO, 7ITO~dctl.

MHAIKOI' "OPNEII- M^Soi dXfKrpvoWs, Hesych. Vide S. V. dXeKrpucoi/. Cf. also Plin. x. 21, Colum. viii. 2, Varr. R. R. iii. 9, and Festus.

In Latin a
'

common

reading
'

The term Median

Kai

bird

is

is Melicae gallinae] cf. Colum. applied also to the Peacock.

1.

c.

Suid. Mrj^iKos opvis' 6 raws. Id. raw? evTr^X?/^* 6 MTJ^IKOS Kal xpytronrepos d\aoviKos opvis. Cf. Schol. ad Ar. Ach. 63 fJKovrfS CLTTO Ilepo-iSos rawv
\r)\v0ao-iv
:

XVTS

de TOV aXeKTpvova, ol 8e TOV

also Ar. Av. 707 o Se TIcpa-iKov opviv, ubi Schol. Ttves raw cf. also Clem. Alex. Paedag. ii. i 6'/>my
:

eVt TOVTOLS (rvvavovvrai TOVS dirb (pao-i8os, drra-yas AiyvTrriay, Mrjdov Taava
ibid.
iii.

4 opveis

'ij/SiKOvy, Kai

Taavas MrjdiKovs eKTpefovo-i.

MONO'IIPOI.

breed of fowls in Egypt.

Trj

opvfis ev 'AXe^avSpeia
ytvvwvTcti,

Trpbs

AtyvnTov

fieri, f

a>v ol /na^t/zoi

d\eKTpv6v( s

Geopon.

xiv. 7, 30.

MO'P4>NOI.

An Eagle or Vulture. In Plin., the Lammergeier. Supposed to be connected with the idea of dark or black; cf.

opQvT),

but
II.

= gav66s,

Russ. mrachnoe, Eng. murky,

Hesych.).
'

(popcpvos

=
|

O-KOTCIVOS, Suid.,

xxiv. 315 avTLKct

aleTov

^/ce,

reXetdraroj/ TrfTerjv&v,

fji6p(f)vov 8rjpr)Tr)p
;

ov KOI ncpKvbv Kokcowiv (cf. II. xx. 252 ; Porphyr. Schol. also Heyne's Hes. Scut. 134 p,op<pvolo (f>\eyvao KaXwrrojUfi/oi nTfpvyfao-1. note, in loc.). Lycophr. 838 TOV xP V(TO jraTP ov (J-op(pvov. According to Arist. H. A.
'

ix.

32, 618

(j,6p<|)os,

b, identical with TrXayyos and vr)TTo<p6vos (here also written Plin. x. 3 Phemonoe Apollinis dicta filia dentes ei jxop4><5s):

esse prodidit, mutae alias, carentique lingua eandem aquilarum nigerrimam, prominentiore cauda. Ingenium est ei testudines raptas Cf. Suid., who definitely applies the frangere e sublimi iaciendo, &c. name to a Vulture p.6p<pvo$ eldos aVroC* povoi de OVTOI TO>V deTwv ov
;

KVvr)yeTovo~iv}

dXXa

veKpols o-wpao-i Tp(f)ovrat.

Vide

S.

v.

MY'TTHE'

opvis voids,
ol

Hesych.
appeves vcoTTol TO>V dXenTpvovav,

NE'BPA-E. veftpaKfs'

Hesych.
?)

NEBPO^O'NOI.

Arist.

H. A.

ix.

32, 618 b

= iruyapY

v.

Il8
NE'PTOI.

A GLOSSARY OF GREEK BIRDS

A Vulture.

Ar. Av. 303, mentioned together with yity and ifpag. Hesych. ve'pros' This word, hitherto lepag' ol de eloos opveov (i.e. a species of vulture).
unexplained,
I

conjecture to be the Egyptian

:

j^
in

nert,

Copt.
i.

ItOTpI, a Vulture

cf.

Chaeremon,

fr. 9,

and Lauth,

Horap.

3,

Sitzungsber. Bayer. Akad., 1876, p. 73.

NrTTTA, Boeot. maora (Ar. Ach. 875). Lith. anh's, A. S. ened, Ger. Ente.
endearment), Ar.
PI.

Duck. Cf. Lat. anat-is, Dim. v^-ndpiov (a term of

Inc.

ion, Menand.
See also
viii. 3,

422

(4,

316);

Nicostr. Antyll. 3 (3, 280).

poaicds, yXauiaoi>,

Description.

Arist.

H. A.

593 b included
;

among
ii.

ra

ra>v o~TcyavoTr68a)v' irepl norafjiovs KOI \ip.va$ eariv

ibid.

17,

509
1

e^i

cvpitv KOI TrXarvv o\ov, aTrotpvdo'as

ex cl-

ap. Athen. ix. 52. 395 c 6 appqv ptLfav KCU TromXoorepos . An allusion to the particoloured plumage of the Common Drake, or else of some wild Duck, in Ar. Av. 1148.

Alex.

Mynd.

Ael.

V.

33

e'

o>SiVa>i>

eVrt

vrjKriKT),
ii.

KOI fiadelv ov Setrat, K. r. X.

77 AiyuTmoi ras vfjo~o-as wp-ovs o-iTfovrcu, irpoTapixevo-avres. Frequent in the Comic Poets. Its wholesomeness, Plut. V. Cat. Maj. xxiii (i. 359 D). On the Roman j/qo-o-orpo^em, see

Use

as Pood.

Herod,

Varro, De R. R. Avib. iii. 23.

iii.

n, Colum.

viii. 15.

Mode

of capture, Dion.

De

Brought as tribute to Indian kings, Ael. xiii. 25. Myth and Legend. Sacred to Poseidon, Ar. Av. 566. According to Nicand. ap. Anton. Lib. c. ix, one of the Emathides, daughters of Pierus,

was metamorphosed
Its

into the bird

vfjo-o-a.

defence against the eagle, cf. Phile, De An. Pr. xiv. Use the herb sideritis as a remedy, Plin. viii. 27.

A "Weather-prophet.
cf.

Ael.

vii.

7 Trrepvyi^ovaai nvev/jLa drj\ovo-iv Io~xvp6v

Arist.

fr.

241, 1522 b;

Theophr.

De

Sign.

fr.

vi.

18,

28;

Arat.

918, 970.

NHTTOKTO'NOI,
Plin. x. 3.

A kind of Eagle, the Anataria of s. i/t]TTo<|>6i>os. Supposed, by Sundevall, to be the Spotted Eagle,
;

Aquila naevia

vide

s. v.

dXideros.

Compare, however, the notes

vrjrrocpovos, Arist.

on Xayw^oyos,
ix.

irXayyos, &C.

KipKos VYJTTOKTOVOS, Phile,

32, 618 b

De

An.

Pr. xiv. 6.

H. A.

poppas and

TrXdyyos, q. v.
bird,

Cf. Ael. v. 33.

NOYMH'NIOI.
Hesych.
Proverb.

An unknown
vi>J?X0oz/

opveov opoiov arraya* 6 KOI rpo'^iXoy,

array as re KOI

j>ov/i?jyioy,

Suid., &C.

(for

other

NEPTOI

NYKTIKOPAE

1 1

NOYMHNIOI

(continued].

s. v. drTayas). In all probability, vovufjvtos was some we have an obscure indication bird associated with moon-worship of a kindred symbolism in the case of array as, in the statement that

references vide

that bird is hostile to the Cock (Ael. vi. 45). That drrayds had some mystical signification seems plain, though the precise allusion is obscure the frequent reference to the bird as TTOIK/XO?, and the state:

ment of
mystery.

its

friendship with the Stag,

may

in time furnish a clue to the

For my part, I imagine I discern a stellar attribute in the one bird, and a lunar in the other. Tradition, of doubtful antiquity, associates the name Numenius with the Curlew, and it may well have this or some similar bird with a decurved or crescentic bill.

NYKTAl'ETOr

opvis fepos'Hpaj, 6 *at epa>8ios,

s.

Hesych.

Cf. J/UKTiKOpaf.

or LongNYKTIKO'PAE, i>uicToic6pa, Hesych. eared Owl, Strix o/us, L. ; but perhaps also applied to the

Probably the

Horned

Night-Heron.
Arist.
Ib.

H. A.

viii. 12,

viii. 3,

592 b

eri

597 b evioi TOV wrbv vvKriKopaita Ka\oixnv rtv WKrepiv&v evioi yap\ra)vvxes elcriv, olov

(loc. dub.).

vvKTiKopat;,

y\avg, jBpvas.

Ib. ix. 34,

689 b

y\avK.es de Ka\ WKTiKopaKfs, KOI ra \onra

ocra rrjS fjp-epas dSvvarel /SXeTTfiy, TI)S VVKTOS p.ev drjpevovra rr]V rpotforjv avrois
7ropi'er<u' fypevei
fie

pis Ka\ aavpus, K.T.

X.

Cf.

Athen.

viii.

in a similar passage, Kopaices

= wKrinopaKes.
;

353

a,

where

Arist. H. A. ii. 17, 509 a7ro(pvd8as e'x. [The caeca are rudimentary are or absent altogether in the Herons large and conspicuous in they the Owls.] wKTiKopag is, therefore, in Arist. a nocturnal, rapacious bird, It can scarcely be other than identical with, or confounded with, euro?.

the
It

Long-Eared Owl. corresponds to Heb.

of evil omen.

D13,

an Owl,
ii.

in Ps. 102.

6 (LXX).

25 wKriKopag Qavarov tr^/zaiVi* acpva rav veovo-ols rols Kopwcov Kara ras vvKras, u>s 6 Bavaros afpvco yap (nepxerat enpxTai. With this passage, cf. the legendary hostility of the Owl and

A bird

Horap.

the Crows,

s.

vv. yXau|, Kopwi^]

there

is,

however, a very similar story

Anth. Pal. XI. l86 WKTiKopat; qei

6vr](TK.fL

0avarrj(p6pov, dXX' ortiv qvrj

Kavros

Aen.

iv.

462

Cf. the carmen ferale of the Owl, Virg. vvKriKopag. ' vide also s. v. j3uas. Cf. also Spenser's hoarse night6

c. raven, trompe of doleful drere,' fabled metamorphosis, Boios ap. Anton. Lib.

an old confusion between Ardea nycticorax^ L. Gesner (ed. cit.,

There

is

this bird

cf. c. xv j(apa8pi<5s. and the Night- Heron,

;

p. 357), discussing the discrepant opinions regarding wKriKopag, figures the Night-Heron, and adds, Wir haben hierbey die Figur des Vogels gesetzt, welcher zu Strasburg ein
'

Nachtram anderswo

ein

Nachtrabe geheissen wird, welcher doch

120
NYKTIKOPAS
meines

A GLOSSARY OF GREEK BIRDS

(continued}.

Bedenckens weder ein Caprimulgus noch Nycticorax ist.' And the confusion thus introduced seems to have been aided by Gaza having translated wKTiKopag by cicuma (Gr. KIKUJUS, q.v.), afterwards
misspelt cicunia, ciconia (vide Belon, ii. c. 36, Camus, ii. p. 250). Nevertheless, although the above-cited passages all appear to apply to an Owl, yet Ardea purpurea, nycticorax, and other Herons are said
to

be now called wKTiKopag (Erh., Heldr.) further, it has been shown above that the attributes of epo>8ios are in part nocturnal. Lastly, it must be noted that there are evidences of Egyptian influence in the stories both of e'pwSior and vvKTiKopag vide s. v. dyoiraia.
; ;

Ol'NA'NOH.
Arist.

An unknown
ix.

bird.
(loc.

H. A.

49 B, 633

dub.} a(^avl^rai Se KCU

TJV

KaXoDa-t rives

olvdvdrjv av'io~\ovTO$ TOV o~(ipiov } dvopcvov 8e (paivcrai'

TO.

"^vxn, ore de rrjv aXeai/.

Cf. Plin. x. (29)

45

yap ore p.ev perhaps identical with

(frevyei

parra, ib. xviii. 69, or mtiparra, ib. x. (33) 50. Vide infra, s. v. oiras. Belon (Nat. des Oiseaux, vii. 12) first applied the name to the
OI'NA'Z.

Wheatear, which (Saxicola oenanthe, L.) still retains it. A kind of Pigeon probably the wild Hock-Pigeon,
:

Columba
77

tim'a,

L.

Also

oli/ias,

Poll.

vi.

22

olvtas

8e

ical

olvds,

aypi'a 7rept(TTfpa.

Arist.

H. A.

V. 13,

544 ^
77,

opvis TrepicrrepoeiS)]?, fitKpco jj.ei(cv rrjs TrepioTepaff.

Ib. viii. 3, 593 Aon-tai/ de fyaftos.

Ib. vi. i,

eggs

cf.

De

Gen.

iv.

iii.

9, Plin. x.

79

(58).

558 b 8irom, i.e. lays two Arist. H. A. viii. 3. 593 roG

rj

Kol (fxiivcrai

prXiora Kal aXtWercu*

8'

SXaxris avrijs yiverat

e

KajTTovcrrjs

TO vScop' atyiKvovvrai

els

TOVS TOTTOVS TOVTOVS

Arist. ap.

Athen.

ix.

394 a

/uei'o>i/
(JLOVCO.

eVrt

TJJS

TrfpiorTfpa?,
ib.

olvanov.
f)

(paiverat

(frdivonapfo

Athen.

394 e Xeyfrai

fi*

on

olvas fav (payovva TO TTJS lias cr7rep/za eVt TIVOS aQodevfrrj devdpov, Idiav
:

llav

cf. Plin. xvi. (44) 93, s. v. palumbes. Ael. iv. 58 TTJV otVaSa (pveo-dai opveov floevai XPV ovcrav, ov p,f]V &s Tives o/i7reXoy. \eyei 8e 'Apto-roreX^y avTO elvai (fraTTtjs, Trepiarepaff ye Mentioned also, TJTTOV. /net^oj/ jj,fv

^v

Lyc. 358.

The passage
the bird's

oiyaSoO^pas, in Sparta, a dove-catcher, Ael. 1. c. in Aelian, and the discrepancy between the accounts of
size,

indicate that olvds

was a little-known word.

it

The

later

Greeks and early commentators derived

from

olvos,

with reference to

the colour of the bird (Athen. I.e., Eustath. ad Odyss. p. 475, ed. Basil.) hence or to its appearance in the vintage-season (TOV (pdivorrdapov) Gaza translates it Vinago ; and most moderns have identified it with
;

the Stock-dove, C. oenas, L., whose breast is purple-red. But the word is more probably identical with the Hebrew T\^ Jonah, as has
,

been suggested by Casaubon

in

Athen.

p. 617,

and Bochart, Hieroz.

ii.

NYKTIKOPAE
OINAI
2. is

OKNOZ.

121

(continued^.
Cf. *l<iras,

Hesych., also Tzetz. Chiliad,

vii.

126.

[The same word

supposed by some to give its name to the island of S. Columba.~\ It was then probably either a sacred name, introduced with a foreign cult, or else a Phoenician sailor's name, especially for the wild Rockpigeons of the coast and on this latter interpretation the passage in Arist. viii. 3, 593 would refer naturally to an autumn flight inland from
;

the sea-board breeding-places.

fr.

OtVorpoTj-oi, who were turned into doves, Lye. 570, cf. Simon, 24 (39), ap. Schol. Horn. Od. iv. 164, Serv. Virg. Aen. iii. 8, Ovid, Met. xiii. 674, c., may derive their name from the same root, and the

The

story of their turning water into wine

*

may

then be due to a case of

Volksetymologie.'

By this word, and its Semitic root, I would seek to explain the curious 'canting heraldry' which represents the constellation of the Pleiads as a bunch of grapes, and gives to it the name Corpus (Porpw

On

yap auras- Af'youa-i*/, Schol. II. xviii. 486 Ideler, Sternnamen, p. 317). coins of Mallos in Cilicia, we have Doves represented, whose
;

bodies are formed by bunches of grapes, and in other cases the dove is lost and replaced simply by the grapes: on the relation of these
figures

and

their other associated

symbols to the constellation of the

c. Svoronos, Bull, de Corresp. Hellen., 1894, p. 107, I imagine that an old confusion, intentional or unintentional, between oii/as- and oil/or may have been the cause of this strange and unwonted

Pleiad, see

M.

J.

prefigurement of the constellation. The association of the dove with the bunch of grapes survives in early Christian symbolism cf. Gorius,
;

Diss. XIII.

De Gemmis

Astrif. Christian, (vol.

iii.

p. 249) 1750.

The symbolic meaning

similar derivation
Ol'NIA'E.
otyds,

and interpretation

here assigned to olvas tends to suggest a in the case of oti><j'0Tj.

According to Hesych. a kind of Raven, but probably which latter^ word Hesych. interprets yevos Kopanos' ol
Cf. yoiyees.

=
8e

dyplav Trfpicrrepdv.

OfZTPOZ.
Arist.

An unknown
H. A.
viii.

small bird.
b,

3,

with rvpavvos,

eVtAat'ff,

592 &c.

mentioned as a small insect-eating bird

On the assumption that ola-rpos (the Gad-fly) must denote some very small bird, Sundevall follows the mediaeval naturalists in identifying it with the Willow-wren, Sylvia trochilus, L., our smallest bird next to the Gold-crests.
"OKNOZ,
,$.

OKJ/OS.

bird of the

Heron

kind, with fabulous attributes

v.

in Arist.

H. A.
x. 29,

ix. i,

609
d'

b, 18,

617, Ael.

36

= d0Tpias,

q.v.

Pausan.

2 OKVOV

ovv KOL

fjuivrecov ol

opwvrfs TOVS olavovs KaXovvi

122

A GLOSSARY OF GREEK BIRDS

(continued}.
fj.ev

OKNO2
nva

opvida, KCU evTiv OVTOS 6 OKVOS /zeyioroy

Kal KaXXioTos' epadiwv,

ei

6e aXXos TIS opvidc&V) o~7rdvi6s

eon

KCU OVTOS.

According to Boios ap. Anton. Lib. c. vii, Autonous was metamorphosed into the bird OKI/OS-, on (oKvrjo-e aTreXaaai ras 'LTTTTOVS, his son being turned into an cpwdios. On Ocnus as a mythological character, cf.
i. 97, p. 109, Pausan. 1. c., &c. Probably a foreign word, and perhaps Egyptian (cf. Ael., Diod. 1. c.). Bearing in mind the close connexion of the Heron with Athene, I am almost tempted to see in OKVOS a distorted reflection of Onkh, "Oyya,

Diodor.

"OyKas (Hesych.), &c., a mystical

name

of the

same goddess.

Vide

s.

v.

'OAAITOl',

s.

oXaroi' cnrfpfjioXoyoi,

Hesych.

'OAKA'r

drjo-uv,

Hesych.

(loc.

dub. et mutilus).

'ONOKPO'TAAOI.
Hieroz.

A Pelican.
c.
;

Plin. x. (47) 66, Mart. xi. 21, Hieron. in Lev. xi. 18,
ii.

cf.

Boch.

276.

'OPEINO'I.
Arist.
opecrtv,

species of aiyi'OaXos, q.v.

viii. 3,

H. A.

592 b erepos

6'

opavos, 8ia TO SiaTpifieiv ev rot?

ovpaiov p.a<pov CXMV.

Also a

name

or epithet, like opeiTrjs, of a

Hawk

or Eagle

cf.

Plut.

Amat.

iv. 9.
s. v.

'OPEIFlEAAPrO'l, vide
'OPEl'THI.

ircpKyoTrrepos.

kind of

Hawk, mentioned
or epithet for a

with KCYXP^IS, Ael.

ii.

43.

'OP0OKO'PYAOI.
iii.

A name

Lark
AeL

(verb, dub.)

Alciphro

48.
BOft~N.

"OPNI0EI MEI'ZONEZ

Eudox.

ap.

xvii.

14
*cat

v7rep/3aAo>i/

ras

'HpaKXciouy oTJ^Xay ev \tp.vais ewpaKevai opviOds Tivas

p.eiovs f3o>v.

'OPO'iniZOI.
Arist.
[rt vrepi]

The

Blue-throat, Cyanecula suecica, L.

592 b
<TTTIT)

H. A.

viii. 3,

TQV av\cva Kvavovv} KOL

Starpi'/3ei ev rols ope(nv.

opoios KOL TO peyeOos 7rapa7r\r](rios' e^ei The bird is rare

is

in

able.

Greece (Lindermayer, p. 104), nevertheless its identity The MSS. have several variants in the name.

unmistake-

'OPTA'AIXOI.

Also

opraXi's,

Nic. Alex. 295, &c.

Boeotian word

(Stratt. &oiv. 2,

781) for a
ot/0' OTTOK'
;

Chick.
KO'ITOV opaev.

Theocr.

xiii.

12

opraXi^ot pivvpol TTOT\

54.

Cf. Ar.

Ach. 871 and Schol.

Aesch. Ag.

Applied to Swallow-chicks,

Opp. Hal.

v.

579.

OKNOI
'OPTYrOMH'TPA.

OPTY=.

133

The Corn-crake
:

or Land-rail, Rallus crex, L.,

Crex

pratensis, auctt.

cf.

icpe, Ku'xpajjios.

In Mod. Gk.

still

called opTvyoMTpa (Heldr. &c.),

(Erh.),
Arist.
It.

and

in the Cyclades peSiyoudXia

Re

di quaglie.
12,

H. A.
birds)

viii.

597 b;

a bird which accompanies the quails

(i.

(vide

S. V.

Kuxpcifios).
:

TrapaTrXqo-ios- TIJV p,op(pr]v Tols \ipvaiois

e.

to the

Arte Venandi, i. 9 et modus rallorum terrestrium, quae dicuntur duces coturnicum. Alex. Mynd. ap. Athen. ix. 393 a * " T0 p-ty f @o$ 77X1*77 rpuycov, o~K\rj Se /zctKpa,

wading

cf.

Plin. x. 33

Frider.

ii

De

dvo~6a\r)s Kal deiXrj.

Cratin.

(2.

158) ap. Athen. I.e.

'Idanrja-ia

associated

with

Latona,

Arjrol 'Opruyo/zr/rpg,

opruyo/^rpa. Ar. Av. 870 cf. Schol. in Argum.

Pythiorum Pindari. In Hesych. oprvyo/^rpa = oprvg vTrfppeyedrjs. The word is used also by the LXX, and by the Fathers, for oprug (Ex. xvi. 13 Numb. xi. 31, 32 Ps. cv. 40) according to Bochart (Hieroz. ii. 94) qua tamen voce libentius usi sunt, quam simplici oprvyes-, ne crederetur Deus gregarias
; ;
:

coturnices Israelitis immisisse, sed

earum nobilissimas!
Sk. vart-ika
(cf.,

"OPTYE- Hesych. yo'p,

Sk. Texts,
i.

i.

e.
cf.

foprv.

int. al.,
(?),

Muir's

112. 8),

Lat. vertere, Lit. the dancer

or

more

probably and simply, the one

y

who returns.

The

Quail, Colurnix

Dim. opruyioy, auctt. Mod. Gk. oprvKi, oprvKiov. vulgar is On the quantity of Eupolis and Antiph. ap. Athen. ix. 392 e. the u, cf. Phot., p. 35> IO oprvyas' <rv(TT\\ovTes ol 'ArriKoi \eyovcri
TO v 8r)\oi ev AaiTa\ev(riv 'Apiarofpdvrjs.

Gen.

oprv^of, in

Philem.

ap. Chaerob.

i.

82.

Description.

Arist.

H. A.

vi. 12,
:

597 b ov

TTTJJTIKOS

ib. ix. 9,

614

eirl

ftfvdpov ov Ka6iei, dXX' eVt rrjs yijs

ib. iv. 9,

536

/za^d/ie^os

^BeyyfraC
TOV

[jui\\ov adei 6 apprjv, al de OrjXfiai OVK adovaiv.

Alex.

Mynd.

ap. Athen.

ix.

392 c

6 6^\vs op

XcirTOTpd^os
as

eo~ri,

appevos OVK

'iya>v TO, VTTO r&5 yeveico

peXava.

Pratin. ib. dSvfpcovov TOV oprvya,

ol nepdiKes.

7T\r)v el pf) TI

napa

Tols ^Xiaaiois

rj

TO!? Aa/toxri (f)a>vr]VTs,

Anatomy.
ib. 17,

Arist.
Kcti

H. A.

ii.

15,

506 b
npb
1.

Trpo? Tols e'vrepois TTJV ^o'X^i/

e^.

509 e^ei

TrpoXoftov Kal

TTJS

yaorpo? TOV
TIJS

aro/Lta^oi/

evpvv Kal

TT\aTvv e\ovra'
oas

8iep(ei S' 6 TrpoXojSos

TOU Trpo
C.

y(rrpos (rro/xa^ov av^vov

ov% oparat

Kara peyeOos.

Alex.

Mynd.

dvaTp,r)6els 8e 7rpoXoj3oz/

fieyav e^eov, Kap8iav S' e^ft /zeyaXr;j/,

/ecu

TOVTTJV rpt'Xo/Sov, K.T.\.

Arist.
ii.

Nest and Breeding- habits. A H. A. ix. 8, 613 b, 614:

i, 4.

full
cf.

description, together with 7re'pSi,

ib. vi.
i,

559.

Cf.

Xen. Memor.

Migrations.
Borjo'pop.iavos.

Arist.
iriorfpoi

H. A.

viii. 12, 597. Migrate in September, TOV TOV (frOivonwpov p.d\\ov rj TOV eapos. ol &' oprvyes

124

A GLOSSARY OF GREEK BIRDS

(continued}.
ffiTrecraxnv,

OPTYE
orav

eav

p.ev

evdia
e^ovtri

/}

jBopeiov

17,

o~vv$vdovrai re KOI
elvai

ei>T)p.povo'iv

eav 8e voros, ^aXcTrw?

Sia

TO

pfj

wrrfrtKol'

vypbs yap

Kal
'

ftapvs 6 avfp.os' dib Kal ol 6r)pfvovTes OVK ou Treroi/rai Sta TO fidpos' TTO\V yap TO
TTOVOVO~I

7Ti)(ipovo~iv evdias' Tots voriois

croi/ia,

dib

Kal fio&VTes TTCTOVTOL'

orav [lev ovv eKeldev TrapafidXXaxriV) OVK f^ovcriv fjyeuovas. yap. orav 6' evrevdev airaipaa-iV) fj re yXwrris o-vvanaipeL Kal f] opruyo^ryTpa, K.T.X. Cf. Dion. De Avib. i. 30; Plin. x. 33 (23) ; Varro, De Re Rust. iii. 5,7.

cf.

The connexion between the quails' flight and the wind is well known Numb. xi. 31 Joseph. Ant. iii. I, 5. Modes of capture. With a mirror, Clearch. Sol. ap. Athen. ix. 393
: ;

of

oprvyes

TTfpi

rbv

rrjs

Kal Trpb TOVTOV J3p6%ov

e/i7riVTouo-ii/ fls
iii.

dfj }

evavrias TIS avr&v o^eias Kaipbv, eav KaroTrrpov c Tpe\ovres TTpbs rbv eufpaivo^fvov ev TK> KctTOTTTpcp

9.

With

rbv (^po^ov. With a sort of scare-crow, Dion. nets simply, on the coast of Egypt, Diodor. i. 60.

De

Avib.
quail-

catcher, opTuyo07?pas-, Plat. Euthyd. 290

els

D.

Cf. Arist.

H. A.

ix. 8,

614
cocrr'

ovTO) &e o~<podpa Kal ol TrepSiKey Kai 01 oprvyes e'TTTO^vrcu Trepi TTJV o^eiav,

TOVS QrjpevovTas

e/XTriTTTOucrt Kai
:

TroXXaKir Ka6idvov(riv
cf.

eirl

ras Ke<pa\ds.

Abundance and cheapness

flarl

Antiph. ap. Athen.

ix.

397

rr\eiovs 8*

vvv [of raaves] T>V bprvya>v. Juv. Sat. 12. 97. In Egypt, according to Herod, ii. 77 TOVS opTvyas otua ariTeovrai, rrpo:

Tcipixcvo-avTes

cf.

Diodor.

1.

c.

vide

s. v.

y^lwiov.

On

potted Quails

in

the

Morea,
p. 35.

cf.

G.

St.

Hilaire ap. Bory de St. Vincent, More'e,

opru-yas oiKoyevfis: cf. Ar.
i.

Oiseaux,

Domesticated and pet Quails: Ar. Pax 789

Fr. 36; Arist. Probl. x. 12, M. Anton, Varro, iii. 5, 2
;

ii. 799 D Av. 707, Plat. Lys. 211 E: cf. Plaut. Capt. v. 4, 5; vide Jacobs ad Anthol. x. p. 13. Hence </>iXop, Plat. Lys. 212 D </>iXopTuyorpo<pea>, Artemid. iii. 5, c.

Plut. V. Alcib.

195 E, Mor.

i.

6.

A
;

lover's gift, Ar.

Quail-fights.
i.

Lucian, Anach. 37

(2,

918); Plat. Lys. 211

E;

Plut.

930 E, cock and quail-fights between Antony and Caesar (cf. Ant. and ibid. ii. 207 B Cl. ii. 4 and his quails ever Beat mine, inhoop'd at odds ') how in Egypt a procurator of Augustus killed and ate a victorious Ovid, Amor. ii. 6, 27, &c. This quail, and how retribution fell on him
'
; ;

sport,

still

common among

the Chinese, Malays, &c., was practised

ii.

in Italy in Aldrovandi's time (Ornith.

p. 596).

p.

74

cf.

Voss.,

De

Idol. c. 86,

For a Chinese picture of a

(cf.

quail-fight,

showing the 'hoop'

Illustr.

or

TrjXia

supra,
;

p.
cf.

22,

s.

v.

dXeKxpuwf), see Douce's

of

also Bell's Travels in China, i. p. 404 (8vo Shakspeare, p. 367 See also Becker's Charicles. The birds are said to have been ed.).

stimulated to fight with bells, cf. Schol. in Ar. Lys. 485 (dKcoouvio-Tov) see also Aristarch. ap. Harpocrat. s. v. SieKwoomo-e.
Quail-striking,
s-,

opTuyoKOTria, Jul.

Pollux,

ix.

107.
xi.

The

player was
(TTV(poK6jros.

Plat.

Com.

IlepiaXy. 4, ap.

Athen.

506

or

OPTY=.

125

OPTYE

(continued).

Ar. Av. 1299 and Schol.

Cf. Plut. ii. 34 D. See also Meursius, Ludis Graecorum, in Gronov. Thes. Ant. Gr. vii. p. 979.

De
KOI

Immunity from
(23),

poison.

Arist.

De

Plant.

5,

820 b

{joa-Kvapos

eXXe/3opos- dvOpairois ptv Si]\r)TT)pioi, Tpn(pf) 6e Tols

De Alim. Fac. Geopon. xiv. 24, Galen. De ii. 6, De Temper, iii. 4, Basil. Hexaem. v. p. 59 (ed. Paris), Eustath. Hexaem. p. 9, Ambros. Hexaem. iii. 9, &c., Lucret. iv. 641. For similar
oriental
reff.,

oprvt. Ther. ad Pison. i. 4,

Cf. Plin. x.

33

see Bochart,

ii.

97, 98.

Legend

of Delos.

Phanodem.

ap. Athen.

ix.

392 d as Kareldev

'Epvo-i'^-

'OpTvytav Trap* 6 ras dyeXas T>V <(*>v TOVTCHV (pepopevas CK TOV ne\dyovs idveiv (Is Trjv vrjaov 8ta TO vopp.ov fivat ... On the metamorphosis Cf. Serv. ad Aen. iii. 73.
&u>v ArjXoj/ TTJV vrjcrov rfjv VTTO
KaXovfjievTjv

T>V dp^aiaiv

of Artemis, Leto, and Asteria into Quails, see Apollod. i. 4, i, Schol. In Apoll. Rhod. i. 308, Hygin. Fab. 53, Tatian, Adv. Grace, c. xvi, &c. version it is Zeus himself who as a another Quail Argum. yet appears
:

Pyth. Pindari, ed. Bockh,

ii.

p. 297.

Legend of Hercules.
T<0 'Hpa/cXeZ (Is

Eudox. ap. Athen. ix. 392 d ot $oii>i<cs oprvyas Sia TO TOV 'HpaicXe'a TOV 'Acrrepiay KOI Ato?
S'

AiSvrjv dvaipfOrjvai /ieV VTTO Tv(pS)vos, 'loXaou

Kal 7rpoo~ayayovTOS oo~(f)pavdevTn aj/a/3icoj/ai
xi.
:

avTfS 7rpoo~eveyKavTOs

opTvya Eustath. in Od.

cf.

Arist. Probl. XXX.

I.

60, p. 1702.
vii.

PrOV.

o'pru
xiii. I
;

eo-wo-fv 'HpaxXri TOV Kaprfpoi/,

Zenob.
Paris.,

v.
i.

56

Diog.
;

10

Apostol.

Eutecnius

in

Cram. Anecd.

Paroemiogr. Gr. i. p. 143. In this passage various commentators read opvya for oprvya, the Gazelle being sacred to Typhon cf. Jablonski, Panth. 197, Dupuis, Orig. de tous les Cultes,
p. 31
;

ii.

350, Creuzer,

Symb.

ii.

100, Boch., I.e.; but the

justified, cf. Stark, op. infra cit.

The

Quail's brain

emendation is not was a specific for

comitialis or herculeus, Galen, Parat. Facil. iii. Vartikd, the Quail, is said to be a solar emblem among the Hindoos it is as the emblem of the returning Sun, that it figures in the legend of Delos, the birthplace of Phoebus, and in that of Hercules, the slayer of Typhon.
epilepsy, the
155, Plin. x. (23) 33.
:

morbus

The

principal allusions to the Island of Ortygia are collated

and

discussed by

Hermann, De Apoll. et Diana, Opusc. vii. p. 310 (1839). See also, for a still more elaborate investigation, Stark, Die Wachtel, Sterneninsel und der Oelbaum im Bereiche phoinikischer und griechischer Mythen,

seems clear

to

me

It Ber. K. Sachs. Ges. d. Wiss., 1856, pp. 32-120. that in the superstitions regarding the Quail, and in

the sacred reputation of Ortygia, the main point is with reference to nov the Solar Tropic cf. Od. xv. 403 vyo-os TIS Svpirj KfK\fjo-KeTat, derived its 061 The d.KOvfts, Quail 'OpTvyirjs Kadinrepdev, Tporrai qeXioio.
;
|

sanctity, and perhaps its name, from the circumstance that it returned with the returning Sun, and Ortygia was some spot where the Tpoiral

126

A GLOSSARY OF GREEK BIRDS

(contimted).

OPTYE

r)e\ioio

were observed and their

Cf. (int. al.) Find.
i.

festivals

celebrated,

as

of

old in

Delos.

Nem. The word OPTYroeHPA, on

supposed
c., p.

p. 258, &c.) is

to refer to

coins of Tarsus (Mionnet, Suppl. vii. a similar symbolic festival (Stark,

op.

44).
vi.

Hostile to Tre\Kav, Ael.

vii.

45, Phile, 684.

prey to hawks, Ael.

oprvyos Kapdiav ov

9.

Arist.

H. A.

ix.

II,

615

iepa

rrjv

rot)

How the Quails, migrating, carry each three stones, to hear by drgpping them whether they be over the sea, Dion. De Avib. i. 30 cf.
:

Plin. x. 33 (sand for ballast) ; cf. s.v. yepai/os. obscure allusion in Lye. 401 rvp-^os 6e yeirav oprvyos Trerpov/xei/qs

An

TpffjLtov

(pv\dei po^Bov Alyaias d\6s.

Philostr. V. Sophist., p. 253
(ed.

Proverbial Beferences.

Kayser)

p) -yap Athen.

fir)

Iv Tfixfi

7ri7TTr]^o)pfv

oprvyaiv ava^dpevoi <pv<nv.

Antiph. ap.

ix. p.

392 C

a>? Sr) o-v ri

iroidv Swdfifvos oprvyiov

OPXIAOZ,

s.

opxiXos.

Probably the

Wren;

cf.

rpox^os.
:

Hesych.
cf.

opviQapiov ra>v cvavrjT&V

Xeyerai be VTTO TIVWV (raATrtyJVjrqs

Phot.

351. 12.
x. 95.

Ar. Av. 569 /3aatXfu? eVr' op^i'Xos opvis Mentioned also Ar. Vesp. 1513.
Arist.

cf.

trochilus, Plin.

viii.

37,

H. A.

ix. I,

609 y\ai>g

/cat

op^iXos TroX/^ta, ra yap wa

KOI epiOevs bvvuv es <oi\as o

rrjs

A
Cf.

y\avKOS. sign of rain, Arat. 1025 op^iXo?

fj

Theophr.
c. xiv,

De

Sign.

vi. 3. 39, 4. 53.

According to Nicand. ap. Anton.

Lib.

Alcander, son of Munychus, was metamorphosed into the

bird

6'pxiXos-.

An

evil

omen

at

hymenaeis
fjeia-f

orchilus.
1.

weddings Avienus in Arat. 1. c. infestus floricomis Cf. Euphor. ap. Tzetz. ad Lycophr. p. 83 (cit.
:

Schn. in Arist.

C.),

TrouaXov ovSe p.f\a6pov op^i'Xos

CTTTJ;

KVLKOS.

oi/S*

KOKOV ydpov ex^opevos Kpeg.

opxiXos and rpoxiXos (qu. r-op^iXoy) are probably identical words, foreign origin. KopOiXos (q- v.) may be yet another corrupt form. Lauth (in Horap. i. 57, Sitzungsber. d. Bayer. Akad. 1876, p. 107),

and of

comparing Copt.

OTpA.

avis,

and

OTfpO

rex, affords a hint

which

may

explain,

by
its

referring to

an Egyptian source, the origin both of

and of

synonym

or epithet

'OITOKATA'KTHI, 'OITOKAA'ITHI, 'OITOKO'PAE.

ossifragus,

In Byz. Gk. for

OY*PAE.

The Athenian name

for re'rpii (q.v.), Arist.

H. A.

vi. i,

559.

OPTYH
OY'PI'A.

riEAAPrOI.

27

kind of water-bird.
TOJ>

395 e fj 8e \eyop.vr} ovpia ov iro\v XeiVerat J^TTT??, 6e pV7rapoKpafj,6s eVri, TO 8e pvyxos p-aKpov re KOI orei/6z> e^ct.

Athen.

ix.

xpa>/icm

'O*rOYPOI'
nA'nnoi.

opvis TTOIOS

V At&OTua,

Hesych.
',

opveov eiSor, Hesych. Mentioned Ael. iii. 30, in a somewhat doubtful passage, as a bird in whose nest the Cuckoo lays her egg. Sometimes supposed to be punned on in Ar. Av. 765 $vcrara> ndmrovs Trap' yp-w, where however TraTTTroi are more probably young downy feathers (vide Kock, &c.). Coray cites, vaguely, Mod. Gk. TrdTrma, a duck.
deTo'y, t-vro

An unknown

bird (verb, dub^

riAPAO'l-

MaKefioW, Hesych.

HA'PAAAOI, s. irapSaXis, Hesych. An undetermined bird. Arist. H. A. ix. 23, 617 b opveov eariv cryeXatoj; a)s eirl TO TroXv, Kai OVK Hem Kara eva I8elv' TO 8e %pa>fji.a (TTro&oeifijys oXof, p.eyedos 5e TrapaTrX^o-ioy
eKfivois
[?

(puvr) de TroXX?) Kai ov /SapeTa'

fjLO\aKOKpavevs, ^Xcop/coj/, rpuya)!'], CVTTOVS 8e Kai ov KaKOTrrepo?, TO de p.eyf6os [rov KoXXupiWoy] TUVTOV.

difficilior.,

doubtful passage, cf. Billerbeck, De loc. nonnull. Arist. H. A. Hildesh. 1806. Sundevall, following Turner, Gesner, &c., identifies ndpdaXos with the Golden Plover, Charadrius pluvialis, L.,

A very
is

frequent in flocks in Greece, and has a constant cry, and is in the name he sees a suggestion of the dappled plumage, in spite of o-rroSoetS^? o\os. Billerbeck, following Aldrovandi, &c., identifies it with the Starling, for similar and equally

which

about as large as rpvy&v

good reasons.
HEAAPro'l.
white
Pott.
;

Vide supra,

s.

v.

jAaXcucoKpaKeu's.
TreXoy,

(Said to
vide Suid.

be derived from
s.

dpyo't:

lit.

black-andp.

v. rreXapyidcls, ed.
i.

Bernhardy; Zonarus,
vfjes

1528

Etym. Forsch.
Cf. also

p.

131

cf.

TreXapyo'xpojres-,

Lycophr.
ii.

24;

opeiTTfXapyos, q. v.).

Dim.

TrcXapyiSeus, Ar. Av. 1356, Plut.

992 B.

y^Y

!5*

The

Stork, Ciconia alba, L.

Mod. Gk.
;

XeXeiu, XeXe/ca?,

sometimes

said to be a Turkish
XeXe'fa

word

= TreXapydf with
in Ar.

but Byzantios ingeniously compares

Ae'Xeyes

= IIeXao-yo
593
Trept

'

cf.

also XdXttYCS.
;

Mentioned

Av.

139, with a pun on ro HehapyiKov

viii. 3,

cf. ibid.

869.

Description.
fiiorevei.

Its

ray \ifivas KOL TOVS noTanovs clattering noise, Philostr. Ep. ad Epictet. TOVS rreXapArist.
fjp-as

H. A.

yovs eTreiSav rrapiovTas ciconia rostro.

Kporakrti/

cf.

Ovid, Met.

vi.

97 crepitante

Migrations
niae
est.

quonam

Nemo

Arist. H. A. viii. 16, 600, <o>Xft. Cf. Plin. x. 23 (31) Cicoe loco veniant aut quo se referant, incompertum adhuc videt agmen discedentium, cum discessurum appareat, nee

128

A GLOSSARY OF GREEK BIRDS

(continued}.
:

nEAAPfOI
Dionys.
op.
cit.,

venire sed venisse cernimus

utrumque nocturnis
is

fit

temporibus.
;

Cf.

De Avib.
p. 154).
$

i.

31.

(Its
iii.

departure
rrjs

scarcely noticed
rrjs

Lindermayer,
orav

Ael.
TO.

23

&pas

fie

Kpvpwdovs

di\6oi;crr]s )

VTroo~Tpe\ls()o~iv TT}V

i'5ia,

Tr)v

olKiav av0pa)Troi.
:

The

KaXiav dvayv(opiovo~iv) a>s precise regularity of their coming (cf. s. v.

eavrS>i>

fKarrros

Yepayos) e\aTTOva TO>V yepdvav vovv ex eiv Ka '

o~vp.fj.eTafid\\etv

Lucullus to Pompey, ap. Plut.

v

i.

5i8D

eira,

e<p/;,

o-ol

SOKG>
P.TJ

7reXapya>j>,

wore

rats wpais

ne\apyos aXrjrijs, Call. Fr. 475. According to Strabo, 221, 397, connected with IleXao-yoi, a nomad race; cf. Dion. Hal. i. 28.
Statra?
;

ras

Cf.

Filial Piety.
irdvTas
noirjo-r]

Tpefaiv.
Tpe(j)iv

Ar. Av. 1355 eirfjv 6 irarrjp 6 TreXapyoy TOVS TreXapyiS^s rpe^tov 8el rovs VCOTTOVS TOV Trarepa nd\iv Cf. Plut. Alcib. i. 135 D, Arist. H. A. ix. 13, 615 b, Ael. iii. 23
|

fJiev

efJie^eTrjcrav'

KOI e6\ov<ri TOVS Trarepas TreXopyol yfytjpaKOTas KeXfvei 8e avTovs v6p.os avOpasniKos ovde els rovro, dXXa
ol

Ka\

ama

TOVTCOV
C.

<pv(ris'

avTOi 8e Kal ra iavTO)V enyova (ptXoO(rt,

K. r.

X.

Celsum,

iv ev(rfj3fOTepouff elvai TOVS 7re\apyovs

TWV dvdpwTrwv.

Cf.

Origen, Fab.

yeoop-yoy icat TrcXapyo?, Fab. ico, loo b (ed. Halm), Babr. xiii nc\apy6s elfju (xn XP1 Pyepavos, ov trrropov K(iTa(p6fipa> TOV ep.bv TtdrjvS) narcpa Kal TTTrjvwv TTcXap-yos evo-e^earaTO? (/WCDJ'

Aesop,

OVK

fljj.1

See also verb amTreXapyfo/, Suidas, Zenob. i. 94, and UfXapyiKot vopjot, Hesych., Suid., &c. The Stork as a primeval law-maker is alluded to in Ar. Av. 1353, perhaps also ibid. 1213. Hence the Stork was honoured by the Egyptians, as an emblem of piety Ael.
Cf.

Soph. El. 1058.

&c.,

X. l6,

Horap.

ii.

55 <piXo7raropa

(3ov\6fjifvot
p,ev

(njfiTJvai

avdpconov, TreXapyoi/

a>ypa(povo~tv.

fv TOLS

o~Kr)7TTpnis afcortpa)

irf\apybv ruTrovfrt, Karcorepa)

:

de

x. (23)

Cf. Phile, (vi.) 158 Plin. Publius ap. Petron. 33 Juv. Sat. i. 116 Porph. De Abst. iii. Sat. 55 ciconia etiam grata, peregrina, hospita, Pietaticultrix, gracilipes,
Trora/itoi/
;

tmrov.

(Cf. Schol. in Ar.

;

Av.

I.e.)

crotalistria.

How the Storks teach their children

yiSevcrij/ 6 pas
TT)V TTTTjO-iV.

to fly, Plut.

ii.

992 B

KOI TOIS n-eXap-

eVi TO>V Teyav

cos ol re'Xeioi

napovTes

dvaTreipatfjievois vCprjyotvTai

Destroys serpents, and hence honoured by the Thessalians. Arist. Mirab. 23, 832 Trepi QfTra\iav p.vr]p.ovvovo~iv o<peis ^Ktoyovrjdrjvai TOO~OVTOVS
fiio 8fj KOI VTTO Tcov ne\apyS)V dvgpovVTO, eK^top^trat av avrovs. fj.f] TOVS TreXapyouy, *cal KTeiveiv ov VOJJLOS' Kal edv TIS KTturg^ tvo%os roty see also Plut. De Isid. c. 74> avTols yiveTai olanrfp Kal 6 di>8po(puvos

SXTT

el

TIJJ,U>O~L

'.

Thessal. Cf. Juv. Sat. xiv. 74 Nutrit et rura lacerta Virg. inventa devia ciconia per pullos, serpente

Symp.
ii.

viii. 7,

Plin. x. (23) 33, Solin.

De

G.

320.
2, 50,

The Stork as food, Hor. Sat. ii. ap. Plin. x. (23) 30, Mart. Ep. xiii.

and Scholia;

cf.

Corn. Nepos,

FlEAAPrOI

riEAEIA

129

HEAAPrOI

(continued}.

Myth and Legend.

vvKTpis, Ael. vi. 45. 612, Ael. v. 46, Plin.

Uses

Hostile to aWvia, Ael. iv. 5, Phile, 680; to opiyavov as a remedy, Arist. H. A. ix. 6,

How the bats (wKTepides) render the viii. 27. Stork's eggs unfruitful, and how the Stork defeats them with a leaf of irXdravos, Ael. i. 37, Geopon. xiiL 13, xv. i, 18; according to Anatol.
p. 298,

a tortoise-bone

is

equally efficacious.

Stork's

stomach
;

is
cf.

a specific for the murrain of sheep and goats, Geopon.

Plin. xxix. 33.

xviii. 1 1

A young Stork, a prophylactic against ophthalmia, Plin. A messenger of Athene (cf. epo8ios), Porph. De Abst.
Story of Alcinoe, an unfaithful wife:
ire\apybs 6 OLKCT^S oi>x virepfivev,

xxix. 38.
5.

iii.

Ael.

viii.

20

TOI-TO

crwiSuv 6

aXXa eTip^prjae
i

TO>

decnroTTj' Trpo&nrjdSiv

yovv fTrrjpoMTf TTJS dvdpwirov Trjv 6S//ii/ cf. Apostol. xiv. 15, p. 609. Story of Heraclei's, to whom the Stork, healed of a broken leg, brought next year a magic pebble ibid. viii. 22 rrjv &' ovv \L6ov evdov TTOU
:

flra

VVKTWP dtvnvio-Qdcra 6 pa avyrjv nva KO\

coy eaKoiucrdeiffrjs

a'iyXrjv afyiclvav, KOI

6 owcoy

dados

cf.

Dion.

De

Avib.

i.

31.

The

stone was

probably the stone \VXVLS or XV^I/I'TTJ?, cf. Plin. xxxvii. (17) 103, and Philostrat. V. Apoll. Tyan. ii. 14 TreXap-yoi KaXias OVK av irrjt-aivro, pr] nporfpov
avrals evappoa-avres TOV XV^VI'T^V \idov
:

cf.

also Lucian,

De Dea

Syr. 32

Orph. Lith. 268.

Metempsychosis : Alex. Mynd. ap. Ael. iii. 23 orav es yrjpas a^iKco^rai, irapeXdovras avrovs es ras SlKeavindas vr](rovs dfj.cifBeiv TCI c'idi) es dvdpairov Hop(pfjv, Kai eva-efteias ye T^S es TOVS yeivapevovs adXov TOITO icr^ciy, aXXtos
'

re,

e'L

TI eyu> voo), K.a\ V7ro0e'cr$ai

T>V

6tu>v (3ov\op.evwv TOVTO

yovv T>V dvdpw-

ov% olov re T]V ev rfj aX\r) yfj cf. the story of the birds of Diomede vfi f)\io> TOIOVTOV diafiiovv (s. v. epcoStos), and see for accounts of similar superstitions in recent times,
TTCOV
:

rwv eKeWi TO yevos

evo~ej3es Kal ocriov^ ewel

PP-

Schwenk, Slav. Mythol. p. 129 5-55) Stuttgart, 1889.

s.

cf.

also

August Marx, Griech. Marchen,

riE'AEIA,

ireXetdls.

Also

ireXTjids,

Opp. Cyn.
:

i.

351.

Pigeon or Dove.
(Hipp. 638.
8,

The Epic word

:

the Dorians (Sophron. ap. Athen. ix.

667. 3

cf.

nepio-Tfpd also by and 394 D), by the lonians Lat. pal-umba. Commonly said to be

used for

connected with
VtplOTfpal,

TreXo'y,

iro\i6s,

&C.
p.

cf.

Hesych.
Tre'Xem

neXeiai'

fieXaivai
Trepi-

and Eustath. Hom.

17

1262

8e

ov% dn\S)s

(TTfpd, eldos de TI Treptarepas, cos

\eis

enibr)\ol' ireXbv

yap TO

/xeXavi^oi/j

ov

ml

6 7rf\apy6s.

somewhat dubious;
excepted, are very

for all

Nevertheless, the derivation appears to me the wild pigeons, the Turtle-dove

much

of a colour, and I do not think the

until they

Greeks would have spoken of black pigeons

had got

130

A GLOSSARY OF GREEK BIRDS

F1EAEIA (continued}.
white ones
lost
;

cf.

also

Herod,
in

ii.

55

p.e'\aivai
:

Tn-XeiaSey.

IleXeia

seems
in

as a current

word

Aristophanes, save in the In Horn, frequent the only Homeric word for pigeon, save for the occurrence of (pdao-a in the compound (pao-o-o(poj>o?, II. xv. 238. Usually
;

Mod. Gk. it does not occur Homeric parody in Ar. Av. 575.

with epithet rpr\pw q.v., a word of equally doubtful etymology, the received derivation from rpe<a appearing dubious in the light of such pigeonnames as Tpvymv, turtur, ^in , &c. cf. TroXurpqpwt/ (descriptive epithet
5

of the towns Thisbe

rprjpaiv=7r\eia
:

and Messe),

II. ii.

502, 582,
II.

see also Eustath. Horn.

and Lye. 87, 423, where pp. 1262, 1712, Athen. xi.

490 D. A prey to tprjg, II. xxi. 493, to nip?, II. xxii. 139; cf. Aesch. Pr. V. 858. Messengers of Zeus, when Rhea protected him from Cronos, Od. xii. 62 Tre'Aemi rpypuves, rai T' dfj.fipoorir)v Ail Trarpl (pepov<riv. As ornaments of Nestor's cup, II. xi. 634 8oial de TreXeioSfs- dp.fos fKCHTTov [ovas] xpucmot vepfdovro, cf. Athen. 1. c. Captured in springes, cf. Dion. De Avib. iii. 12 (s. v. <pd<r<ra). Od. xxii. 468 In Homer the pigeon is never spoken of as a domesticated bird, and is definitely a wild one in II. xxi. 139, and Od. xxii. 468. II. xxi. 495 suggests the
| \

Rock-dove,
cf.

C. livid
xii.

fj

pa

ff t><p* ipfjKo? KoiXr/i> ftcreTrroro frerpty?,

Q. Smyrn.

12
i

tp^

creue neXciav' eTreiyop.^^ &'

apa

Keivrj,

7TTpt]s KaTfdvo-aTo

cf.

also Virg. Aen. v. 213.

:

In Aristotle distinguished from TrcpioTepdi

H. A.

v.

13,

544 b er
yiWrai

eon

rrepL(TTpa KCU TTfXfids' e'Xdrrcoi/ /ney ovv

17

17

TreXeia?, Tidaacrov 8e

fiaXXoi/

TTfpio-repa.

77

8e TTfXetas KOI /j.e\av Kal piKpov Koi cpvQpoirovv Kal

rpaxvnovvj 816 Kal ov6e\s rpefai.

Ib. viii. 12, 597
^ouo-t, ni

[The contrary

stated, Athen.

ix.

394 C.]

anaipovo-i 8e KCU at (peirrat KOI al TreXfiaSey, KOI ov

8e Trfpio-repat Kara^svova-iv.

here in Aristotle the Stock-dove, C.

C. livid, 4>&|r or
<j)dtTTa,

X fl ^"~ According to Sundevall, TreXem is oenas, otms being the Rock-pigeon,

the Ring-dove, C. palumbus, and irepio-TCpd,

the Domestic Pigeon. Aubert and Wimmer, on the other hand, take For my part, I do olvag as the Stock-dove, and leave ?re'Xeia in doubt.

not think the Stock-dove was recognized as a distinct species, but was included, as in Mod. Gk. (Erhard, Heldreich), under the name (poo-era

with the Ring-dove. Excluding the Turtle-doves, there then only remain the wild Rock-pigeon (Mod. Gk. dyptoTrfptorept) and the

domestic variety
the

and
cf.
f)

imagine that both

olvds (q. v.)

and

TreXeto

refer, in Aristotle, to the

wild Rock-pigeon, and

Trepitrrfpo especially to
rj

Tame

Pigeon;

also Moeris (p. 405, ed. Koch, 1830) elwOds,

yap aypia, ireXfids. The account in Arist. H. A. v. 13 is corrupt and not to be too much depended on, especially in view of the discrepant quotation in Athenaeus. The chief difficulty in the whole interpretation is the passage H. A. viii. 12, where it
KaroiKidios TTfpicrTfpa,
is

asserted that both <parr<u and

TreXeiafiey

migrate and do not remain

nEAEIA nEAEIA
in

131

(continued}.
all

the Pigeons occur more or less in Greece summer that the Ring-dove and StockThe passage can dove, which breed elsewhere, are seldom found. hardly have been written in Attica it would appear more consonant

over the winter, whereas

winter-time, and
it

is

in

with the truth did

Except we have seen it applied in Homer to the Rock-pigeon, and term on the other hand the TreXetai in the Oak-woods of Dodona must have been either Ring-doves or Stock-doves (vide infra). In Opp. Cyn. i. 351, where pigeon-fanciers are said to cause the pigeons by a display of purple stuff to bring forth young of a like colour, TreX/yYciy and also rprjpwv
:

written, for instance, in Macedonia. in the doubtful case of Aristotle, Tre'Xeta is in no sense a specific
it

we suppose

are used of tame pigeons. On the Latin usage of columba, palumbes, &c., Year with the Birds (3rd ed.), p. 218.

cf.

W. W.

Fowler,

Various attributes.
Traj/rpocpos ] TreXeias
1 1

Its timidity

Aesch. S.

c.

T. 292

Trai/rpop.0? \al.

Soph. Aj. 139

xcii,
i

jwe-yay

OKVOV e^co Kai

ii.

7re0o'/3///iai

TTT^V^S

tos op-fj-a

TreXfias:

Antip. Sid.

cfadpfjo-ovori Tre'Xeiai

nihil est timidius columba cf. Varro, De Ovid, A. Amat. i. 117, ii. 363, &c., &c. Its swiftness Soph. Oed. Col. Io8l aeXXcu'a raxyppaxTTos neXeuis, cf. also Philoct. 289, 1146 Eur. Bacch.
:

Gk. Anth. R. R. iii. 7

p.

33 8ei\ai

rot 8ei\ol(riv
;

1090

TreXei'a? toKvTrjr*

ov%

rjaraovei.

The Dove pursued by

timidity:
II.

the

Hawk
|

xxi. 493, xxii. 139,

Q. Smyrn.
Covert
;

or Eagle, a type of swiftness and of xii. 12 ; Aesch. Pr. V. 858

7reXeio>i>

ov p-nKpav XeXei/zpei/oi

UpaK idov&ai Trpbs

Eel.
ix.

(pvyrjv eVamcrai/
;

Eurip. Andr. 1140 01 d' OTTOIS Ovid, Met. i. 507 sic aquilam
i.

penna fugiunt trepidante columbae

ii
;

cf.

ibid. v. 605, Trist.

i.

i,

75

Virg.

Lucret.

iii.

751

Phaedr. Fab.

31, 3,

&c.

Thus Medea

comes
Argon,

to Jason, as
viii.

a Dove seeking shelter from the Hawk, Val. Flacc.

32.
in the clutches of the
iv.

The Dove
Hera Doves
I

Eagle or Hawk, as an omen, Od.

;

xx.

243, xv. 525, Sil. Ital. Pun.

104 cf. Virg. Aen. xi. 721. and Athena, coming to the aid of the Argives, compared to
II.

V.

778

ai

fie

/Scm;*', rpjypeocri

TreXeiao-ti/

Wpaff

o/zoteu.

For

various interpretations of this simile, see the Scholia, also Ameis and other commentators but the allusion is probably neither to swiftness
;

nor to dainty tread, but to the ancient and widespread prefigurement of the deity as a dove (cf. int. al., F. L. W. Schwartze, Urspr. d. Mythologie, p. 218); in the Homeric Delian Hymn, v. 114, Iris and

Av. 575

which cf. Ar. and Schol. The story of the Dove bound by Achilles to the mast as a mark for the archers, II. xxiii. 850 et seq. it was shot by Meriones, v\^i
Eileithyia /3av 5e
*Ipiv de
TTOO-I

rprjpuai

7reXeuz<7ii/

Wp.aff o/noiat, with

"Ofj.r]pos

efpaaK iK\rjv flvai

rp^paw

TreXei'fl,

vTral v(pto)v cide Tpfjpcova TreXeiai',

rr\v p"

oyc divevovaav inrb irrepwyos

A GLOSSARY OF GREEK BIRDS

HEAEIA
Aen.
(contimted}.
:

/3a\e Ufa-err)*
v.

the

same

story transferred to

Aeneas and Eurytion, Virg.

485-544. On the pigeons that brought ambrosia to the infant Zeus, see Od. xii. 60 Moero Byz. ap. Athen. xi. 4906 Ptolem. Hephaest. ap. Phot. i.
;
;

p. 474.

The Dove
irpocrde
K.o\lfav
|

the Hellespont

that flew between the clashing rocks in the passage of Apoll. Rh. ii. 328, ii. 557, &c., and Schol. ouoi/cw Si)
:
\

TreXeiuSi Treip^aaarde

vqbs ciTronpo ftedevres e(pifp,v'

f)

afcpa

8'

ovpala Trrepa raiye TreXeiuSos*

i.

&

diropovcrtv

d(TKr)6r)s

'.

see also

Apollod.

Dux

erat

Hygin. Fab. xix, Propert. ii. 26, 39 cum rudis Argus ignoto missa columba mari, &c. ; cf. the account of the l Tre'rpai or Cyanean rocks, Od. xii. 62 rfj pev r oi/Se TTOTTJTO.
9, 22,
i,

ot5e

Tre'Xeicu
|

rpqpeoi'e?, rat T*

cf.

Plut.

ii.

I56F.

The Dove

in

d^poairjv Au Trarpi <pepov<riv the story of the Argonauts again,

:

in

connexion with the fire-breathing

ay,

bulls, Apoll.

Rh.

iii.

541

v
|

astronomy of the Pleiads. xi. 490 E TrpwTr) 8e Motpo>

Troi^paTcov,

In the above legends there are numerous traces of the mythical This view is a very ancient one cf. Athen.
;

17

eV

rfj

Mvt)fj,oo-vi/Tj

BvfavTia KaXws fdet-aro TOV vovv TO>V 'Oprfpov eTTiypafpopevr] (pda-Kov<ra rrjv dp.ftpo(riav T

Au

ras

n\iddas
i'Sioj/

KO/J.!.^LV.

86gav, &s

K(pepfi TOV \dyov.

u>s
8'

Kpdrrjs de 6 KpiriKos cr(pfTfpi(rdfj,(vos avrijs rrjv Cf. Moero, ibi cit., in the story of
rp^pcocri TreXetacrtf coTra(re Ti/zj^y,
:
|

the Infant Jove,

avras

at 8r) rot
1.

Bepcos KOI x^paTos ayye\oi

tlcriv

also

many

references, ap. Athen.

c.,

from Pindar, Simonides, Simmias, Lamprocles, &c., where the TrXeiaSf? are called TreXeiaSes- e. g. Lampr. (p. 554 Bergk) atre noravais 6p.a>j/up>oi nfXddariv altiepi Ktlvde. The Pleiads are also supposed to be alluded to in Alcman, fr. 23 (Bergk) TO! irfXeiddes yap dp.iv 'Opdia (papos fapoi:
\

<rais
|

VVKTO. Si' ap,/3pO(Tiai/ are o-fipiov

The

avrpov dj/etpo/xevai /xa^oi/rat. coincidences on which rests the foundation for an astronomical
|

above myths are chiefly the following. As has been mentioned above, s.v. aXKuwy, the sun rose together with the
interpretation of the

Pleiads in the sign of the Bull, at the vernal equinox, the ancient

opening of the year. If the Cretan Jupiter was a Sun-god, he might the sign Taurus may have be said to be nursed by the 7r[Y]Xeiade? and a transit through that sign may have been the Cretan Bull been the celestial Boo-Tropo? of the Argonautic voyage. The Dove as an
: ;

Venus is similarly explained, the domus Veneris being in the sign Taurus, the sign of the Pleiad. The Doves of Nestor's cup, II. xvi. 634, are also supposed to have reference to the Pleiades, Athen. xi. 490-492. On the Dove of Deucalion cf. Plut. Mor. 968, 1 185. On the dove in
attribute of
:

flEAEIA

133

nEAEIA

(continued}.
;

the Chaldaean deluge-myth, cf. Euseb. Chron. Armen. i. p. 50, &c., c. see also the representation on coins of Apamea, Eckhel, Doctr. Numm. iii. 132, Friedlander, Kgl. Miinzkab. pi. ix, c., &c.

A
et

similar explanation

is

The

Pleiades (as doves

?)

given of the Dove of the deluge-myth. fleeing before the hunter Orion, Hes. Op.

D. 619. For references

Pleiad-symbolism, see

to the copious (and often unreliable) literature of int. al., Pluche, Hist, du ciel, Dupuis, Orig. de

tous les cultes, Haliburton,

&c., &c.

New

Materials for the Hist, of

in

Man,
Od.
v.

1863,
272,

von Bunsen, Plejaden und Thierkreis, 1879, Nitzsch

How
Lib.
i ;

the soul of Ctesylla departed as a dove

cf.

Nicand. ap. Anton.

Ovid, Met.

vii.

370.

The Pigeons
rrjv [lev

of Dodona.
1

Herod,

ii.

55 raSe Se Aeo8a>raiW

(pa<r\ at

7rpop.dvTiS, 8vo TreXeiaSas p.\aivas

K Qrjfteow ru>v AtyuTrnecoj/ avaTrro/xeVar,

avrecnv es Aifiurjv, rrjv 8e

eVt

(frriyov,

avdda<r6ai

(pwvfj dvOpotTrrjir], eby

napa axpeas dnLKfaOai' ifcofjLfvrjv 8e piv XP ^ V e fy parrifav avroQi Atos

yfWo&ti.
67rl

Ibid. 57 TreXeiafie? de pot doKeowi KXrjdijvai npos Aco&oi/auoi/ rovde at yvvalKes, 8tort /3ap/3apoi f)<rav' edoKfov 8e cr<pi 6fj,oia>s opvuri
.

(}>0cyyfo-6at
AlyvTTTlrj
T)

peKmvav
rjv.

8e

\tyovres
vii.

flvai

rf]V

TreXetaSa

o-rjuaivovcri

on

Alexander and the doves at Ammon, cf. Curtius, iv. c. 7, Strabo, xvii. See also J. Arneth. Ueber das Taubenorakel von Dodona, Wien, 1841 Perthes, Die Peleiaden von Dodona, Progr. d. Progymn. zu Mors, 1869; H. D. Miiller, Philol. Anz. ii. p. 95, 1870; Lorenz, op. cit., p. 35; Creuzer,
yvvrj

Cf.

Pausan.

21, x. 12.

On

Symb.

iii.

pp. 183, 217.

xvi. 233,

On the pigeons of Dodona, see also Soph. Tr. 171 <us rr)V naXaiav (prjybv nv^aat 7roT6 AooSam 8i<r(r)v CK TreXetaScov c(pr) also ap. Schol. Find. fr. Paean.
:
I

According to Thrasybulus and Acestodorus, ap. Schol. II. a dove had founded the oracle in the time of Deucalion.

58 (30)
Eel.
ix.

Diod.
13.

Geogr.
rets.

vii. fr.

iii. 678 Serv. in Aen. iii. 466, According to Strabo, ap. Eustath. in Od., p. 1760, and i a the priestesses were called Tre^iopavrfis, cf. KopaKonavi.

13,

iii.

71

Sil.

Ital.

According to Philostr. Imagg. ii. 33 (387 k), a choir of priestesses danced round an oak, on which sat a golden dove. Dion. Halic. Ant. Rom. i. 14, 4f compares with the Dodonaean dove the TT'IKOS or The whole story is intricate and dpvoKoXaTTTrjs of the oracle of Mars. confused. It seems clear that the priestesses were called Tre'Xeiat (cf.

and also that Paley, Aesch. Suppl. ed. 2, p. xiv) or TreXeto/udWet? the oracle was not essentially an augury or bird-oracle, but one in
;

which

tree- worship, river- worship

(cf.

Macrob.

v.

18),

and thunder-

worship (cf. Mommsen, Gr. Jahresz. The doves of Dodona link on to the

c.) were alike involved. p. 432, story of Deucalion, to the doves

A GLOSSARY OF GREEK BIRDS

riEAEIA (continued).
that fed the infant Zeus, to the dove in other Zeus-myths (cf. Athen. If we seek ix. 395 a, Ael. V. H. i. 15) and to the doves of Dione.
to get further back,
It

we enter the mist of Pleiad-symbolism. has been suggested by Landseer, Sabaean Researches, p. 186, from the study of an Assyrian symbolic monument, that the stars which Conon converted into the Coma Berenices (Hygin. P. A. ii. 24, cf. Ideler, Sternnamen, p. 295) and which lie in Leo opposite to the
this

Pleiades in Taurus, were originally constellated as a Dove and that constellation, whose first stars rise with the latest of those of
;

Argo, and whose last rise simultaneously with the hand of the Husbandman, links better than the Pleiad into the astronomical Deluge-

myth.
is

illustration

case rests on very little evidence, and indeed is an but it of the conflicting difficulties of such hypotheses deserving of investigation were it only for the reason that the Coma

The

Berenices contains seven visible stars (Hygin.), and the Pleiad a faint hint at a possible explanation of the lost Pleiad.

six,

n-eXeioOpejjLjjLw^, an epithet of Salamis (according to the Schol. and Hesych., but see Paley and other commentators), Aesch. Pers. 309 cf. also the Insula Columbaria, Plin. iii. (6) 12. TroXurp^pcoi/ (s. v. rpr\pwv)
; ;

Proverb.
p.

f)p.evr)

TreXcid?,
Tail/

a 'pigeon/ a simpleton:

Eustath.

Horn,

1333
:

Trctpoi/zia

eVi

aTrXouordra)!/ TO fati"! TreXeia? Sia TO evades TOV

c. feov Suid., Hesych., Phot., In preparing this article on TreXeta, and the other cognate articles on the various Pigeon-names, I have drawn much from the learned

pamphlet of Dr. Lorentz, Die Taube im Alterthume, Wurzen, 1886, as well as from the earlier compilation of Hehn, in his Culturpflanzen und Hausthiere.
riEAEIA'l XAnPO'riTIAOI.

An

Indian Green Fruit-Pigeon, probably

cf.

Crocopus
p.

chlorogaster,

Blyth,

Val.

Ball,

Ind.

Antiq.,

xiv.

305, 1885.
(pair)
Tiff

Ael. XVI. 2

opviOoyvoo/JiOva O-LTTOKOV flvai KCU

roiff

av irpS)TOV tfeno-d/iei/off, KOI OVK s^av e7ri(TTr]p.r]v ou TreXetaSa. X 61'^ 7? 5e e'^oixri KCU (TKeXrj

"EXXfjo'i 7rep6\t rrjv

^poav TrpooreoiKora.

HEAEKA'N.
crotalus,

The
L.,

Pelican, Pelecanus crispus, Bruch.,

and P. ono-

which

latter

is

rare in

Greece (Von der Miihle).

Mod. Gk.
Tvpnavias.
|3aiT]0.

7reXeKdj/i

(Von der
t

M.), frauds- (Turk, a water-carrier),

Onocrotalus

Plin. x.

47 (66).

Vide

s.

vv. |3atj3uicos,

Arist.

H. A.

viii.

12,

597

'

TreXeKayey S' eicroirifavo'i, KOI trerovrcu airb

TOV ^Tpvp.6vos

TTOTdfjLOv eVi TOV "l&Tpov, Ka/cet TfKVOTtoiovvTaC

adpooi

S' cnrep-

dva/jievovTes

ol

TO irporfpoi TOVS varepov, Siu TO OTQV inrepnTavTai

HEAEIA
F1EAEKAN
(continued}.

nEAEKAN

135

opos do~f]\ovs yiveo~dai TOVS Trporepovs TOLS vo~Tpois.

Xato?, like the crane, the
01 de

Ib. 597

opvts aye-

swan, and the

Trpo rrjs

little

goose.
~

Ib. ix. 10,

614 b
tva

7T\fKavS
\eias'

ol ev Tols TTora/zots yivo/Jifvoi KaTaTTLVOvo-t

'

ras fJicyaXas Koy^as

e^fjj.ova'LV,

Kal

orav
TO.

eV rco

K0i\ias TOTTO)

Trex^cocrtj/,

XaaKovo-tov

De
Kai

Kpea l^aipovvrcs Mirab. 14, 831 b ; Antig. Hist. Mirab. 41 (47)

Phile,

eo-dicaaiv.

similar account in
;

Arist.
;

Ael.

iii.

20, 23, v. 35

Apostol. Cent. 15;

TIS

De An.
Trpo

(9),

215;
TU>V

Dion.
fls

De

Avib.

ii.

KO\TTOS

avrols
ecos
i,

^r,pTTf]Tai

TO>V

crrepvatv,

ov a.7rao~av TTJV
o~K\r)pS)if

(fj,(3d\\ovo~iv )
:

ovt

KTGVWV ovre T>V

K.

<r.

X.

cf. Plin, x.

uteri
'

genus.
'

That the Pelican

lit.
:

47 (66) faucibus ipsis inest alterius can render up its food from its
the ancients hence the But the Pelican feeds on fish,
:

pouch

was

much commented on by
'to vomit.'

Hebr. name kaath> not (?) on shell-fish

and
the

is

not limited to the north.

and moreover P. crispus is common in Greece Hence various writers have doubted

common interpretation, e. g. Gesner, Brandt (Descr. Animal. Rusticorum, 1836, p. 53), Van der Hoeven (Handb. d. Zool., ii. p. 396) and especially Aubert and Wimmer (op. cit., i. p. 104), who suppose a
Heron
to

species of

be meant.

But the passage

in

Dionysius

(s.

v.

ireXeKiKos) is only applicable to the Pelican,

and the
;

latter is distin-

guished from cpudios in Ael. v. 35, Phile, c. ix, &c. the Heron and the Pelican seem however to be confounded by Plutarch, 1. c.
Cicero (De Nat. D. ii. (49) 124) repeats the story under the name Platalea, and Plin. (x. (40) 56) under that of Plafea, names which rather suggest the Spoonbill, to which the account may have been transferred,
the Pelican not occurring in Italy (Gallia hos septentrionali proxima

Oceano

reddit, Plin. x. 47).

The

Pelican and

its
fjSr)

'

piety,' Ael.
KOL

iii.

23.

Cf.

Horap.
&o~rrfp
yrjv,

i.

54 7re\f<ava 8e

ypd(bovTS,

avow

re

a(ppova
TCI

o-r]fj.aivovo-iv'

eVetS^ dwdpevos fv rots

Kai ra XotTra TO>V
exei

v\lsrj\OTcpois TOTTOLS
TreTeijvcov,

KaTaTideo~6ai

eavrov

a'a,

TOVTO ov Troie? aXXa yap Kal avopvas

Kal Tvvp V7roftd\\ovo~i'

KaTariderai

TO.

yfvvo)fj,va' orrep cTTiyvovTes avdpconoi, ra> TOTTW /3oo? d(p68evfjia ^rjpov rrfpiTi-

6eao~iv}

cp

deaad^icvos de 6 TreXeKaz/ TOV

Kavrj/oj/,

rot?

Idiois Trrepols fiovXofjifvos a7roo"]3ecrai

ro TrCp,

T&V evavriwv

KOTO, rrjv Kivr]o~iv

e^arrret alro.

v<p'

yiverai' di'
)$

ov KaraKctiofjievos TO. eauroi) Trrepa evavhXrjTTTOTepos rols OVK evofjiiadr] eadifiv TOVS if peas avrov, enfiOfj TJV alriav

vrrep TfKvatv noielTai TOV dy5)va'

AlyvnTLWv oe
ol

ol Xoiyrot eo~diovo~i,
1

OTI pr) 6 TreXeKav

Kara vovv
Troielrat.

TTJV

p-dxrjV)

&o-7Tfp

^^i/aXcoTreKfS ,

aXXa Kara

This statement follows an account of the Lauth (Sitzungsb. Bayer. Akad., 1876, parental affection of ggraX&ri^ p. 105) shows that it is in part based on a confusion between two
;

Egyptian words, chemt, a pelican/ and chemi, ignorant.' The parental affection of the Pelican is frequently referred to by the Fathers cf.
'

'

136

A GLOSSARY OF GREEK BIRDS

(continued}.

HEAEKAN

Epiphan. (ad Physiol. c. xx) Hexaem. c. viii e<rri yap fj jreXeKav <pi\6reKvov opveov Trapa Tcavra ra opvea' 17 8e 6fj\eia Kade^trai ev rfj veoTTia
<pv\do~o~ov(ra
<pi\rjfj.aTi

ra

re/ci/a,

Kal irepiOahnfi avra d(T7rabp.eV>7, KCU KO\a(piovo'a ev

1

OTTUS

rals TrXeupaiS Karepyaerat, Kal reXevraxrt"

Kal

/J.e6'

fjp-epas

Tpeis Trapayfvofjifvov roC appevos TreXeKavos^Kal fvpiaKOvros avra TeBvrjKOTa oXocpvpeTat rrjv Kapdiav XiW' TreTrXq-ypeVoy Se rou novov KoXcxplfci rrjv ISiav

nXevpdv, Kal arras avrrj

f/tTroiet,

KOI Karappfl

aijpia
:

eTTicrra^coj/
cf.

eVt ras ir\rjyas

TO>V T^6vr]K.oT(Av veo(T(r(ov,

Kal ovTcos (/ooTToioCi/roi

v. p.

also Ps.-Hieron.
xii. c. 7,

ad

Praes. de Cer. Pasch.

149 (ed. 1693),

cii,

Isid.

Orig.

Annal.
certain

i.

p. 44,

S.

August, in Ps.
(cf.

&c., &c.

Glycas, confusion with

of the various

Woodpecker-myths
s.

TTcXeicas)

may be one

sources of these corrupt but popular stories.

HEAEKA"!,

ireXeKdt^

(payos, TaiK\iddpa.

Vide

Woodpecker. Mod. Gk. TreXe/uW, Sei/fy>oS. W. SpuoKoXdiTTTj?, KcXeos, orreXcKTOS.

et seq. Cf.
s.

Mentioned Ar. Av. 882, 1155

ix. IO,

v. 7reXe<ai/, Arist.

H. A.

as indicating that the same word applied to the two different birds. Cf. Suid. (verb. q. del. Gaisford), ecrrt de eidos opj/eou, rpVTrovv ra devfipa, dfi ou Kal devdpOKooi
fie

614 b

Trc\Kavs

ol ev rols Troranols,

Xa?rr/7? /caXeirai

c.

also Hesych., s. v. TreXeKai'. In the version of the Itylus-myth, given by Boios ap. Anton. Lib. xi, Polytechnus, the husband of Ae'don, is metamorphosed into the
:

bird TreXeKoV, the brother of Ae'don being transmuted at the same time into eVo^. With the stories of the Woodpecker breaking open confined places, referred to above, s. vv. 8puoKoXdTrris and eiroxj/, under

the heading of the

Samir-legend,'

cf.

the

myth

of Aiovvcros neXeKvs

(R. Brown, Dionysiac Myth, i. p. 332, ii. p. 8l). Hostile to Ael. vi. 45, Phile, De An. 684 this statement is generally referred to the Pelican, but it more probably refers to the

op,

Woodpecker, that bird and the Quail being both

solar myths.

alike associated with

nEAEKfNOI.
In Dion. a Pelican.
FIEAHA'P*
cf.

De

Avib.

ii.

6,

and probably

therefore also in Ar. Av. 882,

Trepia-Tfpas Kal

nepai^s TO

rjniav'

AaKuves.

Hesych. (verb. dub.

Schmidt in Hesych.).

HE'AAOZ.
Arist.

The Heron.
H. A.
ix. I,

609 b

yop Kal
aXcoTTeia
K\e7TTCi.

alfjLa, cbs (pac-iv, d(pirjcriv

6 TTC\\OS ^aXerrcos evvafcrai Kal o^ewfi* /cpa^Vt re CK ro>z/ o<pda\p.S>v o^eucov, Kal TiKret 0auX<o?

Kal 68vvr)p>s.

TroXeuel de rot? /SXaTrrouati/,

derw

dp7ra

-yap

avroV

Kal

(pdeipei

yap avrbv
ix.

TTJS

VVKTOS

*cai

Kopvda

ra yap wa avrov

Ibid.

l8,

6l6b

ev/z^ayos de Kal deirrvocpopos Kal erraypos,

flEAEKAN

riEPAIS

137

HEAAOI
vypav.

(continued}.
TTJV rj/jLtpav.

f'pyaerai de

rrjv

p.vroi xpoav c^ei <pav\r)v Kn\

TTJV K.oi\lav act

Cf. Plin. x. (60) 79.

x. 275,

In

II.

there

is

an alternative reading

TreXXoy 'A&pfifr}, vide

s.

v.

epcoSiog.

riEPrOY'AON'

opvidapiov
.

'ApyaXe'yeo
S.

[?

'Apyeioi

Xcyovcrt]

Hesych.

Cf.

Vide

VV. airopyiXos, orpouOos.

T1EPAIKO0H'PAI.
Ael.
FIE'PAIE.
fr.

specific appellation of

Hawk, sacred

to Apollo

xii. 4.

(On

the quantity of the

i,

vide Athen.

ix.

41, 388,

and Soph.
TrepSinaSfv?,

300,

ibi cit.).
7rep8t<a.

Partridge (Etym. dub.) Mod. Gk.

Eust. 753, 56;
TTfpSiKtov,

Dim.

Eubul. Inc. 14, Ephipp. Obeliaph. ap.

Athen.

ix.

359

b,

&c.

The
saxatilis,

species

commonly
chiefly

referred to

is

Perdix graeca
Arist.

= P.

auctt., the
it

Common
by
its

Partridge,

P. cmerea, being distinguished from

H. A.
cries cacabis,

note.

iv. 9, 536 B 01 fier KaKKa{3{ovo~iv, ol Se rpiov(riv. P.graeca The P. cinerea on the other hand girrah or ripipri. latter bird, our common Partridge, is now confined to the north of Greece. Cf. Athen. ix. 390 a, b Theophr. ap. Athen. 1. c. ol 'Adrjvrja-i
:

en-! rafie

TrepStKe? roC

KopuSaXXov [a village on the road to Boeotia] npbs

;

cf. Plin. x. (29) 4* TO ao~rv KaKKa^i^ovo~iv, ol S' TreKiva TnTv(3iovo~iv Solin. vii. 23. Perdices non transvolant Boeotiae fines in Atticam
;

Athen.

ibid.

TWV de

7Tfp8tK<oj/
rfj

ecrrti/

erepov yevos

eV 'IraXia

apavpov
'

rfj

TTTepaxrei

Kal fjuKpoTepov

e^et,

seems
Antig.

to

be again the
;

common

TO pvy%os ov%l KLvvafBapivov %X OV this The red legs of the Greek Partridge.
Cf. Ael.
iii.

Partridge, Ael. xvi. 2

vide s.v. ireXeiag xXwp<"mXos.

35

H. Mirab.,

vi.

See also

s.

vv.

fifxaXXos,

KaKKa^Tj,

in]pi,

Description.

An
;

Athen.
$7
<5e

ix.

389

^fpcratoy, o-^iSaroTrous-, KOVKTTIKOS

(ib.
;

epitomized account, mostly after Arist. (fr. 270), in (H. A. ix. 498, 633 b),

ix. 7, 613 sixteen years, ib. vi. 4, 563), orav de yvu OTI QrjpfveTai, rrpoeXdcw TTJS vfOTrias KvXivdelTai vrnpa ra cnceXr) roO fypevovros (H. A. ix. 8, 613 b, Ael. iii. 16, Plut. ii. 992 B, Antig. H. Mirab. 39 (45), Plin. x. (33) 51; cf. verb.
err)
fj

nevrfKaideKa

de 0fj\eia KOI 7T\eiova.

eKTrepftiKio-at,

634)* the allusion

Fr.

iv.

Ar. Av. 768, and Schol. also StaTrepSiKi'^Vti/, Meineke, Com. I n Ar. Av. 1292 7rep8i p,ev cis K<'nrr]\os a)i/o^idero ^coXos , is rather to its supposed habit of feigning lameness, than
;
1 |

merely, in a general way, to the bird as a proverbial deceiver

TTfpdlKOS (TKfXos, ap. Schol. KClKOrjOr]? KCU TTUVOVpyOS
1

cf.

Prov.

(H. A.

ix. 8,

6l3, 6 1 4),

ano(pvddes }

H. A.

ii.

17, 508, 509.

ov p.6vov adei aXXa

138

A GLOSSARY OF GREEK BIRDS

lE (continued}.

Kal rpiynbv afpirjai Kal ci\\as

/xera/3aXXei ro
oo-cppr)o-iv

(j)a>vds,

xP^M a

De

Color.

8oKei exftv f7ridr)\ov,

H. A. ix. 8, 614 cf. Plut. ii. 727 D. 798 albino variety, De Gen. v. 785 b. H. A. vi. 2, 560 b, cf. De. Gen. iii. I, 751.
;

6.

Kox^ias eo-dtel, H. A. ix. 37, 621, Athen. ix. 3900 (01 ev 2Kui0a>), and how the snails (ot KaX. dpeiovts) to elude them leave their shells behind, Ael. x. 5. 6 f)yfp.wv T>V dypiuv, ol x*JP l Athen. 1. c., Arist. H. A. ix. 8, 614.
>

Nest and Breeding Habits. Lays ten to sixteen eggs (Arist. H. A. ix. 8, 6i3b, cf. Ael. x. 15) which are white (H. A. vi. 2, 559) vTrrjvefua (Ib. Nest H. A. ix. 8, 613 b ov iroiovvTai veoTTiav. aXX' orav 7roir}o~a>VTat 560).
;
:

(V

TO> Xei'a)

Kovio'Tpav, eTrrjXvyacrdfJievoi

aKavddv Tiva KOI

v\rjv TTJS Trepl

TOVS

lepaKas ev(Ka Kal TOVS aerovs aXecopas, IvravSa T'LKTOVO~I, Kal eTra)dovo~iv I cf. Ael. iii. 16, x. 15 ; Plin. x. (33) 51 ; Ovid, Met. viii. 258. Arist. H. A. vi. 8,

564 dvo

rroiovvTai

r>v (p)v

o~rjKovs } KUI

e0'

<u

fj.fv

rj

6r)\eia eVl 8e

0arepw 6

apprjv eircod^fi, Kal eifXtyas /nrcfurct

Antig. H. Mirab. 101 (no). 767 rrepdit; yeveo-^o), TOU narpos veorriov
ix.

eKarfpos cKarcpa : cf. Athen. I.e., Hence, perhaps, the allusion in Ar. Av.
:

cf.

also

3893 TOV

KXeo/zjSpoTo'j/ re
cos

TOV
|

irepdiKos viov.

Phryn. ap. Athen. Dion. De Avib. i. II

OTTO)?

doXepov TO yevos cVrtV,

TTpoaiovTa
ft-a.7raTq.it,

KOL TOVS
1

VCOTTOVS yiv<no~Kiv

av&pa

~x.Ph

<pv\\ois

r)

jSooXois KaXv\|^a/nefovs.

Cf. Plut.

De

Solert.

An.
fito

p. 971.

Its salacity.
Kal
TO.
1.

De

Gen.

ii.

746

b,

iii.

749

b, Ael. iv. i, vii. 19,

c.,

c.

eJa TTJS 6r)\eias crui/rpi/3ei Iva aTroXavr]

c.,

TWV

d<ppo$io~icovl Arist. ap.

Athen.

e ol

iii. (With this and similar fables, cf. Jerem. xvii. 1 1). 5. xnP ot a vTa>v npos d\\fj\ovs Kal 6 fjTTrjdfls o^ewerai virb TOV Athen. 1. C., Plin. 1. C. oxfvovo-i 8e Kal ol Tidao-ol TOVS dypiovs'

Ael.

erovy, Alex. Mynd. ap. Athen. 1. C. av KCITO. ai/ep.ov crT&ffiv al Brfkfiai 5^4T&v dppevwVj ey<voL ylvovTaC 7ro\\aKis de Kal TTJS (ptovrjs (dKOvcraaai], edv ~ 6py5)o~ai ru^coai, Kal vTTfpir^TOp.evaiv ex. TOV KaT(i7rvevo~ai TOV cippeva' x ao KL ^*

de TOVTO Kara Tiva

&pav TOV
vi. 8,

TOVS VCOTTOVS oxevovo'i,

H. A.

Kal

f)

6rj\eia Kal 6 apprjv, Kal TYJV y\5)TTav

eo)
i,

e^ovcri TTfpi TrjV Trjs o^et'a?

TToirjaiv,

H. A.

v. 5,

541

cf.

De

Gen.
1.

iii.

751, Ael. xvii. 15, Antig.

H. Mirab.

81 (87), Athen.

I.e., Plin.

c.,

c.

Bastards, eK nepSiKos Kal dXeKTpvovos, De Gen. ii. 738 b. How the young chip the shell, &o~7rep dcpoKoirovvres, and are inde-

pendent from the

first

Ael.

iv. 12.

Capture and Domestication.

614,
vi.

Decoy

partridges, Arist.
i.

H. A.

ix.

8,

560 b, Ael. iv. 16, Xen. Mem. ii. capture, Dion. De Avib. iii. 7 cf. Simm. Rh.
2,
;

4.

Various modes of

iv,

aypdra

7repdi

ovKeTi 6r]pevo-fis /SaXi'ov?

(Tvvo}jLijhiK.as.

Gk. Anthol. i. p. 137 Epitaph on a tame

Trfpdit;

partridge, Agath. Ixxxv, Gk. Anthol. (also others by Democharis,

iv.
c.).

35 rX^ojf crKontXav /uerai/dorpm

The

sport of partridge-fighting
at

(still

and how the females are kept

hand

practised in the Greek Islands), to stimulate the courage of the

F1EPAIE
fl

riEPIITEPA

139

E PA = (contimicd*}
I

How the Cirrhaean (Phocian) Partridges, which iv. I. nor sing, deliberately starve themselves in order to be fight unfit for food also but the singing and fighting birds deliver themAn selves up rather than be slain: Ael. iv. 13; cf. Athen. ix. 390.
combatants, Ael.

can neither

Egyptian dwarf who imitated partridges

II
(cf. J.

in their cages, Philostorg. x.

E. B.

Mayor

in Juv.

viii.

33).
iii.

The

Partridge as food, Mart. Ep.

58, 15,

xiii.

65, 76, &c.

(Besides the stories already told under the head of Breeding-habits, supra). On TrepdiKes in the wars of the Cranes and Pygmies Basilis and
;

Myth and Legend.

Menecles, ap. Athen.

ix.

390 b.
rroirjaavTOiv tyofpov, eKTrXayevres e<pvyov } Kal

An

evil

omen

2a/iuoi TrXeuaavres els "Svfiapiv KOI Karao-^oj'res' rfjv Siptrii/

avanravr^v KOL
(Is

ras vats dveTrXevaav, Heges. ap. Athen. xiv. 656 C. fabled metamorphosis of Perdix, son of Daedalus, Hygin. Fab. 274, Ovid, Met. viii. 236-260. This subject is discussed in a curious essay

by Gerland, Ueber
identifies

die Perdixsage, Halle Perdix with the Lapwing.

a.

S.,

1871.

The

writer

Sacred to Zeus and Latona, Ael. x. 35. 8vo e'xowi Kfipbias, Theophr. ap. Athen. 1.
cf.

c.,

Ael. x. 35 (in

Paphlagonia

Plin. xi. 70).

Hostile to

xeAu>i>77,

Ael.

iv.

5,

and

to exfvos 6 7rorfioyaYo)i>, Phile, 678.

Friendly to e\a(pos (hence a stag's head used as a decoy), Dion. Avib. i. 1 1 to (/mrrct, Ael. v. 48.
;

De
also

Use

KaXa/j-os

as a remedy, Ael.

i.

35, Phile, 723,

viii.

Geopon. xv.

opiyavov, Ael. v. 46, or a leaf of laurel, Plin.

known

as perdicium, helxine, sideritis

herb variously or parthenium, Plin. xxi. (16) 62

27, or the
;

xxii. (17) 19.

Proverbial expressions.
Archil. 95, ap. Athen.
ix.
s.

nepdiKos (TKt\os, nepdiKos vlos, &C. vide supra.

f.

388
v.

7rrco<rcrouo-ai/ coo-re

TrepSiKa

with which
*?

cf.

Ar. Vesp. 1490,

c.,

dXeKTpuwy.
OKCOI/

Pherecr. ap. Athen. I.e.

-rrepftiKos

roO

TOV Xeipcom

e^icrw

devpo

rponov.

nEPIITEPA'.
'

Etym. dub.
'

According

to

Benfey

(ii.

106) from Sk.

pri,

to

love

a derivation not much more convincing than

fpa (Schol. Apoll. Rh. iii. 549). of Plants, &c., Eng. ed. p. 484), and others (Wandering O. Slav, pero, a feather/ prati, pariti, ' to fly/

the

old

on

ncpio-a-ws

Hehn
compare

'

Other forms are

Trepiarcpis,

Galen,

vi.

708

(ed.

Kiihn)

irepio-repos,

Pherecr. Tpa. 2 (2. 266), Alexid. Si^rpe^. 2 (3. 481) ap. Athen. ix. 395 a, b ; Eustath. Horn. p. 1712 ; a form censured by Lucian,
Soloec. 7
;

cf.

Lat. columlus^ Varro,

De

L. L.

ix.

38.

Dim.

14

A GLOSSARY OF GREEK BIRDS

(continued}.

HEPIITEPA

jrepiorepiSeus, Schol. Ar.

Ach. 866, Eust. 753, Suid.;

xiv.

jrepiorepio'ioi',

LXX.
xiv.

Lev.

i.

14, Athen.

654 a;

Treptor^pioy, Pherecr. HeraX.

2 (2. 322),

654

b,

Phryn. Com. Tpaya>8. 4 &c. (vide Meineke).

S.

(2.

599) ap. Athen.

ix.

395

c,

Pigeon.

See also

VV. elms, ireXeia, irupaXXts, rpuywv, <f>d<raa,

First mentioned in Charon ap. Athen. ix. 3940, and Herod, in Attic, first in Sophocles, then in the Comic Poets and Plato.

i.

138;

Description.

opvis ayeXmo?, Arist.

H. A.

i.

I,

488; TO

<ra>fia

oyKcoSer,
i>

De
An.
ix.

Gen.
ii.

iii.

I,

749 b

/ca/mo^a-ya Kal Tro^ayei,

ix. 7,

H. A.

viii. 3,

593-

dvaKimTti

Trivovcra,

H. A.
does

613.

Blinks with both eyelids,

De

Part.

12, 657, Plin. xi. (37) 57.

;

KOI Koviovrat Kal Xovvrai, Arist.

H. A.

Lives migrate, Ib. viii. 3, 593, 597 b. to eight years old (when blinded as a decoy) Ib. ix. 7, 613, Plin. x. Is the prey of hawks, (pao~l ras ir(pio~Tpas yivwcrKeiv CKOOTOV (35) $2TO>V

49 B, 633 b

not

yevuv [T>V fcpairai/], Arist. H. A. ix. 36, 620, Ael. v. 50, &c., &c. COO, J. Poll. V. 13 f'lirois av Tre/narepay ynyyvfeiv.

Its

How
(27) 41,

cf.

pigeons purge themselves with the herb helxine, Plin. viii. Diosc. iv. 39, 86 feed greedily on irepio-Tepewv or TrepioWpioi/
;

(verbena), Plin. xxv (10) 78, Diosc. iv. 60, Nic. Ther. 860 and on the white seeds of Helioscopium, Plin. xxvi. (8) 42.

and Schol.

Captured by nets
Dion.

(cTricrndcrTpois)

or

more

easily

by springes

(/Spo^ois-),

De

Avib.

iii.

12.

Anatomical particulars.
JJya,

Arist.
rrjv

H. A.

ii.

15,

506 506 b

/LHK/JOI/

e^et

TOV

<(7Tf

\av6dveiv oXi'you

aio-^fyaw

Ib.

rr]v

^oXr/i/ e^ei

rols evrepois, cf. Plin. xi. 37 (74). Said to lack gall, Horap. i. 57; see also Clem. Alex., Paedag. i. 15, Isidor. Orig. xii. 7, 61, and many mediaeval naturalists and poets, e. g. Walther v. d. Vogelw. xix. 13 ros ane dorn, ein tube sunder gallen cf. Hamlet, ii. 2. Galen, De Atra
;

Bile 9, states correctly that the Pigeon possesses gall and merely lacks Arist. H. A. ii. 17, 508 b np6\o[Bov %i npo TTJS rr\v errl ro) ^Trari KVCTTIV.
KoiXias
:

Her wings
gold:

tiepfjLrjv rrjv KoiXtW, De Gen. iii. 7, 670. are covered with silver, and her feathers with yellow Arist. De Color. 3, 793 (6, 79, 96) ol ra>v TrfpurrfpSiv Tpax/yXoi Philo, De Temulent. TOV putroeiSft? TOV (paras avaK\a)[j.fvov.

cf.

Plin. xi. 37 (79).

TTJS

7T(pi(TT(pas cv f)\iaKais avyals ov KaT(vor)(Tas pvpias ^pw/tiarcoj/

rj

cxXXarroj/ra Ideas;

en
ii.

8e a>xpbv Kal epvdpbv

ov^l (froiviKovv Kal Kvavovv Trvponov re Kal dvdpaKoeiSes, See also Kal aXAa Traj/roSnTra 'icr^ci ^pcoyLtara.

Ael.

Promot, 480 a, cit. Rhein. Mus. xxviii. p. 277, 1873. Cf. Lucret. Pluma columbarum quo pacto in sole videtur, Quae sita cervices et seq. See also Cic. Acad. Pr. ii. 25 in circum collumque coronat columba plures videri colores, nee esse plus uno Nero ap. Senec. Q.
801
; ;

HEPIITEPA
riEPIITEPA
Nat.,
i.

141

(continued^.

5,

6 colla Cytheriacae splendent agitata columbae

;

Plin. x.

(36) 52 nosse credas suos colores varietatemque dispositam

5 (18)
;

id. xxxvii.

in colour, Arist.

Auson. Epist. iii. De Gen.

15.
v. 6,

The young
785 b.
Arist.
rj

birds are plainer

and darker

Nesting and Breeding Habits.

aXXTyXas*,

H. A.

vi.

2,

560 b KVVOIKTIV
-ye 7rpeo-/3irrepos

orav

/ueXXfl dvaftaive.iv o
fJievTOi

appyv,

OVK av o^euo-eiej/ o

TO

7rpa>Toz>*

vo~Tepov

dvafiaivei Kal uf] Kvcras'

ol de veaiTepoi del

TOVTO

TToifjo-avTes
pf)
Trapfj,

oxfvovcrLV, Kal ert at 6r]\eiat

Kvo-ao-ai
TrXfico

aXXqXat? avaftaivovaiv, OTUV appyv

KOI
e

vo-rrep
77

ol

appeves'

ovQev
lav

irpo'iffjievai

els

aXX^Xas

TiKTOvmv

ra yovco (pa aXX* vn^ycfua iravra TO. roiavrd

ix.

yivdjj.eva'
flcriv.

ov -ytWrai VCOTTOS ovdeis,

Cf.

De
i.

Gen.

iii.

6,

75^ b, Athen.

394
ii.

d, Ael.
6,

V. H.

i.

15,

Dion.

De

Avib.

25, Plin. x. 58 (79);

Ovid,

Am.

56 oscula dat cupido blanda columba mari. Their prolific increase TLKTCI dnoveoTTevovo-a ndXiv ev rpiaKovQ' H. A. vi. 4, S^o* TIKTOWI d' ai 7repio"T6pai nacrav &>pav KOI
:

fjf

cav TOTTOV fx a)(riv oXeeivov Kol

5'

TO.

eTTiTrjdeia' fl

Se

pf],

fKyova TOV eapos

jSe'Xrtcrra

KCI\

TOV (pQivoTrmpov.
V.

tv Tals Gepurj/jiepiais ^eipta-ra,

H. A.
749
b.

13,

544 b.
rt'/cret

TOV Bepovs povov. ra TO. de TOV Bepovs Kal TroXXa pev ov

Se/cd/cts

7ro\\aKis Se,

De
;

Gen.
fjftr]

iii.

I,

Srro/ce?

roi)

H. A.

vi. I,

558 b.

de Tives KOL ^ydncauff, at

6'

ev Afywrro) KCU

562 b Athen. ix. 394 c. wa Xevxa* vTr^i/e/xta, H. A. vi. 2, 559, 561, &C. o>s eVi TO TroXv appev Kal OrjXv, Kal TOVTMV Q)S eVt TO TroXu npOTepov TO appev TtKTei (Athen. ix. 394, &c. : cf. Flourens, C. R., Ixxiii. p. 740,
ibid. vi. 4,

1864)'

Kal

TfKovcra

piav

r^pepav
fjiepei

SiaXeiVei,

?ra

nd\iv
f)

TIKTCI

OaTepov'

eTraxi^ei 8e Kal 6 cipprjv ev

iii.

T5

TIJS fjfjiepas, Trjv

de VVKTU

6r)\fia (cf.

Ael.

45,

Athen.

ix.

394

b).

e/KTrerreTai TC Kal 6/<Xe7reTai CVTOS f'tKoaiv r)p.fpS)v

(cf.

TO yev6fJ.VOV TrpOTepOV T&V to)V

TrpOTepata
rj

ibid. Vi. 2)'

TlTpd)OVCl

TO

6)6j/

Trj

e/cXeVet,
vi. 4,

&C. 562 b
:

o^tuei de Kal o^eueTai

cf.

e'fToy cviavTOv'

Kal

yap

cKnyvos,

H. A.

Arist.

fr.

271, 1527.

Care and Nurture of the Young.

8e TCOV vfOTT&iv
TTJS

Arist.

H. A.

ix.

7,

613

yevo/ieVtov

a\uvpiovo~T]S

fj.d\LO~Ta yrjs 8iap.ao"7yO'ap-ej/os

7Tp(>s

eio~nTVi Tols

veoTTols dioiyvvs TO aro/za, irpoTrapaaKevdfav

Trjv Tpocpyv.

Ael.

45, Athen. ix. 394 f, Plin. x (34) 52 ; hence the variant in 394 C, Ael. V. H. i. 15 o apprjv e/zTrruet avTotr, "va p.r) (BaarKavd(ii)o~i.
iii.

See also Athen.

For other
young, Gen. iii.
c.,

particulars regarding nesting, incubation, care of the see Arist. H. A. vi. i, 558, 2, 560, 8, 564, ix. 7, 612 De
:

Geoponic. Plin. x (53) 75, (58) 79, (60) 80 Varro, De R. R. iii. R. R. viii. 8, 5 Eustath. p. 1712, c., &c.
6,
; ; ;

756 b,

iv. 6,

774

Athen.

ix.

394

xiv. i, 2, xvi. i, 3
7, 9,

&c.; Colum.

Conjugal Affection and Chastity.

Arist.

H. A.

ix. 7,

6l2b

0vydvdc<r&u [Antig. H.
TrpooTroXeiTTouai
Trepl
Trjv

M. 38 avv.vvdfa6ai\
TrXrjv

6e\ovo~i

irXeioaiv,

OVTC yap OVTC

eVi
fie

Tr]V

Koivaviav,
f)

fdv

X*IP OS

*7

XnP a y^rjTai.

wSIva

deivf)

TOV appevos Qepaneia Kal (rvvayavaKTyo'is'

edv T

142
FIEPIITEPA

A GLOSSARY OF GREEK BIRDS

{continued}.
TTJV

airofjia\a.Kir)Tai Trpbs

eTcroSoi/
iii.

rrjs

veorrias 8ia rr]V Xo^etai/, TVTTTCI KOI

Tfcpiorfpav 5e opvidwv aaCppovea'TdTTjv, /cat KKO\aafJ.vrjv els d(ppo8!.Tr]v p-dXtara O.K.QVU) Xeyovrav' ov yap Trore aXX^Xtov diao~nS)VTai) ovre 17 ^Xeta, eav p,fj dfpatpedf) rv^rj TLV ^ TOV ovw6ftovt oure 6

dvayKa^fi ettneVai.

Ael.

apprjv
ix.
iii.

r)v

xw*

yevrjrai

cf.

also

iii.

45, V.

H.
i.

i.

15.

See also Athen.

394, Antig.

H. M. 38

(44),

Dion.
ii.

De

Avib.

25,
c.

10, Plin. x. (34) 52, Propert.

15, 27,

c.,

Porphyr. De Abst. Hence, in Egypt,

cf.

a black dove a symbol of perpetual widowhood, Horap. ii. 30. Its simplicity and harmlessness (anepaiocrvvrj) Matt. x. 16;

Cyrill.

De

Ador. Spir. xv Trpbs aKpov fjneiv rrpqorrjTos, &c, &c. With ep. placida, Ovid, Met. vii. 369, cf. Hor. Epist. i. 10, 4, &c., c.

As

Epithets, Tj-epKrrepa
ii.

and

<pdo-<ra

are applied to a wife and mistress,

similarly Lycophron calls Helen Tpfjpav (Cass. 87, ubi Schol. 8ia roXa^i/oj/), ne\fids (ib. 131, Schol. nopvr}), and Cassandra In Lat. Columba is very frequent as a term of endear(ib. 357) (paa-a-a.

Artemid. Oneir.

20

c., ment, Plaut. Cas. i. 50, Asin. iii. 3, 103, c., while palumbes y Id. Bacch. i. i, 17 appears in the sense of lover, and turtur, Bacch. i. i,

35 in that of mistress.
Varieties.
Aristotle

enumerates the following names or varieties

3,

of pigeon:

H. A.
ib. V.

viii.
'.

593 (pd^ [om.

12,

Aa

C a ],

(paTra [om.
1

Da

],

7rfpi(TTpd, olvds, rpvyoav

ib. viii.

597

(pdrrai,
TreXeias-,

TreXeiaSes ,
olvas,

rpvyoves,

TTfptOTfpai

13,

544 b Trepiarepa,

^)arra,

rpvyav.

Arist. ap.
Trepi

393 f Trepjorfpa, oli>ds, (pd-^r, (pdo-a-a, rpuycov. Callim. opveav, ap. Athen. ix. 394 d, Ael. V. H. i. 15 (pda-aa, TrvpaXXiV,
ix.

Athen.

Trepio-rtpa,

rpvyw
is

for

all

which

names,

see

under their proper

ev yevos
it

headings.
irepiorepd
to the

usually the generic

fr.

word

7rfpio-repo)i> p.ev ftvai

eid7 Se rrevre, Arist.

271, 1527, &c.

When
.

used

specifically,
:

refers

Domestic Pigeon, Columba livia, var. domestica Arist. H. A. i. ra 8e (rvvav6pto7ri(i olov I, 488 b TO. /zei/ aypoiKa &<rnep (pdrra TrepurTfpd: ib. V. 13, 544 b ridaa-o-bv 8e yiverai /uaXXoy nepiarfpa: cf. Soph. fr. 745 (ap. Plut. Mor. 959 e) Trepiarepav e<pmov OIKSTIV re Plat. Theaet. I99b Xa/Sttj' (pdo-o-av avrl irepiarfpas, a wild pigeon for a tame one. Cf. eiwucis, KaroiKidios Trtpicrrepa, yap aypia, rrfXfids, Moeris with which cf. Themist. Or. xxii. p. 273 C ov (p. 405, ed. Koch, 1830)
.
.

17

f]

T)

yap
In

8rj

TWV

77epKrrepa>i> p,tv at

eddftes iroXXaKis

nvas

Ka\ ^evas eVayoi/Tat.

generic use it appears, e.g., in the statement that in cities TreptoT-fpai' are tame, in country districts very wild, Ael. iii. 15 rrfpiarfpal
its

de ev rats TroXfcrt

(IXovvrai Trapa rot?

avdpomois avvayeXd^ovrai, Kai flai Trpaorarat /cat c. The passage in Ar. Lys. 754 appears to refer to the extreme familiarity of the city-pigeons.
roils
irbcriv,

White pigeons first seen in Greece near Athos, during the Persian War, Charon ap. Athen. ix. 394 d, Ael. V. H. 15; though white
:

i.

FIEPIZTEPA FIEPIITEPA
(continued'}.

143

pigeons were not honoured in Persia, being deemed hostile to the Sun, the white doves had probably been the property of Herod, i. 138 Phoenician, Cilician, or Cypriote sailors (Hehn). On white pigeons,
;

cf.

also Alexid. 3, 481, ap. Athen. I.e. Aevjcos 'A^poStV^r

:

et/ul
i.

yap nepi452,

o-repos

see

also Varro,
ii.

De

R.

R.

iii.

7,

Ovid,

F.

Ep.

xv.

37,

Met.

537,

xiii.

674, xv.

pigeons were apparently the

The white Martial, &c. sacred race of Babylon, which after715,

:

cf. Hehn, Culturpfl. p. 279, Syria and to Europe they are still numerous in Damascus (cf. Thomson, Land and Book, p. 271). Galen distinguishes between the KaroiKidioi and the aypiai, ftoo-Kadfs, or vopades, De Comp. Medic, ii. 10 (xiii. p. 514,

wards spread
Engl. ed.
p.

to

258

ed. Kiihn),

for the latter, cf. De Simpl. Med. Temp. x. 25 (xii. p. 302) dove-cotes were built in the fields near Pergamus. Varro, De R. R.
;

iii.

7 gives a similar account

agrestes
et

maxime sequuntur

turres, in

Alterum genus illud columbarum est clementius, quod cibo domestico contentum intra limina ianuae solet pasci. Hoc genus maxime est colore albo. There is also a mixed breed, genus miscellum, reared in the Trepto-reporpocpejoi/ cf. Ovid, Heroid. xv. 37 et variis albae iunguntur saepe columbae. See also on the care of domesticated and half-domesticated pigeons, Colum. De R. R. viii. 8, Pallad. i. 24, Geopon. xx.
quas ex agro evolant, suapte sponte,
remeant.
:

Homing
7Tfji\l/ov

or Carrier-Pigeons.
irepia-Tepov.
\

Pherecr.

fr.,

ap. Athen.
fr.

ix.

395 b
iii.

cwro-

dyyeXKovra rov

(ed. 4) 'Ai/aKpecov p? cTrcp^ev

149, Bergk, Trpos TratSa, Trpos "Bd6v\\ov ey&>

|

Anacreont.
Ka\
\

p.

305

AvaKpeovn

diaKOvS)
\

rocravTa'

vvv,

opas } CKCLVOV

A
a victor in
Varro,

De

message sent from Pisa to Aegina, by Taurosthenes, the Olympian games, to his father, Ael. V. H. ix. 2. Cf. R. R. iii. 7, 7 columbas redire solere ad locum licet anim-

advertere, quod multi in theatre e sinu missas faciunt. Pigeons sent into the Consuls' camp by Dec. Brutus at the siege of Mutina, Plin. x.
(53)
viii.

37

cf'

Frontin. Strategem.

iii.

13,

8.

See also Mart. Epigr.

Trepio-rcpas 0' 6p.oia)s

32, &c.,

&c.
Pigeons, see
1

On Decoy
TOVTO
Arist.

(int. al.)

Ar. Av. 1082 ras

iAAa/3a)i> el'p^as

%X

KaTravayKii^et TraXeveiv 8edfp,va$ fv $IK.TVG) (cf. Schol.

;

y\o)o-(TT]p.aTiKS)s

naXeveiv e\eyov)
Cf.

they were blinded for the purpose,

rraXeurpiai avrai at

H. A.

ix. 7,

613.

Hesych. \eyovrai yap

f^aTraraxrai Kal V7rdyov(rai npos caura fjyovv eve8pvov(rai.

Dove-cote, irfpiarfpcuv, Plat. Theaet. 197 C, D, 198 B, 200 B, c. also Trepto-TepoTpocpeW, Varro. On the dove-cotes Galen, Aesop, in Herod's garden at Jerusalem, Trvpyoi rreXeiddw yp-tpav, Joseph. De
;

Bell. Jud. v. 4, 4. Great dove-cotes are still conspicuous objects in many they are very numerous and large, for instance, in parts of the East Tenos, the modern site of the Panhellenic shrine and festival (cf. Bent,
;

144
HEPIITEPA

A GLOSSARY OF GREEK BIRDS

(continued}.

On the construction of dove-cotes, their Cyclades, 1885, P- 253). internal niches (0-77*01, KvOplvot, Geop. xiv. 6), and perches (o-avides), on the duties of the Treptorfporpocpoy, ndaa-aroTpocpos (Opp. Cyn. i. 354) or
pastor columbarius, on charms to keep the birds from straying, &c., &c., see Varro, Columella, Palladius, and Geoponica, loc. citt. For references to dove-cotes, see also Ovid, Met. iv. 48 albis in turribus id. Tr. i. 4. 7
;

ad Candida tecta columbae, Accipiat nullas sordida turris aves Mart. xiii. 31 quaeque gerit similes Candida turris aves. According to Varro, a pair of full-grown pigeons was worth from 200-1000 sesterces and L. Axius had purchased a pair of a dealer for
aspicis, ut veniant
;

500 denarii.

The Sacred Doves

;

of Venus or Astarte.

Pigeons were sacred in the

eyes of the Syrians, like the fishes of the river Chalos, Xen. Exp. Cyr. i. 4, 9 they were kept in great numbers at Ascalon, Ctes. ap. Diodor.
ii.

Philo ap. Euseb. Prep. Evang. viii. 14, 64 (cf. the Dove on coins of Ascalon, Eckhel, Doctr. Numm. iii. p. 445) and at Hierapolis, Lucian,
4,
;

where the statue of Atargatis had a gold dove on her head, Lucian, ibid. c. 33. On Venus' doves, see also Virg. Aen. vi.
Syr. Dea,
c.

De

14,

c. 190, Ovid, Met. xiv. 597, Fulgent. Mythol. ii, &c., On the doves in Palestine, cf. Tibull. i. 7, 17 Quid referam, ut volitet

crebras intacta per urbes Alba Palaestino sancta columba Syro? cf. Hygin. Fab. 197, Lucian, De Syr. p. 912, Joseph: loc. cit., Clem. Alex.
Trpos *EXhr)i>
ii,

Philo ap. Euseb. P. E.

viii. c. 14, p.

398, &c.

See also

the

account given above of the introduction of white pigeons into Greece, and compare the sanctity of the bird in modern times at
in Syria,

Mecca, Constantinople, Venice, Moscow, &c. On the cult of Doves cf. Broeckhuis, ad Tibull. 1. c. The cult of the goddess, carried from Ascalon to Cyprus (Herod, i.
105, Pausan.
i.

14, 7),

brought thither the sacred doves

77

cf.
I

ap.

Athen.

xiv.

635

B
II.

Kvnpos
viii.

d'

e'xei

neXeias dia<popovs

Antiphon. the white

;

Paphian doves, Martial,

also Eustath. Horn.

28, 13,

p. 1035.

see cf. Nemes. fr. De Aucup. 22 See also Fr. Miinter, Die himmlische

Gottin zu Paphos, p. 25. As evidences of the cult in islands of the Aegean, cf. the Dove on coins of Seriphos and Siphnos, and the ancient dove-cotes still standing on the latter island. On figures of Astarte with the Dove, see (int. al.)

Lenormant, Gaz. Archdol. 1876,

pi. xxvi. 2, &c.,

p. 133

de Longpe'rier, Mus. Napol.

8e SixeX/a? ev*EpvKi

iii.

&c.
;

At Eryx
cvv at
/xovo-ai,

in Sicily

Athen.

ix.
<u

394 f

rrjs

Kmpos

TIS

eortV, ov KaXovaiv 'Ai/aycoyia, eV

Trept

(pcuri rf]v

6tbv

els At/Sur/i/ avi'iyecrdaC

brj

TOT'

K. r. X.

TUV TOTTOV Trepiorepal dcpavels yivovrai o>s Cf. Ael. iv. 2, x. 50, V. H. i. 15.

T>]

6e<S arivcarobr]-

For the Dove on

a silver coin of Eryx, see

Du

Mersan, Med.

inedites, Paris, 1832, p. 57.

FIEPIITEPA

145

HEPIITEPA
Sicilian

(continued*).

doves mentioned, Alexis and Nicander,

ibid. xiv.

frr.

ap. Athen. ix.

395 b,

c,

Philemon,

658

b.

story of Semiramis, forsaken as an infant by her mother Derceto, and fed by Doves in the wilderness, Ctes. ap. Diodor. ii. 4, 4, Ctes. fr. ed. Biihr, p. 393. Cf. Lucian, De Syr. Dea, ii. p. 885, Athenag.

The

Leg. pro Christ, p. 156 (ed. Otto), Ovid, Met.

iv. 47.

Cf.

Phornutus,

De
ftia

Diis, cap.

De Rhea

Syriis.

TO TTfpto-Tfpas /cai Cf. also Hesych.

y napa. Svpoi? "Apraya elvai, TJV See also Selden's De Diis i%0vos aTre^eo-^at n/iooo-t.
fj

eoiKe Se

avrrj

Se^a'pa^is-, Trepiorepa opeios- 'EXX^j/iorrt.

:

Sil. Ital. iv. 106 Dilectas Veneri notasque ab honore Diones Turbabat violentus [accipiter] aves. The Dove in connexion with the Cyprian 'Ado>i/ia, Diogen. ap. On the Dove in connexion with Gaisford, Paroem. i. Pref. p. 5.

The Dove

sacred also to Dione

Aphrodite, see also Apollod. ap. Schol. Apollon. iii. 593. How Doves hatched the egg from which Venus sprang, Hygin. Fab. 197; Theon, ad Arat. 131.
as
is not associated with Aphrodite in early Greek, unless, not likely, the obscure fragment of Sappho (Bergk 16 (8), Schol. Find. Pyth. i. 10) indicate ^such an allusion. In later authors, the
is
:

The Dove

references are very frequent

'Acppodirrjs Trepia-rfpos
i

cf.

Alex.

Com.

ap. Athen.
;

ix.

395

\CVKOS

463)? &c., &c.

;

Cf.

Rhod. iii. 548 Plut. De Is. 71 (Mor. i. also Virg. Aen. vi. 192 turn maximus heros Maternas
Apoll.
;

agnoscit aves Sil. Ital. iii. 683 Cytherei'us ales cf. Nero ap. Senec. 1. c. On Venus' car with its team of Doves, cf. Ovid, Met. xiv. 597
;

Claudian, Epithalam. 104. Venus and her Dove are associated with the month of April on the and the sign Taurus was the cylindrical Zodiac of the Louvre, &c.
vi. 6,

Apuleius, Met.

393

domus

Veneris.

This

fact

also has a direct reference

to

Pleiad-

symbolism.

The Dove on
Phigaleia, Paus.

the mystical
viii.

monument

of the 'Black Demeter' at

42, 3.

As an
cf.

instance of the Syrian

:

Dove adopted

into Christian worship,

how the clergy of Antioch, A.D. 518, Hefele, Concil. ii. 771 plained that Servius had removed the gold and silver doves that
Ko\vfjL(3r]dpa],

com-

hung

over the altars and font [note the apparent confusion of ideas in
the

TrcpKTTtjpiov,

on the ground that the symbolism was unfitting. On or receptacle in the form of a dove for the Blessed

Sacrament, cf. Chardon, Hist, des Sacram. ii. 242. symbolism of the dove, cf. also Euseb. H. E. vi. 29.

On

the sacred

in the

Various Legends. How Zeus pursued the virgin Phthia form of a Dove, Athen. ix. 395 a.

in

Aegium
8.

How

Doves

led the Chalcidians to

Cumae,

Philostr. Icon.

ii.

146
F1EPIITEPA

A GLOSSARY OF GREEK BIRDS

(continued'}.

How
xi.

a Pigeon caused a war between Chaonians and

Plut.

Illyrians, Ael.

27.

The Dove of Deucalion

aTTOTrrao-ai/
:

Mor.
c. 12,

ii.

968

Trepto-repai/

e<

rijs

\dpvaKos

d(pip,VT)v } S^Xco/ia yfve<rdai Xip,>vos pev euro) TTaXiv evdvofjLtvrjv, evftias 8e

cf.

Lucian, Syr. Dea,

in Medicine.

Apollod.

i.

7,

2 (vide s.v. ueXcia).

The Pigeon

of Pigeons' dung, flesh,

poisoning, burns, ulcers,

For references to the therapeutic value blood, feathers, and other parts in cases of jaundice, and most other ailments, see Galen,
iii.

De Simpl. Med. Temp, and xxx, passim.

Fables.
KOL KOpWVT], ibid. 358.
^oia-fl, ibid.

x, also Plin.

(6) 12, xxii. (25) 58, xxix. (6) 39,

Trepiorf pa KOI KO\OIOS,

Fab. Aes.

(ed.

Halm) 201
ibid. 296.

b.

Trepurrfpa
dl-

7TpL(TTpa KCU

pvpfj.r)g,

TTfpHTTepa

357.

See

also, in addition to articles cited s.v. irAeia, T. Watters,

Chinese

Notions about Pigeons and Doves, N. China Br., R. As. Soc., iv. In this paper various resemblances are shown to pp. 225-242, 1867. exist between classical superstitions and Chinese popular notions, an
important subject concerning which too
little

information

is

accessible.

Among
is

other points, the writer states that in Chinese legend the Dove often confused with the Cuckoo, that the former as well as the latter
is

bird

said to

metamorphose
Magpie's nest
:

into the

Hawk, and

that the

Dove
(s.v.

is

said

to lay in the

these facts

may have some

bearing on

the obscure Aristotelian statements referred to above concerning the nesting of the Cuckoo in the nest of <j>d\|/.

KOKKU)

flEPIITEPA" MHAl'NH.

An

Indian

Green Fruit-pigeon, Treron

sp.

Also Treptorfpal a>xpa', ap. Athen. 394 e; Ael. V. H. i. 15. Ael. xv. 14, brought as presents to the Indian king; acnrep Xeyouo-t /-i^re

Daemach.

rjfiepova-dai /xJjre irore npavveo-Qai.

Cf. S.v. ireXeids \\wp6irTi.\o<$.

nEPKNO'flTEPOI
Arist.

= opciireXapyos = uircuVros. A kind

ix.

of Vulture.

H. A.

32,

6l8b

XevKrj

Kpa\f),
-yuTTi

fifytdei

be peyHTTOS, Trrepa

de /Spa^urara, KOI ovponvyiov Trpn/ui/Kcy,

opoios.
rai/ra

ope'ineXapyos KaXelrai
rols
aXXois-,

KOI inraifTos,
6'

oiKel

8'

aXo-rj,

ra pev

KCIKO.

e^o>v

r>v

dyaQ&v
:

ov8ev'

aXurKerai yap KCU diaxeTai vno KopaKuv Kal TUV aXXcoi/.

'

Qapiis

yap KOI
cf.

KaKoftios Ka\ TO. TeQve>Ta (pepwv,

TreLvfj

aet

Kal /3oa Kal

pivvpifri

Plin. x. (i) 3.
vTra/eroy,

Of

the three names, not one occurs elsewhere, save

c.

Boios

but description (loc. corr.). except as regards size, with the Egyptian Vulture ; in which case the black and white plumage may explain TrepKj/o'Trrepor, and, together perhaps with the stork-like nest, opfiWXapyos-.
ap. Anton. Lib.

20

The

is

insufficient,

agrees

fairly,

Sundevall identifies TrepwoTrrepos with the Lammergeier, Gypaetus barbatuS) L., with which the epithet Xeu*oKe'<paXoy agrees but for this
;

nEPIITEPA

FlHNEAOvp

HEPKNOnTEPOI
he has
to

(continued}.
Tn-epa jSpa^urara (alis

suppose

minimis, Plin.

1.

c.),

to

be an

error for /za/cporara.

The Egyptian Vulture, Neophron percnopterus, L., Sav., though the black-and-white of its plumage might be associated with the name
opfiVe Aapyos-, and though a comparison might also the Stork in connexion with the Egyptian stories
,

be drawn with
of
its

parental

affection,

by no means p-eyedfi ^yia-ros, and is nearly all white, In short, the bird is not to be clearly instead of merely on the head. identified, and the passage, like much of its immediate context, is
is

altogether obscure.

riEPKNO'l.
(7repKi/0
II.

kind of Eagle
Suid.).
.

= jJtop^os,

nr)TT<xf>6i/os,

irXdyyos,

q.v.

= /xeAa?,

De

ov KOI xxiv. 316 ateroi/ /uop(pi/oi/ drjprjrrip' Mirab. 60, 835 < 8e d\taTO)V <t>f)vr] yiVercu,
. .

TrepKvov Ka\eov<nv.
e/c

Arist.

Se

TOVTWV nepKvol Ka\

yviTfs.

Cf. Plin. x. (i) 3

Lye. 260.

In regard to the obscure words jjiop<j>i/os, irepKyos, irepKos, it is hard to be content with the Scholiastic explanations which treat them as

mere colour-epithets such an interpretation may or may not be true, and various facts suggest that there is more to be learned regarding them. For instance, ennrepwos (Xen. Cyn. v. 22) is said to be likewise a mere colour-epithet (J. Poll. v. 67), but the relations between nepwus, fjiopfpvos, p,\ava6Tos and Xayox^ofos make it at least somewhat striking
:

that ennrepwos, in the only passage where to the Hare.

it

occurs, should be applied

nE'PKOI.
Arist.

kind of
ix.

Hawk.
36,

H. A.

620 aXXoi

&

nrepKoi

KCH O-TTIUH

fortasse nee
o-Tri^'ay

Aristoteli ipsi cognita sunt, Scalig. p. 249.

identical, the former,
if it

If nepKos

and

are

dark-coloured, agrees as an epithet with the traditional identification of the latter with the Sparrow-hawk.

mean

FIE'PNHI,
Arist.
aXXotoi.

v.

11.

nre'pt'ig, Trrepkis, Trre'pnrjs.

kind of

Hawk.

H. A.

ix.

36,

620

6 S' dorepia? KCU 6 <pa<ro-o<povoff KOI 6 Trepvrjs

Hesych.

Trrepvis, fldos U/XUCOC.

nHNE'AO*.

A kind
O.TTV

of

Wil

Duck
\

or Goose.
fr.

Ibyc. 8 (13) <uKedi/a) yas r

TroiKi'Xai

nav\ones.

Alcae.
v

84 (Bergk) opviQcs

rivts 018'

ireppaTow

i]\6ov TraveXoTrcs noiKiXodeipoi ravvo'iTiTf pot,

lcoi>

Ion. ap. Hesych.

S.

v. <poiviKo\(yvov'
f)

TOV irrjvfXorra TO opveov, TOV yap

rpa^rjKov enirrav (powiKovv,

Se \eyvrj Trape\Kei.
f

also, Arist. H. A. viii. 3, 593 b (with x^aXeoTr?^, &ig & c .) ; Ar. Av. 298, 1302, and Schol. 6 nrjveXo^lf vrjTTrj jueV carti/ 5fj.oiov } Trepicrrfpas 8e p-fyedos' p,ep.vr)Tai fie avrov 2T^O"i\opos Kal*I(BvKOS.

Mentioned

cf.

From

the superficial resemblance of the

name

L 2

148
riHNEACW

A GLOSSARY OF GREEK BIRDS

(continued*}.
its

Hesych., and from

Plin. x. (22) 29,
it

occurrence in some

MSS.

for the latter in

identical,

seems probable that both names are

and

possible that both are corruptions of a foreign (Egyptian ?) word. The association of m and nrjveXo^ in an obscure and faulty Aristotelian

passage,
in

may be
di'|

visiting Penelope in the

a mere confusion arising out of the story of Hermes form of a goat (cf. Creuzer, Symb. iii. p. 502)
;

which case

should disappear from the

list

of bird-names.

FlhTPIE'

nepdig, Kp/jrey,

Hesych.
Lat. /zV&tf
;

nfKOZ.

Woodpecker.
V. 2 nlKov

said to be

an Oscan word.
Kai Vop.iov(n.v "Apecop
iii.

Strabo,
lepov.

yap TTJV opviv TOVTOV oyo/id^bucn, See also Dion. Halic. i. 14. Cf. Ovid, F.
p. 388,

37,

&c.

Cf. also

Grimm's D. Myth.

Creuzer's

Symb.

iii.

676,
ix.

iv.

368.
f.

nfnoi

s.

miriros.

young chicken, Athen.

368

(Casaub. for

ITTTTOVs).

ninQ' (MSS. have also mira,

cf.

unnr]).

Some editors read unrw, TTITTOS, irtirpa. The Greater and Lesser Spotted Woodpeckers,
eVri o-Kvnrocpdya, a rovs crKviiras QqpfvovTa eXaTTav' K.aXovo'i de rives dp.(p6Tpa f)

Picus major and minor, L. Arist. H. A. viii. 3, 593 uXXa 8'

fj

jLtaXtoro, olov TTiTTo)

TJ

re

/xei^tBi/

KOI

ravra dpvoKoXaTTTas'
/iet'^a)

TO
ix.

(jLfi^ov.

o/nota S' d\Xrj\ois Kai (poovfjv e^ovtriJ/ opoiav, 7r\r)V v\a Trpoo-Trero/xcj/a. vepfTat 8' a/Lt<porepa raCra Trpo? ra

Ibid.
ix.
I,

21, 617
:

TO. (TK.\rj

jSpa^ea [e^ 64

609

hostile to
to e'pwStos

7701*1X19,
(cf.

d\\r)\a)v,

and

Ibid, Kvavos] rfj iriirtp 7rap6p.oia. KOpw&JU>t ^Xcopeu?' TO -yap a>a Kareo-diovo-iv Hesych.) : ra yap Ja KartffBiei Kai TOVS VCOTTOVS
Se /i^rr/p

TOV fpa>8iov.

Nicand. ap. Anton. Lib.

TTtTrco*

C.

14

17

abriav cyevero

Trpoy TaiTr]V derco TToXfynos

eVn

KOI epwSiep* Karayvvai

(cf. CTITTYJ, q. v.).

wnroXoyos yap avr&v ra

a>a, KOTTTouo-a

r^v dpvv

8'ta

rouy Kvliras

Lycoph. Cass. 476

(edit.

dvrl TTITTOVS tritopiriov

Xatpw

o-?rao-ay.

Tzetz. in Lye.
1

Steph. p. 83)

TTITTCO

opvcov

(<TTI OaXdcro'iov evTrperres Kai tveiSes .

The above
depends

identification,

setting aside the

statement of Tzetzes,

solely on the existence of two species of Spotted similar in appearance, but unequal in size.
1

Woodpecker,

m'TYAOI
ni'^YrE

6pvi6dpi6v

aypiov,

Hesych.

Also

iriiruXos,

Schol. Theocr.

x. 50.
(v.
1.

m<j>iY,

iri^i):
S.

m4>Xt^,

Suid.

An unknown

bird

KopuSaXos = 7ri<paXXoy,
Arist.

TTKpaXXij,

Hesych.

H. A.

ix. I,

610
c.

ni<piy
c.

Kai apirrj KOI IKT'IVOS <pi\oi.

Mentioned

also

by Boios
apTrj;,

ap. Anton. Lib.

Cf.

with

apira<ros,

a fabled metamorphosis, together Etym. M. 673 Choerob. Cram. Anecd.

xx, in
;

HHNEACW
ni<t>Yr= (continued}.

nOP<t>YPII

149

Oxon.

ii.

word

is

p. 245 ; Lob. Proll. p. 96. akin to <|>wu, and its allies.

(v.
1.

cannot help thinking that the

nAA'lTOI
<j)6t/os

irXdyxos,

ir\(lt/os,

Niphus

icXdyyos, q. v. supra)

J'TJTTO-

fJLopc^j'os

(Arist.).

kind of Eagle.
Arist.

H. A.

ix.

32,

6l8b

erepoi/
ot/cei

devrepos peyedei KOI pupy.

de
f

(3f]<r<ras

yevos derov eVrii/ 6 7r\dyyos KaXemu, Kal ciyKrj KOI Ai/Liras . eniKaXelrai
1

6e vr)TTO(povos Kal p.6p<pvos' ov Kal 'Op,rjpos

II.

fJ,ep,vr]Tat

ev

rfj

rov Hpid/JLOV eda),

xxiv. 316.
Plin. x.
i

Tertii generis
et

aliqui et

plancum

morphnus, quam Homerus et percnon vocat, anatariam, secunda magnitudine et vi huicque

:

vita circa lacus,

&c.

Commentators have given innumerable interpretations of

If
it

this word. be really a concrete specific appellation, then the Spotted Eagle,
fulfils

Aquila naevia,

the conditions best

;

it

is

large

and powerful,

but less so than the Golden Eagle

frequents water, feeding partly on fish (especially on pieces of decomposing fish, cf. Shelley, Birds of Egypt, p. 206), and partly on waterfowl and sea-birds (cf. Buffon,
it

Hist, des Ois.

(?)

i. if popcpvos, nepwos and 127, Sundevall, p. 104) K\dyyos are to be taken as descriptive epithets (as they are by some),
:

it is

dusky, mottled, and noisy.

Pliny is full of fables, and includes the story of the death of Aeschylus, which suggests rather the habits of

The passage quoted from

(cf.

the Lammergeier
noiKIAl'l.

s.v. de-ros, Ael. vii. 16).

An unknown

bird:

Aldrovandi, &c.) for the

is

taken by mediaeval writers (Belon, Goldfinch, from the statement that it

identical with &Ka.vQi<s, q.v.

hostile to Kopu8&>i>, nnro) (niTrpn), and ^Xwpeus. (cit. Schn. in Arist. vol. ii. p. 5) aKavdls de opveov eori TTOIKI\OV nal \iyvpov, KaAemu Se Kal 7roiKi\ls dia TTJV ^poi'aj/.
Arist.

H. A.

ix.

I,

609

Schol. ad Theocr.

vii.

171

FloiKiXos op^is
ix.

was

also

an expression
\6yos
p.Vfia
jueV

for the

Peacock.

Cf.

Athen.
TTOLKL-

397 C

'Ai/TKpcojri Se T<B pfjropt

yfypanrai e^cov

eVi-ypa/njua Ilept

Ta>v' Kal ev avrcp roi Xdya) ovdepia \ovs TroXXaKiy ev avrcS ovo/jid^fi.

TOV ovo^iaros yivfrai, opveis de

nONTIKO'Z "OPNII.
Hesych.
nOP4>YPri.

The Pheasant.
TOVS TIo^TiKovs
(pacriv.

(paa-iavoi' opveis TTOIOI, 01 de

An unknown
Ibyc.
fr.

bird

= Xa6nrop(|)upts.
fr. 4,

Mentioned Ar. Av. 304.

cos

Ibyc.
1.

ap. Athen.

ix.

388

raz/uTrrepo?

oKa Kopcpvpis.

8,
1.

C.

alo\68eipoi \adinop(pvpides.

According

to Callimachus, ap. Athen.

c.,

7rop<pvpis differs

from 7rop0vptW.

15
riOP4>YPl'aN.

A GLOSSARY OF GREEK BIRDS

The Purple Gallinule, Porphyrio hyadnthus, Temrn. Mentioned Ar. Av. 707, 88 1, 1249. Arist. fr. 272, ap. Athen. ix. 388 C, d (TX^avo-iroda OVTOV dvai, e^etv re XP^ a <^aveov, <rKe\r)
e< rrjs Ke(pa\rjs (poiviKovv, peyedos d\(KTpvovos.
ov,

8ib TO>V \afj.ftavop.eva)V fls TOV TroSa ra/zieuerat p,iKpa$ TCIS

8e TrtWi
bibit).
i.

TrevTaSdKTvXos re

(?)

(H. A. viii. 6, 595 ; Plin. x. (46) 63 morsu &v TOV p,f(rov e^ei p.iyi(TTov. Dion. De Avib.
avroJ TO pa/u,<poy
e

29,

a similar description, epvdpbv

nl\ov e^ct, onoiovs
'

OTI, KCU

Kara

KetfraXris

Arist. H. A. ii. ro^crai ITepo-ai (pepovcriv. vre TOV irpoXofiov e^ft ovre TOV (TTopaxov fvpvv 17, a*V c/J/a fMKpov ex fl dXXa o-(f)6dpa pa<pov. Schol. Ar. Av. 1249 tcvdveoi cia-i. Arist. De Inc.
wo-TTfp riva
ol

59

IO.

7IO
Tfl

Callim. ap. Athen.

fir)

I.e. TT^V Tpoffirjv XafJLJBdvew

TOP Troptpvpiava ev

CTKOTCO KaTaftvofjifvoV) tvo.

Tis

avTov

6edo~r)Tai' f~\.6paivfi

yap TOVS

TrpOffiovTCis
1

42 wpuioraro? re ap.a KOI (^epcoj/u/icorards eVn {<p<ov, KO.\ xaipfi Koviopfvos, &c. According to Alex. Mynd. ap. Athen. 1. c., it inhabits Libya and is there held sacred. According to Plin.
avrov
Tpo(pfj.

Ael.

iii.

x. 63,

it

inhabits

Commagene

(Asia Min.)

and a

yet nobler sort

(x.

69)

the Balearic Islands.

A bird
Ael.
iii.

of lofty morals
vii.

and great
viii.

42, v. 28,

25,

vigilance, 20, xi. 15, Dion.

Polemon ap. Athen.

1.

c.,

De

Avib.

i.

29.

mode of capture, Dion. De Avib. iii. 21. descriptions in Arist. fr. 272 and Dionysius clearly refer to the that in Arist. H. A. ii. 17 is supposed by some Purple Gallinule (I think needlessly) to apply to the Flamingo, the Gallinule not having
easy

An

The

a very long neck.

tries
:

The

bird occurs in

Egypt and neighbouring coun-

it

is

in

Euboea

rare in Greece, but inhabits Lake Copai's and Lake Dystos (Erhard, I.e., also Naumannia, 1858, p. 21), though, accord-

ing to other authorities (Von der Mtihle, Heldreich, Kriiper), nothing is known of its occurrence in Greece in recent times.

nOY'noi.
Anon.

A
De

late

word

for the

Hoopoe

vide
in

s.

v.
cit.

Avibus
S.

et

earum Virtutibus

Medicina (MS.

Du

Cange, Gloss.

V. KovKOvfpos), eVox^ opveov ev dept TTOT&IKVOV' OVTOS KuXetrat

KOVKOV(pOS, KCU TTOVTTOy.

flPE'lBYI.
ix. 1 1,

name
In

for the
this

Wren
is

=rpoxiXos, Hesych., Arist. H. A.

615.

position of
aire'pjSus;

letters,

much tempted to suspect a transand to suggest, as a conjectural emendation,

word one
aWpyus,
/cal

cf.

also S.vv.

<nropyiXos.

Arist.

H. A.
\rfj

ix. I,

609

TroXe/zios

5e KOL 6 vpeo-ftvs Kakovfuvot KOI ya\ij

KOI Kopoivrj

yXawuj ra yap wa

TOVS VCOTTOVS KaTeo~6iovo~tv avTrjs.

In

the preceding sentence 6'p^tXoy and y\avg are mentioned as hostile to one another. (Here Sundevall supposes the Jackdaw to be meant,

on account of
logical,

its egg-eating propensities, but the passage not prosaic.)

is

mytho-

nop<i>YpiftN

nvrAproz

151

F1PEIBY2
Cf.
p.

(continued}.
Plin.
viii.

25

Munk. ad Anton.

Lib.

p.

100

Lob.

Path.

132.

nTE'PNII.

Vide

s.v.

riTEPYrOTY'PANNOIriTE'PflN'
flcjos

opvis noios fv

'Ivdiicfj

'AX^ai/fyxa doBels,

Hesych.

opveov,

Hesych.
iv. p.

Meineke, Com. Fr.

arpovdias.
Cf.

647 (ap. Hesych.) dXX'

j)

rpiopxos

?}

Trrepwr

77

Etym. M.

226, 37, Theognost. 36. 19.

HTYT5.
have
infra

Arist.
irtoyi,

H. A.
iTTOyyi,

ix.

12,

615 b

u|3pis, q. v.

For

imryyi,
ircovyyi;

MSS.
vide
;

irrvyyiyi, for

which Schn. reads

ii.

s. v. <|>wu|.

Cf. Schn. in Arist. vol.

;

97, 117

Anton. Lib. 5

Etym. M. 699, 10

Lob. Phryn. 72.

RYTAProi,
Arist.

a.

A
ix.

sort of

Eagle or Falcon;
yevos dcrwv' Kara

8os aeroC,

Hesych.;
KOI TTfpt

vide infra.

H. A.
1

32, 6l8

TCI TreSt'a

KOI

TCI 0X0-77

Tas TroXets yiverat'

opr)

eviot 8e KaXoixri vefipocpovov avrov' Trtrfrai de KCU fls TCI

810.

KOI els TTJV v\r]v

TO Qdpaos.

Cf. Plin. x.

(1)3 secundi generis

Arist.

Pygargus, in oppidis mansitat et in campis, albicante cauda. H. A. Vi. 6, 563 b X a ^ e7TO y Ktpi r TfKVa.
Cf. Schol. Lye. 91.
2o(poK\r]s
(fr.

Also Etym. M. 695, 50 nvyapyos'

roi) SciXoi), d-rro TTJS

flSos

aerou*

932 a) cVi

\CVK^S nvyrjs,

cocrTrfp

evavTius

[j,fXaiJi7rvyr]s

drro TTJS icr^vpds.

>

Note
p. 47).

Circus cyaneus, L.
is

=Falco pygargus,

L.), the

Hen-harrier

or Ring-tail,

To

it

now called rrvyapyos in the Cyclades (Erhard, op. cit. much of the description given is applicable, but certainly

Sundevall imagines the Golden Eagle to vfftpo(p6i>os. be meant, Gloger and others the White-tailed Eagle or Erne, Haliaetus albidlla (L.), to which latter the description in Aesch. Ag. 1156 e|orrti/ but these are surely excluded by the evidence dpyias, seems to apply as to size (cf. Pliny, 1. c.), frequency, and affection for cities and plains.
not the epithet
:

gallicus,

incline to identify the bird with the Short-toed Eagle, Circaetus which in French, as perhaps also here, seems to share its

popular

name

(Jean-le-Blanc) with C. cyaneits.

(cf. s.v. jJieXdjjnruYos),

But the name was

it

originally mystical

however

may

in later

times

have been

specifically applied to
|3.

a particular bird.
bird.

HYTAProi,
Arist.

An
viii.

undetermined
3,

H. A.

593

b.

water-bird, mentioned with o-^om'Xo?

;

and KiyK\os, about the and streams.

size of

a thrush

TO ovpalov

KMI

frequents rivers

The

size

agrees with Sundevall's suggestion of a Sandpiper.

Aubert

A GLOSSARY OF GREEK BIRDS

(continued}.

and Wimmer take the three birds to be different The name more strongly suggests (Motacilla).

to

species of Wagtail me the Dipper,

all

Cinclus aquattcus, L., (Mod. Gk. vepoKoo-o-vcpos, Heldr.): but birds are quite doubtful.
FIYPAAAI'Z,
s.

three

iruppaXis

(Hesych.).

An unknown

bird:

probably
KCU ftios

a kind of Pigeon.
Arist.
6 aiiTos.

H. A.

ix. I,
iv.

609, hostile to rpuyoov, TOTTOS yap

48.
4) ap.

rrjs

vop.r)s

Cf. Ael.
(fr.

Callim.

100,

c.

Athen.

ix.

eKTiOfrai (pdacrav, TrupaXXi'Sa, Trfpurrfpav, rpvydva.

394 d KaXXi'/xa^o? a>s 8ia<popas Cf. Ael. V. H. i. 15.

nVPn'THI'

<nrupYiTY|s,

Sparrow, Galen.

Vide

s.

vv. o-TropytXos,

orpouOos.
FIY'PPA.

A
s.

bird, hostile to rpvyav.

Ael.

iv.

5, Phile,

685.

Perhaps

identical with irupaXXis.

nYPPl'AI,

mpias

= eXaios, q.v.
L.

FlYPPOKO'PAE.
Plin. x. (48)

The Alpine Chough, Corvus pyrrhocorax,

68 Alpium pyrrhocorax, luteo rostro, niger.
1.

nYPPOY'AAI

(v.

iruppoupas, &c.

Lob. Prol. 132).

Probably the

Bullfinch, Pyrrhula vulgaris. Arist. H. A. viii. 3, 592 b opvis a-KO)\r]Ko(pdyos. Sundevall, op. c., p. II I, identifies nvppovXas with the Robin, the Bullfinch being a seed-eater, but and confined to the mountainous parts of Northern Greece
:

Heldreich quotes the same word as the Mod. Gk.

nft'Y~(r)=' TTOIOS opvis,
PA'4>Ol
f

name

for the

Bullfinch in

Hesych.

Cf. TTTU'Y.

opvfis rives,

Hesych.

(Verb, dub.)

'PINO'KEPfll-

TTOLOS opvis ev AlQioTTta,

Hesych.

Probably the Hornbill.

for
pYyiXXor,

'PO'BIAAOI-

/Sao-tXtWos

opvis,

Hesych.
&c.

(Possibly

L.

regulus.).

Vide

s. v.

jSaaiXeu's,

'PYNAA'KH.

Supposed

to

be akin to Pers.

jJ^ (Rund)

nomen

avis,

quae frequenter

in oryzetis invenitur (J. Albertus in Hesych., &c.).

;

An
C

Indian bird, of the size of a pigeon, Ctes. Pers. 61

purrdicrjs.

also Hesych.

In Plut. Vit. Artax. 19, p. 1020,

PQAIO'I

= epw8i<5s
Also

q.v.

Hippon.
s.

p.

63

also

Hesych.

H.

aaXirryKTiis,

aaXTriaT^s.
Cf.

synonym

of opxiXos (q-v.), Hesych.

Dind. Thes.

vii. c.

45 B.

nvrAproi
ZAPl'N'
opi/eov
etSos,

IEAEYKII
Hesych.
Also
crapKWJ>,

53

opoiov ^dpo>,

Hesych. In both cases

it

has been suggested to read

o-apioy,

quasi
'

lEIPH'N' 6pvi6dpi6v TTOIOP, Hesych. Possibly, like the nected with the Heb. sir, to sing.
Cf.

Sirens,'

con-

Hesych.

s. v.

aeipTiyes'

01 p,ev

ea> yvvaiKas

<pao~i

ZEIZOnYn'l, aetaoupa.
iciyKXos,

Hesych.

Literally Wagtail, Motacilla. and apparently with ivy, Schol.

Xe-yo/zei/ov
s. v.

Identified with
in

Theophr.

ii.

17.

Cf.

also Suid. iVy, TO opveov, TO

o-ovo-ovpdSa is the

o-eto-oTrvyiy.

In

Mod. Gk.,

Wagtail.

Vide

KiyK\os.

IEIIO'<*>EAOI- ro T>V

rpox&w

ftSos,

Hesych.
o-fio-o[*:e](j6aXoy,

Perhaps for

o-o-oXd(pos (J. Albertus in Hesych.), or

s. o-eta-oKe/SXos,

Meineke,

Philol. xii. 621.

ZEAEYKl'l,

s.

creXeuia'as.

The Bose-coloured

Pastor, Pas for roseus,

Avib. i. 22 rroXv^opcoraroj/ opveov fj areXcvKis, KOI /uera TrXeia-rr/s fvxns d(^iKvovfj.(vov Toiy dypotKoiy, tjv TOVS Kapnovs oKpidov fdyrai ir\rj6os. OTL ras p.ev (payoixrat) rds de Kal dirb (JLQVTJS TIJS crKias aTratpoutrat, eKKpivovaiv
as av KaTafpiiyuxn pqdiws avriKa, Kal Tropdovpevois dvbpd<ri l-eviKrjv dv ns etTTOt avfjifj,axiav aXX' el rrjs ^apiros rts roiis opvcis aTroare\T]\v6evai. pfjffdf, diacpOdpovcnv avrai rov crco^e'i/ra Kapnov.

Temm. Dion. De

Zosimi Hist,
KtXtKt'ai/

i*

57.

6 (Schneid. Eel. Phys.

lepov

i.

51) lv SeXeim'a
Kal

rfj

Kara

'ATToXXcovoff

idpvro

Ka\ovfj.evov

SapTrrjdoviov,

ev

TOVTW

p.ev ovv ncpl rov deov TOVTOV Xeyopeva, Kal a>s aTratri rols aKpiduv eVo^Xovfiej/oty a-e\evKid8as rrapadidovs (opvea 8e ravra cvdiaiTQ>p.eva rols nepl TO iepbv TOTTOIS) o-vKet-fnepTrc Tols airovo-t, at 8e

Xpr)(TTT)piov.

Ta

VTTO Xvp-rjs

Tat? dicpiVi o~vp.7TfpnrTdfj,vai Kal Tols ard/uao't TUVTOS fie^o'^ierai 7rapa^pj}/ua

re anfipov ev dxapiaia)
TTi^XXarroj/,
i,

Sie'cptfeipoi/,

Kal TTJS

K TOVTO>V /3Xa/3?;? TOVS

vdaip.ovia

raCra

p.ev

rfj

TrjviKavTa TO>V disdparrwv

rov Ka6*

f]p.as

Cod.

ccxxiii. p.

68 1

yevovs diroo~fi(Tap.evov fleiav fi/fpyecriav. (teste Bernhardy, ed. Suid.).

Cf. Photius,

Plin. x. (27) 39 Seleucides aves

vocantur quarum adventum ab love

precibus impetrant Casii mentis incolae, fruges eorum locustis vastantibus. Nee unde veniant, quove abeant, compertum, nunquam conspectis nisi cum praesidio indigetur. Cf. Ael. xvii. 19 ; Galen, De Loc. Affect, vi. 3

Hesych., &c.

under the name Samarmog or Samarmar is in like manner reverenced to this day by the Arabs cf. Niebuhr, Beschreib. v. Arabiens, In Mod. Gk. it is called dyioTroOXi on its Spring migration, p. 174. when it destroys the grasshoppers, and 8ia/3oXo7rovXi in Autumn, when
bird,
;

The

it

devours the grapes (Heldr.).

154
ZEMl'PAMIZ'

A GLOSSARY OF GREEK BIRDS

7rfpio-Tpa
opeios,

'EXXijwori,

Hesych.

Cf. Diodor.

ii.

6.

Vide
ZE'PKOZ-

S. V.

irepiorepd.
KOI aXcKTopioes acXices,

dXe/crpvobi/,

Hesych.

Baethgen,

De

vi

et signif. Galli, Diss. Inaug., Getting.

1887, p. 10, collates feXicos,

a word inscribed together with the image of a Cock on a Cretan vase (Roulez, Choix de vases de Leide, p. 40, nr. 13), and this in
turn with rA^ai/or, s. Ff\x avos Zf ^ s f/3 " Kpj/o-iV, Hesych., inscribed also on a coin of Phaestus (Bull. Inst. Arch., 1841, p. 174); further
>

he suggests a kindred reference

to the opvis TlfpmKos, in the corrupt

Hesychian gloss, SeX^pot* Uepa-ai. A coin of Phaestus figured in the Brit. Mus. Cat. Coins (Crete, p. 63, pi. xv. 10), bears the same inscription and shows the god seated holding a Cock on his knee.
ZE'PTHZ'
yepavos, UoXXvpprjviot,
opvis

Hesych,
Hesych.
596) suspects
this bird to
s.

ZlAAENAPl'Z* notos

napa
viii.

KaXXi^tci^o),

Schn. in Arist. H. A.

3 (vol.

ii.

p.

be

identical with the corrupt

Arist.,

KaXi'Spis, s. o-KavSpts,

oxaXt&pis, of
Cf.

and suggests

aicaXuSpts as

an emendation

for both.

also aiaXis.
ZIAAI'X.

A
f.

bird

so-called from

its

cry.

Didymus

ap. Athen. ix.

392
Zl'NTHI.

Also Hesych.

Vide
-

s.v.

7re'p&, Uepyaioi,

Hesych.
o-i'rrq'

ZITAPrz.
cf.

An unknown

bird,

^ v\>v o?/uu \tyoptwi

o-irapis-,

Suid.:

Zonar. 1645, Lob. Proll. p. 30.

Hi.

ZITTA'KH, Philostorg. H. E.
Ind.
i.

ii.

aiTTaK<Js, Ael. xvi. 15, Arrian.

8,

&c.

Vide

s.v.

Zl'TTAZ

= airraKOS.

crtrras,

opvis Trotof

evtoi

8e TOV ^firraKov Xeyovviv,

Hesych.
Zl'TTH.
cf.

(Some MSS. have

(Wry, q. v.

O-I'TTTTTJ

in Arist.

H. A.

ix. i.)

With

a-imrrj

Also

ITTTO-

6 SpvoKoXa^ edviK&s,

conjecture a form ^irrr?, Lith. spakas, Sk. pika, &c.

Hesych. We might akin to O. H. G. speh, speht, specht,

bird with fabulous attributes, allied to the

TTOIOS,

Woodpecker;
identified

opvis

Usually opvoKo\dirTT)s, Hesych. Nuthatch, Sitta europaea or S. syriaca, which latter very similar species is commoner in Greece (Von der Muhle, Lindermayer) ;

of

Se

with the

IEMIPAMII
IITTH
(continued^.

ZKflvJ,

Mod. Gk.

aKa\o6apT)s,

<r(f)vpiKTfjs,

and

To-ojravoirovXt,

i.

e.

the

little

shepherd (Heldr.). Arist. H. A. ix. I, 609 b

ibid. 17,

aerep TroXffiiov' Karayvvei

yap

TO.

am

rov OCTOV

dtdvotav cvdiKros Kal fvdr)p.a)V Kal ev/3iWoy, Kal Xe'yerat {^ap/xaxeia eivai dia TO nciXvidpis civaC TroXvyovos 8e Kal
/ta^i/no?, rrjv de

6l6b

Callim. Fr. 173 (in

Etym. M.)

6 8' rj\e6s ovS' eVi O-ITTTJV jSXev/ra?.

good omen w AevKiTrnr) dfia

21'TTOI"

to lovers, Schol. in Ar.

criTTjy.

Av. 705

fr.

ap. Suid. cyw /ueV

Hesych. and corrupt words. They are probably akin to the equally corrupt and obscure TTITTO), which bird, like O-ITTTJ, is allied to the woodpeckers and hostile to the eagle.]
pev y\av<a'
a-irros
YJ

crirrov, ol

Kia-crav'

rj

iepaKa,

[O-I'TT;;,

a-lrras

and

are all doubtful

ZKAAl'APIZ.

(MSS. have
bird

KaXidpiSj o-Kavftpis, o-Ka\i8p$.

Schneider sug-

gests o-Ka\v8pis.

Possibly identical with o-iaXe^Spis, q.v.)

;

An unknown
any one
Arist.

of Sandpiper,

e.

taken by Belon and later writers for a species but g. Totanus calidris, auctt., the Redshank
:

whom
is
viii.

gray plumage

pleases may interpret enlivened with a noiKiXla

it
'

it
'

as a Wagtail,

whose

of yellow.

H. A.

(rnodoeiftes

593 ^ r " wpaiov Ktve'i, TroiKiXiav fX l ) T (mentioned with ffgocnXaf, K/yxXor, and nvyapyos).
3?

IKI'AAOI-

iKrlvos,
S. v.

Hesych.

Cf. pdcriciXXos.

IKlV.

Vide

IKOAO'flAE.
to

Generally supposed, and by all the older commentators, be identical with dcncaXwiras, the Woodcock. Mod. Gk.
6pvi6ovKa\La (Coray),
t-vKoKorra

aoncaXoTra/cas-,

(Bik.),

/iTre/caro-a (
:

= Fr. because].
rt.

(Heldr.),

v\6pvi6a
tr-icoX-o^,

With

<7-KoX-o7ra, cf.

Gk.

o-/caXov^, o-7raXa

of L. cutter, &c.
eVi SeVSpov ov KaBi&i, aXX' eVi
rrjs yfjs.

Arist.

H. A.
fr.

ix. 8,

614

Nemesian.

Aucup.

21 (in Wernsdorf' s Poet. Lat. Min.) praeda est facilis et

amoena Scolopax.
[(T7raXa| or o-KiiXo-^f in
is

Theophr. De Sign. Temp. p. 439, ed. Heinsii, cf. sometimes taken to apply not to the mole but to this bird
:

J.

G. Schneider, in Arist., vol.

iv. p.

131.]
is

Etym.

doubtful.

The

derivation from o-KeVrw

ovco>7n-a>

not more

certain than

the older

one from

(Athen. and Aelian).

The

o-

may be

According

to Alex.

a late prefix, from the false analogy with o-KwnTeiv. Myndius, ap. Athen. ix. 391 b, Homer wrote

A GLOSSARY OF GREEK BIRDS

(continued}.

K&rras for o-KSmas,

and

Aristotle likewise
[falso dixit

Ael. xv. 28,

in Athen.

and Cobet's note

ii.

so also Speusippus cf. hoc Alexander, Casaubon

:

358].

Doederlein, Horn. Gloss.

2359, finds the

;

stem
nate.

in Kvfirjvais (yXau^i), Hesych., L. cucubare, &c.

in

which case
to

KiKKapTj (q. v.),

and Mod. Gk.

KovKovpata,

would seem

Hesych. has also

is
it is

O-KOKCS.

The name

be cogresembles the cry

:

of the bird, and

in part at least

In Switzerland

called Todtenvogel,
p. 102.

onomatopoeic cf. It. jacopo. and cries Tod, Tod, Tod,

Hopf. Orakelthiere,

The

Little

Horned Owl
(TKatTTes
i.

or Scops Owl, Ephialtes scops, L.

Mod.

Gk.
Od.

KXaxrcros, ^LU>VI (Erh.).

V.

66

T "prjKes Tf TavvyKaHTvol re Kopwvai

KTJ

etfdXicu.
|

Theocr.
Arist.
ix. 28,

Id.

134
viii.

opeW
592 b
fj.ev

roi or/coWrey
e'Xdrrooi/

cfyfido-i

yapvo-aivro.

H. A.

3,
fi'

yXavicos.

Two

varieties;

H. A.

617 b

(TKOiirfs
fiia

ol

del ncKrav

&pav

ei(ri, /ecu

KaXovvTai

deioTCaJTres',

Kal OVK eirdiovrcu

pov, (paivovrai

d'

e'cp*

TO ajSpooroi eimi* erepoi fj^epnv p.iciv f) dvo TO

fie

ylvovrai eV/ore row 0$ij/o7ra)lo~lv cScofiijuot

TrXetcrroi', Koi

Kal

(T<p68pa evdoKip.ovo~iv' Kal diafpepovcri TU>V dficrKcoTroov KaXov/ieVcov OVTOI

fjiev

aXXw
OTI

a>s

flirclv

oiiSfvi,

TW 8e nd^et'
yevfa-fcas

Kal OVTOI p.ev

TJTIS

io~iv

acpoai/oi,

fKelvoi 8e
TT\TJV
;

(pdeyyovrat.

rrepl

8e

avrStv

O~TIV,

ovOev

a>7rrai,

Tols frcpvpiois (paivovTai.

Cf.

Callimachus ap. Athen.

rc5

ix.
el<

391 b

Ael.

XV.

28

dia(f)povo-i

de TO>V

dfio-Kanrw

Trd^fi,

K<U

Tpvyovi Kal cpaTTr] (vide Jacobs, in loc.). Alex. Mynd. ap. Athen. ix. 391 b piKpoTepos eVrt y\avKos, Kal

Trap' exarfpoj/

KpoTafpov dvafpepet TTTepd

'.

cf.

Ael.

1.

C.

The account given of the size of the bird and the descriptions this Athenaeus and Aelian agree perfectly with the Scops Owl
;

in
is
it

a noisy bird, repeating

in winter.

its

cry with monotonous persistence.

S.

But

appears to spend the summer only in

The passage

in Aristotle is

Europe, migrating to Africa perhaps faulty in this con-

nexion, owing to misinterpretation of the name deia-KO)^ as though from del. Sundevall supposes the other variety to be the Short-eared

Owl, Strix brachyotus, a somewhat larger species, which appears merely to pass through Greece on its migrations vide infra, s.v. WTOS. The bird o-Ka>^r was quite unknown to Pliny, x. (49) 70 as apparently also to Hesych., who has o-K&Tres' eldos opvew, oi fie KO\OIOVS. According to Metrodorus ap. Athen. 1. c. dvTopxovp.tvovs dXia-Kea-dat
:

TOVS

<rKo)TTas.

Hence
and
24
;

ovcco^

and

o~Ka>TTfvp,a
f,

as the

name
is

Ael. xv. 28, Athen.

ix.

391 a, xiv. 629

VTTOO-KOTTOS
J.
:

where there
cf.

of a dance, a confusion

between

O-KCOX//-

O-KOTTOS,

yXau.

See also O. Jahn,

Vasenbilder,

p.

Rochett,

des savans, 1837, pp. 514-517.

iniZA
Cf. airapdo-ioi/.

157

IMA'PAIKON' orpov&W, Hesych.

ZMH'PIN0or
IOY~I4>A,
s.

opvis Trows-,

Hesych.

oma(|>a.

Indian birds which indicated to the mariner

ii.

proximity to land, Cosmas, Indopl.

p.

182.

Schneider, Lex.

ZnAPA'llON-

opveov

epfapes vrpovOa.

evtot

ovcty,

Hesych.

Cf.

\|/dp,

<T|Jl<p8lKOl>,

&C.

HIE'AEKTOI-

KfXcKdv,

Hesych.

znE'PrOYAOr
inE'PPYI-

op^ddpiov ayptov, Hesych.

Vide

s. v.

orpouOos.

7Tpe'o-/3u9,
;

Hesych.
&c.

This

is

to a-nepyovXos
Dial.
ii.

the gloss Trpecrpvs

may

apparently a bird-name allied be itself corrupt. Cf. Ahr.

p.

in,

See also

s.v. -n-pecrpus, cnropyiXos.

IHEPMOAOTOI
Athen.
ix.

(also airepfiofofjios, Hesych.).

this

Although commentators now take

word

adjectivally (as

it

is

in

387 b) or generically, I have no doubt that it applies specifically to the Book, Corvus frugilegus, L., in Ar. Av. 232
crTTfp/xoXoycoi/

Te yevrj

TOXV TreTopeva, paXdaKrjv teWa yfjpvv

also in Arist.
<uoi>
;

also ibid.
b.

579

and accordingly
cnrepnoXoyos'
It is

H. A.

viii.

3,
:

592
cf.
e.

Cf.

Hesych.

KoXotcoSe?

see also Suid.

also Late
g. Caius,

Lat. frugilega.

so interpreted by older writers,

De
is

Rarior.

Anim.

Hist. Libellus, p. 100.

In Mod. Gk. the

Rook

said to be called xa/3apow.

o-n-iW,

See also

s.v. oXairoi.

im'rror
im'ZA,

Hesych.

im'ZH.

(MSS. have
small
rt.

also
cf.

irl^ai\

Dim.
opvea,

am^V,
Kinrpioi,

Hesych.

applied to all

birds;

eiri^a*

Hesych.

Perhaps from
finch, &c.
Cf.

ping,

to paint,

connected with Germ, fink,

Eng. bunt-ing.
coelebs,

The

Chaffinch, Fringilla

L.

Mod. Gk.
ev epKfo-t.

crnlvos,

and, on

Parnassus,

T&W

(Heldr.).
O-TTI''

Soph.
Laert.

fr.

382

KOTO) Kpe/jLavrai

OTTO)?

Timo
viii. 3,

iv.

42

fjvrf
'.

yXau/ca Trept
ix. 7>

crTT/^ai.

Arist.

H. A.

ap. Diog. 592 b opvis

(TKd)\r]Ko(pdyos

ib.

6l3b
ib.

didyovcri TOV p.ev

0povs
3,

ev rols aXeeivols,

TOV 8e xeijjL&vos ev rot? -^vxpols.

(nriiTr)$,
opoo-rrigos,

Compared
12,

in size with

?uy, KiWor,
ix.

&c.,

ii.

504,

viii.

592

b,

21, 617.

a-nifr' opviddpiov, <TTpovd(S

epfapes, Hesych.

comparison.

Evidently some very common bird, from its use as a standard of I follow Sundevall (in spite of Aubert and Wimmer's
it

scepticism) in identifying

with the

Chaffinch,

on the ground

of

158
iniZA
(continued}.

A GLOSSARY OF GREEK BIRDS

tradition,

and on the ground of the resemblance

of the

name

to the

various forms of the word am^os, which is still the Mod. Gk. name of the bird : partly also because the other common birds which might be

meant (Goldfinch, Greenfinch, and Linnet) are

under other names.

fairly well identified

imzi'AI.

(Cod. Med. <myi'<).

in Arist.

Mentioned (by name only)

620.
the
(micas' iepaKos
el8os,

H. A.

viii.

Hesych.

Identified
;

3, 592 b, ix. 36, by tradition with

Sparrow-hawk,

Accipiter m'sus, L.

vide s.v. Wpicos.

eifioy

iniZl'THI.

The Great
H. A.
Also
viii. 3,

Tit or Ox-eye, Parus major, L.

alyiQa-

XoO opvcov, Hesych.

Arist.

592 b.

Vide

s. v.

alyiOaXos.
Cf.
fr.

im'NOX.

<nriv6<s

(Photius), cnripa, crmnrj, ami'Oia, Hesych.

also amyyos, cnruyyas,

myyas, Hesych.
oiriyyos,

Dim. amvfoiw, Ar.

the

344 Probably identical with

:

ami'ioi',

Eubul. Incert. 14.

<rm'a,

Chaffinch;

still

so-

called (Heldr.).

1148, Fr. 443, Eubul. ap. Athen.

6/ZOU
(JTIIVOIS.
|

Ar. Av. 1079 ort crvveipav TOVS cnrivovs TrwXet Kad* CTTTCI roujSoXov. Pax, ii. 65 c Tt'XXcti/ re (f)aTTas KOI Ki^Xas
Ael.
iv.

60

(TTTiVoi

de

apa cro(p<aTpoi KCU

JL

avdpa>Tra>v

TO p.e\\ov rrporyvw-

yovv KOL x fL ! ^)Va /teXXoira, KCU ^ioi/a (ffOfuvrjv TrpojUT/^eoTara f(pv\davTO. Koi TOV KaraXrjfpdfjvai Seel, airodidpdo-Kovcriv es ra d\<r(i)dr) x^P^ ) KOI avTols ra ddcrrj Kprjcrrpvyera as civ CITTOIS fcrriv. Cf. Theophr. De Sign.
KCVCU, icraat
vi. i,

Arat. 1024.

Dion.

De

Avib.

iii.

2,

a/*a rols aXXoi? arrpovdiois rotstfqpaij/rai,

Kara TOV ftoppav

K.T.\.
(!).

ciridrjfjLoicri

TOV eapoy t^w

Tols KaXdpois

eiriKadicravTfs,

0ea/iara>i/ 6' rjdicrTov crTpovdovs

opav

t|ai ircTTfO'rjfJifVovs

Kal KaTaninTOVTas

inOPn'AOX. In Ar. Av. 300, SiropyiXos probably means a Sparrow, and the usual reference to Sporgilos, a barber, if justified at all, makes the joke a double-barrelled one. The word is the same as atrepyovXos or cnrepyvs, and as Mod. Gk. O-TTOU/)irvpyinis, a word applied to a Sparrow by yiYjjr, a Sparrow,
Galen, &c.,
Trvpyos:
it

is is

rendered in the dictionaries

obviously
'

turrilis,

as

if

from

cr-TrvpyiTrjs;

in

like

manner

irtpyov\os,

Hesych.

cr-7repyov\os

and

less confidently, that irpeo-fivs as a

have suggested above, somewhat bird-name should perhaps read

parallel series, with

aneppvs=<rnpyvs.

These words form a

iniZA
(continued}.

ITPOY00KAMHAOI

159

for

r,

to o-rpovdos, &c.
still

and a

; they have a near ally in Eng. Sparrow, nearer in sprug.

ITAYNI'E- iVpa, Hesych.

ITHOl'AI'
ITPl'E.

opvis TTOIOS,

Hesych.

Perhaps a misreading
Cf. Hesych., orpiyXos,

for orpouOuxs.
01

Also OTpiy, orXt.

<rru', 6
GTKCOX//'

Se

Also

TO opveov.
c.

An Owl,
Cf.

Lat. strix.

Boios ap. Anton. Lib. Anecd. Oxon. ii. 41, 132.

21.

Hygin. Fab. 28.

Theognost. in

A
Xaou

charm
|

to scare

them, orptyy*
7rl

dnoTre^TToV) ia>Kri/3oaz>, rav o~rpt'yy' cnrb

vfjas eXavve,

opviv dv&vvfjLov wKVTropovs

Festus, p. 314.
Isidor. xii. 7,

Cf. Plin. xi. (39) 95

quae

sit

Anon. fr. Bergk. 26, ap. avium constare non arbitror

;

&c.
s.

XTPOYOOKA'MHAOI,

orpou0<Ss.
p.f'yas S.
rj

vrpovdos Kardyaios (Herod.), vrp. 6

fitydXr] (Ar.,

Xen., Ael.),
(PailS.),

orp. 6 fv Aifivr) or 6 AtfivKos (Arist.), crrp. 6

(TTp. 6 ^fpo-aios (Ael.), arrp. 6 'Apa/3tos
TrerTjy

rwv

anrrivtov

(Ath., Heraclid.),
Sic.,

trrp. ^a/uai-

(Lucian), o-TpovdoKdp.r)\os (Diod.

a-rpovdos

Strabo,

simply

(Ar. Ach.

1106,

Theophr.

Pliny), also Hist. PL), orp.

liavpovo-ios

(Herodian), orp. 6 ayptos (Hesych.).

The

Ostrich, Struthio Camelus, L.

iv.

Herod,

175

*s

T v

rrpo^X^fiara [01 Maieat

(to the
e.

Kara rovs Nd/iaSas

Kardyatoi.

(i.

trrpovdav Karayaiav 8opas (popcov&i south of the Persian Gulf)] ibid. 192 in the country of the Bedaween) etcri arpovOol
7rdXep.oj/
:

Xen. Anab.
Euphrates,
firavovro'
iro\i>

i.

5,

2 orpov^oi al /ueyaXat,

met with
fie

(rrpovdov 8e ovdeis e\a/3ey*

ot

in Arabia/ near the 8i<navTS TWV imretov ra^v

Troal
Spo/za),
viii.

'

yap cineo-naTO 0euyov(ra, rots pev

ii.
1

rais

de 8e

apao-a, &<rirep torta) ^pca/ieV/; (cf. Ael.

cu
iroa-iv
:

27, iv. 37,

10)

el

cf.

peXXot, TOVS TrapaTrtTrrovras \i6ovs ?$ rovrnVeo (T(pevdova rois Phile, De An. iv. 144 ; Claudian in Eutrop. ii.

Ar. Av. 875 Koi o-TpovQo) fjieydXy, prjTpl 6ea>v Kal av^pcoTreoj/. Ar. Ach. (1106) IIl8 /caXoV ye KOI XCVKOV TO TTJS arpovdov irrcpov. Arist. De Part. iv. I4j 697 ra P* v yup opvidos fx l Ta ^^ Cv ov TerpaTroSos.
i

a>s

fj.fv

yap OVK &v

1

rerpcirrou? Trrepa e'^ei, a>s 5' OVK

&v

opvis ovre Trererai

^creajpi^d/iei/os , Kal

a npos TTTTJO-W aXXa rpi^cofi^. crt Se a>? /ueV rfrpaTrovs cbi/ jSXe^api'Sa? e^et ra? avaBev (ibid. ii. 14, 658) Kal \JaXdy eo~Ti ra Trepl r/}v K.e<paXr)V Kal ra ai/co rou av%evos, &o~T rpi^caSeo'repas X* LV ra rrrepa ou

xPW

P-

ras (3\(papidaS)
a>s

cos 5'

opvis &i> ra KdraOev cTirfpcora/, cai SITTOVS pev eVrtv

opi/is, di%a\os de (ibid. iv.

12,695) ws rerparrovy

ov yap daKrvXovs

I6"0

A GLOSSARY OF GREEK BIRDS

(continued}.
6'

ITPOY0OKAMHAOI
ie^ei

dXXtt ^jjXa?. TOVTOV

:

CUTIOV

on

TroSos

cf.

Plin. x.

I, x.

(22) 29, xi. (37) 47, &c.

TO ptyedos OVK opviOos e^ei aXXa rerpaArist. H. A. ix. 15, 616 b,

lays
in

more eggs than any other bird

nest),
cf.
TO.

one

De

Gen.

iii.

i,

of eggs (vnep
its

o-ySoryKoiTct

!),

(the fact being that several lay 749 b, and Ael. iv. 37. On the number on the construction of the nest, and on

maternal affection, v. Ael. xiv. 7, Phile, 1. c. Heraclides ap. Athen. iv. 145 d o-rpovOol ol 'Apu/3toi, at the banquets of the Persian King and of the Indian King (o-rp. 01 ^po-moi),
' ' ;

Ael. xiv. 13 also of Heliogabalus, Ael. Lampridius, De Heliog. 28. On the capture of the Ostrich see also Diod. Sic. ii. 50, Ael. xiv.
;

7,

Opp.

De

Ven.

iii.

487.

The

interesting account in Strabo, xvi. 4,

n,

doubtless refers to the Ostrich.

How

and how

the Ostrich swallows stones, which are a medicine for the eyes, its fat and sinews are a useful tonic, Ael. xiv. 7, Phile, I.e. The

price of Ostrich-fat, Plin. xxix. 30.

Pausan. ix. 31, I rfjv 8e 'Apo-ivorjv (a statue in Helicon) o-rpovOos (pcpei XO^KTJ rS)V dnTrjvaV Trrepa p,ev ye KCU avrai Kara ravra rais aXXais (pvova-iv, lino 8e ftdpovs KOI Sia peyedos ov% old re fariv dvfx fiv 0"<as es rov aepa
rot

TTTcpa.

Cf. the ales

cf.

also Flav.

Vop. Firm.
iii.

equos of Cat. Ixvi. 54, and Ellis's note thereon c. 6 sedentem ingentibus struthionibus vectum
;

esse ut quasi volitasset.

Opp.
TJjff

De

Ven.

482

et seq.

peya Qavpa,
ocrvov vnfpde
6fj.oi'ios

p-era
\

arpovdolo

Kdfj.rfXov

TJTOL

p.ey0os
\

p.ev

VTrepfiiov,

i/coroiy

fupuraroio~t <pepeiv
\

Vo6r)\a Kovpov'
Ostriches eV
Callim.

ov8e fj,V opvidtvo-iv

a/u,/3aS6v fvvfj,

Ba/crptoj/ ola

de (pv\ov e^ovffiv dnocrrpocpa Xc/crpa, &c.

rfj JUT)

vo/xeV^ rf)s Aiftvrjs,

v.

Theophr. Hist.
in

PI. iv. 3, 5.
o/crco,
i.

Rhod. ap. Athen.

200 f

o-rpov0<j/ <rvi>a>pides

e.

eight

yoke of ostriches (drawing chariots?)

a procession of Ptolemy

Philadelphus at Alexandria. Cf. Plautus, Pers. ii. 2, 17 Vola curriculo. Isthuc marinus passer per circum solet. Ostriches harnessed to the coach of the Emperor Firmus, Flav. Vopisc. Firm. c. 6.
Ostrich plumes mentioned, ibid. iv. 4, 5, ix. 12, 5. eggs are eaten by the Garamantes (in the Libyan Desert), Lucian, Dipsad. 235, but are of inferior quality, Galen, De Ovis, xxii. How the Ostrich hides its head in the sand, Oppian, Halieut. iv.

How the

630 rola

8e Kai Atfivrjs Trrepocv /3oroj/ dyKV\6deipov

I.

vrjTTia

Te^a^et, K.r.X.

Cf. Plin. x.

The name
TO
de
Tojf

(rrpov6oKdp.T)\os is

modern,

cf.

Galen,
1

De

Alim.

iii.

20

o~Tpov6oKaiJ.T)\(dv
:

[ovofjLa

Kai rots TTflXaiots ] drjdes.

6vofj.dovcri
vi.

yap avras peydXas (rrpovdovs

cf. ibid.

De

Prob. Succ. Alim.

ITPOYGO'I,
Anax.,

6
3.

and

17.

Also arpous, Hesych.

3.

Dimin.

<rrpou0ioi', Arist.,

164, Ephipp.

326; orpouOdpioy Eubul.

orpou0i's,

o-TpouGtas,

Com. Anon. 4.647 (172);

3. 268 (14); Eust. Opusc. 312,

ITPOY0OKAM HAOI
ITPOY0OI
cf.

ZTPOY0OZ

61

(continued}.

Alexid. 3.

449, and

Meineke's note

o-Tpouduricos,

Theod.

Prodr.

Cf. o-TropyiXos, aire'pyouXos,

Goth, spar-va, O. H. G. spar-o,

Eng. sprug, sparrow, &c. Sparrow, Passer domesticus,

L., in Greece, as here, the

:

com-

monest of birds (Von der Muhle, &c.) in Elis, called also Mod. Gk. <rnovpyirrjs (Erhard) on Parnassus q. v.
;

(Heldreich)

and

in

Cyprus

<rrpov6os (Sakellarios).

Very
r&v

often used generically, like Lat. passer,

(cf.
;

Heb.

Ti,

of any
T

Small birds
opvidcov)

Phavorinus, &C., o-rpovOia 8' sometimes of larger birds,

;

ovSen-'pco? travra
e.

g.

o-rpovQbs
s. v.

Nic. Alex. 60. 535

KdjunrjXos)
;

transferred to the Ostrich (vide

orpouOo-

applied to the Stymphalian birds, Epigr. Gr. 1802. 5. Early and Poetic References. The story of the serpent and the brood of sparrows, II. ii. 308-332 this is an instance where the name
:

is

used vaguely and not specifically (as is TiDV in Deut. xxii. 6) the Homeric account of the nest is reflected in Ael. iv. 38, and the state;

ment as
ix.

to the

number

of eggs reappears in Arist.

fr.

1527, ap. Athen.

391

f.

Venus' team of sparrows, Sappho

(rrpovdol Trepi yds p,e\aivas
/zeVo-o).
\

fr.

I.

9 KaAoi 8e
CLTT

o-'

ayov

a>Kee?

TTVKVU divevvres Trrep'

On

the connexion between this image

and

aldep\os did the lascivious proa>pai/oo

pensities of the sparrow, cf. Athen. 1. c. The story of Aristodicus and the sparrows' nests in the temple,
i.

Herod,

159.

Not mentioned
re
(pda/j-ara

Frequent in
J

Tragedy, save for Aesch. Ag. 145 Kara/xo/*(pa on which line see the textual commentators. Aristophanes: Vesp. 207, Lys. 723, Ach. 1106, c.
in Attic

(TTpovQ&v,

Description.
5>

Arist.

H. A.
TTJV

viii.

3,

592 b opvis o-KuXrjKotydyos.

Ib.

ii.

55 b

npos rols evrepois

^oX^i/ e\fi.

<TT6p.a%ov OVTC rov TrpoXo/Soj/ rvpuf, dXXa Ib. ix. 49 B, 633 e^ei' aXXa niKpa nafj-nav.
7,

Ibid. 17, 509 OVK c^ei ovre rbv rfjv KoiXiav naKpav. drrocpvaSas

Kai Koviovrai. KOI \ovvrai.

rjv

Ibid.

TOVS cippevas, TTOIOV/JLCVOI vr]p,elov on TOV capos ov (paii'ovTai exovTfs evdvs TO, Trepl rov tr<aymva /ueXava, vcrrepov 8' ICT^OVO-IJ', w? ovdevbs <ro>ofj.evov rwv Trporepcaj/'

613

Xeyotxrt

de rives Kai ran/ crTpovdlcov eviavrov p,6vov

ras de 9q\tias

fia/cpo/Stcorepa? eii/ai

rots veots, <al diadfaas flvai ra> ex flv Ta

r&v arpovdiuv' ravras yap dXiffKecrdai ev n pi Ta X 64'^ o~K\r]pd. Arist. fr.

273. 1527 (ap. Athen. 392 a) //era/3aXAet.

iii.

On
yevrj

albino varieties,
flvai

cf.

H. A.
pev

Gen. v. 6, 785 b. Alex. Mynd. ap. Athen. ix. 391 b Suo

12,

519
rb

De

rwv

arrpovdcov, rb

aypiov' rds 8e dr)\eias avr&v dvdevea-repas rd r* aXXa elvai, Kai rb pvyxos Keparocides p.d\\ov rf]v XP^ av ) r ^ Trpoa-conov ovre
rjjj.epov,

8'

A GLOSSARY OF GREEK BIRDS

ITPOY00I
6,

(continued}.
:

De Gen. iv. Arist. H. A. v. 2, 539 b oeW o-uyyiWm 774 b TiKTovaiv areXJ; *ai rtKpXa' TroXvroKoCo-ty, cf. fr. 273, I5 2 7 (&p. Athen. 391 b) riKrei /ue'xpi OKTO>. Athen. ix. 391 e o^evrtfcoi cla-iv. Hence
Reproduction.

used as an aphrodisiac, Terpsicles, ap. Athen. 1. c. The erotic symbolism of the sparrow is alluded to by Festus, s.v. strutheum. Whatever Lesbia's 'sparrow' may have been, I am pretty sure in my own mind, pace Professor Robinson Ellis, that it was not Passer
intractable and least amiable of cage-birds ' on the point at (experto credej cf. also Bechstein's Cage-birds As to o-rpou&'oj/, or issue, see De Quincey, Selections, viii. p. 82). passer, used (non-specifically) of a cage-bird, cf. Job xl. 24 9rai'0 Se fv nireo <u<T7rep opyeeo } TJ 8rj(Tfis O.VTQV locrrrep (rrpovBiov TratSt'a) cf. also

domesticus, the most

'

Boch. Hieroz.

ii.

152.

"Weather-prophet. Theophr. Sign. vi. 3 a-rpovdos o-rrifav eadev x<-t/zecf. ibid. C. 2. piov [ov/p-diVei]' (TTpovdbs eav XCVKOS ^ei/ia>ra p.yav (rrjfJLaivei
:

ITYM4>AAl'AEI,

s.

ZTujj^YjXi'Ses opa0es.

Fabulous and mystical birds.

;

they shot forth their feathers like arrows, and were put to flight by the beating of spears on shields, ex more Curetum, Apoll. Rhod. ii. 1054 and Schol, Q. Smyrn. vi. 227, Hygin. Fab. xx, Claud. Idyll, ii. They

They were met with by

the Argonauts at the Island of Dia

were shot by Hercules in his fifth labour, in insula Martz's, Hygin. Fab. xxx, or at Lake Stymphalus, Paus. viii. 22, 4; or terrified by

him with a brazen drum, Strab. viii. 371, 389: cf. Pisand. ap. Paus. I.e., &c. They inhabited Arabia, an.d had migrated thence; they were as large as cranes, and resembled the Ibis, but had stronger
beaks
they pierced through iron and brass but were held by reedmats, eagres (pXdiVai, as small birds by bird-lime, Paus. 1. c. Represented, three in number, on the metopes of the temple of Zeus at
;

Olympia (now
i.

in the

Louvre) Paus.

v. 10,

cf.

Expdd. de

la

Moree,

pi. 77,

&c., &c.

Also, together with female figures having birds' legs,

on the temple of Artemis Stymphalia at Lake Stymphalus, Paus. 1. c. Also on medals, cf. Med. du Card. Alban, ii. p. 70, &c. on an amphora on coins, as in the Brit. Mus., J. de Witte, Gaz. Archeolog. 1876, pi. iii
;
;

crested water-birds (6.0.431-370), B. M. Cat. Coins, Peloponnese, p. 199. According to Dupuis (Orig. de tous les cultes, ii. p. 260, 8vo, Tan are the constellations of Aquila, Cygnus iii), the Stymphalian birds and Vultur or Lyra, which rise together with, that is to say are

paranatellons

of, the sign Sagittarius (cf. Hygin., Columella, &c.). Starting from the Lion (with which the labours of Hercules began) it was moreover the the sign of the Archer is the fifth in order
:

domicile of Diana, to

whom

belonged the temple at Stymphalus.

the story of the Birds of

similar explanation possibly underlies

Diomede.

ITPOY00I
ITY'E.

IXOIN IAOI

63

bird-name, mentioned, in connexion with a fabled metaVide s.v. <rrpt. morphosis, by Boios ap. Anton. Lib. c. xxi.
also
ii.

lYKAM'Z (MSS. have

(rvKa\\is, cf.

*caXk,
c.

avKaXXts,

crucaX/r).

On

the form

Athen.

65

Probably the Black-cap Warbler, Sylvia atricapilla, Vide S. v. jjieXayKopu^os cf. also ficedula.
Epich.
Arist.
OVTOI
5'
r)

auctt.

Lat.

fr.

49 Ahr. ap. Athen.

viii.

ii.

65 c ayXaai
<rK(0\r)Ko(pdyos.

H. A.

3,

592 b opvis

Ib. ix.
els

49 B, 632 b
ylverai

((TUKaXi'Sf?
p.ev

KGU p.e\ayKopv(poi)
TTfpi
TTjv

p.Ta[3d\\ovo~iv
6 8e

aXX^Xous*

(TVKaXls

fyBivonupov.

Cf. Plin. x.

p.\ayK6pv(pos fvOetoS juera TO (29) 44, Geopon. xv. I, 22, Festus.

OTTWpav,
ii.

Alex.

Mynd.
5'

ap. Athen.

65 b arepos

TCOV

a!yidd\uv

i>(p'

u>v p-ev e'Xatoi/

KaXeTrat, vnb 8e

nv&v
yfvr]

Trvppias' avKaXls 8', orav aKjj.d^rj

avroi),

ra crvKa.

Athen.
5'

ibid.

8vo
rcS

etVat

(rvKaXida KCU fjL\ayKopv<pov.

also, Ael.
xiii.

a\i<TKovTai

aurai

TWV CTVKWV

Kaipcp.

Mentioned

25.

Aubert and Wimmer suppose the Marsh Tit, Parus palustris, L., P. atricapilluS) Gmel., to be meant. Sundevall supposes a confusion between that bird (fj.f\ayi<6pv(pos) and the Black-headed or Pied
Flycatcher, Muscicapa atricapilla, L., (o-uKaXk), as accounting for the imaginary metamorphosis. But the Black-headed Flycatcher is

probably chosen incorrectly, and should be the Black-cap Warbler or It is the latter and not the former true Beccafico, Sylvia atricapilla.
bird which comes

down

into the plains in

autumn and

is

caught in

multitudes on the fig-trees (Kriiper, p. 241, &c.). The former is a comparatively scarce bird in Greece (Kriiper, Lindermayer). Coray, on the other hand, identifies a-vKaXis with the Golden Oriole, in Mod.

Gk.

o-vKoqxiyos.

The Golden

Oriole

KiTpivoTTovXi

and

o-ox^aios, the latter of

is also known now-a-days as which names might possibly be

a corruption of a-vKaXis.
lYPIITH'l'
ycpavos apprjv,

Hesych.

2YPOriE'PAI=.

variety or species of Partridge.

yiverai
Trepi
rrjv

Ael. XVI. 7 &vpo7rpdi

(rireirai

'AvTio%(iav
TrepStKO? KOI

TTJV

Hicri8iaS)
rfjv

KOJL

KOI \idovs'
fie

p.iKporepos 8e

eVn rou
de

peXay

XP av >

Trvppos

TO

pd/JLCpos.

ov%

fjfitpovTai

Tidaaos, aXX' ayptos es TO ae! diap.evd.

Tjoiav

ecrTi

Kara TOV a\\ov, ovde yivfTai Se ou /xeya?, fipadrjvai T

Cf. Phile,

TOV erepov, KCU

rr]v

o-dpKa

TTCOS

SoKet Trv/fi/orepo?.

De Anim.

330.

The

species cannot be certainly identified from this account.

o-xoivixXos, o-^ow/IXoff,

IXOINTAOI. (Also
a'xo'ivos,

&C.

Hesych.

ar^oiviKos.)

(From

iuncus.)

Probably a Wagtail, Motacilla sp. Arist. H. A. viii. 3, 593 b mentioned with KiyxXos and rrvyapyos
:

164
ZXOINIAOI

A GLOSSARY OF GREEK BIRDS

(continued}.

a thrush, which moves its tail and and ponds. The identification hangs by that of Kiy<\os and nvyapyos, q. v. Of the three bird-names, not one is to be identified with any certainty I am somewhat inclined to interpret nvyapyos, the largest of the three, as a Sandpiper, and to suppose the other two to be both Wagtails at any rate, o-xom'Xoy, n its derivation, rather suggests a Wagtail than a Sandpiper. The same bird appears elsewhere under such names as <i\\ovpos,
as a small bird, smaller than
frequents rivers
; ;

vide also s. v. o-KoXiSpis. The identification with the (relo-ovpa, o-eia-oTrvyis Reed Bunting, Emberiza schoeniclus, adopted by Turner, Gaza, &c., &c.,
;

based purely on the derivation of the word, and by the fact that the Reed Bunting does not flick
is

is

contradicted
tail

its

as the

others do.

ZXOINl'flN.
it,

An unknown
ix. I,

bird;

perhaps, as

Gaza and others take

identical with axoiiaXos.

Arist.

H. A.

610 o-xomW

KOI Kopvdos (pi\oi.

:

IfTAEI,

at.

An unknown
iii.

small bird, caught with bird-lime

Dion.

De

Avib.

2.

TAfH'N, TArHNA'PION.
rayrjvapi
is

Apparently names for an-aycis (q. v.), Suid. given by Tournefort (Voy. ii. p. in), as Mod. Gk.

for the Francolin.

TANYIl'nTEPOI.
TATY'PAZ.
TAQ'l,
s.

species of
re'rapos.

Hawk, sacred

to Hera, Ael.

xii. 4.

Vide

S. v.

raws.

According to Trypho, ap. Athen.

'ix.

397

e,

in Attic,

The word is referred, e.g. Ar. Av. 101, 269, rao>?, i.e. rafeos-. with Hebr. tukk-iyim, Arab, tdwus, Pers. tdus, to Tamil togai,
Cf. LzLpavo, A. S. pawa, Ger.p/au, &c. Sk. fikkf(v. Edl., &c.). On the change of Semitic / into / see Hehn, Wanderings of

Plants, &c., pp. 208, 266.

The Peacock.
and
TO
Trawi/ij/,

Mod. Gk.

iray&vi (Heldr.),

i.

e. rrafcoi/i;

also o natov

novXoXdyo? ap. Wagner's Carm. Gr. Med. Aevi. History and Mythology. Menodot. ap. Athen. xiv. 655 a ol raol
lepoi etcrt TYJS
2a/x,w, KCU
17

"Hpas.

Kal

p,fj

rrore Trpcoricrrot KOI eyfvovro KOI erpd^ijtrav ev

evrevOev ds TOVS e^co TOTTOVS SieSo^(raj/.

Cf.

Antiphanes,
j

ibid.,

8'

ev 2a/io>

^Hpa TO

^pucroCv, (^acrtV, opviOuiv ytvos [f^fi],

TOVS KaXAt^tdp-

<f>ovs KOI Trepi/SXeVrov?

1.

raw?.

The Peacock on
ii.

c.,

cf.

Eckhel, Doctr.

Numm.

p.

568

coins of Samos, Athen. Imhoof-Blumer and Keller,

pi. v. 49.

Samos was, according to this evidence, the original home of the Peacock in Greece. The bird was sacred to Hera (as also at

IXOINIAOI
(continued}.

TAHI

165

ii. 17, 6) as Queen of Heaven (cf. Eur. Hel. 1096) from cf. Ovid, Met. xv. 385 lunonis starry tail (Hehn) volucrem, quae cauda sidera portat ibid. i. 723; Juv. vii. 32; Stat. Silv. ii. 4, 26;

Tiryns, Paus.
its

Claudian, Eutrop.
TaS>va
Tr}v

ii.

330.
ifpois

Cf. also Job.

TTJS

Lydus,

De

Menss.

p.

66

KOI

opvida

TO~IS

"Upas

ol

(pvatKol

didoaanv,

olovel

TOV
;

Cf. also Lucian, De Domo, xi. p. 908 Hemsterh. ad Nigr. i. p. 247. The Peacock is associated with Hera on coins also of Cos, Halicarnassus, c. On a Roman zodiac (Millin, Galer. Mythol. pi. xxix. fig. 86) a Peacock comes after Capricorn, coinciding with the Athenian month Gamelion, the month (Hesych.) of
do-TfpoiTrbv depa, fjroi ovpavov.

Hera;

cf.

Boetticher,

Philologus

xxii. p.

399, 1865, Pyl>

Der

Zwolf-

gotterkreis im Louvre, Greifswald, 1857, &c. [The association of Hera with the month Gamelion (Jan.-Feb.) is due to the fact that this was and the connexion in turn between the month of the sign Aquarius Hera and Aquarius is connected with the fact that the Full Moon stood in that sign when the Sun was in Leo, in the month of Zeus, at
;

the season of the Olympic festival.]

The
Avib.
i.

story of Argus, Mosch. Id. 28 (ppovpbs OVTOS [6 raoos-]

'Ep/uJJy
8'

ii.

58,

Ovid, Met.
'loCy,

i.

720, Dion.

De
yfj

TJV

rrjs

rjv'iKa

"Hpa

KO.T

avrrjs
f)

e^aXcTraii'ei/*

dveiXev avrof, Kal reXeur^o-ai/roy, dvf)Ktv opviv

0-rjfj.ela

T>V

6<j)6ah p.S>i>

ex VTa Ta

T>V npoo-Oev.

Hence a

Scholiast

in

Ar. Av. 102 suggests (sed

hyeme

gallica frigidior est

haec coniectura,

Bochart) Tao>? 6 Trjpevs' Trapa TO rrjpflv TTJV 'lot. On Peacocks in Athens, in the time of the Persian Wars, Antiphon ap. Athen. ix. 397 C TOVTOVS rpefaiv Afj/jiov TOV IlvpiXdfJurovs KOI TroXXovy
TrapaylvfcrQai

Kara iroOov

rrjs

TO>V

opvidcov

deas

ecc

re
.

QcTToXias Kai <nrov8f]V

Troiflcrdat,

T&V (pav
8'

lAeraXajBelv
f'i

AaKedai^ovos Kal dXXa ras fJ.ev

.

vovp.r)vias 6 j3ov\6fjLvos etcn/et,

ray

fxXXay f)fj.pas

TIS e\doi (3ov\<jfi.fvos

err)

Qedcravdai, OVK ea-riv ocrns eru^f.

ir\fov
TI

Kai ravra OVK e^des ovde Trpwrjv, aXX'

rpiaKovrd

eanv

cf.

Ael.

v.

21.

Its

rarity at the

time

is

suggested in Ar. Av. 102, 270: but already a nickname in Ar. Ach. cf. Strattis, Ma/ce$. 7, ap. Athen. 654 F TroXXoii/ <Xva'po>j> Kal raG>v 63
;

dvrd^ia.
Its

former rarity and subsequent abundance, Antiph. ap. Athen.

ra5)V [j.v
fio~l
|

ix.

397 a T&V
irXeiovs 8'

ws a7ra| TIS fvyos rjyaytv povov (nrdviov ov TO XPW*1 for other vvv T>V oprvywv (at Rome), cf. Eubul. 3. 259
;

citations, see

Athen.

xiv.

654 -655 a;

eriftcoyTo 8e
;

6rj\w dpaxn&v pvpiav, Antiph. ap. Ael. v. 21 Plin. x. (20) 22, Varro, R. R. iii. 6, Macrob. Sat.

cf.
iii.

TOV appeva. Kal TOV also Plut. i. 160 d,

13,

&c.

On
cf.

the probably independent introduction of Peacocks into

Rome,
;

Hehn, op. c. The Peacock is an Indian bird, Aelian passim, Lucian, Navig., &c. and was bred for the 'Indian' King, Ael. xiii. 18 eV rots

66

A GLOSSARY OF GREEK BIRDS

TAfll (continued}.
It was likewise kept in Babylon, Diod. Sic. ii TptyovTai raa>? fjp.epoi. and the passage in Ar. Ach. 63 may imply that the Persian ambassador
;

was bringing a present

of peacocks to the City.

How

Alexander

protected the Indian Peacocks on account of their beauty, under pain of a heavy penalty, Ael. v. 21. An Indian Peacock presented to the

Egyptian King, Ael. xi. 33. The Indian Peacocks larger than elsewhere, The Peacock throne at Babylon (as to this day, according ibid. xvi. 2. to report, at Teheran), Philostr. 386 k. The Peacock, like the Cock, was also called the Persian Bird. A Schol. on Ar. Av. 707 has ra TroXureXi) navra, of? povos fiao-iXevs e^p^ro,
e/caXetro

Hepo~iKa'
ol

Kal

vvv OVK
raa>.

tSi'cos

TIS

opvis

Hepo~iKos.

Tives

de

TOV

aXcKTpvova,
v7rr)\Tj,

de

TOV

MrjftiKos
s. v.

Suidas, M.rjdiKos opvis, 6 raws. Tacos Kal xpuaoTTTepos Ka ' d\aoviKos opvis cf. Philostr.
Cf.
1

loc. cit.

Vide

MYJ&IKOS opyis.
iii.

The Peacock
v. 21, Plin. x.

as food, Ael.

42

first
ii.

so used

(20) 23; cf.

iii.

Hor. Sat.

2. 28,

Varro,

De

R. R.

6,

Columella,

viii.

n, and

by Hortensius, ibid, Juv. Sat. ii. 143, vii. 32, innumerable other Lat.

references.

Description.
e'lKocriv er/7
(cf.

Arist.

H. A.

vi. 9,

564

6 de racb?

r]

p.ev

nepl irevre <a\

Plin. x. (20) 22), yevva de Tpierrjs /idXio-ra, ev ols Kal rfjv iroiKiXiav rS)v Trrepav aTroXafj-ftdvei' e/cXe7rei 6' ev rpidKovd rj^
1T\(ioO~lV.
OTTOt^

TOV

TOVS
T)

JJLOVOV TtKTet,

TiKTl

8'

Cpa 8a)8tKa

T]

riKrei Se SiaXeiTrcoi/ dvo

rpeT? rj^ifpas KOI OVK e(p^rjs (cf. Ael. V. 32, Plin. x.

i.

(59) 79,

Colum.

viii.

II, Pallad.

28, &c.).

at de TrpoaroroVoi /udXtara

TTfpt oKTcb tad.

TiKTOVQ-i 8' oi

Taw

Kat VTrr)vep,ia.

o^euoi/rcu 8e TTfpl TO cap'

de KOI 6 TOKOS
TU>V

fvdetis

/nera TrjV

o^eiav.

TTTfpoppvfi

8e

a/na Tols
TTJ

oevdpwv Kal ap^fTat avdis dnoXafJifBdveiv Tr]V 7TTfpcoo~iv ap-a

aXe/cropi'Si
TTJS

TOVT&V

j3Xa(rr^<ret.

d'

v7TOTideao~iv

avT&v

TO,

wa

entpd^fiv

ol

Tpf(povres dia TO TOV appeva

fteiv:
cf.

OrjXeias TOVTO 8pa>o~r]S fTrnrfTOfievov o~WTpi-

Arist.

fr.

274.

1527^
'

ap. Athen.

ix.

397

b.

Its

plumage and

its

pride,'
(c

Mosch.
1.

Id.

ii.

59 opvis dya\\6p.vos
|

TTTepvyaiv noXvavde'i

XP ol fi

^ Ael.

C.
\

COIKCV dvdr)p(p Xei/icoft)

rapcra

S'

avcnr\a>o~aS) axrei Te TIS ajKuaXos vrjvs,

^piMrctov raXapoio

Trepi'ovcfTre ^et'Xta

rdpcroi?.

Ael. V. 21 6 rau>? oidev opvidav wpaioraros &v, Kal evdd ol TO

feat

Ka\\os KadrjTai KOI TOVTO ote,

K.T.X.

eV aurw
i

Kop,a,

Kal o~ojBepos eo~Ti }

Kal

flappel Tols TTTfpols, o)O~Trepovv avTco

ft-a>6ev <po(Bov aTToareXXei,

Kal Koo-p-ov TTapaTidrjai, Kal Trpos TOVS

6 de roC rao> \eip.a>v evavQc-

Ach. Tat.
Arist.
(3.

o-Tepos'

TT(pvTVTai yap avr<0 Kal xpva-os ev Tols mfpols, KVK\W 8e TO aXovpyes

TOV xpvvbv TrepiOefi TOV 'Lvov KVK\OV. Kal (pi\oKa\os. Lucian. Dom. II

H. A.

i.

I,

488 b

opvis (pdovepbs

196) eViorpe^ei yovv eavTOV, Kal

nepidyei Kal e^no/jLTrfvei TO) KtiXXet. Dion. De Avib. i. 28 TO <cdXXos 5e 6 Taa>s TO oiKelov Tedavfj.aKf, Kal el KO\OV TIS OVTOV ovoudo-fiev, evOvs TO>V
O.

avdr) p.ep.iyfj.fva

^puaw,

&o~7rep TIVCI Xet/xcova,

deiKwaiv

dvao-TT]o-as,

TAfll TAiiZ
Trepidyav etp KVK\OV

TETAPOZ

167

avra SiaTfTaypfvois
1

6'/u,/ia<rij>*

ra

817

Kara
ii.

rrjs

ovpas
6

K.r.X. \d/j,7Tovo-i,v &o-rrp aVrepes avrcp,

Chrysipp. ap. Plut.

1044

raws

Cf. Opp. Cyneg. iii. 344 otrcroi/ evK.a TI)S &pas yeyove, dia TO KaXXo? avrrjS. Plin. x. (20) 22 Gemmantes laudatus cv rjfpioiori raws- KaXbs ouoi/oi<ri.

expandit colores adverse

maxime

sole,

quia sic fulgentius radiant

acervum contrahit pennarum, quos spectari gaudet oculos. Colum. R. R. ix. 1 1 Semetipsum, veluti mirantem, caudae gemmantibus pennis protegit, idque cum facit, rotare dicitur. Ovid, Art. Amor. i. 627

omnesque

in

Laudatas ostendit aves lunonia pennas Si tacitus spectes, ilia recondit opes cf. id. De Medic. Fac. 33, Met. xiii. 802. Cf. also Hor. Sat. ii. 2, 24, Lucret. ii. 806, Stat. Silv. ii. 3, 26, Mart. xiii. 70, Propert. ii. 24, ii
; :

Phaedr.

iii.

Phile, 208

57, &c., &c. It is, however, much (ruoTe'XXerai de KCU Karaa-rra TOV rvfpov

ashamed of
\

its

ugly feet
e'/c

opwv dvaeiBels

pvTidwv
2.

TOVS Ttodas.
Its

harsh cry, Anaxilaus ap. Ath. xiv. 655 a olptofav raws

Eup.

437

(4) p-faoTf 6pf\ls(o

napa Hep&ffpovr) roiovde

raS>j/,

os TOVS evSovTas eyeipei.

Various legends.

Uses as a charm

\ivov pifav,

which
its

it

carries

under
lest

its

wing, Ael.

xi. 18.
it

How

the peacock swallows

excrement,

we should use

in

medicine, Plin. xxix. 38.

A
"

Fable.

peacock enamoured of a maid, Clearch. ap. Athen. xiii. 6o5 c. The Crane and the Peacock, Babr. Ixv, cxlii (ed. Rutherford)
a\KT<op
rnlcrfie rals
S. V.

(TV &' o)s

Karaxpvo-ois

^a/zai Trrepva-crr]"

(pr^a-iv,

" ot8'

ava> (paivr)"

Cf. Suid.,

yepavos.

TEAE'AZ.

bird-name

(?).

Ar. Av. 168 and Schol.

TE'TAPOI.

Pheasant.
Scl.

Median word, whence

tetria,

Pers. tedyrw,
Lith. teterva,

adopted into Old

teterwas, teltera,
tjader,

tetravi,

&c.

also

whence Finn. tetri\ adopted further into Sw. Dan. fuir and possibly incorporated (Hehn) into Eng.
t

turkey.

Cf.

Hind,

tittiri,

a Partridge or Francolin; Lat. tetrao,

Gk.

Te'rpaf, Terpdwi/.

Cf. Pott,
xiv.

Etym. Forsch.
re

i.

p. Ixxx.

Ptolem. Euerg. ap. Athen.

654 C ra

TMV

(pao-iav&v ovs rerapovs

(al. TfTpa&vas) 6vo[j.dovcriv. \ovs] ov p.6vov fK Mrjftfias juereTre/zrrfro, dXXa KOI vofMadas opviQas V7roj3d\a>v CTroirjo-f n^fjdos, wore Kal <jiTtl(r6ai. TO 6e

/3pw/za 7ro\vTf\fs dTrocfxiivovviv

cf. ibid. ix. 387 e. Also rarupas, Epaenetus, Artemid. and Pamph. ap. Athen.
: :

ix.

387 d

6 (pao-iavbs opvis TaTvpas KaXelrai

Ttrupos,

cf.

v>v

fldoi,

Theophr. Char. vi. 2. where word and gloss are alike corrupt

gives also rtrupas, Hesych. has further -rerapy?;' (pao-yacf.

;

Hesych., who

cj.

rerapot* <pao~iav>v

eloos.

Taurao-os
s.

and reyyupos, Hesych., are probably

also akin.

See

also

vv. Te'rpa,

1 68

A GLOSSARY OF GREEK BIRDS

opveov
ri,

TETPA'AHN*

'AX*ato?,

See Schmidt in
(116).

/oc.,

Hesych. Cf. ibid. and Bergk, P. Lyr. Gr.

TerpdSucru'* dr,o6va.
iii.

p.

192,

fr.

154

TETPAfON'
TE'TPAE.

opviddptov

TI,

Adicavcs,

Hesych.

Cf. TerpaSwi/.

doubtful word, applied to the Guinea-fov^L.

Ar. Av. 885, Eust. 1205, 27.

398, C-f.

discussion concerning the identity of this bird in Athen. ix. (c. 58). Alex. Mynd. ibid. rcVpal TO p-cyedos "ia-os o-Trep^oXoyw, TO xpco/xa
Kapirocpdyos,

KpafjLOi>s, pvirapais o~Tiyp.als Kai peydXais ypap.iJ.als iroiKiXos,

oTav woTOKT)

de,

TfTpdei

Trj (pcovfj.

[The disputants here seem to suppose

to

that

Alexander
?.

Myndius referred
Epicharm.,
.

some very

little

bird,

TWOS

ibid, rerpayas o"irepp.aTo\6yovs re

[xott]

epwfitoi

rerpayes re
clo-rj\0

<T7repp.aTO\6yoi.
T<

Kay\aas Athen. 1. C.
TfTpciKa.

a/ia de
rjv

ravra \eyovros OVTOU,

ns

(pepav ev

TaXapw rov

de TO p,ev peyedos iVep aXe^TpuoVa TOV p.yi(TTOv, TO de eiSos 7rop(f)vpia>vi Kpepdp,fva axnrfp of aXe*7rapan\r]o-ios' KOI OTTO T>V &TODV eK.a.Tepa>&fV el%

TpvovfS

TO.

TOV opvidos p.T

rjv

KaXXnia' jSapeta 8' r)v f) (pcovrj. tiavpao-avTuv ovv f]p.5)V TO evavdes ov TroXv Kai co~Kvao~p,vos Traprjve^df]) Kai TO. /cpea
[TOI? TTJS /Lte-ydX^s]

TraparrX^o'ia

CTTpovOov^

rjv

KOI avTrjv TroXXttKtS'

According to Larensius (ap. Athen. 1. heard the name in Mysia and Paeonia one of the Grouse family cf. tetraon
;

c.),
:

he had seen the bird and he probably alluded to some

in Plin. x. (22) 29.

The

bird

brought into the banquet was evidently a Guinea fowl, the description given of the colour, wattles, &c. being characteristic. The account
is not capable of identification it also may possibly the Guinea-fowl, which is not mentioned under the name Sundevall supposes that Alex. Mynd. alluded p.e\eaypis by this author. to some small bird, perhaps the Whinchat, Pratincola rubetra^ L.,

in Alex.

Mynd.

refer

to

and

that the
z.

same was
d. Eel.

identical with rerpi^

and oupd,

J.

G. Schneider

(Anmerk.
tetrax^ L.,

Phys. p. 45) conjectures the Little Bustard, Otis

at breeding-time, cf. Buffon, iv. p. 55. occurs also in Nemesian, i. 128, Anthol. Lat. 883 (ed. Riese), in a passage, however, which adds nothing definite to our

on whose cry

The name
:

knowledge Tetracem Romae quern nunc vocitare taracem Coeperunt, avium est multo stultissima namque Cum pedicas necti sibi contemplaverit adstans, Immemor ipse sui tamen in dispendia currit Hie prope Pentinum radicibus Apennini Nidificat, patulis quae se
; . .

sol obiicit agris, Persimilis cineri

dorsum, maculosaque terga Inficiunt

pullae cacabantis imagine notae.

TE'TPAI.

bird-name, Schol. in Ar. Av. 168.

Probably

TETPAAflN
TETPA'HN,
for rerapos, Ptol.

TPHPflN
xiv.

169
654
c
:

Euerg. ap. Athen.

Hesych.,

OpVIS TTOIOS.

In Sueton. Calig. xxii tetraones numidicae were probably GuineaIn Plin. x. (22) 29 tetrao is the Black Grouse, Tetrao tetrix decet tetraonas suus nitor, absolutaque nigritia, in superciliis cocci
fowl.
:

rubor.
:

The

larger variety mentioned next

is

the Capercaillie, T. uro-

gallus altertfm eorum genus vulturum magnitudinem excedit, quorum et colorem reddit nee ulla ales, excepto Struthiocamelo, maius corpore implens pondus, &c.
;

TE'TPIE.
Arist.
TT\

An
yrjs

unidentified bird.
vi. I,

H. A.

559 a
OVT

17

5e re'rpi

rrjs

veoTTfvei

eVl rols

A few lines before it is on the ground. Only these two conflicting references occur. Belon took reVpi for the Black Grouse, Camus and Buffon for the Capercaillie, neither of which occur in Attica. Sundevall identifies it with the Whinchat,
(pvrols.
'

^v KO.\OVO-IV 'Atfqmtoi ovpaya, oi>V SevSpeaiv, aXX' enl rols ^a/zai^Xoi? mentioned with the lark as nesting

vide
TITI'I.

s.

v.

TTpa.
small bird, Phot.
(Cf.

rmo>.)

TO'PrOI.

A Vulture.
ropyos'
ei'So?

Hesych.
SiKeXicoTat?.

yviros ctfyuaroppdcpov.

eon

Se Kal

6 yv\ls Trapa

Cf. ibid. Topyiov' opos lv SifceXia, OTTOV VOTTvov<riv oi yvnes.

afi ov KOI avrol ropyoi.

Callim.
(pOLviois
fr.

204.
:

defects

ib.

Frequent in Lycophron. Cass. 1080 ropyouriv eucop^a 86 Xeucrcrco deovra ypvvbv eTrrepco^evot/ rp^pcovos els
|

ropyos vypo(poiTos e/<Xo^euerai Ke\v<pdvov orpo'/SiXoi/ ci)(TTpaK(ii)p,vr)v' ubi Schol. ropyos de Kvpias 6 yvty, vvv 8e rov KVKVOV \eyfi) ov p,ip.rj(rap.evos 6 Zevs o~vvep.iyr] rfj A.rjSfl ibid. 357 Trjp.os
apTray/za,

HecpvaLas

KVVOS

r\v

'.

jSiaicos

(paoxra rrpbs ropyov

is

\e%os

yajj.'^aia'iv

apTrais

olvas e\Kvo'6rjO'op,ai )

doubt whether to translate olvas by a/iTreXoy, or by Trepto-repa. The word ropyos comes to us through Alexandrine writers (latebrasque Lycophronis atri !). I take it (in spite of Hesychius) to be an
in
(as
is

where the Scholiast

of course correct)

Egyptian word, and

rpoxiXos
is
;

to

be connected with the root of opxtXos

(q. v.)

and

see also

s.

v. rpi6pxr)S.

The name

To'pytov, cited

at least

more

likely to

be derived from ropyos, than the

latter

by Hesychius, from it.

TOY~TIITPH'PflN.

6 Koo-o-v<pos,

Hesych.

very doubtful word.

Pigeon or Dove.
of
Tprjpwy

On

the

possibility

being a

true
rpe'w,

pigeon-name,
vide
supra,

and
s. v.

not

merely an

epithet

derived

from

ire'Xeia.

17 TPHPflN
in

A GLOSSARY OF GREEK BIRDS

(continued}.

Moero, ap. Athen. xi. 491 B of the doves that fed the Infant Jupiter the Cretan cave, rbv pen apa rp^pcoi/ey VTTO #e<u rpt<pov aWpo>
|

dp.^po(rir]v

(popfowai cm* a>Keavolo podcov.

S. v.
i.

Lyc. 87 (vide

Opp. Cyn.
ibid.
i.

ibid. 423 or' els voBov rpfjpwvos rjvvdadrj ropyos) ; 73 Tprjpwas e\ov dovaKrjes ibid. i. 352 eirre yap es
I

a 6oal Tprjpwvf?

i'oo<rt
|

fjn.yvvp.evai

oTO/mreoxri j3apv(p()6yyois dXo^oKTi

385

etapi Ka\ Tpfjp&ves enidvova-L TreXei'my.

TroXvrp^pcoi/,
;

Hence

Thisbe, II. ii. 502, 582 sona Thisbe. There

an epithet of Laconian Messe, and Boeotian cf. Stat. Theb. vii. 261 Dionaeis avibus circuma curious apparent coincidence between the Thisbe, and the connexion of

is

association with doves of the town

Thisbe

in

the story of

Babylon, urbs Semiramidis

Trepiorepd.

Pyramus and Thisbe (Ovid, Met. iv) with on the dove-myth of Semiramis, vide s. v.
:

TPl'KKOr

opviQdpiov o Ka\ ftao-iXevs VTTO

;

'HXeiW, Hesych.

Cf. SpiKKtti,

SpiK^ai, &c.

also possibly, rpixas. also rpiopxis

;

TPIO'PXHZ.

MSS. have
8.

rpiopxts in Ar. Av.

ii.

Simon. Iambi.
also
s. v.

irupiopxts in

Cram. An. Gr. Oxon.

457.

1206, See

J3e\\ouVT]s.

Buzzard

(?),

Buteo vulgaris, auctt.

Mod. Gk.

Ar. Av. 1181, 1206; also in Ar. Vesp. 1532, where the Buzzards are called the children of Poseidon.
Arist.

H. A.
609

viii. 3,

592 b eort 8e 6 rptopxrjs TO fieyfdos

Travros.

O(TOV LKTLVOS.
rS)V
IcpaKcov.

Kal (paivcrai OVTOS

dia

Ib. ix. 36, Kal

620 Kpariaros
TroXe'ftiot*

Ibid.

I,

rpiopxrjs

Kal

(ppvvos
;

o<pis

KaTeaQiei yap

rpiopxis avrovs.

Ael.

xii.

sacred to Artemis.

Mentioned

also, Lyc.

147

Plin. x. (8) 9

Triorchem a numero testium.

Buteonem hunc

appellant Romani. Tradition interprets rpiopxrjs as the Buzzard, with which the description given agrees save for the important epithet Kparioros. Some writers,

e.g.Thuanus, De Re Accip., 1612, pp. 22,100, repudiate the identification. The mediaeval anatomists, Aldrovandi, Gesner, &c., sought and found (!) the abnormality from which the bird apparently derives its

name

but the derivation

is

probably quite
Is
it

false,
its

and the word

origin lies hid

corrupted by Volksetymologie.

possible that

under the name ropyos, (q. v.) ? According to Nicander, ap. Anton. Lib. c. xiv, Munychus was metamorphosed into the bird rpiopxis, and his son Alcander into op^iXos-, other two sons becoming Ixvevpav and KiW, both of which are here spoken of as birds. There is, to my mind, an Egyptian look about the whole story.

TPH PflN
TPIXA'I.

TPOXIAOZ

71

The Song-Thrush, Turdus musicus, L. Mod. Gk. T^'yXa. H. A. ix. 2O, 617 KIX^W fidos' ov (frOeyyeraC TO Se peyeOos ovov Vide s. v. K/xXq. KOTTV(POS. This word (anag \ty6p.evov) was translated by Gaza pilaris (quasi a 0pi'), whence our modern name Turdus pilaris, L., the Fieldfare. The word survives in Mod. Gk. as ro-i'^Xa, rryXa, T^^Xa, and is posArist.

sibly the

same

as TPIKKOS, q. v.

the

same

as our thrush.

it is a parallel form to KixXt], and is ; Lith. s-trasd-as (Nessl. p. 506), Russ. [Cf.

drosd?)

I eel.

trast, L. turdus, &c.]

TPOXl'AOI, s. rpoxiXos, a. (Most MSS. have rpoxfXoy for other forms, v. Lob. Par. 115.) Derived, in my opinion, from the root of opxiXos (q.v.), and not connected with rpe;(a>.
;

The Wren,
Arist.
8pa7TTT]S
irpeo-ftvs
TroXe/xeti/:
ii.

Troglodytes europaeus, L.

Mod. Gk.
OIKC'I'

KoXu/^/Spi,

TpwoKai

Kapvda (Erhard, Bikelas).

H. A.
Kai.

ix. II,

615 \6xpas Kal Tpa>y\a$

5c

dvvaXaros de
'

TO rjBos aadevf)?, cvfitoTos

j3a<Ti\vs
(cf.

KOI TCX VIKOS KOL TOV

KaXerrcu

fie

Kai

Kai
cf.

Plin. viii.
b.

37)) Sto

afTov avrw <acrt

bird, Plut.

ibid. ix. I,
rjp.f'is

609

Mentioned as an oracular

405 c "XX'

epcoSiots ol6fj.eda <al rpo^iXoi? KOI Kopa^i ^prjcrdai (pdey-

ynfj.evois
*

0-77 fjuiivovra

TOV 6f6v.

On

superstitions connected with the

Wren,
;

The king

of

all birds,' &c.,

id.

Engl. Folk-lore, 1880, p.

;

Dyer, Brit. Pop. Customs, 1876, p. 497 Croker, Researches in S. Ireland, 67

;

1824, p. 233

N. and Q.

(6), xi. p.

297, 1885, &c.,

c.

TPOXI'AOI,

p.

The Egyptian Plover

or

Ziczac, Pluvianus aegyptius

.

Charadrius melanocephalus Also called K\aSap6aegyptiacus in first This due the instance to Geoffroy identification, pvyxos.
St.

= Hyas

Hilaire,

is

states that the true

generally accepted ' Crocodile-bird

'

is

a recent writer, however, a somewhat larger species,

the spur- winged Plover, Hoplopterus spinosus (Ibis, 1893, p. 277).

Herod,
Arist.

ii.

68 6 rpo^iXos fodtjpw
6 de
axfieXevfjLcvos
ix. 6,

es TO orofia [TOV KpoxoSeiXou]

KaraTnWi

ras jSSe'XXa?*

rjdfTat,

Kai
~

ovdev
0<L

criVerai

TOV rpo^t'Xoi/.

H. A.

6l2 T&V KpoKodeiXow x ao KOVTCOV

Kill

fpo^fXoi Kadaipovcrtv
K. T.

flffTTCTO/JLeVOl

TOVS OOOVTttS

ttVTol /JiV Tp6(j)r)V

\afJL^O.VOVO~lV)

X.

Cf.

Arist. Mirab. 7, 831 a;

iii.

Ammian,
Plut.

xxii. 15,

19; Antig. Car.

ii.

c.

33; Ael.

II, viii. 25, xii. 15

De

Sol.

Anim.

980 d;

Phile,

De

An.

Pr. 97 (82).

Mentioned among

TOVS opvidas TOVS Trapevdcao-Tas ccaXou-

In Dion. De Avib. ii. 3, the name is apparently fj.evovs, Athen. x. 332 e. applied to various sandpipers. Mentioned also Ar. Av. 79 (eon de <al
opveov rpo^i'Xos , Kai Xe'yercu elvai Spt/xu, Schol., Suid.),
1

Ach. 876, Pax,

1004, &c.

172
TPOXIAOI

A GLOSSARY OF GREEK BIRDS

(continued}.
:

Parva avis quae trochilos ibi Pliny confuses it with the foregoing vocatur, rex avium in Italia, H. N. viii. (25) 37. Cf. G. St. Hilaire, Descr. de l'gypte, (2) xxiv. p. 440, Mem. du Mus.
xv. p.

466
iii.

Curzon, Monast. of the Levant,

Vogel,

p.

216 (2nd

edit.)

c. xii Brehm, Thierleben, Newton, Diet, of Birds, pp. 442, 733, c.

;

TPYTfAI.
Arist.

In some MSS. and H. A. viii. 3, 593 b.

Cf.

editions (Aid. Schn. &c.) for nvyapyos,

TPYra'N.
cf.

Heb. lin, L.
II.

tur-tur.

On
Isid.

the derivation from rpv&iv,

;

Eust. Horn.
Id.

(xi.

311), p. 751, Od. pp. 229, 1951

;

Schol. ad

Theocr.
vocatur.

vii.

140, &c.

cf.

Orig. 12, 17 turtur de voce

I am inclined to think that rpvyav cannot be directly derived from rpv&iv, but that the verb was applied to the dove's note from mere coincidence of sound and further that the root
:

of rpuywi/

is

probably foreign,

like that of ol^dis.

See also

s. v.

A Turtle-dove,

Columba

turtur, L.

Mod. Gk.

rpiywvi (Heldr.), rptyovt

(Von der M.), rpvyvviov (Erh.), SeKOKrovpa, Bikelas (from the cry). Mentioned Ar. Av. 302, 979, &c.
Description.
cf.

Arist.

Athen.

ix.

394 A.
cf.

and with

xXcopeus, ib.

544 b TO>V 7Tprrfpoa8ooi> eXa^i'trr?} : in size with xeXed?, H. A. viii. 3, 593, Compared Arist. fr. 271, 1527, ap. Athen. I.e., ix. 22, 617.
v. 13,

H. A.

TO xp&j/ia Tf<ppdv,

Eust. Horn. Od. p. 1712.

</>ntVerai

Arist.

H. A.

viii. 3,

593

KapTTo^a-yet KOI rroijcpayfl'

TOV Bepovs, xew&vos dfaivifaai'

(pcoXet

yap. Cf. ibid. 12, 597 k dyeXd^ovrai S* tu re (pdrrai Kal at rpuyovef, orav Tf TrapayivcovTcii Kal ndXiv orav &pa 77 rrpbs rrjv dvaKOfjLiftrjv. See also
ibid.
fjifvos

l6,

599

<p<o\fl

yap

Kal Tpvya>v'
eiTreiv

Kal

fj

rpvya>v 6p,oXoyovI8e~iv ovScifj.ov

/uaXttrra irdvT&v.

ovdels

yap as

Xeyerat rpvyova

XfifjL&vos.

apteral Se
vra^eia

TTJS (poikeias

a~(p68pa rrieipa ovaa, Kal TTTfpoppvel p,ev

ev

rfj (^coXet'a,

(JLCVTOI

SiarcXet ov<ra.

Cf. Plin. x. (24) 35 verius turtur occultatur,

its

pennasque
c.

amittit.

On
ix. 7,

migration, see also Varro,

De

R. R.

iii.

5, 7,

Arist.

H. A.

613 OVK dvaKviTTOvo-t irivovvai, eav pr) IKUVOV iriaxriv (cf. Alex. Mynd. ap. o>o-t Kal OKT<*> err] (Plin. 1. c.), at Athen. ix. 394 E, Plin. x. (34) 52)
;

TfTV(p\(i)iJLvai virb To>v TTaXevrpias

rpefpovTW avrds
iii.

on

their capture

by

decoys, see also Dion.

De

Avib.

4, 16.
dvcrravoi, dvdvvTa /tam'X;

The voice
Xovo-ai
|

of the Turtle.
:

Theocr. Id. xv. 88 &

Virg. Eel. i. 59. On the verb rpvfav, vide supra cf. also Pollux, V. 14 eiTTOis S' av rpvyovas Tpvfiv, Trepio-Tepas yoyyvfciv Suid. dcrfjp-dis (pdeyyerai Kal yoyyvcrTiKws rpvyofciv, A. B. 1452. Hence,
Tpvyovfs
cf.
:
:

of a talker, rpvyovos \a\icrrcpos,

Menand.
'

TlXoK. 13, ap. Ael. xii. 10, in

which passage a

'

double entendre

is

expatiated on by Aelian, Suidas,

TPOXIAOZ
TPYfflN
&c.
;

TPYrQN

173

(continued].
1.

&c.

see also Demetr. Sic., ap. Ael. cf. also rpuXieii>, of a quail, Poll.
Arist.

c.,

Arist.

H. A.

ix.

49 B, 633 b,

5.

89.
vi. I,

Reproduction, Nesting, &c.

H. A.

two eggs).
vi'iKis
f)

Ibid. 4, 562
TiKret Se

TIKTOVO-I

rpvy&v

KCU (pdrra ev

558 b SiroKet (i. e. lays rw eapi, ou TrXeo-

TroXXai

ra Seurepa, OTUP TO. Trporcpov yevvrjdevra dia(p6apf)' yap 8ia<p6eipov(Tiv avra rcov opvidoav. TLKTCI p.ev ovv, oocrTrep e'iprfTai Kal rpi'a Trore' dXX' e^dyerat ovderrore dvotv TT\LCO veorrolv, eviorc Ij/ p,6vov'
8is.
'

TO

6'

vTroXetTrdfieyoi/

TOW

(BO)!/

del ovpiov

(TTIV

(cf. Plin. X. 58 (79)), Tas 6e

(pdrras KOI ras rpvyovas evioi (pacnv o^evecr^ai xal yevvav Kal Tpi/jLrjva ovra, arjfjielov iroiov^fvoi rrjv TroXvn\fjdfiav avrav. eyKva 6e yiVerai delta KOI rerrapas rjfjiepaS) Kal eVwa^Vi aXXa? rcxravTas' ev erepais de SeKa Kal rerrapcrt
TTTepovvrai

OVTWS ware
17

p,rj

paStcoff

KaraXafjipdveaQai.
Kal

Ib. ix. 7,

613

e^et

Se roy appeva

rpvyvv rbv avrbv

(parra,

Kal

aXKov ov

TrpoaievTai.

Phile,
TJ

(Concerning its chastity, see also Ael. iii. 44, x. 33, Dion. De Avib., De An. Pr. xxii, &C.) *ai eTradfrvcriv dpcpoTepoi, Kal 6 appqv /cat
6r)\eia.

diayvwvai

5'

ou pqdiov

rrjv

6rj\iav Kal rbv appeva, aXX'

rj

rots eVro?.

VOTTVOV(TL 8e Kal at

(pdjSeff

Kal at rpvyoves ev rols avrols TOTTOLS dei.

The Cuckoo

builds in

its

nest, Arist.

De

Mirab.

3,

830 b.

Turtle-doves, which are sacred not only to Aphrodite and to Demeter, but also to the Fates and the Furies, Ael. x. 33. How Turtle-doves were brought as tribute to the Indian king,
Ael.
I,

On White

xiii.

25.

How the

Turtle-dove
is
;

609, Phile, De An. Pr. 690 ; TTupprt, Ael. iv. 5, Phile, 1. c. 685

is slain by xXwpei!?, Arist. H. A. ix. hostile to TrvpaXXis, Arist. 1. c., and to to Kopag and to KipKos, Ael. vi. 45 ; is
;

to Trfpicrrepd, friendly to Korrvcpos, Arist. H. A.ix. 1,610 (cf.Plin. x. (76) 96 Ael. v. 48, and to the Parrot, Plin. x. (76) 96, cf. Ovid, Heroid. xv. 38
et niger

viridi turtur

amatur ave

id.

Amor.

ii.

6,

2 tu

tamen ante

alias, turtur

These

last

Plena fuit vobis omni concordia vita, c. amice, dole. references probably allude to the practice of keeping Turtle-

doves together with Parrots in aviaries. On Turtle-doves in captivity, see Varro, iii. 8, Columella viii. 9, Geopon. xiv. 24, &c. Mentioned as a delicacy, Juven. vi. 39, Martial, xiii. 53, &c. Is killed by pomegranate
seed, Ael. vi. 46, Phile, 1. c. 657, and uses the fruit of the Iris as a charm, Ael. i. 35, Phile, 1. c. 727. Possibly identical with the trigon or trygon that is said to issue tail first from the egg, Hylas ap. Plin. x. (16) 18.

They
Dion.

2. An incredible story of their being beguiled by dancing and music (sometimes referred to Tpvyav pastinacd) Ael. i. 39, Phile, De An. Pr. 22 (21), 464.

De

are captured Avib. iii. 12

by the aid of decoys,

;

at their drinking-places,

or with bird-lime, ibid.

Proverbs.
\jrd\\fiv
'.

rpvyuvos \a\iarfpos, vide supra, rpvyova s. Kara, rpvyova Suid. S. V. rpvyovos' Kal napoifj-ia Tpvyova v/mXXeiy eVt TCOV (pav\a>s
l

ibid.

S.

V.

Trovrjpd'
o>z/ro>j/,

Trovrjpa

Kara Tpvyova tyd\\fis'

eirl

ra>v

Kal firnrovus
ct.

Kal

yap

fj

rpvyvv

eirfiddv Trciva Tore

Cf. also

Hesych.

174
j

A GLOSSARY OF GREEK BIRDS

TPnrM'THI.
Phile

De

A small bird, probably identical with TpwyXo8uTT]s. An. Pr. 691 aerov fie TOV \iiyo.v alyviribs fie'fioiKe* TOV
|

fie,

TpcoyXiTTjs.

Hdn. Epim.
Med.

136, 181

Eust. 228, 35.

TPiirAOAY'THI.
Philagr.

The Wren,
ap. Act.
o~x f
xi.

Troglodytes europaeus, L.

(cit.

Schn. in Arist.
TWV opveav
Kara TroXXa,

vol. iv. p. 85) o-rpouTrX^i/

6iov eo~T\ crfJLiKpoTaTov

Ka\ovfj,fvov'

^v

airavTO)v

TOV jBcKTikiaKov

napfoiKe
1

fie

TOO

/3a(rtX ICTK&)
8'

(ivev

T>V

Xpvo~i6vT(i>v

cv

/uercoTro)

Trrepav'

vp.yedeo~Tepov
rrjv

KOV KOI /LieXa^rcpos , KOI

eVrl /UKpa) 6 rpajyXofiirny? TOV /SaaiXiVovpav eyrjyepnevrjv fX fi " et'j Xev/c<B Kareo'TLynevriv
8'

omcrQev

^p<t)juar6.

AaXiartpo?

e&rlv OVTOS TOV ^ao~L\io~Kov ) KOI

riff

ore

^apcorepo? eV a^pa 7repiypa<pfj r^? Trrepuyof.

Troietrat, Kat dvva/J.iv e^ei (pvaiKrjV

/Spa^e/a? Se ras TTTfpvo-eis

aiav Bav^aa^ov.

a<pdovov

olfjiai

TO yevos

avT&v TTdVTaxov

KCLTa

TOV ^ei/noova (paivopevov.

TY'rrrA* opviQdpiw
r'

rt,

Hesych.
Heliod. p. 57, sed sine causa fortasse

tuyya

cj.

Bourdelot, ad

(M. Schmidt, ad Hesych.).

TY'AAI, for tXXas,
ii.

q. v.

kind of Thrush, Alex. Mynd. ap. Athen.

65

a.

TY'flANOI.
Arist.

An unknown
ix. I,

bird.
17

H. A.

609 oVoKretWi
is

Kop<avr)

TOV KaXov/jievov Tvnavov.

The

fact that the

Crow

gives

some ground

also said to be hostile to op^iXoy and to TrpeV/Sus-, for supposing that TVTTO.VOS is here a misreading for

Tvpavvos.

TY'PANNOI.
capillus.

The Gold-crested Wren, Regulus cristatus and igni(Both species occur in Greece, Von der Miihle, p. 68,
Cf. Gk. p. 96.) Germ. Zaunkonig, &c.
viii. 3>
K.a.1

Lindermayer,
roitelet,

/3acnAiW>?,

Lat.

regulus,

Fr.

Arist.

H. A.

59^ b TO

[JLeyedos /xtxrpcS /uei'icov aKpidos,

eari de (poivt-

KOVV \6<pov tx&V)

aXXcoy

ei/'^api

ro opvi6iov Kai evpvdpov.

TYTii'*

17

y\avg,

Hesych.
iv.

Cf. Plaut.

Menaechm.
Cf.

usque
'YBPI'Z,

dicat tibi?

2, 90 Vim afferri noctuam, quae tutu O. Keller, Lat. Etym., 1893, p. in.

s. uppis. Probably the Eagle-Owl, Strix bubo', cf. /3piW (for word of which vfyts is perhaps a corrupt form. pu'as), 5' vfipis, (paal 6e Tives elvat TOV avrov TOVTOV Arist. H. A. ix. 12, 615 b
17

opvida

r<

TTTvyyi, OVTOS fjfiepas p.v ov (paiVerai dia TO

p,rj

{3\fTTfiv o^v,

TOS

de VVKTO.S dijpfvei,

&aTTp

ol dfTol

[cj.

Sundevall,

ot wroi],

Kai /ia^ovrai 8e
S>vTas
t'Tro

irpos TOV dfTOV OVT(O o~(p68pa &O~T

ci/jifpa)

\afjLJSdvfo~dai iro\\a.Kts

r>v

vo/jLeav.

TLKTCI p.ev ovv dvo wa, veoTTevei de

Kai OVTOS ev TicTpais KOI

anijXaiois.

Hesych.

vftpis'

opvfov

TPnrAITHI

4>ABOTYnOZ

75

'YnAl'ETOI (male -yuTrmero?); also uvj/iaieros, (Boios ap. Anton. Lib.). An obscure name for an Eagle or Vulture.
Arist.
vTraieros.

H. A.

ix.

32,

6l8b

TrepKvoTrrepos*
C.

opcnrcXopyo*
S'

KaXetrai
//,eV

Ka\

Boios ap. Anton. Lib.

2O

KOI eyevero KXetvis

v\^iaifTos'
p.ev

OVTOS

ecrri

devrepos opvidav p.ra TOV aierdr, 8iayv)vai

ov ^aXeTToV 6

yap eVri

re Kal a\Kip,os, 6 6* aero? /neXuvrepos Kai vf(3po(f)6vo$ epf/ii>df, p.eyas

eKfivov.

On

this perplexing passage, see

Schneider in Arist.

I.e.

'YnOAEAIft'I.

A
is

Libyan bird-name, Ar. Av. 65.

The word
(cf.

Soph. Aj. 169).

are
all

VTT-

commonly taken as a Comic derivative of The five bird-names beginning with the syllable obscure, and what little is said about them is replete with

I am pretty certain that in none of these signs of foreign influence. cases does VTTO- mean sub, and for my own part I suspect it to be a corruption of a foreign, and probably Egyptian, word or prefix.
c

Yno0YMl'X.
.

An unknown
(MSS. have

bird.

Ar. Av. 302.

uiroXri'ts,

also un-oX&ns, uiroXXis, uiroXiV

Hesych.)

Perhaps the Wheatear, Saxicola sp. The Cuckoo lays her eggs in its nest, which is on the ground, Arist. H. A. viii. 7, 564, ix. 29, 618, Antig. H. Mir. 100 (109), Theophr. De Caus. PI. ii. 17, 9. Also in some editions for eViXatV, H. A. vi. 3, 592 b. Sundevall suggests the Wheatear, which makes its nest under a stone, from a supposed connection with Xaa? and the conjecture is supported to some extent by the circumstance that the Cuckoo is known sometimes to use the Wheatear's nest in Greece (Kriiper, p. 184); but the derivation is very doubtful. The Orphean Warbler is the bird in whose nest the Cuckoo in Greece usually lays its egg, and further the statements in Aristotle as to the birds in whose nest the Cuckoo lays are
;

An

indeterminate small bird.

very untrustworthy.

'YnOTPIO'PXHZ.
Arist.

A kind
ix.

of

Hawk.
ot

H. A.

36,

620

8e TrXarurepot

[Schn. and others read

7T\aTVTTTfpoi] IfpaKCS VTTOTplOpXdl KaXoiVTCll.

to

There is nothing by which to be to some extent generic.

identify the

name, which indeed seems

subbuteo
is

The name

traditionally
is,

applied to the Hobby, which if TrXariWfpos Sundevall remarks, excluded by the epithet.

means broad-winged,

as

<t>ABOTY'nOI,
<j>6^os,

s.

{frnpoKToyos,

Hesych.

kind of

Hawk.

Cf. <j>ao-ao-

q. v.

Arist.
8*

H. A.

viii.

OVTOI TO p.yeOos

3? 59^ b o re no\v d\\f)\(0v.

(paftorvTros

KOI 6 (micas'

176
<t>AAAKPOKO'PAE.
of
the
its

A GLOSSARY OF GREEK BIRDS

bird,

commonly
s.

name

(cf. <j>a\apts)j

identified, on the strength with the Coot; according to others,

v.

Cormorant.

See also

Kopa,

|3.

Hispaniaque capitur [attagen], et per Alpes etiam, ubi et phalacrocoraces, aves Balearium insularum Cf. ib. xi. 47 quaedam animalium naturaliter calvent, peculiares. sicut corvi aquatici, quibus apud Graecos nomen est inde.
.

Plin. x. (48)

68 lam

et in Gallia

4>AAAPI'I,
((pdXos,
cf.

s.

<J>a\T]pi's.
'

(MSS. have
of a helmet
;

also (papaXis.)

the

beak

'

$dXapo?, a white spot or

'

blaze

'

Germ. Bksshuhn, from

is

Bletz

= blaze,

Buttm. Lexil.

s. v.

$dXos

the Engl. bald-coot

analogous.)

The Coot (?),

Fulica atra, L.

Mod. Gk.

<paXapi8a (Heldr.).
(paXrjpiSi dveiv

Ar. Ach. 875, Av. 565 r\v 'A^poSiT/; Ovy, Trvpovs opvidi (ubi Schol. r) fie (pa\r)p\s opi/eoV eari Xifj.vaiov cvrrpfires).
viii. 3>

Arist.

H. A.

593 h opvis oreyai/oTrouy, /3apurepos* Trept noTafj.ovs KOI XL/JLVUS e'ortV. (Mentioned with KVKVOS, J^TTO, KoXup/3i's.) Id. fr. 273, 1527 b aXXarreo-0ai
Alex.

a>s T<JDV Koa~a'v(f)a)v KOI

Mynd.

ap. Athen.

^aX^piScai/ aTroXevKatvonevav Kara Kaipovs. ix. 395 e fj 8e (f)a\ap\s KCU avrr} o-revbv e^oucra
rr]v

TO pvyxps
Its

(TTpoyyvXcorepa

ofyiv

ouaa,

evrecppos rf)v

yaorepa,

fjn<p<a

p.\avTepa TO V>TOV.
p-vpias.

Cleom. ap. Athen. ix. 393 C <pa\^pi8as rapixnpas mode of capture, Dion. De Avib. iii. 23. Plin. x. (48) 57
Seleucia Parthorum
viii. 15, I
;

Phalerides in

et

in

Asia,

aquaticarum lauda-

tissimae; Colum.

The
is

identification

Varro, R. R. iii. II, 4. rests mainly on the modern name, of which

Sundevall and Aubert and

Wimmer seem

supported by the derivation of the word.

albelhts,

and Aubert and

Wimmer

have been unaware, and Sundevall suggests Mergus also suppose a species of Mergus.
to

Gesner, Camus, and other older commentators agree in the identification of Coot.

At best the identification is doubtful, and the various references perhaps refer to more birds than one. The allusion in Athenaeus to ten thousand salted (paXrjpidas is especially puzzling. The
connexion with Aphrodite in Ar. Av. 565, where we might rather have expected some such word as Trepiorepa, is not explained.

<t>AIIANO'l,

s.

$a.<Tia.vi.K.6<$

sc. opyis.

Pheasant, Phasianus colchicus, L. Vide also s. v. Mnesim. ap. Athen. ix. 387 b o-rravicorepov napeo-riv
;

re'rapos.
opvidoav

yd\a

KOI (jjacnavos aTToreriX/zeVos' KaXcos.

Nub. 109 (sometimes supposed to refer, in the latter Ar. Av. 69 passage, to a Phasian horse, cf. Suidas, Lob. Phryn. 460, but not so
according to Athen. ix. 387 a). Agatharch. ap. Athen. ix. 387 C " KOI Tavra'
ypd(pL
Trept

TrXrjdos 5'

TOV <3>ao-iSos TrorajuoO TOP \6yov opvi&av TO>V KaXovpevav (pacriavnv

4>AAAKPOKOPA=
<t>A2IANOI (continued}.
(poira rpoipi)s X<*P IV
Trpo? Tas
eK/3oXaff

4>AZIA

177

TWV
at

"
(TTOfjaTcnv
I

cf.
1.

Lucian,

De

Merc. Cond.

17,

Navig.

the procession of
TO.

Ptolemy Philad.
[j.

dyyeiois (paatavoi K.r.X.

(describing Alexandria) efra efpepovro *v Cf. Ptolem. ap. Athen. xiv. 654 c (cf. ix. 387 e)
23.
rerpaooi'as] ovop.a^ovo'iv^ [ovs] ou p.6vov

Callix.

Rhod. ap. Athen.

c.

re T&v (f)ao~iavu>v ) ovs rerdpovs

MrjSfias
/xereTre/iTrero,

fK

aXXa

Koi

vop,d8as

opvidas V7ro/3aXo)i/ eVonjcre

drro(paivov(riv.

7rXfj$oy, ooorre KOL

f)

o-iTfladaC TO
/SacriXea)?

yap

/3/>a>/za

no\VT\es
oiide

avrrj

rov

Xa/LtTrporarou

(pcov^,

os

fyaaiaviKov

yfixrao'dai

<u/ioXoy?j(rei/,

aXX' axnrep TL Keiju^Xioi/

fr.

opvidos Trore rowa'Se dvaKei^evov el%

fr.

TOVS opvidas.
1.

Arist.

589, 1574 a
17

(Theophr.

179),

ap.

Athen.
TroXXcp

C.

roil/

(pao-iavS)!/

ou

Kara Xdyoi/
1.

vTTepo^i)

ra>y dppevcov,

aXXa

fjieifav.

Ulp. ap. Athen.

o~ot.

C. eip r;)j/

ayopai' Tropeutfei?

a)vf]crop.ai (pao-iaviKov,

ov o-vyKaredo/jiai

Arist.

eniyeios, KOVHTTIKOS (cf. Arist.

H. A. ix. 49 B, 633 opvis ov TTT^TIKOS aXX' fr., and Theophr. fr. ap. Athen. ix. 387 b).
Ib.
rcoi/

H. A.
vi. 2,
is

V. 31,

557

e>

"

P-n

KOVIWVTOI, 8ia(p6eipovTai VTTO ran/ (pOeipvv.

559

Karecrrry/Lie'i/a

ra

wa

/leXeaypiSooi/ Kat (pao-iav&v

(this error

On

repeated by Buffon, Hist. Ois. iv. 78). Pheasants reared by the Indian kings, Ael.

xiii.
i.

18.

On

the

breeding and rearing of Pheasants, see Pallad. R. R.

viii. 8, 10.

29,

Colum.
xi.

For Latin references

;

to the

Pheasant as a dainty,
c.
;

cf.
i.

Juv.

139
27
;

Scythicae volucres Mart. xiii. 45, 72, Manil. Astron. v. 376 ; Suet. Cal. 22

Stat. Silv.

6, 77,

ii.

4,

Lampr. Alex. Sev. 37

diebus phasianus
;

lovis

epulo et Saturnalibus et huiusmodi

Pert. 12

festis

Capitol.
;

Amm.
et

phasianum nunquam private convivio comedit aut alicui misit xvi. 5, 3 phasianum et vulvam et sumen exigi vetuit (lulianus)
munificis
vi.

inferri,

militis

vili

et

fortuito

cibo

contentus

Ambr.

exquisitum illud et accuratum opipare in quo phasiani aut turturis species apponitur.
5

Hexaem.

convivium,

4>AIKA'I.

Alex.

Mynd.

ap. Athen.

ix.

395 D.

Vide

s. v. /Sao-icds.

4>A'IIA, Att. <J>arra.

Ringdove or Woodpigeon, Columba palumbus, L.

(pdo-a
:

L. palumbus

s.

palumbes.

Identical with

<|>d\|/,

times applied also to the Domestic Pigeon, v. Ar. PI. ion, Ephipp. 3, 334 (Mem.). <J>CITTIOI>,

Mod. Gk. SomeDim. infra.

q. v.

An

artificial

masc. form 4>drros in Luc. Soloec. 7. Used as an illustration of the interchange of <ro- and rr, Luc. Jud. Voc. 8. [On the
interchange of o-, TT, (pdo-o-a, <<ty, Anz. xxv. p. 139, 1 88 1.]
(pdpos,
cf.

J.

Schmidt, Philol.

In Homer,

only in the

compound
N

fao-o-ofpovos

otherwise,

first

in Aristophanes.

178
4>AIIA
(continued}.

A GLOSSARY OF GREEK BIRDS

Description.
f)

Arist.
cf. fr.

H. A.

v.

13,

544 b peyio-rov

[TO>V

271, 1527 (ap. Athen. ix. 394 a) aXexropoy TO Alex. Mynd. ap. Schol. Theocr. Id. v. 96 rj fj.ev *X l > XP^ a S* O-TTOO'IOV. (paoxra VTTOKvdveov fX L T *i v Ke(paXr]v Kal paXXoV ye ep.7rop(j)vpov, rS>v 8e
<parra
\

Ian

o<pdaXfja)v XevKfov ovi(>v TO ev avrois /ze'Xav

ix. 7>

aTpoyyvXov f\i.
KOI

Arist.

H. A.
r)

613

ftiayvoovai
&'

8'

ov pa&toi/
iroXvv
eviai

TYJV 6r)Xeiav Kal

TOV appeva, aXX'

err)

rot?

fVTos.

a>(Ti

at

(parrai
elo~iv,

XP OVOV

'

yap eiKoaiv
TTJ.

KOI

Kal TpiaKovTa

tt>p.p.evai

8e Kal TfTTapaKovra

de yivofjitvav avra)V ol

(hence (parrot
Xa>ff

ow^e? av^avovraC aXX' here are tame pigeons). aXXo

i

a.TroTp,vov<Tiv oi rpe<f)oi>TS
S' ovSet/

j3Xa7rron-ai eVtS^-

yrjpao-Kovaai

with this

somewhat
ix.
TTJS

incredible

statement

as

to

length of

life, cf. ib. vi. 4,

563, Athen.

394

b, Plin.

x (32)
593]'

52.

Arist.

H. A.

ii.

17,

508 b

7rpoAo/3oi>

npb

KoiXias e^ouo-t.
viii. 3j

Ib. viii. 12,

597 b
Ibid.

curaipovat)

K.CLI

ov ^i^a^ovai [the contrary stated,

yeXabj/rcu,

OTO.V re TrapayivavTai Kal TraXij/

1 6,

orav &pa

rj

Trpos rrjv
'

avaKop.ibr]v.

600 TWV

8e (pa(r<rcov eviai p,ev <pooXov<rti>, eviai

ov (pooXoixriv, aTre
/zeV

S'

ap.a rotr ^fXtSdo'tj'.

fj8rj

Ib. ix.

49 B, 633 rou

x fi

vos

i>

nXfjv

TTorf fi>8ias eK ^ei/icovos <r(po8pov ycvofj.evr)s efpdeygaro K

:

T<a6r) VTTO

Mynd.
Alex.
wff rr)v

T&V enneipwv' aXX' orav cap yfvrjrai, Tore apteral <pa>velv cf. Alex. ap. Athen. 394 e. Arist. H. A. viii. 18, 601 of avx/uot o-u/i^epova-i
ap. Athen.
1.

Kal irpbs Trjv fiXXrjv vyteiav Kal irpbs rovs TOKOVS, Kal oi>x fj<i(rTa rat? (parTais.

Mynd.

C.

ov niveiv

<prjo~l

rrjv

(pd(ro-av

avanvirrovaav

rpvyova.

Beproduction, Nesting, &c. Arist. H. A. vi. 4, 562 b eVtot (pacrtv oxeuevBai Kal yevvav Kal Tpiprjva ovra, (rrjfjieiov Troiovpfvoi rf)V iroXvTrXrjdeiav avrStv. fyKva de yiverai deKa Kal rerrapa? f]p.epas, Kal eVwa^et aXXas fv Tpais Se Sexa Kal rerrapai nrfpovvrai oura)S wore p,f) paSioos
fiavfaOai
n'/cret,
.
.
.

ovo TLKTOVUII eVi ro TroXu, ra de TrXelcrra rpia*

Si's:

eV

rS
510

icapi

ov nXcovaKis y
iv.

cf. vi. I,

558

b, Plin. x. (58) 79, (53) 74.

Arist.
6Yai>

De

Gen.
i,

6,

774 b

riKrovo-tv areXJ; Kal rv<pXd.

lo-^ovo-tv
'

H. A.
.
.

iii.

I,

ar(p68pa

/xeyaXov?

(TOVS

opxfis)

eooV

eVioi

o'lovrai

JX- 7> 613 f/( ei ^^ T I/ a PP^va f) v X 1 P'^>VOS PX CLS avra rpvy&v rbv avrbv Kal <parra, Kal aXXov ov 7rpoo~i'ei/rai* Kal fTratdfcovmv dp.<p6Tpoi Kal 6 apprjv Kal f] BrjXfia. Arist. fr. 271, ap. Athen. ix. 394 b OVK aTroXei-

TTOVO~I 8'

eW

davdrov ovrf

ol

appeves ras ^^Xei'ay, o0re at dfjXeiai TOVS appevas,

vnoXftTrop-evos
Satpv/;,
:

aXXa

Kal reXeuri/o'ai'ro?

xiP vl

cf.

How it

places a branch of laurel,

in its nest for a

Porph. De Abst. iii. II. charm, Ael. i. 35,

Geopon. xv. i, cf. Plin. viii. (27) 41. How the Cuckoo builds and the young Cuckoo, assisted by their parents, casts out its foster-brothers, Arist. De Mirab. 3, 830 b, Ael. iii. 30. In Plat. Theaet. 199 b Xaftclv (paTTav oWl Trepio-repas, is to take a wild pigeon for a tame one. Its flesh is mentioned as a dainty, Mentioned Ar. Ach. 1105, 1107 KoXov ye Kal ^avdbv TO Ttjs (paTTrjs Kpeas.
Phile, 722,
in its nest,

4>AZZA

>AIIA

(continuecf).

Pax 1104. In Anth. Pal. ix. 71 the oak capture is difficult, but is effected by means of nets and by the aid of blinded decoy-birds, Dion. De Avib. iii. 12. The Dim. ^dmcy, used as a term lover's gift, Theocr. v. 133.
as coming from Boeotia, Ar.
is

otK/a

(pdTTuv.

Its

in of endearment, Ar. PI. IOII vrjTTapiov av KOI (pdmov v7reKopiero Philip. Obel. fr. ap. Athen. viii. 359 b, a little pigeon, a skinny one.
:

Proverb.
Cf. also

Plut.

ii.

1077

(pdrra (pdrTij, as like as

two peas.

<f>cty,

irepiorepd, &c.
Cf. <J>aj3oTuiros.

4>AII04>0'NOI,

s. <j>a<rao<j)6i/TY]s.

A
36,
Xli.

species of
II.

Hawk.
LprjKi

XV. 238
f)

COIKWS
|

co/tei

(pa<ro~o(p6v(p.

Arist.

H. A.

ix. 12,

615 b,
Ael.

620
4

8e KUfj-ivSts p.eye6os o<rov

ipa

6 (pao-(ro(j)6vos KaXovpevos.
(paa/i/.

'Ep/zi;

TOP (pao~o~o(p6vTT)V aBvpfJ-a clvai

Commonly translated Goshawk, i. e. Astur pahtmbarius, L., which has moreover a reputation for extreme swiftness but the Goshawk is rare in Greece (Lindermayer, Von der Miihle), and there is no definite
:

tradition in regard to the

name

(Scaliger, in Arist. p. 249 certe pericu-

losum sententiam suam

cf. s.v. ire'Xeia.

dicere).

The above

references are

all

mystical

Wild Pigeon;

almost certainly identical with

<J>ao-ao<|x>vos.

<J><xor<ra,

the

Ringdove.

Cf. 4>a|3oTuTros,

Apparently distinguished from (pdo-o-a in Arist. H. A. viii. 3, 593 a, 15, where however, in the catalogue of pigeon-names, some MSS. (Aa, Ca) omit <<ty, and others (Da) (pdrra. In the following line, (pdrra p.ev ovv Kal TrepiaTcpa del (paivuvrai, the read 0<ty, as in Arist. fr. 271, 1527, Athen. ix. 394 a.
ap. Athen.
1.

MSS. PDa
In Arist.

c.

there

is

further confusion in the statements as to

cited as different, but

their size, tpdvo-a

and <<ty being apparently

the passage

is

corrupt.
rt. (pop. $e'/3o/A<u,

Supposed
is

to

be connected with
its

but the derivation

supposed parallel, Tprjpwv, Tpeo>. As var. IL occur in Arist. passim; cpap&v is specially (p\dpes, <p)(dpu>v cited in Aesch. Philoct. (fr. 232) ap. Athen. ix. 394 a.
as doubtful as

and

First in Aesch. fr. Prot. (2) 194, ap. Athen. 394 a d6\iav 0a/3a, /xecraKra TrXeupa npos TTTVOIS 7TTr\yfJ.fvr)V.

(riTovp,evr)v bvarrjvov

Description.
S.

Arist.
ix.

H. A.
394

ix.

7,

613 owe

dvaKinrrovo-i rrivova-ai (vide

v. (jxiaaa,
vi. 8,

Athen.
564

c) VCOTTCVOVO-I ev rots avrots TUTTOIS dei.

Arist.

H. A.

^ p-cv 6r]\eia

dno

SeiXrjs dp^afj.fvrj rrjv re vv\ff o\r)v e7T6)a^t

Kai ea>s aKpari'oyiaros

&pas 6
}

6' "tpprjv

TO \OITTOV TOV ^poj/ov. 2

Ibid. 7; 5^3 ^j

l8o
4>A^ (continued).
ix.

A GLOSSARY OF GREEK BIRDS

29, 618.

The Cuckoo
3,

lays her eggs in

its

nest

(cf.

s.

v. <|><{a<ra,

Arist.

De

Mirab.

830 b).

Mentioned also Lye. 580.

EAAl'NAX.

An unknown

water-bird, mentioned, with epithet ra^vf,

as being captured in nets, Dion.

De

Avib.

iii.

23.

4>H'NH.

According to Doederlein, connected with

(paivco,

(prjvos
:

(=

Xaju,7rpo'y),

<au,

&c., i.e. having ra

o/A/xara XajuTrpa

or according to
</>a>i/eu/.

Von

Edlinger and others, from root bha-n

I incline

to think the

word

is

an exotic, and probably Egyptian, connected

with (pow, Eg. bennu.

kind of Vulture.

Od.

iii.

371
77

*Adr}vrj
\

(ptjvrj
rj

fldop,evrj.

Od.

xvi.

2l6 K\alov 8e
Ar. Av. 304.

Xtyecoff,

dSivooTepov

r' olavoi,
viii. 3,

(pf]vai

alyvniol

yap^mwx^ s.

Arist.

H. A.

592 b aeroC peifav, TO xp/ia

(prjvijs.

o-irodoftftes.

Ib. ix. 32,

Kft\r)dtVT(i

619 dfTos
Tp(f)ft

6 yvf)<rtos fjieifav rrjs

(cf.

Ib. vi. 6, 563, ix. 34,

V. l8).

619 b

ra roO dcTOv reWa

Ambros. Hexaem.
3.

eVapyejuos- T' eori

Kal TTfTrrjpwTat rovs 6(j)0a\fjLovs (?

reference to the blood-red sclerotic of

the eye). Its maternal affection referred to (cf. tuyumos, &c.), Opp. Hal. i. 727 KOL [it? TIS (pr'jvrfs dftivbv yoov K\vev dvrjp opOpiov dfj.(f)l rz
\

Arist.

De
4

Mirab. 60, 835 a

e'

aXiniercoi/

(771/77

yiWrat, CK de

TTfpKVoi Kal yiTres.

Ael.

xii.

4>rjvr)V

8e Kat apTTT]v 'A.@rjvq rrpoave/JLovo'iv.

c. vi,

According
ata-iav

to

Boios ap. Anton. Lib.

0ryi>/7,
:

Zeus -metamorphoses the

wife of Periphas into the bird

enKpaiveadai
^tJ'i'S,

Kal 81801 rrpos aVao-ai/ npa^iv av^pcoTroi?

cf.
ii.

Ovid, Met.
58
(pivis

Also
cf.

Diosc.

vii. 399. TO opveov, o 'Pttftatari Ka\ovo-iv oo-o-i(ppayov:

Plin. x. 3.

by Aldrovandi, Gaza, and by most moderns, with the Aquila barbata of Pliny, N. H. x. 3, that is to say with our Lammergeier, Gypaetus barbatits, L., which is accurately described by Dion. De Avib. i. 4 under the name fipimj. The Lammergeier is also
Identified
identical with Lat. ossifraga (Plin. 1. c.), a name accurately descriptive of The brief description its habits, and Lat. sanqualis (Festus, 316,317).

H. A. viii, inclines Sundevall, Aubert, and Wimmer, to identify with Vultur monachus. The references are in the main poetical <pT)vr) or mythical, and both the name and the stories of the bird's maternal
in Arist.

seem to me to point to an Egyptian origin. With the stories of the Eagle's bastard brood, cf. the Mod. Gk. name /u77XaSeX0t Tfpoda\r)s (Coray,*ATaKra, v. 204), said by Heldreich to be applied
affection

to

Aquila

Bonellii.

<t>Avl/

4>OINIKOnTEPOI
gav66s, t&s,

4>AErY'AI-

6 derts,

Suid.

fab

Hesych.

Cf. Hes. Sc.

H.

134 (vide
<frAE'EII.

infra).

An unknown
in

bird.

Ar. Av. 882.

jjt6p<J>kos

Hes. Sc. H. 134, where

Perhaps connected with (JjXeyuas, a name or ep. of it seems to mean the lightning bird/
'

from

Cf. Steinthal, app. to <p\fy-<D, fulg-eo^ Sk. bharg, to shine. Goldzieher, Myth, of the Hebrews, p. 384 (ed. London, 1877).

*OINIKO'nTEPOI.
Ar. Av. 271
\ifj,valos.
nvrfi>

The Flamingo,

Phoenicopterus antiquorum, L.
o>i/

*EII. OVTOS

ov T&V rjdddav TO>I>'

opaff

vfj,f1s

del,

d\Xa
|

TIE. /3a/3at, KaXos ye KOI (froiviKiovs.

eo-ri

y'

(froiviKonTepos.

This

is

'ED. CIKOTMS' KOI yap oVo/z' the only reference to the bird

Greek, and the identification here is at best doubtful. The succeeding reference to the Cock might lead one to suspect that under the name Phoenicopterus some bird less unlike the Cock than
in
classical

the

Flamingo

is,

was here alluded

to

such a bird, for example,

s. v.

as Porphyrio hyacinthinus, the Purple Water-hen (vide The question, however, is not capable of settlement.

Trop^upiwy).

The Flamingo

occurs in Greece only as a rare straggler, though abundant on the opposite coast of Asia Minor (Von der Miihle, p. 118 ; Lindermayer,
p. 155,

Cf. Gesner, H. Anim. lib. iii Mirum est huius tarn pulc.). chrae et eximiae avis nomen ab Aristoteli taceri, cum Aristophanes,

qui vixit

avem
in

sed Graecis etiam raram esse hanc aetate, meminerit were seen, however, by Bory de St. Vincent, Flamingos puto. the marshes of Osman Aga near Navarino.
;

eadem

Heliodorus, Aethiop.

vi.

and the Scholiast ad

est in Africa
Vit. Apoll.
:

Juv.

3 describes the bird as NeiXyov (powiKOTrrepov xi. 139 states in like manner, abundans
:

it,

apparently,
viii. p.

is

also

mentioned as a dainty, by

Philostr.

Tyan.

In Crat.
the Cock.
It
viii.

Nem.

fr.4,

387 (ed. Paris, 1605) as opvts (powiKeos. ap. Athen. ix. 373 d opvis (poiviKO'irrepos, is probably
s.

has been stated above,

8) identified that bird

v.

yXwrris, that Belon (Hist, des Oyseaux,

;

(Ornithol. iii. 20, 4), to Linnaeus, the following

:

with the Flamingo so also did Aldrovandi with as little reason. To the opinion there ascribed

words of Gesner should have been sub-

ego vero iis quas Gallinulas aquaticas nostri vocant avibus joined cf. also Scaliger Glottidem adnumero, quae omnes fissipedes sunt sit nondum mihi constat ; ridiculum autem Glottis loc. quae Aristot.) (in
;

quod quidam de Phoenicoptero ausus est pronuntiare. In Latin, references to the Flamingo are frequent and
doubt.
Cf. Juv. xi. 139 et

free

from

Scythiae volucres et phoenicopterus ingens ; ib. Martial, Ep. iii. 58, 14 nomenque debet quae rubentibus pennis c. Suet. Cal. 22, xiii. 71 dat mihi penna rubens nomen c.,
;

'

That the Tongue of

this Volatile

was much commended, and

in

182
>OINIKOnTEPOI

A GLOSSARY OF GREEK BIRDS

(continued}.

great Esteem, for its excellent Taste and most delicious Relish, will appear from the following Quotations' (Douglass, op. infra cit.) Plin.
:

68 Phoenicopteri linguam praecipui saporis esse, Apicius docuit Martial, xiii. 71 sed lingua gulosis Nostra sapit quid si garrula lingua foret ? cf. also Sueton. Vitell. xiii. The brain was also a tid-bit, and
x. (48)
; :

Heliogabalus (Lamprid. 20,

cerebellis

p.

Phoenicopterorum
vi. 7. I

refertas.

108) exhibuit Palatinis dapes extis et Receipts for the cookery of

(?)

Flamingos are given (without mention of the tongue) by Apic.

De

Re

inclined to believe that such costly indulgences of the palate were often determined by obscure superstitious motives (as are many Chinese luxuries) rather than by real or imaginary

Coquin.

am

refinements of taste.

be

still

appreciated:

Nevertheless the Flamingo's tongue is said to cf. Von der Miihle, Ornithol. Griechenlands,

p. 118

Ein franzosischer Schiffscapitain brachte mir einige von Smyrna, sehr haufig sind, und von den Jagern den Englandern zum Verkaufe angeboten werden, welche die dicke fleischige Zunge als

wo

sic

teckerbissen

verzehren.
in Phil.

Cf.

(int.

al.)

the
1721.

interesting

paper by

Dr.

J.

Douglass

Trans,

v. p. 63,

<l>OINl'KOYPOI.
(Scop.).
Arist.

The Redstart, Luscinia phoenicurus, L., and L. tithys Mod. Gk. KOKKivoKaXos, yiawaKos, KaXavrtfjs (Bike'las).
ix.

H. A.

49 B, 632 b

Plin. x. (29)

44

vide

s. v.

epiOaicos.

Cf.

also Geop. xv.

i, 22.

s.

<f>otVi|.

The Phoenix, an
Eg. bennu.
e xai

astronomical symbol of the

Egyptians.

First in Hes. Fr. 50, 4.

Herod,
OVK
(a>s

ii.

73 eon

aXXos opvis
/ait

tpd?,

rw

OVVO/JLO. (poling'

eyaj p,ev /UP

eidoi/, ei

p.Yj

oo~ov ypa(pfj'

yap

drj

KOI orrrdvios enKpoira o~<pi } Sia ereav

airoOdvy 6
p.fv

'HXiovTroXtrai Xeyovo~i) fort Se, iraTrjp.

7rfVTaKoo~ia>v.
(I rfj

(potrav Se Tore

(petal,

eVecif ot

ypa(pfj ira.p6p.oios, T0o~6o~8f KCU TOiocrSe'

ra

avrov xpvo~oKOfj.a T>V Trrep&v, ra de epvdpd' es ra /xaXiara aierw TrepirjTOVTOV de \eyovo~i p-rj^avaadai rae, e'/zoi yrjo~iv o/ioidraros, <ai TO p,eyados.
e p.V ov TTKrra \tyovT6S. 'Apaftirjs 6pp.ea>p.evov cs TO ipbv TOV 'HXi'ou ai Qcmrew fv TOV 'HXt'ou r< Ko/j.ieiv TOV Trarepa ev o~p.vpvr] ejU7rXa(T(roj/ra,

fpw.

K0p,iciv de OVTO>' npayrov, TTJS ap.vpvr)s woi/ rrXao-o-etv oo-ov re

Swaros

eVri (pepeiv' /iera 5e irfipa<r6ai avro (^ope'oi/ra' fireav de diroireipijdf}, ovrw TO o)dr, TOV Trartpa es avro evTtOevcu, o~p.vpvr) 5e aXXfl e/i7rXacrdrj KOiXfjvaVTa
(reiv

rovro Kar* o
1

rt roi)

woO

eKKoiXrjvas evedrjKf TOV Trarepa' e'o-Ketfievov de TOV

e/i7rXao*ai/ra 8e K0p.ieiv p.iv

TTarpos yiveo~0ai rcouro (Bdpos'

eV

AiyvTTTOV es

TOV 'HXiou ro ipov.

p. 135

Cf. Ael. vi. 58, Philostr. Vit. Apollon. Tyan. iii. 49, (Olear.), Antiph. Com. iii. 96 fv 'HXi'ou p,ev (pao-i yiyveadai TrdXet
ev 'kOyvais

(poiviKas,

de yXavKas.

Artemid., Suid., Ovid,

Metam.

xv.

392, &c.

4>OINIKOnTEPOI
4>OINI= (continued}.

4>OINIE

183

An
opvis
(f)ao~iv

Indian version, Dion.

fir)

De

Avib.

i.

32 OK^KOCI

6V,

as

-rrapa rots 'li/Soi?

yovecov a.Tep KOI p,it-ea>s %<apis v(pio~Tdfji,vos ) (po"ivi rovi/o/ua, KOI (Siovv eVi rr\elo~Tov Kal p.era 7rdo~r)$ dfpofiias avTov, u>s ovre TO$~QIS ovre \i6ois

*O Se ovre Ka\d[jLOLS T) TTiiyctis Tav dvSp&v TI KOT' avTutv Troielv neipafjievwv. Qdvaros avra> TTJV dpx^jv iroiel rrjs <orjs' ty yap nore yrjpdaas yrpo? ras 7rr?ycrei?

favrov

"idy

vco0<TTfpov,

rj

ras avyas rS>v o^ardnv

e'Xao-o-ovfievas , e'<' vtyrjhrjs

rj

TTtrpas Kapfprj
,

trvXXe^a?

nvpdv nva

rrjs

reXeuT^f,

Ka\iav (rWTiQijfft

rrjs

f)v

eV

/Lteaa)

Ka6r)fj,evov

OVTO)

de

TOV (poiriKos r] TO>V rjXiciKcov UKTIVOOV KarcKpXeyei dicKpOapfvros avrov vfos CK rrjs Te<ppas avdis erepoj

yiverai (polvig KOI rols Trarpows edeai ^pfjrai,

avyijs, Trarpos re Kal fir/Tpos

wore

vrro TTJS fjXiaKrjs

povov

Syr.,

c.

Cf. Physiol. P VLV yivfadai TOVTOV. xvi (who adds that the Phoenix builds its nest in the month

X^P lf

T v

s. Faminoth, a Coptic word); Epiphan. in Physiol. c. xi, Eustath. Ant., p. 29 (ed. Lugd. 1677), Pseudo-Hieronym., p. 219 (ed. Venet. 1772).

Pamnuth,

Chaeremon,
i)
r)

fr.

16 eVmuroV

(poivit-.

Horap.

...
e

tyvxriv Se evravda iroXvv

i. 34 ijXtou e'orij* 6 (poivig XP VOV Swrpipovo-av /3ovXo/xej/oi

I

ir\rjfj.p,vpav,

(poiviKa TO opveov

a)ypa<povcriv

ibid.

35 Ka^ T v
icoypa-

OTTO
ii.

evr]$ eViS^//.o{!j/ra

8r)\ovvTs,
Se

vraXti' (poiviKa

TO opveov

<povo-iv

ib.

57

aTro/caraoracriz/

TroXv^pdj/ioi/

/3ouXo/xei/ot

o-T]/jLrjvai,

(poiviKa

TO opveov

a)ypa<povo~iv'

eKelvos

yap ore yevvaTai,

a7TOKarao"racris

A
C1
?

symbol of long
5

life,

Prov.

i)i

/ni)

(poiviKos CTTJ ^to>a-?7,

Luc. Hermot. 53

793)

c f-

Jb xxix.

18,

where
xl.

for

sand read Phoenix.

/mi

Cf.
rdpo'co

also
|

Nonnus Dion.

394

^uXa Krj&evra (pepwv

|

^iXter/;s o~o(pos opvis

I

eV ei>68fjL(o

o~eo /3co/zca

(polvi, Teppa

avrocnropov apxfa

TiKrerat, IO-OTVTTOIO

XP OVOV Trd\w ayperos CLKWV

fjfirjv.

\vo~as

&

ev rrvpl

yr/pas,

afulfkmu eK nvpbs

See also the Phoenix of

;

Claudian; Auson. Id. xi; Ovid, Met. xv. 402; Senec. Ep. xlii Pompon. iii. 9 Lactant. (?) Carm. Phoenice Lucian, iii. 27, 276, 350 Clem. Rom. Ep. i ad Corinth, c. 24, p. 120, &c. Solin. Polyhistor. c. 36
Mela,
;
; ; ;

Late apparitions of the Phoenix, Plin.

Suidas
;

x.

Tacit, vi. 28
is

Dio C.

Ivii

Tzetz. Chiliad, v. 6.

new Phoenix-period

said to have

commenced A. D. 139, in the reign of Antoninus Pius; and a recrudescence of astronomical symbolism associated therewith is manifested
on the coins of that Emperor. Various remedies were to be obtained from its nest, Plin. xxix. 9 (Irridere est vitae remedia post millesimum annum reditura monstrare). For further references, oriental and classical, see Bochart, Hieroz. ii.
coll.

8 1 8, 849.

On
ii.

(int. al.)

the Phoenix as an astronomical symbol of a cyclic period, see Marsham, Canon. Chron. p. 9, 387 Creuzer's Symb. i. p. 438,
;

p.

163

Lewis, Astr. of Anc., p. 283

Kenrick's Egypt of Herod.,

184

A GLOSSARY OF GREEK BIRDS

4>OINI= (continued}.
p.

100 Larcher's Herod, ii. p. 320 Encycl. Metrop., Art. Herodotus (8vo ed.), p. 249; Drummond in Class. Journal, xiv. 319; Ideler, Enchir. Chron. Math. i. p. 186. See the Bhagavad Gita, viii, for an
; ;

account of the similar cyclical 'day and night of Brahma.' For a corresponding Chinese tradition, see Martini, Histor. Sinica, cit Coray ad Heliod. p. 201 Creuzer, Symb. ii. 164 on the Persian account, cf.
;

Dalberg, 'Simorg, der Persische Phonix,' in Von Hammer's Fundgruben des Orients, i. p. 199. See also Henrichsen, De Phoenicis fabula apud
Graecos, Romanos, et populos orientales, Hafniae, 1825, 1827. In Aristid. ii. p. 107 (Jebb) the Phoenix is called 'li/St/coc 6'pi/is.

For representations of the Phoenix, see Jomard's Descr. de l'g.

Antiq.
i.

c. 5.

Cuvier, Lenz, and others, for the Golden Pheasant, a coarse materialising of a mythic symbol (Hehn). On the study and interpretation of such sacred enigmas of the ancients,
see Grote's Hist.
i.

The Phoenix has been taken by

c. 16.

subject deserves to be studied under many heads for example, the varying terms assigned to the Phoenix-period, and the various
;

The

astronomical cycles thereby indicated the relation of the Phoenix to TO devdpov, the Palm-tree (Eg. bennu = $oivi TO opveov, benne <poli>i Lauth, Sitzungsber. Bayer. Akad., 1876, p. 94) in connexion with the
;

whole symbolic imagery of the

latter

the relation of the Phoenix to the

involving also the depicting

Heron (Lauth,

I.e.;

cf.

supra

s.v. |3aiTJ6),

of the Soul as the Phoenix

Soul's wanderings.

and the question of the term assigned to the The whole subject is of great complexity, and lies

beyond the scope of

4>PYn'AOI.

this book.

An unknown bird, obscurely referred to in Ar. Av., with a play on the word 'Phrygian'; 763 cppvyiXos opvis tv6a$ eo-rai,
TOV

to be a

I conjecture it and 873 <ppvyi\fd 2a/3ai'<u. yevovs form cognate to TrepyoCW, <nre'pYouXos, &c., and to mean a Sparrow ; in which case <ppvyi\o> 2a/3a'&> is an exact parallel to
3>i\r)fJiovos
'.

o-TpovQa peydXrj
'Ltii.fringilla.

p.r)Tpl

6ewv.

Supposed

also to be connected with

<l>PYNOAO'roi,

s.

<f>pui/oX6xos

(<j>pvvrj,

a toad).

A kind
Arist.

of

Hawk,

H. A.

ix. 36,

probably a species of Harrier, Circus sp. 620 ot 8e Xetoi KCU ol (ppvvoXoyoi' OVTOI eL>/3ia>raroi

KCU x&i/iaXoTrrJjrai.

Vide

S. v.

eXeios.

Of the

various

hawks

that feed

on

reptiles, the epithet

'

'

low-flying

seems best applicable

,

to the Harriers.

Hesych.

4>OINIE

XAPAAPIOI
Aid. and

185
Schn.
7ro>i>.

<KTy=.

(MSS. have <a>u,

in

6S>vg,

Camus $ou,

7ro>uy

Anton. Lib.

c.

5; Et. M.)
;

bird of the

Heron kind

supposed to be a name

for the Bittern,

but equally applicable to the Common Heron. Arist. H. A. ix. 18, 617 of pev ovv epeoSiot TOVTOV j3iov<ri TOV
KaXovp-evr) (p&vf;
i'dtoi/

rporrov,

f]

8e

e^et Trpos raXXa'

rfj apTrr),
1.

/zaXicrra

yap

eo~Tiv 6<pda\p.o(36pos

T&v opvid&v. 7ro\ffj.ios 8e Boios ap. Anton. Lib.

edtoKfV 6 Zevs
f)

Kal

yap

fKeivrf 6[j,oioftioTOS.

C.

17

8e BovXis

eyeWo

7ro>t>y, Kal avrfj rpocpyv

o(pfo>S)

on

CK yijs (pvouevov, dXXa ((rOieiv ofpda'^p.ovs LX^VOS rj opvidos e/xeXXef AlyvTrnov TOV TratSos d(pe\ecrOai ras o^eis. Etym. M.
fj.rjo'ev

Haivyyes, at aWvtai, al K\r]delcrai /3oCyyes, irapa

TTJV ftorjv Ka\ Ivyrjv.

XAAKIAIKO'Z'
XAAKI'I.

cldos aXfurpvovos,
s. v. KU'JU

Hesych.

Vide

S.V.

aXeKTpucji', p. 24.

Vide supra,

XAPAAPIO'I.

bird conjectured to be the

Thick-knee or Norfolk

Plover, Charadrius

oedz'cnemus, L., Oedicnemus crepitans, auctt. ; so identified by Gesner, followed by Sundevall, Aubert and

Wimmer,

&c..

LXX.

to

Heb. ns3N.

Mod. Gk. rovp\i8a (Erh.). Applied by the The derivation from ^apaSpa is more
f/J.j3as

than doubtful.
Ar. Av. 265 es
ot rr]V \6xfj,r)v
Trora/xt'
|

eVw^e, ^apaSptov

fJ.ifJLOVfj.fvos

ib. 1

14!
Ib.

^apaSptot KCU raXXa

Arist.

opvea.

H. A.

viii. 3,

593

b,
of

mentioned with Xapos,

fj.ev

KCTT^O?, aWvia.
^?;pa/xovff

ix.

11,615 Tas

S' oUrjo-eis

7rep\

ras ^apaSpay Kai

noiovvrai

Kal nerpas, olov 6 Ka\ovfj.evos ^apaSptds* Kal TTJV (pavrjv (pav\0f } (paiverai Se i/^Krcap,

eWi

S'

6 ^apaSptoy Kat TTJV

xP oav

r}fj.epas 5' a7roSiSpao~/<ei.

Proverb, x a p<*8piov

fiiov ^j/,

of a glutton, Plat. Gorg. 494

TrtTrrei

(ubi Schol.

opvis TIS os afia rco iffOitai c/dtpufi). Is killed by cio~<pa\TOf Ael. vi. 46.
}

^apaSptos nrai/ou

o'Trno'af,

Phile,

De An.

According

Pr. 673. to Boios ap. Anton. Lib. c. xv,

Agron

is

metamorphosed

into the bird ^apaSptoy, the other characters in the story turning into various other nocturnal birds.

The

sight of

it is
;

through the eyes

o-uyAcXetVas e'x ft -

said to cure the jaundice, the bird catching it itself hence aTroo-rpe^erat TOVS txreptSj/ray, KCU ra op/nara [From which we may conjecture that the experiment

has never been

xvii.

fairly tried.

W. H.

T.]

Plut.

Symp.

ii.

68 1

c,

Ael.

13.

See

also

Suidas

(and Schol. in Ar. Av. 267)

Xapabpios.

opveov, els ov aTro/SXe^ai/Tes,

a>s Xdyor, of iKTepiavTes paov a7raXXaTTOi>rai* odev Kal a7roKpviTTov(nv avrovs of irnrpdo'KOVTes, Iva fjirf TTpotxa ax^eXcoirat of

KapvovTes.
Kal

"Kal

fj.^v

KaXvnTfi,

fj.S>v

^apaSptov Ttepvas ;" OVTWS

eVl
TG>J>

Trapoijui'a

evrevdev,

XapaSptoi/

/it/iou/zej/oy,

86

A GLOSSARY OF GREEK BIRDS

(continued}.
fTTfl

XAPAAPI02
OVTWS

Ev(f)povios.

yap rovs iKTfpiwvras &>0eXet

KpinrrovcriV)

6 xapaftpibs

6(p6eis,
ladfj

Kal rovrov ol
Trepte'pyws.

TTfpv&vTfs

Iva

JUT)

Trpo

etrri Se fldos

opveov

/ueTa/3ctXXdp,ei/oi/ els

TOU wvrjcraa'daL TIS ra irpOKeipeva, K.r.X.

Cf.

ucrepos.

In these mythical stories, with which compare Physiol. Syr. xv tota alba, nee ulla in ea nigredo est reperitur in regum in Eust. Hex. xxiii, Bochart, ii. p. 340, 32, Physiol. p. palatiis), Epiphan. we have to do with eastern tales of the Stork, Heb. chasad (Lev. xi. 19,
(volucris
:

Deut.
daXXos

xiv.

8) arising

In Babr. Ixxxii
:

(Ixxxviii,
is

the word

from a confusion of names. W. G. R.) Cod. Ath. has xa P a &P s f here perhaps a corrupt connexion of
l

It. calandra, which occurs in Dion. Thompson's note on Plat. Gorg. I.e.

De

Avib.

iii.

15.

Cf.

W. H.

XEIAfTNEX*
XEAIAH'N.

TCOV d\(KTpv6v<*v nves,

Hesych.

Cf.

s. v.

icdXXwy.

drina, &c.

Etymology very doubtful. Cf. Lat. hirundo, Sp. golonSupposed by some to be from Sk. rt. har, to catch or seize,' cf. Lat. hir-udo, a view somewhat akin to one much older, Isid. Orig. xii. 7 hirundo dicta est, quod cibos non sumat
'

residens, sed in acre rapiat escas et edat.

Swallow. The Chimney Swallow, Hirundo House Martin, H. urbica. Mod. Gk. xeXtdovi.
airous, SpeTrayis, KuvJ/eXos,

rustica,

and the
s.

See also

vv.

KwnXds.
753.

Dim.

x^&oi'i&eu's, Eust.
vi.

56

x c ^ l &4" lo|
210, &c.
vii.

'i

Galen,

xiv.

386

XeXi&oyis, Anth. Pal.

160,

vii.

Swallow-chick

is

called poo-xos

x<Xt8o'i>oy,

Achae. ap. Ael.

47, or opraXixos (q.

v.),

Opp. Hal.
the

v.

579.
aeto-e,

In Homer, Od. xxi. 411 f] S' wro Ka\bv bow of Ulysses), xxii. 240 \^Adr)vrj]
:

xeXi&w

elKe\r)

avdqv (of

c^er' araia(ra, ^eXiSort eiKeXrj

avrrjv

cf.

Plut. Is.

and

Osir. xvi,

ii.

357 C, where

Isis turns

by night
'Ar0t

into a Swallow.

Epithets
Kopa,

and Phrases.

moXo'Setpo?,
|

Nonn. Dion.

xii.

76.

fj.e\i6'perrre ,

Even,

xiii,

XaXo? XaXoi* dp7raacra r/TTtya (and Other epithets), Gk. Anth. i. 98. dva-yap.cs, Lucian, Traged. 49.

eXiSot,
\

Anacr.

fr.

57 ap. Hephaest.
j

vii.

39. 4, p. 22.

deivbv eVt/Spe/xerai

Arrian, Nonnus, Babr. and vide supra, s. v.

QpyKia ^6Xi8toi/, Ar. Ran. 679-68 1. XaXo?, govdrj, Babr. Fab. cxviii (cf. Rutherford's note,
6p6poy6i],

iTnraXeKTpuwi/).

Hes. Op.
fr.

et

D.
;

ii.

186.

optfpoXaXo?, Philip, xviii,

p.

Gk. Anth.
Anthol.

ii.

200.

navdiovis, Hes.

I.e.

Sappho,

88 (Bergk)

freq. in

nedoiKos,

Aesch.

45 ap. Hesych.

XAPAAPIOI
XEAIAflN
(continued).
,

XEAIASN

187

irondXos, Ar.
os,

Av. 1411

(cf.

Alcaeus,
Lye. 1460.

fr.

84,

ap.

Schol.).

Anth.

^oi/SdX^Trror,
vi.
I,

Description.
Ib.
iii.

Arist.

H. A.
Ib.
i.

5,

563,

viii.

3,

12,

Ib. ii. IJ , ^Tf TT]V KvfjfJLtJV OVK 6^61 ScKTeldV. TOV 0-Top.axov ovre TOV irpuXofiov X eL cvpvv, aAXa TTJV Koi\iav paKpav. Ib. ii. 1 5, 506 b npos Tols fVTepois e^ei r n v X^*l v The Swallow is said, like the
Kal KdKOJTOVS.
-

519 povoxpoos. Ib. IX. 3O, 6l8

487

b, ix. 30,

68

o/zotoy

592 b opvis <rapKo(payo9. TW wro&r cvnrepos

S9

Nightingale, to have no tongue, Acs. Fab. 416, &c.

West and Reproduction.

Tols Kap(j)o~i
TTTfpols Trpos
TrrjXoi/*
Tr]i>

Arist.

H. A.

ix. 7,

6l2 b

(TvyKaTcnrXeKei

yap

Kav drropiJTai TrqXoC, /3pe^ov(Ta avTrjv

TL 5e <rn/3ao7roieiTai Kaddirfp of

KoXivfte'iTat ro'is

Koviv.

avdpunoi, ra cr/cX^pa
Trepl re

Trpcora viroTiQtlcra KCU

TW

/zeye^et (Tvp.p,Tpov noiov<ra -rrpos avrrjv.

SI^<B(TI
S'

TTJV rpofprjv To>v TfKvoav (Kiroveirai afj.(poTpa'

exarepa) dta.TTjpovo'a.
KOTTpov TO p.^v

TIVI

<rvvr)6fia

TO 7rpoetXr/(pop,

OTTCO?

^17

51? \dj3rj.

Kai rfjv

7rp5)Tov avTal
rouff

eK^d\\ov(nvt

OTO.V S' av^rjOSxri, p.eraa'rpe^oi'ras' e^o> 8i8acr/<oi;(rt

vfoTTovs irpoievm.

ticular to the
Plut.
dls

House
An.
ii.

Martin.)

(This accurate account evidently refers in parCf. Ael. iii. 24, 25, Antig. Mirab. 37 (43),
d.

De

Soil.

966

Arist.

H. A.

vi. 5,

563 p.6vov

ro>z/

o-apK.o<pdyav

nests of the Swallow, House Martin are adequately described by Plin. x. (33) 44.

veoTTvi.

The

and Sand Martin

TTJV

Phile,

De

An. Pr.

(20)

454 evavTiav
(int. at.)

Se $curi

TJJ

TWV opveav,

p,iiv

avT&v

evpedrjvai KCU ^evrjv.

For poetic references see

;

however, by a recent emendation, no longer apt Rev. 1891, p. 90) Antip. Sid. Ixiii, Gk. Anth.
TCKV&V
|

Ar. Av. 1151 (which quotation is, cf. Rutherford, Class.

:

ii.

23

^eXtSoi/,
Ivii,

/nT/repa

apTi

(re

6d\irov(rav TraiSa? vrro Trrepvyi

^eXiSeoi',
iii.
|

Agath.
yeicra

Gk. Anth.
I

iv.

23 eVtrpu^ei 8e
ii,

KapfacrL KO\\TJTOV

Trrj^ap.ei'r]

fldXapov

Theaet.

Schol.
^eXi^coi/

Gk. Anth.

214

KOI

(pi\6jrais

VTTO
:

dopovs Tevt-ao-a

e<yova ir/yXo^roi? geivodoKel ^aXajLtoI?

Marc. Argent, xxiv, Gk.

|

Anth.

ii.

248

fjdrj

KOI (piKoreKvos VTTO rpauXottri ^eXiScor,

l

^eiXecri Kap<piTi]v

7rrj\odofjifl

ddXapov
o'lKia.

Anth. Pal.

X.
ii.

rjdrj

de TrXacrcrci p,ev V7r<i)po<pa yvpa

Nonn. Dion.
|

132 Kal poftov dyyeXXovtra KOI dvde(pi\rj

i
I

tparqv

eVo-o/uat

elapivolo
p,e\os

Ze(f>vpoio
l<

^eXi8a>j',

(pQeyyopevrj,

XaXoy
KaXirjv:

opvLS,
cf.

VTTWpocpirjs

ibid, xlvii. 30.

p,vpop.evais
rje

r)Xv f PX 7?fy P VTepoevTi nepLaKaipovcra Opp. Hal. i. 729 ^e KCU ciapivfjcri ^eXiSdo-ty

cyyvs eKVpfre
(pS>Tfs

ea
:

Tewa, rare

(r(pio~t

\rjto~o~avTo

e^

evvrjs

rj

dnr)Vs

dpaKovres

cf. ibid. v.

579.
xii (ed.

See also the Fable of the

Rutherford).

Nightingale and the Swallow, Babr.

Migration.
Arist.

H. A.

viii. 16,

600

(pwXovo-i de TroXXol KCU

T>V

opvi-

Qwv, Kal ov% &s Ttves otorrotj els dXfeivovs TOTTOVS direpxovra.1 TrdvTfS' aXX* 01 p,v iT\T)a'iov ovTfs ToiovTow TOTTWV, fv ols del 8ia/zej>ovcn, KOI IKT^VOI Kal ^cXiSdj/e? a7ro^copoO(rti/ evTavda, ol fie Troppcorepw ovres TO>V TOIOVTGDV OVK
KTOTriov(Tiv

dX\a

Kpv7TTOV<riv cavTOvs.

fjdr]

yap

wp-fievai TroXXat

88

A GLOSSARY OF GREEK BIRDS

(continued}.
Tra/iTrai/.

XEAIAflN
i(rli>

ev dyyet'ois e^tXcD/iei/ai

Cf. Plin. x. (24) 34 in vicina

abeunt

apricos secutae

montium

recessus, inventaeque

iam sunt

ibi

Claudian, Eutrop. i. 118 Vel qualis gelidis In reference to pruinis Arboris immoritur trunco brumalis hirundo. the migration, see also Aesch. fr. 48 nedoiKos (i. e.

deplumes

nudae atque pluma labente

Arch, xxvi, Gk. Anth.

ii.

86 alav

o\r)v VTJVOVS re
:

The Swallow
1

as the bird of returning Spring

opdpoyoT] Hav$iov\s wpro ^eXiScov

Hes. Op.

et

D. 568

(ii.

86) TOV 8e

p.er'

es (pdos avdp&Trois, eapos

veov iarajj-evoio.

Simon. 74 (l2l) ap. Schol. Ar. Av. 1410 ayyeXe K\vra

Kvavea
\

eapos ddvodpov, I oTav rjpos oopa

^eXifiot.

Stesich.

fr.

45 (Bergk) ap. Eust.

v/zi/eiv,

II.

IO.

K.e\a8fj ^fXificoi/.

Ar.

Pax 800

orav

rjpivd p.ev (puvfj

|

Id. Eq. 4^9 o"/ce\^ao"^e rraldes' ov% 6pa$' XaSry. eopa Av. 714, &c. Ael. i. 52. Babr. 131. Cf. Ovid, Fasti, Hor. Ep. i. 7, 13, ii. 853 Fallimur an veris praenuntia venit hirundo &c. Cf. also a well-known vase (first figured in Mon. Inst. Corr.
Id.
:

Archeol.
Avr^r.

ii.

pi.

xxiv) with the inscription 'iSou x^tSd)f.

NJ? TOV 'HpaxXea.

"Eap fjdr). How the Swallows come with the wind xeXiSoiuas or Favonius,Theophr.
vii.

H. P.

15, i, Plin.
p.
1

ii.

47.

53 orav Se ro cap TrapajSaX?; Trpurr} irpoveiaiv' ws av e'irroi diroSeiKviiovcra TWV epyw eKaora, Kai orav ye (paivrjTai oi/SeTrore e(rjrepas

Artemid.

aSet, dXX'
o-Kovo-a

eoidev

T]\IOV
:

dvl(r)(OVTOs

ovs av
iii.

5>VTas KaraXa/i/Sapoi

{jTrofMifivfj-

T>V epyoav
\

cf.

Nonn. Dionys.

13

/ecu

Xiyup^,

/tiepoTreo-o-i
|

crvveaI

rios, etapi Krjpvt;,

opOpiov virvov cipepve XaXos rpu^oucra ^eXiScov

dvrKpavrjS

Apul, Florid,

ii.

13

cantum hirundinibus matutinum

:

&c., &c.
:

Hence invoked at the Spring festival of the Thesmophoria Ar. Thesm. I o> Zev, ^eXiScbi/ apa nore (pavf/aerat cf. Ar. fr. 499 rrvdov x c Xt5cbj/
TTY]VLK
S.

arra (paiverai (Eratosth. ap. Schol. Plat. p. 371

the Swallow
x. 4,
1.

vide also Suid.

V. ttTTa).

How
Pausan. Pausan.
capta

is

visible in

Egypt

all

the year, Herod,

ii.

22,

c.

but never stays to nest in Daulis, the country of Tereus, Neither does it visit Thebes, quoniam urbs ilia saepius
;

sit

x. (24)

On

nor Bizya, in Thrace, propter scelera Terei, Plin. iv. (n) 34 it goes, however, to rap Karca e^as, Babr. Fab. cxxxi. Swallows used as messengers, Plin. x. (24) 34.
; ;

18,

Proverb.

p,[a

^eXiScbi/

cap ov

Troicl,

Arist. Eth. Nic.

;

i.

6.

1098 (from

Cratin., according to

Cramer, An. Par. i. 182) cf. Ar. Av. 1417. The Rhodian Swallow Song, x e ^ l &o i/ta JJLa sung in the month Boedromion (?), Athen. viii. 360 c ^X0', rjXde x*XiS&>i/, K a\as a>pas ayova-a,\
>
|

KaXovs eviavrovs,
TCLV

eVi
\
|

yaorepa
i.

\evKii,

eVt va>ra peXaiva

\

.
\

avoiy avoiye

Bvpav

^eXiSdi/i*

ov yap yepovre's
p. 165,

eVftej/,

dXXa
iii.

TratSt'a

emended by
Cf. Eustath.

Ilgen, Opusc. Phil.

Bergk, P. Lyr.

p. 671.

1914, 45-

XEAIAflN

189

XEAIAflN

(continued}.

In Sappho, fr. (52) 88 rl /*e Uav8inv\s wpdva xeXt8o>i>, we have perhaps a fragment of a Swallow-song.' This difficult line is variously read and interpreted Hesychius gives <u 'pdvva xfXiSo>i>- opocpfj, but the gloss
'
:

is,

in

my

opinion,

Vossius, reads S>"pawa

fragmentary and meaningless Bergk, after Is. I venture to suggest &pa vea, as in Ar. Eq. 419,
: ;

which latter line is itself probably a fragment of a Swallow-song. Another fragment of a Swallow-song perhaps exists in Horn. Carm. Min. XV. 1 1 vevfj-ai rot, i/eu/zcu eViavtnoy, wore ^eXiScov earrjK ev irpodvpois In the Rhodian Swallow-song already referred to, two very ^/t\T) Tj-dSay.
|

curious features are the alternate balance or

lines

'

'

parallelism
:

of successive

and the apparent influence of accent on rhythm the text has been much emended by commentators, in order to obtain a more
It is
drj

accurate scansion than the song ever, perhaps, possessed. suggest yet other emendations for instance in 11. 17, 18 av
:

easy to
rt,
\

(pepys

pey av rt drj tpepoio seems better than the common reading p.eya 8rj rt. At the very best some of the lines (in their present state) seem to have little rhythm and not much sense.

modern
p.ov

^fXefidi/ia-p-a,
|

Fauriel, Chants de la Grece mod.,

|

i.

p. xxviii
|

^fXiSoj/a e'p^erai

aV

TTJV a&Trprjv 6d\a<T(Tav'

Ka6r)(re /cat XaX?7<re.

Mapr?7,
TraXe

Mdprr)

KaXe
|

Kai <p\i@dpr] <p\if3fp

K av
\

^iort'o-7/y,

K av Trovricrrjs

According to Bent (Cyclades, 1885, p. 434) the Swallow-song is still Cf. sung in Kythnos (Thermia) and in Macedonia, on March I. Grimm, D. Myth. p. 723 Swainson, Prov. Names of British Birds,
;

p. 50, &c.,

&c.

Cf. also the

Kopdmafxa, supra,
of Itylus.
6' tis
\

s.

v.

A
IV.

Melancholy Bird.

The myth

Agath.
\

xii,

Gk. Anth.
. . .

8 d/jLCpiTrepiTpv^ovari ^eXiSoyfy, cs "\TV\OV K\aioiT Kar oupea, Kal yodoire

e/xe

8d<pv

jSaXXouo-t.

aXX'

enoiras KpavafjV av\iv e'0e^o/nej/at.

<pa>vq\
5ai/>ia
iii.

Mnasalc.
Trjpeos ov

ix,

Gk. Anth.
ix.

i.

QffjiiToov

d^apeva

125 rpavXa purvpoft&a, Havdiovl rrap6(Vf, TITTTC jrava/iepioj yndeis dva Xe^ecav.
|

X\td6v 39 ovde

57 Uavdiovl xa/z/xope Kovpa, TOCTOV dprjvrjcrfv dv wpea paKpd ^eXiScoi/.

Anth. Pal.

p-vpo^fva

Mosch.

Nonn. Dion, passim,

&c., &c.

The Itylus-myth has been already discussed s. vv. drjEwc and eiro\|r. In the association together of the Swallow and the Nightingale, a curious The feature is the similarity of the poetical epithets applied to both.
epithet Ilavdiovis,

and the inclusion of Pandion

in the

myth, whatever

they

exactly mean, seem to me to have something to do with the festival of the Jlai/fita, which took place at Athens /xero ra Aiovvaia that is to say, at or near the Vernal Equinox, and not far (Photius)

may

from the time when the xeXi6cmo>ia is still sung. The statement of Photius that Ilavdia is a name for the Moon, is also of great interest,

190
XEAIAflN

A GLOSSARY OF GREEK BIRDS

(continued}.

especially in connexion with the Swallow's relation towards the undoubtedly solar e7ro\^.

Deprived of Sleep.
Tip.o)piav 8e

Hesiod

ap. Ael.

V. H.

xii.

20 ryv Se
8e TOV VTTVOV TO

OVK cs TO Trai/reXes dypvirvelv KOI TavrrjV)

fjfjiio~v'

aTroftefiXrjKevai

apa ravrrjv
eKeli/o

KTLVOVO~I 8ia TO Trddos TO ev QpaKT] KararoXadeo-fj-ov.

p.rj6ev

TO es TO delnvov

TO

Cf. Himerius, Orat.

iii.

3, p.

432

d<pir]fj.i

de KOL rat? ^eXtSoai raty 'Arrt/cais TOV pvdov fKelvov TOV QpqKiov.

Other Myths and Legendary Allusions.

How the
;

mother brings

to

her young, being blind at first, sight by means of a certain herb Ael. ii. 3, iii. 24, (xeXidoi/ioj/), for which men have often sought in vain
Phil. 20.
Cf. Arist.

H. A.

ii.

17,

508

b, VI. 5,

563 TUV oe

i/eorroii/

av TLS

en

veaiv

OVTW
:

TTJS

xeXiSoi/os ra opifiara (KKevTrjay, yivovrai vyieis KOL fi\e-

nova-iv vo-Tfpov

also

De

Gen.

iv.6.

774 b
'

Antig. Mirab. 72 (78), 98 (106)

Plin.

viii.

27.

On
cf.

the

^fXiSoi/i'a

or

epilepsy, &c., see

79, xxxvii. 56;
'

Theoph. Nonn.

Swallow-stone,' a cure for blindness, 36, Diosc. ii de hirundine, Plin. xi.

Evangeline, I. ii. 133 'the wondrous stone which the Swallow Brings from the shore of the sea to restore the sight of its Baring- Gould, Myths of the M. Ages Lebour, Zoologist, fledglings c. Hence the ashes of Swallows are a remedy xxiv. p. 523, 1866, for cataract, Plin. xxix. 38 Galen, De Fac. Simpl. Med. Ch. Boiled
; ;

swallow, a remedy for the bite of a

How
children
vtpQev
P.TJTTJP

mad dog, Plin. xxviii. (10) 43. the mother immolates herself over the bodies of her dead
:

Opp. Hal.

v.

579

o>? S' OTTOT'

opraXt'^oio-i ^fXt

i>7re

6p6(poio ru^eoj/ o(pis ay^i TreXatra-^

|

Kai rot/y
|

p,e

de Trp&Tov p.ev aTvop.(vrj SeSoi^rai

|

ore TralSa? aOpfjar) (pdipevovs,

VTral yfvvfffO'i 8pa.KovTOS
\

f)

5*

Xoiyta rerptyuta fpovov yoov' aXX OVKTI <pui,v oXedpov Si'^erai, aXX' avrfjcriv
\

eiXetrai p.eo'fi opviv

\rj

TraidoKTOvos

IITT).

The
pevrj.

twittering of

Swallows likened to the speech of barbarous

tongues, Aesch. Ag. 1050 ^e\idovos dUijv dyi>a>ra (pwvrjv j3ap/3apov KKTT)~ Ar. Av. 1 68 1 fii) ^a/3pa^et (s. /3a/3aei, /3an'^a, jSav^tt, rtrv^tfn,
6 fidpftapos, cf. Ion. ap. &c.) y axrirfp ai ^tXi5oi'$-. Hence 6 xe\i8a)v Schol. Ar. Av. 1680; Ar. Ran. 680. Similarly, Eur. Alcmen. fr. 91 KOI davvfra -noiovvXeXf8oi>coj/ novaela, explained by Hesych. o>r /3dp/3apa

TUP TMV rpayiKad/:

also Suidas.
XaXeii/
|

cf.

Ar. Ran. 93

xeXiSoi/a>i> fiouaeia, XwfirjTal

el

lf' Tf\ vr

See
KOL

Cf. Nicostr. 3.
rjv

288 (Mein.)

TO avvex&s
\

KO.L

noX\a

TOV (ppovetv 7rapdo~r)uov, ai \e\i86vs

eXfyovr' av

fjfj.a>v

The Pythagorean

injunction

^AiSom

cv olida

fie'^co-^oi,

Pythag.

ap. Iambi. Adhort., xxi, may be thus understood of foreigners : Arist. fr. 192, 1512 b, Hesych. roureWi XdXous dv6pa>7rovs o/jLvpocpiovs fj-f) Other explanations in Plut. Symp. viii. 7 x ^ l ^^ v Tf] ^>^" ft
,

TraptiSeiy^ca

TOV

dj3f/3ai'ou Kai

d%apio~TOV

'.

Diog. Lacrt.

Viii. I7j

XEAIAflN

191

XEAIAilN
p. 578,
i,

[continued-].

Clem. Alex. Strom,

v. p.

238,

c.

Vide

Class. Rev. 1891, pp.

230.

Swallows commonly building within the house, consult Darnel, p. 40, 1819, and recent travellers: on their entering ancient temples, cf. Clem. Alex. Protrept. iv. 52.

On

Tour through Greece,

How

the Swallows restrain the overflow of the Nile

Thrasyllus in

Aegyptiac. ap. Plut.

De

Fluv. Nil.

ii.

1159

yei>i>>vT<u de KOI a'XXoi Xtfot,

^eXiSoj/es', KaracTKevd^ovo'i

KoAXa>Tes KoXovfufvoi' TOVTOVs, Kara rfjv dcrefteiav TOU Nei'Xou, o-vXXeyovaai TO 7rpoo~a.yopev6fj.evoi> ^\tdovtov rei^ofj onep eVe^ei

TOU vSaros TOV poio/', Kal OUK e'a KaTaK\vo~p.M <pdeipeo~dai rfjv %a>pav. Cf. Plin. x. (33) 49. Cf. also Ogilby's Fables of Aesop, 1651, p. 54, tit. N.

and Q. (7) v. p. 346. There is perhaps an

allusion to this legend in the story of the building of the Tf"ixs in Ar. Aves, in which account we may note the references not only to the Swallow but to Egypt and Egyptian birds. This con-

jecture is partly based on Rutherford's demonstration (supra cit.) that there is no distinct reference to mud-^/-building on the part of the

Swallow

in v. 1151. Arist.

White Swallows.

H. A.

iii.

12,

519 orav ^vxn yiyvrjTat

/LtSXXoj/,

Cf. De Color, vi. 798, Theophr. De Sign. vi. 2, Alex. \evKos yiveTui. White Swallow in Samos (connected with Mynd. ap. Ael. x. 34.

the story of recovered sight), Arist. ap. Ael.

xvii. 20,

Antig. Mirab.

120 (132).
Is hostile to bees, Ael.
i.

58

(cf. ibid. v. II,

Phile, 650)

01 6e

[/ueXm-oup-

yoi] rfjv ^eXiSora aldol rijs p.ov(TiKr)S (cf. Ael. vi. 19) OVK cEarOKrctyoiun, KCIITOI paStW av avrrjv TOVTO dpdcravres' aTro^pn &e avrols Ka>\viv rfjv ^eAiSoi/a
Tr\r)<rlov r5)v <rip.p\a>v

KaXiuv vnonrjgai.
6, Plut.
(ri\(pai
:

Cf. also Virg. G. iv. 15

Chaucer,

P. of Fowles, 353, 'the swalow,

mordrer of the bees

976 C, Phile, 713
i.
;

small,' &c.

tures Ttrrtye?, Ael. viii. Hostile to tit., p. l86.

at nqrepes aeXivov

ii.

cf.
oi'a

Even,

xiii,

Capsupra

Ael.

37
xv.

al o-iXfpai TO.

d8iKou<nv' OVKOVV

KofJirjv

?rpoj3aXXoj/rai

TCOJ>

ftpeffxav, Kal eKeivais

TO fVTfvdev

a/3ara eVni/

cf.

Phile, 738,
fr.

Geopon.

I.

Is

fond of ivy (a Dionysiac

\

plant) Eurip.
p.ovo~elov.

Alcm.

91 TTO\VS

8' di/etp7re

KKTO-OS, tv<f>vr)s K\dSos,

^eXiSoi/a)!/

In Augury. Ael. x. 342 Ti/iarat Se ^eXiSobj/ Qtois fjLV)(iois Kal 'A(ppoSi'r?7. Swallows nesting in the general's tent were (very naturally) an evil omen, as in the cases of Alexander, son of Pyrrhus and Antiochus, Ael.
17

1.

but by returning to the citadel foretold the safe home-coming of Dionysius (1. c.). See also Ar. Lys. 770 dXX' OTTOTOV TTT^COO-I ^eXiSoj/e?
c.
:

ei? ei/a

x&pov
S'

TOVS eTronas
|

(f)evyovo~cii ) a7rd(r^aji'rai
|

re (paXrjTcov
|

TravXa KCLK)V
de dtao-Ta>o-iv
\

eorai, ra

VTTf'prepa vepTepa tfqcrei

e'
\

Zet/s v\^i/3pe/zeVj;9

fjv

KOI dvaiTTOiVTai TTTfpvyeo-criv

tepoO vaolo ^eXiSot/es', OVKCTI 86get

:

opveov ovd*

OTIOVV KaTairvyuvfo-repov clvai

the above passage

is

entirely mystical

192
XEAIAflN

A GLOSSARY OF GREEK BIRDS

(continued}.

and obscure.
'

How

Swallows that had

built in Cleopatra's galley

Ix,
i.

were

expelled by others before Actium, Plut. Anton.

Cl., Swallows in Cleopatra's sails that fluttered round Alexander's

944 a

cf.

Ant. and

Have

built their nests.' The Swallow head as an omen of treachery, Arr.

elvai

Anab.

i.

25

rfjv

yap ^eXiSoi/a <rvvTpo<pov re

rj

opviQa Ka\ evvovv dv0pa>nois

p. 231.

Koi \d~\ov /iaXXoy

aXXrjv opvi&a.

See Class. Rev. 1891,

A
rai
|

Arat. Phen. 944 17 \L^vr]v nepi drjda ^eXiSoi/es' aiWoi/TVTTTOVO-CII avras flXevpf^ov iJScop cf. Theoph. Sign. vi. I, yaarepi

Sign of Rain.

Virg. G. i. 377Fables. The Swallow

and the Nightingale, vide

s.

v.

drjSwi/.

The

Swallow and Eagle, Plut. ii. 223 F. The Wise Swallow and the Hen, Acs. 342 (ed. Halm). The Crow and the Swallow, TO pev <rbv *aXXo?
TTJV eapivf]V

&pav

dvdf't,

TO

fie

e/J-ov 0-co/za

KOI

^ei/zooi/i

TraparetWrai, Acs. 415*

eiroirjo-as, el rffv

The Crow
ciX f ?) OTTOV

(or the

Swans) and the Swallow,

rl

av

y\S>TTav

TfjiTjdfia-rjs

roo-avra XaXety, Acs. 416,

416 b.

The Swallow and

other Birds, Acs. 417, 417 b. The Swallow building in the Law-court, ev?7, on evda ItAvttt diKaiovvrai, \iovt] fyutye rjdiKrjiJiai, Aes. 4^j ot/zoi rj7 418 b cf. Babr. 118. The Swallow out of due season, Babr. 131.
:

XEAQNO<l>A'roi.
suggests the
said to be

A
now

Lammergeier.

kind of Eagle or Vulture, Hesych. In Sparta the name

The name
xf\a>vidprjs is

applied to Aquila imperialis, but surely not to

the exclusion of the Lammergeier.

The Lammergeier does indeed eat tortoises, as has been mentioned above and it may accordingly be held that the name x\&vo(f)dyos
;

is

manifestly so simple a descriptive term as to throw doubt on my astronomical interpretation of the Eagle that slew the Serpent

or the Swan.
the Tortoise
the Eagle as
is

But
is

it

is

curious to note that the constellation of

placed in very much the same relation to that of that of the Swan moreover the Tortoise forms
:

part of the constellation Lyra, another name for which is the Vulture, and to the latter 'bird' the Eagle is said also to be
hostile.
It
is

only natural that those astronomical

'

'

hostilities

should be the most

commented

on, which are

somewhat

akin to

zoological fact or possibility.

XE'NNION, s. A kind of Quail, eaten pickled by the Egyptians. Athen. ix. 393 c piKpov S' eo-ni/ oprvyiov cf. Cleomen. and Hipparch. Pall. Alex, xxi, Gk. Anth. iii. 119 fj^ls 6' e<r6iop.v KK\TJibi cttt., &c.
:

xmW.

p.VOL a\p,vpa Triivra

^fwia KOI rvpovs, ^T/VOS aXiora XI'TTJ/. According Bent (Cyclades, 1885, p. 128) potted or pickled quails are still eaten
\

to
in

XEAIAflN

XHN

193

XENNION
to

(continued}.

Santorini. Jablonsky,

De Voc.

Egypt., ap. Steph. Thes., suspects xeWtoi/

have been a
i.

locust,

Eg. sche.

See also Hercher

in Jahn's

Annal.

1856, Suppl.

p. 285.

XH'N.

Goose.

Sk. hansa, hamsa, L. (fi)anser. v x^ v X avs or X VS ( c ^ PW) ; Ger. Gans. Lat. ganta (the small wild northern species, Plin. x. (22) 27 ; also Venant. Fortunat, Miscell. a borrowed word ; cf. O. H. G. ganzo
vii. 4,

M =

n,

teste

Keller)

is

(Keller), Engl. gannet.

The connexion
Gk. Anth.
\-qvdpiov,
\t\viov,
iv.

with

x^
;

is

doubtful (Curt.).

An

irreg. plur. in

258 (A. P. vii. 546) w irrrjvas Hdn. Epim. 150 x^l^ 6 "?, Ael.

r)Kpo@6\ie x>ay.
vii.
?,

Dim.
;

47, Eust. 753. 56

3.

Menipp. ap. Athen. 664 e;

;

x^"

Eubul.
:

211.

In Horn, frequent usually with the epithet apyos cf. x a P 07rov X ava ) Antip. Sid. Ixxxviii, Gk. Anth. ii. 31. The Geese in the Odyssey are tame birds, Od. xv. 161, 174, xix. 536, in the Iliad always wild, II. ii. 460,
xv. 690.

Remains of the bird are not known from ancient Troy or Mycenae (Schliemann and Virchow, teste Keller, Th. d. cl. Alt., p. 288).
Description.
.

Arist.

H. A.

ii.

I,

499

t^ouo-i

8ia pecrov

T>V

o-^ifr/Liarcoz/
ii.

Ael.

xi.

37

opvis o-reyavoTrovs KOL 7rAarua>ia>.

Arist.

H. A.
rrjv

17,

509

evpiis KOI TrXarus, drrcxpuaSes'

rjv,

oXiyai Karoo$ez> Kara

o^eia Trpo&cpaTOS
TJ.

TOV evrepov

aldoiov (pavep&Tepoj/ orav

TJ

Ib. vi. 2,

560 b

rat

KaraKoXvp^oixnv

ibid. 8,

564

ai 6r)\iai eVoaa^bua-i povai, KOI dia-

8ia TTdvrbs efpfftpcvovorai, oravnep Spfanrrcu TOVTO iroiflv

Trept rpiaKoj/^'
f]fj.epas:

cf.

7, I.

Their splay

feet alluded to,

ibid. 6, 563 I Varro, De R. R. iii. 10, Colum. viii. Ar. Av. 1145. The goose's cackle is

expressed by xyvifav, Diphil. 4. 413, na'mra&iv, J. Pollux, Lat. gingrire, Festus its splashing movements in the water by TtXaTvyifav, Eubul.
;

3.

260.

Eggs.
earivj &>s
fr.

Eriph. ap. Athen.

ii.

58 b
(prjai

<aa

\evKa ye
rr]V

KOI /neyaXa.

B. Xn vet>

JJLO\

8oKel'
1.

OVTOS 8e
c.,

ravra

Arfiav reKelv.
v. 14.)

(Cf.

Sappho,
fr.

566, ap. Athen.

diov re XTJI/OS

Clem. Alex. Homil.

Simon,

nB

(I.e.)

Ael. xiv. 13.

cf.

The

Maiavdpiov. Were not eaten by the Indians, Fable of the Golden Egg, Aesop, ed. Halm 343 b ;
weoi/

Keller, Gesch. d. Gr. Fab. p.

346

et seq.

8iafJ.ei^ovT(s TOV Tavpov TO opos dedoLKaai TOVS derouy, KCU eK.ao~TOS yf ai/Twv \iOov eVSaKovres , tva p.r) KXafacriv, p.jBa\6vT($ CrfplCTl (TTO/JLLOV, dldTTeTOVTCll (rKOTTWVTfS, Kal TOVS &(T7Tfp OVV

Migrations.

Ael. V. 54

01

de

x*l vfs

afToits TO. TroXXa ravrj] SiaXavQdvovai.

De

Soil.

Anim.

p.

967

Phile,
Isis,

Sacred to Osiris and

Cf. Dion. An. Pr. xv. Pausan. x. 32, 16

De

Avib.

ii.

Pint.

De

also Philip. Thess. 10 (Gk. Anthol.

ii.

cf. Juv. vi. 540; see ; 197) TroXiov x^ v ^ v &vyos ewdpo-

194

A GLOSSARY OF GREEK BIRDS

(continued}.
:

XHN

/3iW

whose

priests
Sic.
i.

used
70,

it

as

food, Herod,

ii.

37
i.

as

did

the

Pharaohs, Diod.

and the sacred

cats, ibid.

84.

of the Capitol, sacred to Juno, Diod. Sic. xiv. 116 ; Ael. xii. Liv. v. 47, Cicero pro Roscio, 20, Virg. Aen. viii. 655, Plin. x. 26, Cf. ref. to the bird's watchfulness, Arist. xxix. 14, Ovid, Fasti, i. 453.

The Geese
;

32

cf.

H. A.

i.

i,

488 b

ftpveov alaxvvrrjKov

KOI <pv\aKTiKov
tit.

also noted in the

Vedas (Zimmer, Alt.-ind. Leben, 'the waker goose.' Its wisdom,

xi.

p. 90,

Keller) ; cf. also Chaucer, Ael. v. 29, cf. Ovid, Met. viii. 684,

599 canibus sagacior anser. Sacred to Venus in Cyprus (Cesnola, Cyprus,

pl.,vi)

and

to Priapus,

Petron. Sat. 136, 137.

The Goose was sacrificed to Isis and Osiris in Autumn (Paus. 1. c.), as by the ancient Germans to Woden at Michaelmas (Keller, op. c. p. 301). An erotic bird a goose enamoured of a boy, Ael. v. 29 of a musiCf. Ael. iv. 54 cian, ibid. i. 6; and of a philosopher, ibid. vii. 41. Plut. Mor. 972 F. A lover's gift, Ar. Av. 707. Athen. xiii. 606 c Hence, in Mod. Gk., a term of endearment, xn va IJLOV iraTrnLa p.ov
;
;

Ar. Vesp. 297, ,&c.). Portends, in the birth of a wanton maid, Artemid. Oneirocr. iv. 83. dream-prophecy, c. On sacrifices of Goose-fat as an aphrodisiac, Plin. xxviii. (19) 80,
(TraTTiria
cf.

meaning a duck, but

the Goose vide Gust. Wolff, Porphyr.

Reliq., Berlin, 1856;
cf.

De

Phil.,

Ex

Orac. Haur. Libr.

Philologus xxviii. p. 189, 1869. On the erotic symbolism of the Goose, see (int. at.) Creuzer, Symb. iv. p. 423. Tame Geese also mentioned, Soph. Fr. 745 ndavov 8e xn va KC" **purrcpdv, e<f)CTTiov oiKeTiv re. Eubul. ap. Athen. xii. 519 KOI yap TTOO-O* KO.\\IOV,
iKereua), rpe(peiv
KCI\
\

avdpuirov ear' avdpconov av

exi)

/3i'oi/,

?j

X*l va

wXaruyioi/ra

Ke^vora: cf. Plut. Mor. 958 E. They were kept in the temples; Artemid. I.e. lepol yap oi x*l ves * " va is avaTpefpopevoi. Brought as gifts to the Indian king, Ael. xiii. 25.
e>

/ze,

Fatted Geese, Epigen. ap. Athen. ix. 384 Sxrirep x^va a-irevrbv erpf<pf &C. Eubul. 2re</>. ibid. trv xnvus rjirap P a ^- Alex, tyvxrjv fX fls
JJLTJ 77
'-

xxi,

119 x^vbs dXtora Xi-rrrj: cf. Juv. v. 114, Colum. xiv. 8, &c. favourite food of the younger Cyrus, Xen. Anab. i. 9, 26. Given by the Egyptians to Agesilaus, Athen. 1. c. Brought from
iii.

Gk. Anth.

Boeotia to the Athenian market, Ar. Ach. 878, Pax 1004 kept likewise in Macedonia and in Thessaly, Plat. Gorg. 471 C, Polit. 264 C. Cf. Plut. ii. 2 loc, Plin. x. (22) 27, &c.
;

They were

Caes. Bell. Gall.

kept, but not eaten, by the Celtic inhabitants of Britain, v. 12 ; very much as at the present day.
fjirara, cf. (int. al.}

On

goose-livers x^i/em

Athen.
8,

ix.

384, Plut.

ii.

Geopon. xiv. 22, Plin. x. 52, Hor. xiii. 58, and many Comic fragments.
ap. Athen,
1.

Sat.

ii.

88, Juv. v. 114,

965 a Mart,

c.,

Diod.

i.

74

A goose-herd, X^O^OO-KOS, Cratin. a goose-farm or goose-pen,

XHN
XHN
(continued}.
iii.

XHNAAnnHE

195

Varro, R. R.

10,
;

I,

^i/ojSoo-Kioi/,

Geopon.

xiv. 12,

i,

xTji/orpo^etoj',

Colum.

viii. i,

cf.

^"ojScon'a, plat. Polit.

264 C.
cf.

On

goose-fat, or goose-flesh, in medicine, Plin. xxix. 38, Nicand. Alex.

ii.

228, Celsus,

18,

c.

the blood, in medicine, ibid. xxix. 33,

Diosc.

On the use and value of the 30, Galen, Comp. Medic, xi. i. feathers and down, Plin. x. 53 ; cf. Hesych, pvovs' TO XfTTTorarov Trrfpov,
Alexiph.
c.

Kvpi&s Se rS)V xyvav.

Eubul. UpoKp.

'

i.

(3.

247 M), yaXa

x'fwfc,

pigeons' milk,' of an un-

known

luxury.

Destructive to the crops, Babr. 13, Aesop, 76. Arat. 1021 KOI x*i vs KXayyqSoj/ faety6p**eu Ppapolo Cf. Theophr. Sign. vi. 3 Xtipwvos p.eya a-rjua. Geopon. i. 3, 9 ; Avien.

A weather prophet,
;

Aratea, 432

Suid.
:

Capture by decoys, Dion. De Avib. iii. 23 see also Nemes. Cyn. 314. Killed by laurel, ddcpvr) and pododdcpvr), Ael. v. 29, Phile, De An. xv. Use the herb sideritis as a remedy, Plin. viii. 27. The Oath of Socrates, vrj TOV xn va probably for vfj TOV Zijva. cf. Ar. Av. 521 an oath prescribed by Rhadamanthus (Suid.). Cf. Philostr.
>
; ;

vi,

De

Vita Apoll.

c.

9; Cratin. xn v
-

2.

155 (Mein.)

ols r\v peyia-Tos opKos\

airavTi Xoycp KVOW, eVeira

Associated with Aquarius, in a representation of the month of February (doubtless with reference to Juno, cf. s. v. raws), Graev. Thes. Ant. Rom. viii. 97 cf. Creuzer, Symb. iii. p. 626.
;

a further account of the Goose in classical art and mythology, O. Keller, Thiere d. Cl. Alterth., pp. 286-303.

See

for

XH'N* 6

fjiixpos,

dyeXaios.

wild species, unidentifiable, mentioned in Arist. 593 b I2 597 b.

> >

H. A.

viii.

3,

XHNAAfl'nHE,
Ael.
vii.

s.

x*)'<&<4,

J.

xr '^M'> Hesych.
l l

Dim.

x'n^aXwireKiScus,

47.

The Egyptian Goose, Chenalopex

TTTjveXox//-

This and aegyptiaca, Steph. are both probably renderings of an Egyptian word, cor-

Arist.

rupted by false etymology. H. A. viii. 3, 593 b, mentioned

fjiiKpbs x*l v

among

the heavier web-footed

birds, after 6
s>

Ael. V. 30 e^et fjicv yap TO eldos TO TOV KOI tVri /ueV rravovpyiav 5e diKaioTdTa dvTiKpivoiTO av TTJ aXcoTreKt.
aye\alos.

paxvTfpos, dvo'peioTepos
KOL dcTov Kal a'iXovpov KCU

fie,

KCU ^copetf 6/ud(re dcivos.

CIVTOV

dfjivveTcu

yoiv

TO, XOITTO, oo~a

dvTinaXd fcrnv.
xi.

Reverenced
<ov
TO>V irpb

in
TJV

Egypt

for parental affection, Ael. x. 16,

38 (piXoTewov de apa
KOI

Kal 6 x^vaXcarrr]^ KOI TOVTO. Tols nepdtgi

8pa.

yap OVTOS

VOTTa)V eavTov Kv\ii } Kal frdi&MTUi fXnioa as Qrjpaaovn avTov

ol 8e

r<w eirtovrC

dnodiSpdo-Kovo-iv ev ro> reooy.

As an
o
2

hieroglyphic symbol, meaning

196
XHNAAiinH=
'

A GLOSSARY OF GREEK BIRDS

(continued'}.
;

Horap. i. 53 cf. Bailey in Class. Journ. xvi. p. 320, and especially Lauth, Sitzungsber. Bayer. Akad., 1876, p. 105, who cites from the
son,'

Rosetta stone
ii.

*fe^

su-ra = vibs'H\iov.
Beoyevfjs, AT.
ii.

Sacred to the Nile, Herod.

72.

With cognomen

to the peacock's, Athen.

586.

Av. 1295. Its eggs second only vmivepia rucra, Arist. H.A. vi. 2, 5590.

Mentioned also
XHNE'Pftl.

Plin. x. (22) 29.

small kind of Goose, Plin.x. (22) 29 et quibus lautiores epulas non novit Britannia, chenerotes, fere ansere minores.

XHNOIKO'noi.

Name

of an Eagle, Phile,

De An.

Pr. (15) 376.

Cf.

XAfXPEY'Z.
all

An unknown

bird, the

statements regarding which are

fabulous.
^Xcopov.

Hesych. opviddptov
iroiKiXides Kal

Arist.

H. A.

ix. I,

609 noXeuioi TWV

6pvi6a>v

Kopvdaves Kal ninpa KOI xXwpeuy, Tpvywv Kal ^Xwpeus' dnoHostile to rpvyav, also in Ael. V. 48 ; KTfivei yap TTJV Tpvyova 6 xXcopeur. to Tpvy&v and Ko'pa, Phile, De An. Pr. 690 to corvus^ Plin. x. (74) 95
;

noctu invicem ova exquirentes. Supposed by Gesner and Sundevall to be identical with xXttpfor, and by Gaza with x^w pk, q- v
-

XAflPl'Z.

(pivpi

The "Greenfinch, Fringilla chloris, L. Mod. Gk. <Xd>, (Erh. p. 44, Von derMuhle, p. 47), in Attica o-myydpios (Heldr.). Cf. It. verdone, &c.
H. A.
viii. 3,

Arist.

592

opvis arKO)\r}Ko(pdyos.

Ib. ix. 13,

77

615 b ra

Ka'ra>

e^et w^pa*
fx.

TJ\IKOV eVri Kopvdos' TI'KT

wa

re'rrapa

TTfvre'

veorrLav Troieirai

TOV

(rvp-cfivTOV

The cuckoo
Ael.
IV. TtjV KctXiav %

e\Kov(ra 7rp6ppiov t (rrpco/xara 8' VTro/SaXXei Tpt'^a? KOI epia. lays in its nest, which is placed in a tree, ibid. 29, 618.
6Vo/za opvidos, fJTrep ovv OVK av
pi'Ca

47 XXcopty

aXXa^o^ev

TTOtj^craiTO

eK TOV Xeyo/zej/ou arvfjLfpvTOv' e&ri 8e

<TTpo>p.vr]V

T o (Tvp.(pVTOv evpedrjvai
KOI 6 /ueV

Tf Kal opvgai ^aXfTTJy.

de uTrojSaXXerai rpi'^a? KOI epia.

6r)\vs opvis OVTCO KK\r)Tai, 6 de apprjv y ^Xwpicaj/a KaXovffiv avroV, Kal eVri TOV
(3iov fJLTj^avtKos, paQe'iv Tf trav o TI

ovv ayaQos, Kai rX^/ncoj/ inroij.e'ivai Tr)v ev rw pavOdveiv /Sacravoj/, orav dXw. Kal 8ta juev TOV x^i-^vos a(perov Kal eXevdepov OVK av i'Sot TIS avTov, rjpival 8e orav VTrap^coi/rai TpoTrai TOV cravs,

av enKpaivoiTO.
Kal ftevpo eVraXij.

'ApKTovpos re eVeTeiXci/, 6 Se dva^oapel es

to

TO.

oiKeta,

According

Nicand. ap. Anton. Lib.

c. ix,

one of the Emathides,

^Xcopty.

daughters of Pierus, was metamorphosed into the bird

the plant O-VH<PVTOV see also Diosc. iv. 10, Fraas, Fl. Cl., p. 163. Lindermayer, I.e., p. 62, says that the Greenfinch builds abundantly in the olive-groves of Attica, making its nest always of the same material,

On

XHNAAflFlHE

XYPPABOI

197

XAHPII

(continued}.

the roots of a species of Symphytum (?), lined with black goats' hair. In Ael. 1. c. the bird is confused with the Golden Oriole, x\o>piW, which

migrates in winter, while the Greenfinch does not.

XAftPl'flN,
s.

xXwpeloy, Suid.

Cf. Lat. galbula (galbus

rigogolo,

= gelb = yellow):

oriolus qu. aureolus;

It.

from auri-galbulus (Diez,

Oriole,

p. 152).

The Golden
(Von
Arist.

Oriolus galbula,

L.

Mod. Gk.

vvKofydyos

der M.), Kirpwo-rrovXi (Cyclades, Erh.), o-o^Xmos (Kriiper).

H. A.

ix. I,

609 b Kpe
Ibid. 15,

TroXe'/uios

TW xXcopiWi, bv

evioi p,vdo\oyov<Tt

yeveo-Qai CK TrvpKa'ids.
,

6l6b ^XcopiW
L

8e jua0eli> p.ev dya6bs Kai

KdKOTreTTjs 5e, KOL

xP av ^X

[*ox6ijpdv.

Ibid. 22, 617 6 de

0X09* OVTOS rov ^et/xco^a ov% 6parot,*7repi 8e ras rpoTras ras dfpivas (fravepbs /uaXtara yiVerat, aTraXXarrerat Se orav 'ApKroCpoy ririTeXX^j TO Se

peyedos eVnv ocrov rpvya>v.

(29) 45-

Cf. Ael. iv. 47,

supra

S. V.

X^ w P l's

Plin. X.

The Oriole arrives in Greece in April, and appears in great numbers among the figs in August (Von der Miihle, &c.). Of the above accounts
in Aristotle, the first is clearly mythical,

and contains a suggestion of

equally obscure, though Aubert and Wimmer see in /Sio/M^ai/o? an allusion to the Oriole's surpassing skill in nest-building while the third, though undoubtedly referring to the

the Phoenix

myth
;

the second

is

Golden Oriole,

is

far

from accurate
ici

me contenterai
le loriot

de dire

Buffon, M. des Ois. v. 351 Je que, selon toute apparence, Aristote n'a connu
:

cf.

'

que par

ou'i-dire.'
'

XPYIA'ETOI.
cussed

The

Golden Eagle,' a mystical name, already

in Ael.
ii.

dis-

S. V.

dT<$9.

A fabulous account
KaXovaiv. oparat
e

39 ^pvo-deros* aXXot de dare/Hay TOV avrbv

Xeyet de 'AptororeX^? avrbv Qrjpdv Kal
av\rjs.
/Lte-yioros

ov 7ro\\aKis*

veftpovs Kal Xa-ycos

Kal yepdvovs Kal xr)vas e^

de deraif

elvai TreTriVreuTai, Kal

\cyowri ye KOI

els

TOVS Kpfjras Kal TOLS ravpois eViri-

BeffOai avrbv Kara TO KaprepoV, K.r.X.

XPYIOMH"TPII.
Gaza.

v.

11.

pva-ofjtrjTpis,

xP V(T0

^TP

s'

Transl.

Aurivittis,

The

Arist.

Goldfinch, Fringilla carduetis, L. H. A. viii. 3, 592 b, mentioned with

a.K.av6S)V

aicavtiif,

dpawls.

ravra

yap irdvTa en\ T>V

ev rail

ve/uerai,

cna\r)Ka

d'

8e Kadevdet KOI ve^erai ravra.

It is

ovdev ov' ilft^VJfay ovde'v' remarkable that we have

Goldfinch, which in Greece is now, according to Lindermayer, next to the Sparrow the commonest of birds.
so
little

definite record of the

XY'PPABOI*

opvis TIS TTOLOS,

Hesych.

198
*l/A'P, s. \|/dp
:

A GLOSSARY OF GREEK BIRDS

also
vj/dpos, s. \|/apos.

Ion. ^r\p.

\|mpix<>s,

Hesych.

Starling, Sturnus vulgaris, L.

Mod. Gk.

tyapovi, fiavponov^i.

The Etymology
p.

Von Edlinger (op. c. is confused and doubtful. 103) finds in Gk. ^ap, O. H. G. sprd, Lith. spakas, a connexion with the root of ncpK-vos, Lat. spar-gere, i. e. variegated, speckled.
But there also seems
to be a

connexion of Gk. ^dp or

<nrap-

with the various names for sparrow, Goth, sparwa, O. Pr. sperglo, Ger. Staar, L. sturnus, form &c., as Engl. starling, stare.

another series together with

perplexingly similar.

a-rp-ovdos.

The Hebr.

sippor

is

In Horn, always coupled with the Jackdaw,

o>Kei',

oar'

e(p6{Br)(T

KO\OIOVS re, ^jypa? re.

ix.

xvii.

II. xvi. 583 tpr)Ki eWoos " 755 &>a re ^apo!)j> vefpos, rje

KO\oiS>v.
eVrii/

Arist.

H. A.

26, 617

6 Se tydpos
</>coXei.
\

qXtW

KdTTu^os.

Ib. viii. 16,

600

eVn TroiKiXos' ptyedos S' Antipat. Sid. cv ap. Suid.

Diosc.

6 Trpif eyo) KOI \/^^pa KCU apiraKreipav epvicav

(nreppaTos v^in-en; Bi(TTOi>iav

yepavov.
ii

Anth. Pal.

ix.

373 tyapas,

dpovpairjs apirayas evrropirjs.

Is killed by o-KopoSoi/, Ael. vi. 46, Phile, ^apas opvCu rptyovres. De An. Pr. 660. Used as food, Antiph. ap. Athen. ii. 65 e. On talking starlings, Plut. ii. 972 F, Plin. x. 59 (43), Aul. Gell.
xiii.

20.

Stat. Silv.

ii.

4,

18 auditasque

memor

penitus demittere voces,

Sturnus, &c.

^H'AHKEZ-

TWV dXcKTpvovav

ol

voSaycwai,

Hesych.

Possibly akin to

creXKes, vide s. v. o-epKos

(Schmidt, ad Hesych.).
(Arr.),

WTTA'KH.

Also 4/tTraKOS (Paus., Ael., &c.), o-irraKOS

pirraKos (Ctes.).
i.

(Philost.),

Parrot
Neapxos n*v
o>s
drj

Arrian, Ind.

15, 8 o-irrctKovs de

TI

dapa a
K.CU

on
lei

yivovTai ev

rfj

'ivd&v
eye!)

yfi,

KOI oKolos opvis ccrriv 6 O-ITTUKOS,

OKODS 0a)i/;}/
67rt(rra-

dv8pu>7rivr)V.

6e

on

avros re rro\\ovs
a>s

O7ra>7rca

Kal

a\\ovs

fjievovs fjdea

rov opvida, ovdev

vnep dronov

drjdev a7rr]yrjcrop.ai.

Arist.

yafji^l/oovvxa,

'ivftiKov

viii. 12, 597 b (spurious passage, A. and W.) oXws &e TO. navra /3pa^urpa^f/Xa KCU TrAaruyXcorra Kal /ui/xTyriKa' KOL yap TO opveov f) 'vJarraK^, TO Xeyo/xevoi/ ai/^pcoTroyXcarroi/, TOIOIITQV eon* Kal

H. A.

a/coXao-Torfpov 6e yiWrai orav iriy olvov.

(Cf. Plin. x. (42) 58.)

Pausan.
6' 'Ii/Saii/

28, (on animals of restricted geographical range), Trapa aXXa Te Ko/xi^erai, Kai opviQes ol ^iTTa/cot. Diod. Sic. ii at /idi/a>j/
ii.

Se

TTJS

Svpi'a? raxariat -^nTTUKOvs Kal Tropfyvpiavas Kal peXeaypidas [e/crpe-

<pov(Ti\.

Philostorg. 3 Kai /iev df] Kal rr\v crtrraK?jj/ eKfWfv i(Tfj.v Kop.iop.evr)v. Ctes. ap. Phot. Trepl TOV opveov TOV /SirraKov, on yXoio'O'ai' dv0pa>7rivT]v e^et Kal <pavi]v cf. Plut. ii. 272 F ; Porph. De Abst. iii. 4 ; Stat. I.e. humanae
:

solers imitator, Psittace, linguae.

Athen.
ibid.

ix. 387 d, parrots carried in Ptolemy's procession at Alexandria 391 b, mentioned as a mimic, with KiVra and O-K\^.

WTTAKH
Ael.

(continued}.
vi.

19, xvi. 2,

15,

its

wisdom and vocal powers;

;

xiii.

18, is

reckoned sacred among the Brahmins

Dion.

xvi. 2, is

of three species.
ras

De
ls
17

Avib.

i.

19 rot?

\J/-trraKoIy

5e,

ovs OVK ev t-vXivocs KXafiols dXX'

y\(ao-(rr)s utdrjyrja-e

(ppovpdv avayKalov,
(pv(Tis.

^XP

1-

Ka * T ^ s yp*T*pas

Is friendly to the wolf,

Vfj.ovTaC
aiei
|

Opp. Cyn.

ii.

408, 409 ^ITTOKOS avre \VKOS re crvv

yap

Trodeovcri \VKOI rroeaixpoov opviv,

The Indian parrots above alluded to are the common parrots of Northern India, Psittacus (Palaeornis] Alexandria L. (Cf. Val. Ball,

The parrots seen by Nero's army at must have been another specks, P. cubicularis, Hass, and probably all the parrots described by Roman writers (Ovid, Amor. ii. 6, Statius, Silv. ii. 4, Apul. Florid. 12, Persius Prologue, and even Plin. x. (42) 58) came from Alexandria and belonged to that
Ind. Antiq. xiv. p. 304, 1885.)
(Plin. vi. (29) 35)

Meroe

They are described as green by Stat., ille plagae viridis species. regnator Eoae ; Ovid, Tu poteras virides pennis hebetare smaragdos, c. Tincta gerens rubro Punica rostra croco, Cf. Sundevall, op. cit.,
pp. 126, 127,
vp|<|>ArON' piKpov opviddpiov,

Hesych.

'aKY'HTEPOI.
Cf.
II. xiii.

An

epithet of a

Hawk, used
and mystical

specifically in Ael. xii. 4.

62, &c.

'ftPl'ftN, s.
Clit.

wptwK.

An unknown
:

bird.

ap. Ael. xvii. 22

an Indian bird,

like

a Heron, red-legged,

blue-eyed, musical, amative.

ofjLouos e/j.(ppovi. KvKVcp.

Nonn. Dion.

xxvi. 201 &>piW, y\vKvs opvis,

Cf. Strab. xv. 718.

is

This bird, always associated with the equally mysterious Karpevs, evidently a poetic and allegorical creation, but what it signifies

is

unknown.
Also
ouris,

The Bustard,
Honiara.
Lat. tar da,

Galen, Hesych. L. ; including also the Houbara, O. Mod. Gk. dypi6ya\\os, Erh. ; or/Sa, Von der Miihle.
Otis tarda,

whence Bustard,

Proximae

eis (tetraonibus)

i.e. avis Tarda, Plin. x. (22) 29 sunt quae Hispania aves tardas appellat,

Graecia otidas.
Description.
o\ov'
Arist.

H. A.

ii.

17,

509 TOV

oro/Liaxoi> e'^ei

evpvv KOI TtXarvv

a7ro(pvddas e^ei.

Ib. V. 2,

539

(rvyKadeio-r)? rrjs QrjXeias enl rr]v yrjv

eVtjSaiWi TO appev.

Ib. vi. 6, 563 eTrwa^et Trepi TpiaKovC? rjpepas (like Other

large birds, e. g. goose and eagle). 390 c eVri p,v TWV KTO7Ti.6vTa>v Kal

cr^iSaj/OTrdSooj/

Arist. Fr. 275, 1527 b, ap. Athen. ix. KOI Tpi8aKTv\a>v } fjityeSos
7rpop.r)KT)s,
1

d\CKTpv6vos jueyaXov, XP^^ a oprvyos, K(pa\r)

\fTTTos, 6<pOa\p,ol /neyaXot,

yXwcraa

ocrrcbS^s , vrpoXo/Soi/ 5'

pvyxos o|u, rpdx^os OVK \ei. (This

200
QTI1
(continued}.

A GLOSSARY OF GREEK BIRDS

last description is

perhaps taken from the Little Bustard, O. tetrax,

Paus.
x. 34,
I

Mod. Gk.

^a/Lion'So.)

ai

Se

oori'Se?

KaXou/u,ei/ai

Trapa TOV

Kj?(pto~6y (rov eV <J?am'i) rc/toyrat

juaXura

opviOaiv.

Capture by Coursing, with horse and dog.

wn'Sa? af TIJ TO^U
avio~Trj

Xen. Anab.

i.

5,

3 ra? 8e

eari \ap.{Bdv(iv' Trerovrai re yap (Spa^u axTrrep ol TrepStKfs Kal ra^u aTrayopevouori* ra 5e Kpea avrtov fjdea eo~Ttv (but cf. Plin.
1.

c.).

Athen.

ix.

\iytiv TOV SevofpwvTa'

393 d, quoting Xenophon, adds from Plutarch, aXrjdrj a>a ravra els TTJV (pepeadai yap Tra/ujroXXa TO.
Aifivr)?, TTJS
1.

'AXedV8peiai> drro rrjs TrapaKfip.evr)s Alex. Mynd. ap. Athen. fievrjs.

C.

Qypas avrwv Toiavrrjs yivoTrpoarayopeveo-dai avrov \aya>diav.

Synes. Ep.

iv.

Friendship for the horse.

^iXiTTTroraroj/ axoua)
'
.

p. 165 ^'5/ 5e TLS Ka\ o>ri8a e8a)K6j/, opveov CKTOTTMS f]dv. ov opvidav tlvai Ael. ii. 28 TTJV con'Sa TO
. .

ITTTTOV Se

orav

deda-rjrai, ^Sio-ra Trpoo-Tre'rerdi.

Alex.
iTTTrw, ei

Mynd.

1.

C. (pa<rl

avrov Kal

rrjv rpcxprjv dvafJiapvKa(r6ai fjSe<rdai

re

yovv TIS dopav tmrav Trepi^otro,

Cf. Plut. Sol.

drjpeva-fi

ovovs av

Be\rj'
ii.

Trpocriaai yap.

Anim.

xxxi. 7

(ii.

981 B)
24,

Opp. Cyn.

406; Dion.

De
fox,

Avib.

iii.

8.

Hostile to the dog, Ael.

ib. vi. 24.

v.

and grossly deceived by the

Buffon and others have supposed from the name wris that the but the Houbara (which is very rare in Greece) is chiefly meant etymology is doubtful the ears are not mentioned save by Oppian, Cyneg. ii. 407 a>r/6Vy, alert T0r]\v del Xao-itoraroj/ ovas and besides the
:

'

'

cheek-tufts of the
crest of the

Common
is

Houbara.

African species, which

Bustard might suggest ears as well as the It is however the Houbara, as the common alluded to in Plutarch ap. Athen. I.e.

*QTOI,

s.

WTOS.

Horned Owl,
Arist.

especially the

Short-eared Owl, Strix brachyotus

or Asio acdpitrinus.

H. A.

Ki>xpap,os

viii. 12, 587 b, mentioned along with opriryo/^rpa and as a migratory bird, in connexion with the migration of the

quails.

Further
nrepvyia

(loc.

dub., A.

and W.)
Kal
r]

'

eoros O/JLOIOS

TOW y\avgl
(cf.

Kal nepl

rd

ojra

e%a)v' evtoi S'

avrov WKriKOpaKa KaXovcriv

Cf. Arist. ap.

Hesych.).
ix.
.

O"ri

de Ko/SaXo?

Kal

/u/z^r^s ,

dvTop%ovfjLfvos dXiV/ferai,

Trepif\66vTos

Qarepov TO>V QrjpevT&v, Kaddirep

6
cards'

y\av.

Athen.
. .

390 f

eVrt pev Trapopoios

rfj

y\avKi } OVK eort de wurepivos

peyedos

TTfpiCTTfpas, K.r.X.

390 d, a ridiculous story of its capture by mimicry avr>v KaravriKpv viraXeifpovrat (pappaKco TOVS o^^aX/iovy, Trapao-fcevacravre? aXXa (pdppaKa KoXXjjriKa 6(pda\p,S)V Kal /3Xe^)apa)V, aVfp
ix.

In Athen.
8e

oi

(rrdvTfs

ou Trdppo) eavT&v eV \KavicrKaLS (Spatial? ridfaatv' ol ovv aroi Qeupovpevoi TOVS inraXeifpofJievovs TO OVTO Kal atrol TTOIOVO-IV, K T&V \Kavid<av Xa/ij3a-

flTIZ

flTOI

201

iiTOZ

continued}.
/cat

absurd version, ibid. 391 a cf. one easily taken in, a 'gull.' Plin. x. (23) 33 Otus bubone minor est, noctuis maior, auribus plumeis eminentibus, unde et nomen illi quidam Latine asionem vocant : imitatrix avis ac parasita, et quodam genere saltatrix, &c. Casaubon and others, followed by Lidd. and Sc., state that Athenaeus confounds cores with conV. There is indeed a confusion in the text, due to the interpolation in 360 d /U/^TIKOI/ cV e'cm, K.r.X., between two statements referring to con'? but the respective statements as to coros and
VOVTSS'

raxecos dXiVieoprat.

less

Plut.

Mor.

ii.

961 E.

Hence

cords-,

con's-

are correct.
is

the following statements associated with the quails, i.e. a bird of the open country; (3) as being diurnal and not nocturnal. The commentators have often fallen into error from ignorance of the habits
:

The Short-eared Owl

a migratory bird;

indicated in

(i) as

(2) as

of the Short-eared

avem
Ital.,

Owl e. g. Gesner, in gallinis, de otide, ' nocturnam aut noctuae similem nullam migrare arbitror.' (Certain other
: ;

species are, at least, partially migratory

1886, pp. 227, 228, &c.)
viii.

cf.

(int. al.}

Giglioli, Avif.

In Arist. H. A.

12,

and

in Plin. I.e. there

confusion with the Long-eared or

Common Horned

appears to be some Owl, Strix otus, L.

ADDITIONAL NOTES
'AETO'I.

Add the following references, concerning the Eagle in connexion with the sacred Olive Nonn. Dion. xl. 523 tyevriov opviv eXairjs, cf. ibid.
:

470
to

ibid.

493 opoxpovov
ibid. 494.

(s.

Neptune,

Add

opoxpoov) opviv Am'?/?. The Eagle sacrificed also the epithet WI/ j Lye. 260.

xP

'AHAfl'N.

Hesychius

states that

'AjySco*/

was a surname or

epithet of

Athene

among

the Pamphylians. The connexion between Athene and the Nightingale or the Adonis-myth, lies perhaps in the fact that Athene

or Minerva

was

associated, as for instance in the cylindrical zodiac of

the Louvre, with the sign and month of the vernal equinox. Just as Adonis or Attis was, in like manner, a Spring-god and god of the opening flowers Porph. ap. Euseb. P. E. iii. 11, p. no et seq.
;

While
drj8(oi/

am

still

convinced of a connexion between the attributes of

veiled allusions to the mysteries of Adonis, I am inclined to admit that some of the minor arguments adduced by me in support

and the

of this hypothesis are overstrained : in particular the interpretation given (pp. 13, 14) of Thuc. ii. 29, and the suggested connexion between

Daulis,

dao-vs,

Duzi.

'AAEKTPYil'N.
In preparing the article dXeKTputuy,
I

neglected to consult Baethgen,

De

Vi

et

Signific. Galli

in

Relig. et Art. Gr. et

Romanorum,

Diss.

Getting. 1887, in which paper will be found (among other matters) a valuable account of monumental and numismatic representations of the Cock.
Inaug.,

The Cock on
Baethgen
Nr. 5747
(p.

coins of
to

Himera

(vide supra, p. 26)

;

is
cf.

35)

an association with Aesculapius

Trora^w 6 dapos
. . .

traced by C. I. Gr.

'Ao-K\a7ricp KOI 'l/uepa

^(orrjpo-iv.

See also

Head, Hist. Numorum,

TE'AAIOI, a

p. 125.

name

for the

Hoopoe

vide

s. v.

204

ADDITIONAL NOTES

The

of Ctes.

BnpKcuoi (vide supra, p. 49) are probably the RapKavioi (? Parsees) cf. J. Macquart, Philologus, Supplexi, Tzetz. Chil. i. I, 82
;

ment-bd.

vi. p.

609, 1893.

APYOKOAA'riTHI.

The

eastern legend of the Woodpecker's imprisoned young

is

so

suggestive of the walled-up nest of the Hornbill, that one is almost tempted to suspect a dim tradition, far-travelled from Africa or India, concerning the extraordinary nesting-habits of the latter bird.

BIBLIOGRAPHICAL REFERENCES
The

following works, in addition to the Natural Histories of Pliny,

Aelian, and Phile, are referred to merely under their authors'

names

AUBERT UND WIMMER.

BIKELAS, O.

Thierkunde, Leipzig, 1868 (especially Thierverzeichniss, vol. I., pp. 77-113).

Aristoteles'

vols.

La nomenclature de

la

Faune Grecque.

Paris, 1879.

ERHARD, DR. KRUPER, DR.

Fauna der Cykladen. Leipzig, 1858. Zeiten des Gehens und Kommens und des Briitens der Vogel in Griechenland und lonien in Mommsen's Griechische Jahreszeiten, 1875 (mit Citaten und Zusatzen
;

von Dr. Hartlaub). LINDERMAYER, DR. A. Die Vogel Griechenland s. Passau, 1860. MUHLE, H. VON DER. Beitrage zur Ornithologie Griechenlands.
Leipzig, 1844.

SUNDEVALL,

C.

J.

Thierarten des Aristoteles.

Stockholm, 1863.

It is perhaps desirable that I should point out that I have several times in this book, quite with my eyes open, quoted authors whom The scholars now look upon with distrust or even altogether reject.

who is not ashamed to consult Creuzer, nor afraid to peep now and then even into Bryant, will not only find there a great useless mass of theories now deservedly repudiated, but will also find a great store of curious learning and will be guided to many obscure sources
student
of useful knowledge.

ERRATA
Page
1 6,

line 20, for etVi

readovras

20,

24, for Scut. razd? Sent.

44, 45> 63,

/0r Trerowai read Trcrtoj/rai read avaKpayy 2I t for TreTritrreuerat read TremarevTai.
6,

1$, for avtKpayr]

kindness in reading the

For the detection of most of the above errors, and for infinite final proofs of the whole book, I am indebted debt also, for the I must record my to my friend Mr. W. Wyse. like scholarly services, to Mr. P. Molyneux of the Clarendon Press. Lastly, I must pay a debt which should have been acknowledged more prominently than here, to Mrs. W. R. H. Valentine, of Dundee, for three beautiful wood-cuts, the work of her hands.

Ojcforfc

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BY HORACE HART, PRINTER TO THE UNIVERSITY

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