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PHN 1: CC BI TON V A THC
1. Tnh gi tr ca biu thc:
Bi 1: Cho a thc P(x) = x
15
-2x
12
+ 4x
7
- 7x
4
+ 2x
3
- 5x
2
+ x - 1
Tnh P(1,25); P(4,327); P(-5,1289); P(
3
1
4
)
H.Dn:
- Lp cng thc P(x)
- Tnh gi tr ca a thc ti cc im: dng chc nng CALC
- Kt qu: P(1,25) = ; P(4,327) =
P(-5,1289) = ; P(
3
1
4
) =
Bi 2: Tnh gi tr ca cc biu thc sau:
P(x) = 1 + x + x
2
+ x
3
+...+ x
8
+ x
9
ti x = 0,53241
Q(x) = x
2
+ x
3
+...+ x
8
+ x
9
+ x
10
ti x = -2,1345
H.Dn:
- p dng hng ng thc: a
n
- b
n
= (a - b)(a
n-1
+ a
n-2
b +...+ ab
n-2
+ b
n-1
). Ta c:
P(x) = 1 + x + x
2
+ x
3
+...+ x
8
+ x
9
=
2 9 10
( 1)(1 ... ) 1
1 1
x x x x x
x x
+ + + +
=


T tnh P(0,53241) =
T- ng t:
Q(x) = x
2
+ x
3
+...+ x
8
+ x
9
+ x
10
= x
2
(1 + x + x
2
+ x
3
+...+ x
8
) =
9
2
1
1
x
x
x

T tnh Q(-2,1345) =
Bi 3: Cho a thc P(x) = x
5
+ ax
4
+ bx
3
+ cx
2
+ dx + e. Bit P(1) = 1; P(2) = 4; P(3) = 9; P(4) = 16;
P(5) = 25. Tnh P(6); P(7); P(8); P(9) = ?
H.Dn:
B- c 1: t Q(x) = P(x) + H(x) sao cho:
+ Bc H(x) nh hn bc ca P(x)
+ Bc ca H(x) nh hn s gi tr bit ca P(x), trongbi bc H(x) nh hn 5, ngha l:
Q(x) = P(x) + a
1
x
4
+ b
1
x
3
+ c
1
x
2
+ d
1
x + e
B- c 2: Tm a
1
, b
1
, c
1
, d
1
, e
1
Q(1) = Q(2) = Q(3) = Q(4) = Q(5) = 0, tc l:
1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1
1 0
16 8 4 2 4 0
81 27 9 3 9 0
256 64 16 4 16 0
625 125 25 5 25 0
a b c d e
a b c d e
a b c d e
a b c d e
a b c d e
+ + + + + =

+ + + + + =

+ + + + + =

+ + + + + =

+ + + + + =

a
1
= b
1
= d
1
= e
1
= 0; c
1
= -1
Vy ta c: Q(x) = P(x) - x
2

V x = 1, x = 2, x = 3, x = 4, x = 5 l nghim ca Q(x), m bc ca Q(x) bng 5 c h s ca x
5

bng 1 nn: Q(x) = P(x) - x
2
= (x -1)(x - 2)(x - 3)(x - 4)(x - 5)
P(x) = (x -1)(x - 2)(x - 3)(x - 4)(x - 5) + x
2
.
T tnh - c: P(6) = ; P(7) = ; P(8) = ; P(9) =
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Bi 4: Cho a thc P(x) = x
4
+ ax
3
+ bx
2
+ cx + d. Bit P(1) = 5; P(2) = 7; P(3) = 9; P(4) = 11. Tnh
P(5); P(6); P(7); P(8); P(9) = ?
H.Dn:
- Gii t- ng t bi 3, ta c: P(x) = (x -1)(x - 2)(x - 3)(x - 4) + (2x + 3). T tnh - c: P(5) =
; P(6) = ; P(7) = ; P(8) = ; P(9) =
Bi 5: Cho a thc P(x) = x
4
+ ax
3
+ bx
2
+ cx + d. Bit P(1) = 1; P(2) = 3; P(3) = 6; P(4) = 10. Tnh
(5) 2 (6)
?
(7)
P P
A
P

= =
H.Dn:
- Gii t- ng t bi 4, ta c: P(x) = (x -1)(x - 2)(x - 3)(x - 4) +
( 1)
2
x x +
. T tnh - c:
(5) 2 (6)
(7)
P P
A
P

= =
Bi 6: Cho a thc f(x) bc 3 vi h s ca x
3
l k, k e Z tho mn:
f(1999) = 2000; f(2000) = 2001
Chng minh rng: f(2001) - f(1998) l hp s.
H.Dn:
* Tm a thc ph: t g(x) = f(x) + (ax + b). Tm a, b g(1999) = g(2000) = 0

1999 2000 0 1
2000 2001 0 1
a b a
a b b
+ + = =


+ + = =

g(x) = f(x) - x - 1
* Tnh gi tr ca f(x):
- Do bc ca f(x) l 3 nn bc ca g(x) l 3 v g(x) chia ht cho:
(x - 1999), (x - 2000) nn: g(x) = k(x - 1999)(x - 2000)(x - x
0
)
f(x) = k(x - 1999)(x - 2000)(x - x
0
) + x + 1.
T tnh - c: f(2001) - f(1998) = 3(2k + 1) l hp s.
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Bi 7: Cho a thc f(x) bc 4, h s ca bc cao nht l 1 v tho mn:
f(1) = 3; P(3) = 11; f(5) = 27. Tnh gi tr A = f(-2) + 7f(6) = ?
H.Dn:
- t g(x) = f(x) + ax
2
+ bx + c. Tm a, b, c sao cho g(1) = g(3) = g(5) = 0 a, b, c l
nghim ca h ph- ng trnh:
3 0
9 3 11 0
25 5 27 0
a b c
a b c
a b c
+ + + =

+ + + =

+ + + =

bng MTBT ta gii - c:

1
0
2
a
b
c
=

g(x) = f(x) - x
2
- 2
- V f(x) bc 4 nn g(x) cng c bc l 4 v g(x) chia ht cho (x - 1), (x - 3), (x - 5), do vy: g(x) =
(x - 1)(x - 3)(x - 5)(x - x
0
) f(x) = (x - 1)(x - 3)(x - 5)(x - x
0
) + x
2
+ 2.
Ta tnh - c: A = f(-2) + 7f(6) =
Bi 8: Cho a thc f(x) bc 3. Bit f(0) = 10; f(1) = 12; f(2) = 4; f(3) = 1.
Tm f(10) = ? ( thi HSG CHDC c)
H.Dn:
- Gi s f(x) c dng: f(x) = ax
3
+ bx
2
+ cx + d. V f(0) = 10; f(1) = 12; f(2) = 4; f(3) = 1 nn:
10
12
8 4 2 4
27 9 3 1
d
a b c d
a b c d
a b c d
=

+ + + =

+ + + =

+ + + =

ly 3 ph- ng trnh cui ln l- t tr cho ph- ng trnh u v gii h gm 3 ph- ng trnh n a, b, c trn
MTBT cho ta kt qu:
5 25
; ; 12; 10
2 2
a b c d = = = =

3 2
5 25
( ) 12 10
2 2
f x x x x = + + (10) f =
Bi 9: Cho a thc f(x) bc 3 bit rng khi chia f(x) cho (x - 1), (x - 2), (x - 3) u - c d- l 6 v f(-1)
= -18. Tnh f(2005) = ?
H.Dn:
- T gi thit, ta c: f(1) = f(2) = f(3) = 6 v c f(-1) = -18
- Gii t- ng t nh- bi 8, ta c f(x) = x
3
- 6x
2
+ 11x
T tnh - c f(2005) =
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Bi 10: Cho a thc
9 7 5 3
1 1 13 82 32
( )
630 21 30 63 35
P x x x x x x = + +
a) Tnh gi tr ca a thc khi x = -4; -3; -2; -1; 0; 1; 2; 3; 4.
b) Chng minh rng P(x) nhn gi tr nguyn vi mi x nguyn
Gii:
a) Khi x = -4; -3; -2; -1; 0; 1; 2; 3; 4 th (tnh trn my) P(x) = 0
b) Do 630 = 2.5.7.9 v x = -4; -3; -2; -1; 0; 1; 2; 3; 4 l nghim ca a thc P(x) nn
1
( ) ( 4)( 3)( 2)( 1) ( 1)( 2)( 3( 4)
2.5.7.9
P x x x x x x x x x x = + + + +

V gia 9 s nguyn lin tip lun tm - c cc s chia ht cho 2, 5, 7, 9 nn vi mi x nguyn
th tch: ( 4)( 3)( 2)( 1) ( 1)( 2)( 3( 4) x x x x x x x x x + + + + chia ht cho 2.5.7.9 (tch ca cc s nguyn t
cng nhau). Chng t P(x) l s nguyn vi mi x nguyn.
Bi 11: Cho hm s
4
( )
4 2
x
x
f x =
+
. Hy tnh cc tng sau:
1
1 2 2001
) ...
2002 2002 2002
a S f f f
| | | | | |
= + + +
| | |
\ . \ . \ .

2 2 2
2
2 2001
) sin sin ... sin
2002 2002 2002
b S f f f
t t t | | | | | |
= + + +
| | |
\ . \ . \ .

H.Dn:
* Vi hm s f(x) cho tr- c ht ta chng minh b sau:
Nu a + b = 1 th f(a) + f(b) = 1
* p dng b trn, ta c:
a)
1
1 2001 1000 1002 1001
...
2002 2002 2002 2002 2002
S f f f f f
( ( | | | | | | | | | |
= + + + + +
| | | | | ( (
\ . \ . \ . \ . \ .


1 1 1 1
1 ... 1 1000 1000, 5
2 2 2 2
f f
( | | | |
= + + + + = + =
| | (
\ . \ .

b) Ta c
2 2 2 2
2001 1000 1002
sin sin ,..., sin sin
2002 2002 2002 2002
t t t t
= =
. Do :
2 2 2 2
2
2 1000 1001
2 sin sin ... sin sin
2002 2002 2002 2002
S f f f f
t t t t ( | | | | | | | |
= + + + +
| | | | (
\ . \ . \ . \ .


2 2 2 2 2
1000 500 501
2 sin sin ... sin sin sin
2002 2002 2002 2002 2
f f f f f
t t t t t ( | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
= + + + + +
( | | | | | | |
\ . \ . \ . \ . \ . \ . \ .


2 2 2 2
500 500
2 sin cos ... sin cos (1)
2002 2002 2002 2002
f f f f f
t t t t ( | | | | | | | | | | | |
= + + + + +
( | | | | | |
\ . \ . \ . \ . \ . \ .


| |
4 2 2
2 1 1 ... 1 1000 1000
6 3 3
= + + + + = + =

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2. Tm th- ng v d- trong php chia hai a thc:
Bi ton 1: Tm d- trong php chia a thc P(x) cho (ax + b)
Cch gii:
- Ta phn tch: P(x) = (ax + b)Q(x) + r 0.
b b
P Q r
a a
| | | |
= +
| |
\ . \ .
r =
b
P
a
| |
|
\ .

Bi 12: Tm d- trong php chia P(x) = 3x
3
- 5x
2
+ 4x - 6 cho (2x - 5)
Gii:
- Ta c: P(x) = (2x - 5).Q(x) + r
5 5 5
0.
2 2 2
P Q r r P
| | | | | |
= + =
| | |
\ . \ . \ .
r =
5
2
P
| |
|
\ .

Tnh trn my ta - c: r =
5
2
P
| |
|
\ .
=
Bi ton 2: Tm th- ng v d- trong php chia a thc P(x) cho (x + a)
Cch gii:
- Dng l- c Hoocner tm th- ng v d- trong php chia a thc P(x) cho (x + a)
Bi 13: Tm th- ng v d- trong php chia P(x) = x
7
- 2x
5
- 3x
4
+ x - 1 cho (x + 5)
H.Dn: - S dng l- c Hoocner, ta c:
1 0 -2 -3 0 0 1 -1
-5 1 -5 23 -118 590 -2950 14751 -73756
* Tnh trn my tnh cc gi tr trn nh- sau:
( ) 5 SHIFT STO M
1 ANPHA M + 0 = (-5) : ghi ra giy -5
ANPHA M + - 2 = (23) : ghi ra giy 23
ANPHA M - 3 = (-118) : ghi ra giy -118
ANPHA M + 0 = (590) : ghi ra giy 590
ANPHA M + 0 = (-2950) : ghi ra giy -2950
ANPHA M + 1 = (14751) : ghi ra giy 14751
ANPHA M - 1 = (-73756) : ghi ra giy -73756
x
7
- 2x
5
- 3x
4
+ x - 1 = (x + 5)(x
6
- 5x
5
+ 23x
4
- 118x
3
+ 590x
2
- 2950x + 14751) - 73756
Bi ton 3: Tm th- ng v d- trong php chia a thc P(x) cho (ax +b)
Cch gii:
- tm d- : ta gii nh- bi ton 1
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- tm h s ca a thc th- ng: dng l- c Hoocner tm th- ng trong php chia a thc
P(x) cho (x +
b
a
) sau nhn vo th- ng vi
1
a
ta - c a thc th- ng cn tm.
Bi 14: Tm th- ng v d- trong php chia P(x) = x
3
+ 2x
2
- 3x + 1 cho (2x - 1)
Gii:
- Thc hin php chia P(x) cho
1
2
x
| |

|
\ .
, ta - c:
P(x) = x
3
+ 2x
2
- 3x + 1 =
1
2
x
| |

|
\ .
2
5 7 1
2 4 8
x x
| |
+ +
|
\ .
. T ta phn tch:
P(x) = x
3
+ 2x
2
- 3x + 1 = 2.
1
2
x
| |

|
\ .
.
1
2
.
2
5 7 1
2 4 8
x x
| |
+ +
|
\ .

= (2x - 1).
2
1 5 7 1
2 4 8 8
x x
| |
+ +
|
\ .

Bi 15: Tm cc gi tr ca m a thc P(x) = 2x
3
+ 3x
2
- 4x + 5 + m chia ht cho Q(x) = 3x +2
H.Dn:
- Phn tch P(x) = (2x
3
+ 3x
2
- 4x + 5) + m = P
1
(x) + m. Khi :
P(x) chia ht cho Q(x) = 3x + 2 khi v ch khi: P
1
(x) + m = (3x + 2).H(x)
Ta c:
1 1
2 2
0
3 3
P m m P
| | | |
+ = =
| |
\ . \ .

Tnh trn my gi tr ca a thc P
1
(x) ti
2
3
x = ta - c m =
Bi 16: Cho hai a thc P(x) = 3x
2
- 4x + 5 + m; Q(x) = x
3
+ 3x
2
- 5x + 7 + n. Tm m, n hai a thc
trn c nghim chung
0
1
2
x =
H.Dn:
0
1
2
x = l nghim ca P(x) th m =
1
1
2
P
| |

|
\ .
, vi P
1
(x) = 3x
2
- 4x + 5
0
1
2
x = l nghim ca Q(x) th n =
1
1
2
Q
| |

|
\ .
, vi Q
1
(x) = x
3
+ 3x
2
- 5x + 7.
Tnh trn my ta - c: m =
1
1
2
P
| |

|
\ .
= ;n =
1
1
2
Q
| |

|
\ .
=
Bi 17: Cho hai a thc P(x) = x
4
+ 5x
3
- 4x
2
+ 3x + m; Q(x) = x
4
+ 4x
3
- 3x
2
+ 2x + n.
a) Tm m, n P(x), Q(x) chia ht cho (x - 2)
b) Xt a thc R(x) = P(x) - Q(x). Vi gi tr m, n va tm chng t rng a thc R(x) ch c
duy nht mt nghim.
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H.Dn:
a) Gii t- ng t bi 16, ta c: m = ;n =
b) P(x) (x - 2) v Q(x) (x - 2) R(x) (x - 2)
Ta li c: R(x) = x
3
- x
2
+ x - 6 = (x - 2)(x
2
+ x + 3), v x
2
+ x + 3 > 0 vi mi x nn R(x) ch c
mt nghim x = 2.
Bi 18: Chia x
8
cho x + 0,5 - c th- ng q
1
(x) d- r
1
. Chia q
1
(x) cho x + 0,5 - c th- ng q
2
(x) d- r
2
.
Tm r
2
?
H.Dn:
- Ta phn tch: x
8
= (x + 0,5).q
1
(x) + r
1

q
1
(x) = (x + 0,5).q
2
(x) + r
2

- Dng l- c Hoocner, ta tnh - c h s ca cc a thc q
1
(x), q
2
(x) v cc s d- r
1
, r
2
:
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
1
2

1
1
2

1
4

1
8

1
16

1
32

1
64

1
128

1
256

1
2

1 -1
3
4

1
2

5
16

3
16

7
64

1
16



Vy:
2
1
16
r =
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PHN 2: CC BI TON DY S
My tnh in t Casio fx - 570 MS c nhiu c im - u vit hn cc MTBT khc. S dng
MTT Casio fx - 570 MS lp trnh tnh cc s hng ca mt dy s l mt v d. Nu bit cch s dng
ng, hp l mt quy trnh bm phm s cho kt qu nhanh, chnh xc. Ngoi vic MTBT gip cho vic
gim ng k thi gian tnh ton trong mt gi hc m t kt qu tnh ton ta c th d on, - c
on v cc tnh cht ca dy s (tnh n iu, b chn...), d on cng thc s hng tng qut
ca dy s, tnh hi t, gii hn ca dy...t gip cho vic pht hin, tm kim cch gii bi ton
mt cch sng to. Vic bit cch lp ra quy trnh tnh cc s hng ca dy s cn hnh thnh cho
hc sinh nhng k nng, t- duy thut ton rt gn vi lp trnh trong tin hc.
Sau y l mt s quy trnh tnh s hng ca mt s dng dy s th- ng gp trong ch- ng trnh,
trong ngoi kho v thi gii Ton bng MTBT:
I/ Lp quy trnh tnh s hng ca dy s:
1) Dy s cho bi cng thc s hng tng qut:

trong f(n) l biu thc ca
n cho tr- c.
Cch lp quy trnh:
- Ghi gi tr n = 1 vo nh A : 1 SHIFT STO A
- Lp cng thc tnh f(A) v gn gi tr nh : A = A + 1
- Lp du bng: = ... = ...
Gii thch:
1 SHIFT STO A : ghi gi tr n = 1 vo nh A
f(A) : A = A + 1 : tnh u
n
= f(n) ti gi tr A (khi bm du bng th ln nht)
v thc hin gn gi tr nh A thm 1 n v: A = A + 1 (khi bm du bng ln th
hai).
* Cng thc - c lp li mi khi n du =

u
n
= f(n), n e N
*
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V d 1: Tnh 10 s hng u ca dy s (u
n
) cho bi:

1 1 5 1 5
; 1, 2, 3...
2 2 5
n n
n
u n
(
| | | |
+
(
= =
| |
| |
(
\ . \ .


Gii:
- Ta lp quy trnh tnh u
n
nh- sau:
1 SHIFT STO A
( 1 5 ) ( ( ( 1 + 5 ) 2 ) . ANPHA A - ( ( 1 -
5 ) 2 ) . ANPHA A ) ANPHA : ANPHA A ANPHA =
ANPHA A + 1 =
- Lp li phm: = ... = ...
Ta - c kt qu: u
1
= 1, u
2
= 1, u
3
= 2, u
4
= 3, u
5
= 5, u
6
= 8, u
7
= 13, u
8
= 21,
u
9
= 34, u
10
= 55.
2) Dy s cho bi h thc truy hi dng:

trong f(u
n
) l biu thc ca
u
n
cho tr- c.

Cch lp quy trnh:
- Nhp gi tr ca s hng u
1
: a =
- Nhp biu thc ca u
n+1
= f(u
n
) : ( trong biu thc ca u
n+1
ch no c u
n
ta nhp bng
ANS )
- Lp du bng: =
Gii thch:
- Khi bm: a = mn hnh hin u
1
= a v l- u kt qu ny
- Khi nhp biu thc f(u
n
) bi phm ANS , bm du = ln th nht my s thc hin tnh u
2
=
f(u
1
) v li l- u kt qu ny.
- Tip tc bm du = ta ln l- t - c cc s hng ca dy s u
3
, u
4
...
V d 1: Tm 20 s hng u ca dy s (u
n
) cho bi:

1
1
1
2
, *
1
n
n
n
u
u
u n N
u
+
=

= e

1
n+1 n
u = a
u = f(u ) ; n N*

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Gii:
- Lp quy trnh bm phm tnh cc s hng ca dy s nh- sau:
1 = (u
1
)
( ANS + 2 ) ( ANS + 1 ) = (u
2
)
= ... =
- Ta - c cc gi tr gn ng vi 9 ch s thp phn sau du phy:
u
1
= 1 u
8
= 1,414215686
u
2
= 1,5 u
9
= 1,414213198
u
3
= 1,4 u
10
= 1,414213625
u
4
= 1,416666667 u
11
= 1,414213552
u
5
= 1,413793103 u
12
= 1,414213564
u
6
= 1,414285714 u
13
= 1,414213562
u
7
= 1,414201183 u
14
=...= u
20
= 1,414213562
V d 2: Cho dy s - c xc nh bi:

( )
3
3
1
3
1
3
, *
n n
u
u u n N
+

= e

Tm s t nhin n nh nht u
n
l s nguyn.
Gii:
- Lp quy trnh bm phm tnh cc s hng ca dy s nh- sau:
SHIFT
3
3 = (u
1
)
ANS . SHIFT
3
3 = (u
2
)
= = (u
4
= 3)
Vy n = 4 l s t nhin nh nht u
4
= 3 l s nguyn.
3) Dy s cho bi h thc truy hi dng:




Cch lp quy trnh:
* Cch 1:
Bm phm: b SHIFT STO A A + B a + C SHIFT STO B
1 2
n+2 n+1 n
u = a, u b
u = Au + Bu + C ; n N*
=

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V lp li dy phm:
A + ANPHA A B + C SHIFT STO A
A + ANPHA B B + C SHIFT STO B
Gii thch: Sau khi thc hin
b SHIFT STO A A + B a + C SHIFT STO B
trong nh A l u
2
= b, my tnh tng u
3
:= Ab + Ba + C = Au
2
+ Bu
1
+ C v y vo trong nh
B , trn mn hnh l: u
3
: = Au
2
+ Bu
1
+ C
Sau khi thc hin: A + ANPHA A B + C SHIFT STO A my tnh tng u
4
:= Au
3
+ Bu
2
+ C v - a vo nh A . Nh- vy khi ta c u
4
trn mn hnh v trong nh A
(trong nh B vn l u
3
).
Sau khi thc hin: A + ANPHA B B + C SHIFT STO B my tnh tng u
5
:=
Au
4
+ Bu
3
+ C v - a vo nh B . Nh- vy khi ta c u
5
trn mn hnh v trong nh B (trong
nh A vn l u
4
).
Tip tc vng lp ta - c dy s u
n+2
= Au
n+1
+ Bu
n
+ C
*Nhn xt: Trong cch lp quy trnh trn, ta c th s dng chc nng COPY lp li dy lp
bi quy trnh sau (gim - c 10 ln bm phm mi khi tm mt s hng ca dy s), thc hin quy
trnh sau:
Bm phm: b SHIFT STO A A + B a + C SHIFT STO B
A + ANPHA A B + C SHIFT STO A
A + ANPHA B B + C SHIFT STO B
SHIFT COPY A
Lp du bng: = ... = ...
* Cch 2: S dng cch lp cng thc
Bm phm: a SHIFT
A b SHIFT STO B
ANPHA C ANPHA = A ANPHA B + B ANPHA A + C
ANPHA : ANPHA A ANPHA = ANPHA B
ANPHA : ANPHA B ANPHA = ANPHA C
Lp du bng: = ... = ...
V d : Cho dy s - c xc nh bi:
toanphothong.com

1 2
n+2 n+1 n
u = 1, u 2
u = 3u + 4u + 5 ; n N*
=

Hy lp quy trnh tnh u
n
.
Gii:
- Thc hin quy trnh:
2 SHIFT STO A 3 + 4 1 + 5 SHIFT STO B
3 + ANPHA A 4 + 5 SHIFT STO A
3 + ANPHA B 4 + 5 SHIFT STO B
SHIFT COPY A
= ... = ...
ta - c dy: 15, 58, 239, 954, 3823, 15290, 61167, 244666, 978671...
Hoc c th thc hin quy trnh:
1 SHIFT STO A 2 SHIFT STO B
ANPHA C ANPHA = 3 ANPHA B + 4 ANPHA A + 5
ANPHA : ANPHA A ANPHA = ANPHA B
ANPHA : ANPHA B ANPHA = ANPHA C
= ... = ...
ta cng - c kt qu nh- trn.
toanphothong.com
4) Dy s cho bi h thc truy hi vi h s bin thin dng:



* Thut ton lp quy trnh tnh s hng ca dy:
- S dng 3 nh: A : cha gi tr ca n
B : cha gi tr ca u
n

C : cha gi tr ca u
n+1

- Lp cng thc tnh u
n+1
thc hin gn A : = A + 1 v B := C tnh s hng tip theo
ca dy
- Lp phm : =
V d : Cho dy s - c xc nh bi:

( )
1
n+1 n
u = 0
n
u = u +1 ; n N*
n+1

Hy lp quy trnh tnh u
n
.
Gii:
- Thc hin quy trnh:
1 SHIFT STO A 0 SHIFT STO B
ANPHA C ANPHA = ( ANPHA A ( ANPHA A + 1 ) )
( ANPHA B + 1 ) ANPHA : ANPHA A ANPHA =
ANPHA A + 1 ANPHA : ANPHA B ANPHA = ANPHA C
= ... = ...
ta - c dy:
1 3 5 7
, 1, , 2, , 3, ,...
2 2 2 2

II/ S dng MTBT trong vic gii mt s dng ton v dy s:
1). Lp cng thc s hng tng qut:
Ph- ng php gii:
{ } ( )
1
n+1
u = a
u = , ; n N*
n
f n u

Trong { } ( )
,
n
f n u l k
hiu ca biu thc u
n+1
tnh
theo u
n
v n.
toanphothong.com
- Lp quy trnh trn MTBT tnh mt s s hng ca dy s
- Tm quy lut cho dy s, d on cng thc s hng tng qut
- Chng minh cng thc tm - c bng quy np
V d 1: Tm a
2004
bit:

Gii:
- Tr- c ht ta tnh mt s s hng u ca dy (a
n
), quy trnh sau:
1 SHIFT STO A 0 SHIFT STO B
ANPHA C ANPHA = ANPHA A ( ANPHA A + 1 )
( ( ANPHA A + 2 ) ( ANPHA A + 3 ) )
( ANPHA B + 1 ) ANPHA : ANPHA A ANPHA =
ANPHA A + 1 ANPHA : ANPHA B ANPHA = ANPHA C
- Ta - c dy:
1 7 27 11 13 9
, , , , , ,...
6 20 50 15 14 8

- T phn tch cc s hng tm quy lut cho dy trn:
a
1
= 0
a
2
=
1 5 1.5
6 30 3.10
= = d on cng thc s hng tng qut:
a
3
=
7 2.7 2.7
20 40 4.10
= =
a
4
=
27 3.9
50 5.10
= * D dng chng minh cng thc (1) ng
...

2004
2003.4009
20050
a =
1
1
0
( 1)
( 1) ; *
( 2)( 3)
n n
a
n n
a a n N
n n
+
=

= + e

+ +

)

( 1)(2 1)
10( 1)
n
n n
a
n
+
=
+

(1)
vi mi n e N
*
bng quy np.
toanphothong.com
V d 2: Xt dy s:

Chng minh rng s A = 4a
n
.a
n+2
+ 1 l s chnh ph- ng.
Gii:
- Tnh mt s s hng u ca dy (a
n
) bng quy trnh:
3 SHIFT STO A 2 - 1 + 1 SHIFT STO B
2 - ANPHA A + 1 SHIFT STO A
2 - ANPHA B + 1 SHIFT STO B
SHIFT COPY A
= ... = ...
- Ta - c dy: 1, 3, 6, 10, 15, 21, 28, 36, 45, 55,...
- Tm quy lut cho dy s:
1
1(1 1)
1
2
a
+
= =
2
2(2 1)
3
2
a
+
= = d on cng thc s hng tng qut:
3
3(3 1)
6
2
a
+
= =
4
4(4 1)
10
2
a
+
= =
5
5(5 1)
15
2
a
+
= = * Ta hon ton chng minh cng thc (1)
...
T : A = 4a
n
.a
n+2
+ 1 = n(n + 1)(n + 2)(n + 3) +1 = (n
2
+ 3n + 1)
2
.
A l mt s chnh ph- ng.
Cch gii khc: T kt qu tm - c mt s s hng u ca dy,ta thy:
- Vi n = 1 th A = 4a
1
.a
3
+ 1 = 4.1.6 + 1 = 25 = (2a
2
- 1)
2

- Vi n = 2 th A = 4a
2
.a
4
+ 1 = 4.3.10 + 1 = 121 = (2a
3
- 1)
2

- Vi n = 3 th A = 4a
3
.a
5
+ 1 = 4.6.15 + 1 = 361 = (2a
4
- 1)
2

T ta chng minh A = 4a
n
.a
n+2
+ 1 = (2a
n+1
- 1)
2
(*)
Bng ph- ng php quy np ta cng d dng chng minh - c (*).
2). D on gii hn ca dy s:
2.1. Xt tnh hi t ca dy s:
1 2
*
2
1, 3
2 1;
n n n
a a
a a a n N
+
= =

= + e

)

( 1)
2
n
n n
a
+
=
ng vi mi n e N
*

(1)
toanphothong.com
Bng cch s dung MTBT cho php ta tnh - c nhiu s hng ca dy s mt cch nhanh
chng. Biu din dy im cc s hng ca dy s s gip cho ta trc quan tt v s hi t ca dy s,
t hnh thnh nn cch gii ca bi ton.
V d 1: Xt s hi t ca dy s (a
n
):

sin( )
; *
1
n
n
a n N
n
= e
+

Gii:
- Thc hin quy trnh:
4
2 MODE 1 SHIFT STO A
sin ( ANPHA A ) ( ANPHA A + 1 )
ANPHA : ANPHA A ANPHA = ANPHA A + 1
= ... = ...
ta - c kt qu sau ( chnh xc 10
-9
):
n a
n
n a
n
n a
n
n a
n

1 0,420735492 13 0,030011931 25 -0,005090451 37 -0,016935214
2 0,303099142 14 0,06604049 26 0,028242905 38 0,007599194
3 0,035280002 15 0,04064299 27 0,034156283 39 0,024094884
4 -0,151360499 16 -0,016935489 28 0,009341578 40 0,018173491
5 -0,159820712 17 -0,053410971 29 -0,022121129 41 -0,00377673
6 -0,039916499 18 -0,039525644 30 -0,031871987 42 -0,021314454
7 0,082123324 19 0,00749386 31 -0,012626176 43 -0,018903971
8 0,109928694 20 0,043473583 32 0,016709899 44 0,000393376
9 0,041211848 21 0,038029801 33 0,029409172 45 0,018497902
10 -0,049456464 22 -0,000384839 34 0,015116648 46 0,019186986
11 -0,083332517 23 -0,035259183 35 -0,011893963 47 0,00257444
12 -0,041274839 24 -0,036223134 36 -0,026804833 48 -0,015678666
- Biu din im trn mt phng to (n ; a
n
):

Da vo s biu din trn gip cho ta rt ra nhn xt khi n cng ln th a
n
cng gn 0 (a
n
0) v
chnh l bn cht ca dy hi t n s 0.
a
n

n
toanphothong.com
2.2. D on gii hn ca dy s:
V d 1: Chng minh rng dy s (u
n
), (n = 1, 2, 3...) xc nh bi:

1
1
2
2 ; *
n n
u
u u n N
+

= + e

c gii hn. Tm gii hn .
Gii:
- Thc hin quy trnh:
2 =
( 2 + ANS )
= ... = ...
ta - c kt qu sau ( chnh xc 10
-9
):
n u
n
n u
n

1 1,414213562 11 1,999999412
2 1,847759065 12 1,999999853
3 1,961570561 13 1,999999963
4 1,990369453 14 1,999999991
5 1,997590912 15 1,999999998
6 1,999397637 16 1,999999999
7 1,999849404 17 2,000000000
8 1,999962351 18 2,000000000
9 1,999990588 19 2,000000000
10 1,999997647 20 2,000000000
Da vo kt qu trn ta nhn xt - c:
1) Dy s (u
n
) l dy tng
2) D on gii hn ca dy s bng 2
Chng minh nhn nh trn:
+ Bng ph- ng php quy np ta chng minh - c dy s (u
n
) tng v b chn dy (u
n
) c
gii hn.
+ Gi gii hn l a: limu
n
= a. Ly gii hn hai v ca cng thc truy hi xc nh dy s (u
n
)
ta - c:
limu
n
= lim( 2
n
u + ) hay a = 2 a +
2
0
2
2
a
a
a a
>
=

= +

Vy: lim u
n
= 2
toanphothong.com
V d 2: Cho dy s (x
n
), (n = 1, 2, 3...) xc nh bi:

1 2
2
1 1
1
2 2
sin( ) , *
5 5
n n n
x x
x x x n N
t
t
+ +
= =

= + e

Chng minh rng dy (x
n
) c gii hn v tm gii hn ca n.
Gii:
- Thc hin quy trnh:
4
2 MODE 1 SHIFT STO A ( 2 5 SHIFT t )
+ ( 2 SHIFT t 5 ) sin ( 1 ) SHIFT STO B

2
x ( 2 5 SHIFT t ) + ( 2 SHIFT t 5 )
sin ( ANPHA A ) SHIFT STO A

2
x ( 2 5 SHIFT t ) + ( 2 SHIFT t 5 )
sin ( ANPHA B ) SHIFT STO B
SHIFT COPY A
= ... = ...
ta tnh cc s hng u ca dy s (x
n
) v rt ra nhng nhn xt sau:
1) Dy s (x
n
) l dy khng gim
2) x
50
= x
51
=... = 1,570796327 (vi chnh xc 10
-9
).
3) Nu ly x
i
(i = 50, 51,...) tr cho
2
t
ta u nhn - c kt qu l 0.
d on gii hn ca dy s bng
2
t
.
Chng minh nhn nh trn:
+ Bng ph- ng php quy np ta d dng chng minh - c x
n
e (0 ;
2
t
) v dy (x
n
) khng gim
dy (x
n
) c gii hn.
+ Gi gii hn bng a, ta c:

2
2 2
sin( ), (1).
5 5
a a a
t
t
= +
+ Bng ph- ng php gii tch (xt hm s
2
2 2
( ) sin( )
5 5
f x x x x
t
t
= + ) ta c (1) c nghim l
a =
2
t
.
Vy: lim x
n
=
2
t
.
3). Mt s dng bi tp s dng trong ngoi kho v thi gii Ton bng MTBT:
Bi 1: Cho dy s (u
n
), (n = 0, 1, 2,...):
toanphothong.com

( ) ( )
2 3 2 3
2 3
n n
n
u
+
=

a) Chng minh u
n
nguyn vi mi n t nhin.
b) Tm tt c n nguyn u
n
chia ht cho 3.
Bi 2: Cho dy s (a
n
) - c xc nh bi:

2
1
2
4 15 60 , *
o
n n n
a
a a a n N
+
=

= + e

a) Xc nh cng thc s hng tng qut a
n
.
b) Chng minh rng s: ( )
2
1
8
5
n
A a = + biu din - c d- i dng tng bnh ph- ng ca 3
s nguyn lin tip vi mi n > 1.
Bi 3: Cho dy s (u
n
) xc nh bi:

1
2 1
0, 1
1999 ,
o
n n n
u u
u u u n N
+ +
= =

= e

Tm tt c s t nhin n sao cho u
n
l s nguyn t.
Bi 4: Cho dy s (a
n
) xc nh bi:

1 2
1 1
5, 11
2 3 , 2,
n n n
a a
a a a n n N
+
= =

= > e

Chng minh rng:
a) Dy s trn c v s s d- ng, s m.
b) a
2002
chia ht cho 11.
Bi 5: Cho dy s (a
n
) xc nh bi:

1 2
2
1
2
1
2
, 3,
n
n
n
a a
a
a n n N
a

= =

+
= > e

Chng minh a
n
nguyn vi mi n t nhin.
Bi 6: Dy s (a
n
) - c xc nh theo cng thc:
( )
2 3 , *
n
n
a n N
(
= + e
(

; (k hiu
( )
2 3
n
(
+
(

l phn nguyn ca s
( )
2 3
n
+
).
Chng minh rng dy (a
n
) l dy cc s nguyn l.
toanphothong.com
PHN 3: CC BI TON V S
1. Tnh ton trn my kt hp trn giy:
Bi 1: a) Nu mt ph- ng php (kt hp trn my v trn giy) tnh chnh xc kt qu ca php tnh
sau: A = 12578963 x 14375
b) Tnh chnh xc A
c) Tnh chnh xc ca s: B = 123456789
2

d) Tnh chnh xc ca s: C = 1023456
3

Gii:
a) Nu tnh trn my s trn mn hnh nn ta lm nh- sau:
A = 12578963.14375 = (12578.10
3
+ 963).14375 = 12578.10
3
.14375 + 963.14375
* Tnh trn my: 12578.14375 = 180808750 12578.10
3
.14375 = 180808750000
* Tnh trn my: 963.14375 = 13843125
T ta c: A = 180808750000 + 13843125 = 180822593125 (Tnh trn my)
Hoc vit: 180808750000 = 180000000000 + 808750000 v cng trn my:
808750000 + 13843125 = 822593125 A = 180822593125
b) Gi tr chnh xc ca A l: 180822593125
c) B =123456789
2
=(123450000 + 6789)
2
= (1234.10
4
)
2
+ 2.12345.10
4
.6789 + 6789
2

Tnh trn my: 12345
2
= 152399025
2x12345x6789 = 167620410
6789
2
= 46090521
Vy: B = 152399025.10
8
+ 167620410.10
4
+ 46090521
= 15239902500000000 + 1676204100000 + 46090521= 15241578750190521
d) C = 1023456
3
= (1023000 + 456)
3
= (1023.10
3
+ 456)
3

= 1023
3
.10
9
+ 3.1023
2
.10
6
.456 + 3.1023.10
3
.456
2
+ 456
3

Tnh trn my:
1023
3
= 1070599167
3.1023
2
.456 = 1431651672
3.1023.456
2
= 638155584
456
3
= 94818816
Vy (tnh trn giy): C = 1070599167000000000 + 1431651672000000 + +
638155584000 + 94818816 = 1072031456922402816
Bi 2 (Thi gii Ton trn MTBT khu vc - Nm hc 2003-2004)
Tnh kt qu ng ca cc tch sau:
a) M = 2222255555 x 2222266666
b) N = 20032003 x 20042004
toanphothong.com
p s: a) M = 4938444443209829630 b) N = 401481484254012
Bi 3: (Thi gii Ton trn MTBT lp 12 tnh Thi Nguyn - Nm hc 2003-2004)
Tnh kt qu ng ca cc php tnh sau:
a) A = 1,123456789 - 5,02122003
b) B = 4,546879231 + 107,3564177895
p s: a) A = b) B =
Bi 4: (Thi gii Ton trn MTBT lp 10 + 11 tnh Thi Nguyn - Nm hc 2003-2004)
Tnh kt qu ng ca php tnh sau:
A = 52906279178,48 : 565,432
p s: A =
Bi 5: Tnh chnh xc ca s A =
2
12
10 2
3
| | +
|
\ .

Gii:
- Dng my tnh, tnh mt s kt qu:
2
10 2
34
3
+
= v
2
2
10 2
1156
3
| | +
=
|
\ .

3
10 2
334
3
+
= v
2
3
10 2
111556
3
| | +
=
|
\ .

4
10 2
3334
3
+
= v
2
4
10 2
11115556
3
| | +
=
|
\ .

Nhn xt:
10 2
3
k
+
l s nguyn c (k - 1) ch s 3, tn cng l s 4

2
10 2
3
k
| | +
|
\ .
l s nguyn gm k ch s 1, (k - 1) ch s 5, ch s cui cng l 6
* Ta d dng chng minh - c nhn xt trn l ng v do :
A = 111111111111555555555556
2. Tm s d- trong php chia s a cho s b:
nh l: Vi hai s nguyn bt k a v b, b = 0, lun tn ti duy nht mt cp s nguyn q v r sao
cho:
a = bq + r v 0 s r < |b|
* T nh l trn cho ta thut ton lp quy trnh n phm tm d- trong php chia a cho b:
+ B-c 1: - a s a vo nh A , s b vo nh B
+ B-c 2: Thc hin php chia A cho B {ghi nh phn nguyn q}
toanphothong.com
+ B-c 3: Thc hin A - q B = r
Bi 5: a) Vit mt quy trnh n phm tm s d- khi chia 18901969 cho 3041975
b) Tnh s d-
c) Vit quy trnh n phm tm s d- khi chia 3523127 cho 2047. Tm s d- .
Gii:
a) Quy trnh n phm: 18901969 SHIFT STO A 3041975 SHIFT STO B
ANPHA A ANPHA B = (6,213716089)
SHIFT A - 6 B = (650119)
b) S d- l: r = 650119
c) T- ng t quy trnh cu a), ta - c kt qu l: r = 240
Bi 6: (Thi gii Ton trn MTBT lp 12 tnh Thi Nguyn - Nm hc 2002-2003)
Tm th- ng v s d- trong php chia: 123456789 cho 23456
p s: q = 5263; r = 7861
Bi 7: (Thi gii Ton trn MTBT lp 10 + 11 tnh Thi Nguyn - Nm hc 2003-2004)
Tm s d- trong php chia:
a) 987654321 cho 123456789
b) 8
15
cho 2004
H.Dn:
a) S d- l: r = 9
b) Ta phn tch: 8
15
= 8
8
.8
7

- Thc hin php chia 8
8
cho 2004 - c s d- l r
1
= 1732
- Thc hin php chia 8
7
cho 2004 - c s d- l r
2
= 968
S d- trong php chia 8
15
cho 2004 l s d- trong php chia 1732 x 968 cho 2004
S d- l: r = 1232
3. Tm - c chung ln nht (UCLN) v bi chung nh nht (BCNN):
B (c s ca thut ton Euclide)
Nu a = bq + r th (a, b) = (b, r)
T b trn, ta c thut ton Euclide nh- sau (vi hai s nguyn d- ng a, b):
- Chia a cho b, ta - c th- ng q
1
v d- r
1
: a = bq
1
+ r
1

- Chia b cho r
1
, ta - c th- ng q
2
v d- r
2
: b = r
1
q
2
+ r
2

- Chia r
1
cho r
2
, ta - c th- ng q
3
v d- r
3
: r
1
= r
2
q
3
+ r
3

....
Tip tc qu trnh trn, ta - c mt dy gim: b, r
1
, r
2
, r
3
... dy ny dn n 0, v l cc s t
nhin nn ta se thc hin khng qu b php chia. Thut ton kt thc sau mt s hu hn b- c v b
trn cho ta:
toanphothong.com
(a, b) = (b, r
1
) = ... r
n

nh l: Nu x, y l hai s nguyn khc 0, BCNN ca chng lun lun tn ti v bng:
( ) ,
xy
x y

Bi 8: Tm UCLN ca hai s:
a = 24614205, b = 10719433
Gii:
* Thc hin trn my thut ton tm s d- trong php chia s a cho s b, ta - c:
- Chia a cho b - c: 24614205 = 10719433 x 2 + 3175339
- Chia 10719433 cho 3175339 - c: 10719433 = 3175339 x 3 + 1193416
- Chia 3175339 cho 1193416 - c: 3175339 = 1193416 x 2 + 788507
- Chia 1193416 cho 788507 - c: 1193416 = 788507 x 1 + 404909
- Chia 788507 cho 404909 - c: 788507 = 404909 x 1 + 383598
- Chia 404909 cho 383598 - c: 404909 = 383598 x 1 + 21311
- Chia 383598 cho 21311 - c: 383598 = 21311 x 18 + 0
UCLN(a, b) = 21311
Bi 9: (Thi gii Ton trn MTBT lp 10 + 11 tnh Thi Nguyn - Nm hc 2003-2004)
Tm - c chung ln nht v bi chung nh nht ca:
a = 75125232 v b = 175429800
p s: UCLN(a, b) = ; BCNN(a, b) =

4. Mt s bi ton s dng tnh tun hon ca cc s d- khi nng ln lu tha:
nh l: i vi cc s t nhin a v m tu , cc s d- ca php chia a, a
2
, a
3
, a
4
... cho m lp
li mt cch tun hon (c th khng bt u t u).
Chng minh. Ta ly m + 1 lu tha u tin:
a, a
2
, a
3
, a
4
..., a
m
, a
m+1

v xt cc s d- ca chng khi chia cho m. V khi chia cho m ch c th c cc s d- {0, 1, 2, ...,
m - 2, m - 1}, m li c m + 1 s, nn trong cc s trn phi c hai s c cng s d- khi chia cho m.
Chng hn hai s l a
k
v a
k + l
, trong l > 0.
Khi :
a
k
a
k + l
(mod m) (1)
Vi mi n > k nhn c hai v ca php ng d- (1) vi a
n - k
s - c:
a
n
a
n + l
(mod m)
iu ny chng t rng bt u t v tr t- ng ng vi a
k
cc s d- lp li tun hon.
S l - c gi l chu k tun hon ca cc s d- khi chia lu tha ca a cho m.
toanphothong.com
Sau y ta xt mt s dng bi tp s dng nh l trn:
Bi ton: Xt cc lu tha lin tip ca s 2:
2
1
, 2
2
, 2
3
, 2
4
, 2
5
, 2
6
, 2
7
, 2
8
, 2
9
,...
Tm xem khi chia cc lu tha ny cho 5 nhn - c cc loi s d- no ?
Gii: Ta c:
2
1
= 2, 2
2
= 4, 2
3
= 8 3 (mod 5), 2
4
= 16 1 (mod 5) (1)
tm s d- khi chia 2
5
cho 5 ta nhn c hai v php ng d- (1) vi 2 s - c:
2
5
= 2
4
.2 1x2 2 (mod 5)
2
6
= 2
5
.2 2x2 4 (mod 5)
2
7
= 2
6
.2 4x2 3 (mod 5)
...
Ta vit kt qu vo hai hng: hng trn ghi cc lu tha, hng d- i ghi s d- t- ng ng khi chia
cc lu tha ny cho 5:
2
1
2
2
2
3
2
4
2
5
2
6
2
7
2
8
2
9
2
10
2
11
...
(2 4 3 1) (2 4 3 1) (2 4 3 ...
hng th hai cho ta thy rng cc s d- lp li mt cch tun hon: sau 4 s d- (2, 4, 3, 1) li lp li
theo ng th t trn.
Bi 10: Tm s d- khi chia 2
2005
cho 5
Gii:
* p dng kt qu trn: ta c 2005 1 (mod 4) s d- khi chia 2
2005
cho 5 l 2
Bi 11: Tm ch s cui cng ca s:
4
3
2
Gii:
- Xt cc lu tha ca 2 khi chia cho 10 (s dng MTBT tnh cc lu tha ca 2, ta thc hin
theo quy trnh sau:
1 SHIFT STO A 2 . ANPHA A
ANPHA : ANPHA A ANPHA = ANPHA A + 1 = = ...)
ta - c kt qu sau:
2
1
2
2
2
3
2
4
2
5
2
6
2
7
2
8
2
9
2
10
2
11
...
(2 4 8 6) (2 4 8 6) (2 4 8 ...
hng th hai cho ta thy rng cc s d- lp li tun hon chu k 4 s (2, 4, 8, 6)
ta c 3
4
= 81 1 (mod 4) s d- khi chia
4
3
2 cho 10 l 2
Vy ch s cui cng ca s
4
3
2 l 2.
Bi 12: Tm hai ch s cui cng ca s:
toanphothong.com
A = 2
1999
+ 2
2000
+ 2
2001
Gii: Xt cc lu tha ca 2 khi chia cho 100 (s dng MTBT tnh cc lu tha ca 2, thc hin
theo quy trnh nh- bi 11), ta - c kt qu sau:
2
1
2
2
2
3
2
4
2
5
2
6
2
7
2
8
2
9
2
10
2
11
2
12

2 (4 8 16 32 64 28 56 12 24 48 96



2
13
2
14
2
15
2
16
2
17
2
18
2
19
2
20
2
21
2
22
2
23
2
24

92 84 68 36 72 44 88 76 52) (4 8 16
cc s d- lp li tun hon chu k 20 s (t s 4 n s 52). Ta c:
1999 19 (mod 20) s d- khi chia 2
1999
cho 100 l 88
2000 0 (mod 20) s d- khi chia 2
2000
cho 100 l 76
2001 1 (mod 20) s d- khi chia 2
2001
cho 100 l 52
88 + 76 + 52 = 216 16 (mod 100)
s d- ca A = 2
1999
+ 2
2000
+ 2
2001
khi chia cho 100 l 16 hay hai ch s cui cng ca s A l 16.
Bi 13: Chng minh rng
( )
2004
8
14 +10 chia ht cho 11
Gii:
- Ta c: 14 3 (mod 11)
( )
2004
8
14
( )
2004
8
3 (mod 11)
Do 3
8
= 6561 5 (mod 11), nn
( )
2004
8
3 = 6561
2004
5
2004
(mod 11)
Xt s tun hon ca cc s d- khi chia lu tha ca 5 cho 11:
5
1
5
2
5
3
5
4
5
5
5
6
5
7
5
8
...
(5 4 9 1) (5 4 9 1) ...
5
2004
= (5
4
)
501
1
501
(mod 11) 1

(mod 11) (1)
Mt khc: 10 10

(mod 11) (2)
Cng v vi v php ng d- (1) v (2) c:
2004
8
14 +10 11

(mod 11) 0

(mod 11)
2004
8
14 +10 chia ht cho 11.
Bi 14: Chng minh rng s 222
555
+ 555
222
chia ht cho 7.
Gii:
1) Tr- c ht tm s d- ca php chia 222
555
cho 7:
- V 222 = 7 x 31 + 5, nn 222 5

(mod 7) 222
555
5
555
(mod 7)
- Xt s tun hon ca cc s d- khi chia lu tha ca 5 cho 7:
5
1
5
2
5
3
5
4
5
5
5
6
5
7
5
8
...
(5 4 6 2 3 1) (5 4 ...
5
555
= 5
6.92 + 3
= (5
6
)
92
.5
3
5
3
6 (mod 7) (1)
Vy s d- khi chia 222
555
cho 7 l 6.
toanphothong.com
2) T- ng t, tm s d- ca php chia 555
222
cho 7:
- V 555 = 7 x 79 + 2, nn 555 2

(mod 7) 555
222
2
222
(mod 7)
- Xt s tun hon ca cc s d- khi chia lu tha ca 2 cho 7:
2
1
2
2
2
3
2
4
2
5
2
6
2
7
2
8
...
(2 4 1 2 4) (2 4 1 ...
2
222
= 2
3.74
= (2
3
)
74
1
74
1 (mod 7) (2)
Vy s d- khi chia 555
222
cho 7 l 1.
Cng v vi v cc php ng d- (1) v (2), ta - c:
222
555
+ 555
222
6 + 1 0 (mod 7)
Vy s 222
555
+ 555
222
chia ht cho 7.


5. S nguyn t:
nh l 1 (nh l c bn v s nguyn t):
Mi s nguyn d- ng n, n > 1, u c th - c vit mt cch duy nht (khng tnh n vic sp
xp cc nhn t) d- i dng:
1 2
1 2
... ,
k
e e e
k
n p p p =
vi k, e
i
l s t nhin v p
i
l cc s nguyn t tho mn:
1 < p
1
< p
2
<...< p
k
Khi , dng phn tch trn - c gi l dng phn tch chnh tc ca s n.
Bi 15: Tm cc - c nguyn t nh nht v ln nht ca s:
A = 215
2
+ 314
2

H. Dn:
- Tnh trn my, ta c: A = 144821
- - a gi tr ca s A vo nh A : 144821 SHIFT STO A
- Ly gi tr ca nh A ln l- t chia cho cc s nguyn t t s 2:
ANPHA A 2 = (72410,5)
ANPHA A 3 = (48273,66667)
....
tip tc chia cho cc s nguyn t: 5, 7, 11, 13,...,91: ta u nhn - c A khng chia ht cho cc
s . Ly A chia cho 97, ta - c:
ANPHA A 97 = (1493)
Vy: 144821 = 97 x 1493
toanphothong.com
Nhn xt: Nu mt s n l hp s th n phi c - c s nguyn t nh hn n .
kim tra xem 1493 c l hp s hay khng ta ch cn kim tra xem 1493 c chia ht cho
s nguyn t no nh hn 1493 40 < hay khng.
- Thc hin trn my ta c kt qu 1493 khng chia ht cho cc s nguyn t nh hn 40
1493 l s nguyn t.
Vy A = 215
2
+ 314
2
c - c s nguyn t nh nht l 97, ln nht l 1493.
Bi 15: Tm cc - c nguyn t nh nht v ln nht ca s:
A = 10001
p s: A c - c s nguyn t nh nht l 73, ln nht l 137
Bi 16: S N = 2
7
.3
5
.5
3
c bao nhiu - c s ?
Gii:
- S cc - c s ca N ch cha tha s: 2 l 7, 3 l 5, 5 l 3
- S cc - c s ca N cha hai tha s nguyn t:
2 v 3 l: 7x5 = 35; 2 v 5 l: 7x3 = 21; 3 v 5 l: 5x3 = 15
- S cc - c s ca N cha ba tha s nguyn t 2, 3, 5 l 7x5x3 = 105
Nh- vy s cc - c s ca N l: 7 + 5 + 3 + 35 + 21 + 15 + 105 + 1 = 192.
nh l 2 (Xc nh s - c s ca mt s t nhin n):
Cho s t nhin n, n > 1, gi s khi phn tch n ra tha s nguyn t ta - c:
1 2
1 2
... ,
k
e e e
k
n p p p =
vi k, e
i
l s t nhin v p
i
l cc s nguyn t tho mn:
1 < p
1
< p
2
<...< p
k
Khi s - c s ca n - c tnh theo cng thc:
t
(n)
= (e
1
+ 1) (e
2
+ 1)... (e
k
+ 1)
Bi 17: (Thi gii Ton trn MTBT lp 10 + 11 tnh Thi Nguyn - Nm hc 2003-2004)
Hy tm s cc - c d- ng ca s A = 6227020800.
Gii:
- Phn tch A ra tha s nguyn t, ta - c:
A = 2
10
.3
5
.5
2
.7.11.13
p dng nh l trn ta c s cc - c d- ng ca A l:
t
(A)
= 11.6.3.2.2.2 = 1584
Bi 18: ( thi chn i tuyn tnh Ph Th tham gia k thi khu vc nm 2004):
C bao nhiu s t nhin l - c ca:
toanphothong.com
N = 1890 x 1930 x 1945 x 1954 x 1969 x 1975 x 2004
Gii:
- Phn tch N ra tha s nguyn t, ta - c:
N = 2
5
x 3
4
x 5
5
x 7 x 11 x 79 x 167 x 179 x 193 x 389 x 977
p dng nh l 2, ta c s cc - c d- ng ca N l:
t
(N)
= 6 x 5 x 6 x 2 x 2 x 2 x 2 x 2 x 2 x 2 x 2 = 46080
6. Tm s t nhin theo cc iu kin cho tr- c:
Bi 19: Tm s ln nht, s nh nht trong cc s t nhin dng:
1 2 3 4 x y z
chia ht cho 7.
Gii:
- S ln nht dng 1 2 3 4 x y z chia ht cho 7 s phi c dng:
19293 4 z vi z e{0, 1, 2,...,8, 9}
ln l- t th vi z = 9; 8; 7; 6; 5... n z = 5, ta c:
1929354 7 = (275622)
Vy s ln nht dng 1 2 3 4 x y z chia ht cho 7 l 1929354, th- ng l 275622
- S nh nht dng 1 2 3 4 x y z chia ht cho 7 s phi c dng:
10203 4 z vi z e{0, 1, 2,...,8, 9}
ln l- t th vi z = 0; 1; 2; 3... n z = 3, ta c:
1020334 7 = (145762)
Vy s nh nht dng 1 2 3 4 x y z chia ht cho 7 l 1020334, th- ng l 145762
Bi 20: Tm s ln nht, s nh nht trong cc s t nhin dng:
1 2 3 4 x y z chia ht cho 13.
p s: - S ln nht dng 1 2 3 4 x y z chia ht cho 13 l 1929304
- S nh nht dng 1 2 3 4 x y z chia ht cho 13 l 1020344
Bi 21: ( thi chn i tuyn tnh Ph Th tham gia k thi khu vc nm 2004)
Tm tt c cc s n dng:
1235679 4 N x y = chia ht cho 24.
H.Dn:
- V N 24 N 3 ; N 8 (37 + x + y) 3 ; 4 x y 8.
y ch c th l 0 ; 2 ; 4 ; 6 ; 8.
toanphothong.com
Dng my tnh, th cc gi tr x tho mn: (x + y + 1) 3 v 4 x y 8, ta c:
N
1
= 1235679048 ; N
2
= 1235679840
Bi 22: Tm cc s khi bnh ph- ng s c tn cng l ba ch s 4. C hay khng cc s khi bnh
ph- ng c tn cng l bn ch s 4 ?
H.Dn:
- Ch s cui cng ca x
2
l 4 th ch s cui cng ca x l 2 hoc 8. Tnh trn my bnh
ph- ng ca s:
2, 12, 22, 32, 42, 52, 62, 72, 82, 92, 8, 18, 28, 38, 48, 58, 68, 78, 88, 98
ta ch c cc s:
12, 62, 38, 88
khi bnh ph- ng c tn cng l hai ch s 4.
- Tnh trn my bnh ph- ng ca cc s:
12, 112, 212, 312, 412, 512, 612, 712, 812, 912;
62, 162, 262, 362, 462, 562, 662, 762, 862, 962;
38, 138, 238, 338, 438, 538, 638, 738, 838, 938
88, 188, 288, 388, 488, 588, 688, 788, 888, 988
ta - c: 462, 962, 38, 538 khi bnh ph- ng c tn cng l 444.
* T- ng t cch lm trn, ta c kt lun: khng c N no N
2
kt thc bi 4444.
Bi 23: Tm tt c cc s c 6 ch s tho mn:
1) S to thnh bi ba ch s cui ln hn s to thnh bi ba ch s u 1 n v
2) L s chnh ph- ng.
H. Dn:
- Gi s cn tm l:
1 2 3 4 5 6
n a a a a a a = .
- t
1 2 3
x a a a = . Khi y
4 5 6
1 a a a x = + v n = 1000x + x + 1 = 1001x + 1 = y
2

hay (y - 1)(y + 1) = 7.11.13x.
Vy hai trong ba s nguyn t 7, 11, 13 phi l - c ca mt trong hai tha s ca v tri v s
cn li phi l - c ca tha s cn li ca v tri.
Dng my tnh, xt cc kh nng i n p s:
n = 183184 ; 328329 ; 528529 ; 715716.
Bi 24: Tm tt c cc s t nhin x tho mn: 10000 < x < 15000 v khi chia x cho 393 cng nh- 655
u c s d- l 210.
toanphothong.com
H.Dn:
- T gi thit, ta c: x = 393.q
1
+ 210 x -210 chia ht cho 393
x = 655.q
2
+ 210 x -210 chia ht cho 655
x -210 chia ht cho BCNN (393 ; 655) = 1965
x -210 = 1965.k ; (k = 1, 2,...) hay x = 1965k + 210
- T gi thit 10000 < x < 15000 10000 < 1965k + 210 < 15000
hay 9790 < 1965k < 14790 5 s k < 8.
Tnh trn my:
Vi k = 5, ta c: x = 1965.5 + 210 = 10035
Vi k = 6, ta c: x = 1965.6 + 210 = 12000
Vi k = 7, ta c: x = 1965.7 + 210 = 13965
Vy cc s phi tm l: 10035, 12000, 13965
Bi 25: Tm cc ch s x, y, z 579xyz chia ht cho 5, 7 v 9.
Gii:
- V cc s 5, 7, 9 i mt nguyn t cng nhau nn ta phi tm cc ch s x, y, z sao cho
579xyz chia ht cho 5.7.9 = 315.
Ta c 579xyz = 579000 + xyz = 1838.315 + 30 + xyz
30 + xyz chia ht cho 315. V 30 s 30 + xyz < 1029 nn (Dng my tnh tm cc bi ca
315 trong khong (30 ; 1029):
- Nu 30 + xyz = 315 th xyz = 315 - 30 = 285
- Nu 30 + xyz = 630 th xyz = 630 - 30 = 600
- Nu 30 + xyz = 945 th xyz = 945 - 30 = 915
Vy ta c p s sau:
x y z
2 8 5
6 0 0
9 1 5
Bi 26: (Thi Quc t IMO 1962):
Tm s nguyn d- ng nh nht c tnh cht sau:
1) Vit d- i dng thp phn a c tn cng l s 6.
2) Nu b ch s 6 cui cng v t ch s 6 ln tr- c cc ch s cn li s - c mt s gp 4
ln ch s ban u.
Gii:
toanphothong.com
- Gi s s cn tm c n + 1 ch s.
- T iu kin 1) s dng:
1 2
... 6
n
a a a
- T iu kin 2), ta c:
1 2
6 ...
n
a a a = 4.
1 2
... 6
n
a a a (*)
- t
1 2
...
n
a a a a = , th:
1 2
... 6
n
a a a = 10a + 6

1 2
6 ...
n
a a a = 6.10
n
+ a
- Khi (*) tr thnh:
6.10
n
+ a = 4.(10a + 6) 2.(10
n
- 4) = 13a (**)
ng thc (**) chng t v tri chia ht cho 13.
V (2 ; 13) = 1 nn: 10
n
- 4 chia ht cho 13.
Bi ton quy v: Tm s t nhin n nh nht (10
n
- 4) chia ht cho 13, khi tm ra s a v
s cn tm c dng: 10a + 6.
Th ln l- t trn my cc gi tr n = 1; 2;... th (10
n
- 4) ln l- t l:
6, 96, 996, 9996, 99996,... v s u tin chia ht cho 13 l: 99996.
Khi a = 15384 S cn tm l: 153846.
Bi 27: Tm s t nhin n sao cho:
a) 2n + 7 chia ht cho n + 1
b) n + 2 chia ht cho 7 - n
H.Dn:
a) Lp cng thc (2n + 7) : (n + 1) trn my v th ln l- t n = 0, 1, 2,... ta - c n = 0
v n = 4 th 2n + 7 chia ht cho n + 1.
Chng minh vi mi n > 5, ta u c 2n + 7 khng chia ht cho n + 1, tht vy:
(2n + 7) (n + 1) [(2n + 7) - 2(n + 1)] (n + 1) 5 (n + 1) n s 5.
Vy s n cn tm l 0 hoc 4.
b) T- ng t ta c: n = 4 hoc n = 6.
Bi 28: Tm s t nhin n nh nht sao cho n
3
l mt s c 3 ch s u v 4 ch s cui u l s 1.
Gii:
Nhn xt:
1) n
3
c tn cng l 11 th n c tn cng l s 1. Th trn my cc s:
11, 21, 31,...81, 91
- c duy nht s 71 khi lu tha bc ba c tn cng l 11.
2) n
3
c tn cng l 111 th n c phi tn cng l s 471.
(Th trn my vi cc s: 171, 271, 371,...871, 971 )
toanphothong.com
3) n
3
c tn cng l 1111 th n phi c tn cng l s 8471.
(Th trn my vi cc s: 1471, 2471, 3471,...8471, 9471 )
- Gi s m l s ch s ng gia cc s 111 v 1111:
+ Nu m = 3k, k eZ
+
, th:
111 x 10
3k+4
< n
3
= 111...1111 < 112 x 10
3k+4

(
4 3 4
3 3
111000...000000 111 ... 1111 112000...000000
m k
k k
=
< < )

3 1 3 1 3 3 3
1110.10 111...1111 1120.10
k k
n
+ +
< = <
Tnh trn my:
10,35398805 x 10
k+1
< n < 10,3849882 x 10
k+1

Do , vi k > 1. Cho k = 1 ta - c n bt u bng s 103, ngha l:
n = 103...8471
S nh nht trong cc s l: n = 1038471
+ Nu m = 3k + 1 v m = 3k + 2, ta - c cc s ny u v- t qu s 1038471
Kt lun: S nh nht tho mn yu cu bi ton l: n = 1038471 khi :
(tnh kt hp trn my v trn giy): n
3
= 1119909991289361111
Bi 29: a) Tm s t nhin n nh nht m n
2
bt u bi s 19 v kt thc bng s 89
b) Tm s t nhin n sao cho: n
2
= 2525xxxxxx89 (trong xxxxxx l 6 s c th khc nhau).
Gii:
a) Tr- c ht ta tm s n
2
c tn cng l 89:
- V n
2
c tn cng l 9 nn n ch c th c tn cng l 3 hoc 7.
- Th trn my cc s: 13, 23,..., 93 ; 17, 27,..., 97 ta tm - c:
n
2
c tn cng l 89 th n phi c 2 s tn cng l mt trong cc s sau:
17, 33, 67, 83 (*)
* By gi ta tm s n
2
bt u bi s 19:
- n
2
bt u bi s 19 th n phi c dng:
19 x 10
k
s n
2
< 20 x 10
k
19.10 20.10
k k
n s < (1)
+ Nu k = 2m th ta c (1), tr thnh:
19.10 20.10
m m
n s <
4,3588989.10
m
s n < 4,472135955.10
m
(2)
toanphothong.com
Trong (2) ta cho m = 0, 1, 2,... (tnh trn my):
ta - c n c th l: 44, 436, 437, 438, 439, ... , 447
+ Nu k = 2m th ta c (1), tr thnh:
190.10 200.10
m m
n s <
13,78404875.10
m
s n < 14,14213562.10
m
(3)
Trong (3) ta cho m = 0, 1, 2,... (tnh trn my):
ta - c n c th l: 14, 138, 139, ... , 141
1379, 1380, 1381, ... , 1414
Tm li n bt u bi s 19 th n c th l:
14, 44, 138, 139, ..., 141, 436, 437, ... , 447, 1379, 1380, ... , 1414 (**)
T (*) v (**) ta nhn thy trong cc s trn ch c s 1383 tho mn bi ton.
b) Ta c: 2525 x 10
8
s x
2
< 2526 x 10
8

50,24937811 x 10
4
s x

< 50,25932749 x 10
4

Vy : 502493 < x < 502593
S x tn cng phi l: 17, 33, 67, 83 (theo cu a), do cc s tho mn l:
502517, 502533, 502567, 502583.
Bi 30: Vi gi tr t nhin no ca n th:
1,01
n - 1
< (n - 1) v 1,01
n
> n.
Gii:
- Ta c:
1,01
512
~ 163,133... < 512
1,01
1024
~ 26612,56.. > 1024
Vy: 512 < n < 1024
Thu hp khong cch cha n bng ph- ng php chia i:
- Chia i on [512 ; 1024], ta c:
521 1024
768
2
1, 01 1, 01 2083, 603... 768
+
= = >
Vy li c: 512 < n < 768
Sau mt s b- c chia i nh- th i n:
650 < n < 652
Cui cng ta c: 1,01
651
= 650,45... < 651
1,01
652
= 656,95.. > 652
n = 652

toanphothong.com
Ta hon ton gii bi ton trn bng mt quy trnh trn MTBT:
(Thut ton: Xt hiu 1,01
A
- A , gn cho A cc gi tr t nhin: 0, 1, 2,...
dng li khi hiu trn chuyn t (-) sang (+))
- Gn cho nh A gi tr t nhin u tin:
0 SHIFT STO A
- Lp cng thc tnh hiu 1,01
A
- A v gn gi tr nh bi s t nhin k tip:
1,01 . ANPHA A - ANPHA A
: ANPHA A ANPHA = ANPHA A + 1
- Lp li cng thc trn:
= ... =
Bi ton kt thc khi chuyn t n = 651 sang n = 652.
7. Mt s dng ton khc:
7.1 S c ui bt bin vi mi lu tha:
1) Lu tha bc bt k ca cc s c ch s tn cng bng 1 ; 5 ; 6 (v ch nhng s y) u c
ch s tn cng bng 1 ; 5 ; 6 (c ui bt bin).
2) Lu tha bc bt k ca cc s c ch s tn cng bng 25 hoc 76 (v ch nhng s y) u c
ch s tn cng bng 25 hoc 76 (c ui bt bin).
3) Lu tha bc bt k ca cc s c ch s tn cng bng 376 hoc 625 (v ch nhng s y) u
c ch s tn cng bng 376 hoc 625 (c ui bt bin).
4) Lu tha bc bt k ca cc s c ch s tn cng bng 9376 hoc 0625 (v ch nhng s y)
u c ch s tn cng bng 9376 hoc 0625 (c ui bt bin).
...
Bi 31: Tm s d- khi chia s 13376
2005!
cho 2000 (TH & TT T
3
/ 317)
Gii:
- Gi s A, B l hai s t nhin c tn cng l 376, th:
A.B = (1000.a + 376)(1000.b + 376) = 376000(a + b) + 10
6
a.b + 376
2

= 2000t + 1376; vi a, b t e N
A.B chia 2000 c s d- l 1376.
Vi k > 1 khi chia 13376
k
cho 2000 (thc hin (k - 1) ln php nhn 2 s u c tn cng l 376
ri chia cho 2000) th - c d- l 1376. bi ng vi k = 2005!
Bi 32: Tm 2 ch s tn cng ca s:
A = 2
1999
+ 2
2000
+ 2
2001

H.Dn:
toanphothong.com
- Ta c: 2
1999
+ 2
2000
+ 2
2001
= 2
1999
(1 + 2 + 2
2
) = 7 x 2
9
x 2
10
x 2
1980

= 7 x 2
9
x 2
10
x (2
20
)
99

- Ta c (dng my): 2
9
= 512
2
10
= 1024 ;
2
20
= 1048576
Nhn xt: s c 2 ch s tn cng l 76, lu tha bc bt k cng c 2 ch s tn cng l 76.
Vy (2
20
)
99
cng c 2 s tn cng l 76.
2
1999
+ 2
2000
+ 2
2001
= 7 x 512 x 1024 x (...76) = .....16.
Vy 2 ch s cui cng ca A l 16
(Xem cch gii khc bi 12)
Bi 33: Tm bn ch s tn cng ca 5
1994
.
Gii:
- Ta c: 5
4
= 625
- Nhn thy s c tn cng l 625 lu tha bc bt k vn c tn cng l 625
- Do :
5
1994
= 5
4k + 2
= 25.(5
4
)
k
= 25.(625)
k
= 25(...625) = ...5625.
Vy bn ch s tn cng ca s 5
1994
l 5625.
7.2 Khai trin nh thc Newton v bi ton chia ht:
-Ta c khai trin:
( )
1 1 2 2 2 1 1
...
n
n n n n n n
n n n
a b a C a b C a b C ab b

+ = + + + + +

1 2 2 3 3 2 2 1
( 1) ( 1)( 2) ( 1)
...
1.2 1.2.3 1.2
n n n n n n n
n n n n n n n
a na b a b a b a b nab b

+
= + + + + + + +

- Khi chng minh v tnh chia ht ca cc lu tha, cn nh mt s kt qu sau:
1) a
n
- b
n
chia ht cho a - b (a = b)
2) a
2n + 1
+ b
2n + 1
chia ht cho a + b (a = -b)
3) (a + b)
n
= BS a + b
n
(BS a: bi s ca a)
c bit:
(a + 1)
n
= BS a + 1
(a - 1)
2n
= BS a + 1
(a - 1)
2n + 1
= BS a - 1
Bi 34: Tm s d- khi chia 2
100
cho:
a) 9 b) 5 c) 125
Gii:
a) Lu tha ca 2 st vi mt bi ca 9 l 2
3
= 8 = (9 - 1)
- Ta c: 2
100
= 2(2
3
)
33
= 2(9 - 1)
33
= 2(BS 9 - 1) = BS 9 - 2 = BS 9 + 7
Vy s d- khi chia 2
100
cho 9 l 7.
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b) Lu tha ca 2 st vi mt bi ca 25 l 2
10
= 1024 = (BS 25 - 1)
- Ta c: 2
100
= (2
10
)
10
= (BS 25 - 1)
10
= BS 25 + 1
Vy s d- khi chia 2
100
cho 25 l 1
c) Dng cng thc Newton:

( )
50
100 50 49 2
50.49
2 5 1 5 50.5 ... .5 50.5 1
2
= = + + +

rng 48 s hng u u cha tha s 5 vi s m ln hn hoc bng 3 nn chia ht cho
125, hai s hng k tip cng chia ht cho125, s hng cui l 1.
Vy 2
100
= BS 125 + 1 S d- ca 2
100
khi chia cho 125 l 1
Tng qut: Nu mt s t nhin n khng chia ht cho 5 th chia n
100
cho 125 ta - c s d- l
1.
Bi 35: Tm ba ch s tn cng ca 2
100
.
H.Dn: - Ta tm d- trong php chia 2
100
cho 1000.
- Tr- c ht tm s d- ca php chia 2
100
cho 125. Theo bi 34: 2
100
= BS 125 + 1, m 2
100
l s
chn, nn ba ch s tn cng ca n ch c th l (dng my tnh th):
126, 376, 626 hoc 876.
- Hin nhin 2
100
chia ht cho 8 nn ba ch s tn cng ca n phi chia ht cho 8. Bn s trn
ch c 376 tho mn iu kin ny. Vy ba ch s tn cng ca 2
100
l 376.
Tng qut: Nu n l s t nhin chn khng chia ht cho 5 th ba ch s tn cng ca n
100
l
376.
Bi 36: Tm ba ch s tn cng ca 3
100
.
Gii: - Ta phn tch nh- sau: ( )
50
100 50 2
50.49
3 10 1 10 ... .10 50.10 1
2
= = + +

= BS 1000 + ...500 - 500 + 1 = BS 1000 + 1.
Vy 3
100
tn cng l 001.
Tng qut: Nu n l s t nhin l khng chia ht cho 5 th ba ch s tn cng ca n
100
l
001.
Bi 37: Thay cc du * bi cc ch s thch hp:
89
6
= 496 9 * * 290 961.
H.Dn:
- Ta c: (89
6
- 1) (89 - 1) (89
6
- 1) 11
(89
6
- 1) (89
3
+ 1) (89
6
- 1) (89 + 1) (89
6
- 1) 9
- t A = (89
6
- 1) = 496 9 x y 290 960. Ta c A chia ht cho 9 v 11.
Ta c tng cc ch s hng l (t phi sang tri) ca A bng: 36 + y ; tng cc ch s hng
chn ca A bng: 18 + x
A chia ht cho 9 nn: 54 + x + y 9 x + y e {0 ; 9 ; 18}
A chia ht cho 11 nn: [(36 + y) - (18 + x)] 11 x - y e {-4 ; 7}
+ Nu x + y = 0 th x = y = 0 (loi)
+ Nu x + y = 18 th x = y = 9 (loi)
+ Nu x + y = 9 : ch rng (x + y) v (x - y) cng chn hoc cng l nn:
toanphothong.com
x - y = 7 x = 8 ; y = 1.
Vy 89
6
= 496 981 290 961
7.3 Tm ch s th k (k e N) trong s thp phn v hn tun hon:
nh l: (Du hiu nhn bit mt phn s i - c ra s thp phn hu hn)
iu kin cn v mt phn s ti gin c th vit - c thnh ra s thp phn hu
hn l mu s ca n khng cha nhng tha s nguyn t ngoi 2 v 5.
* T nh l trn ta rt ra nhn xt sau:
Nu phn s ti gin
a
b
c mu b khng cha cc tha s nguyn t 2, 5 hoc ngoi tha s
nguyn t 2, 5 cn cha c tha s nguyn t khc th do cc s d- trong qu trnh chia bao gi cng
phi nh hn b nn cc s d- ch c th l cc s trong:
{1; 2; 3;...;b-1}
Nh- vy trong php chia a cho b, nhiu nht l sau (b - 1) ln chia c th gp cc s d- khc
nhau, nh- ng chc chn rng sau b ln chia th th no ta cng gp li s d- gp tr- c. Do , nu ta
c tip tc chia th cc s d- s lp li v d nhin cc ch s trong th- ng cng lp li.
T tm ch s th k sau du phy ca s thp phn v hn tun hon, ta ch cn xc nh
- c chu k lp li ca cc ch s trong th- ng, t d dng suy ra - c ch s cn tm.
Bi 38: Tm ch s thp phn th 2005 sau du phy ca s:

1 1 10 1
) ; ) ; ) ; )
37 41 51 49
a A b B c C d C = = = =
H.Dn:
a) S
1
0, 027027(027)...
37
A= = tun hon chu k 3 ch s 027.
V 2005 1 (mod 3) nn ch s th 2005 sau du phy ca A l:
b) S
1
0, 0243902439(02439)...
41
B = = tun hon chu k 5 ch s 02439.
V 2005 0 (mod 5) nn ch s th 2005 sau du phy ca B l:
c) S
10
0, (1960784313725490)
51
C = = TH chu k 16 ch s:1960784313725490
V 2005 5 (mod 16) nn ch s th 2005 sau du phy ca C l:
d) S
1
0, (020408163265306122448979591836734693877551)
49
D = =
tun hon chu k 42 ch s 020408163265306122448979591836734693877551
V 2005 31 (mod 42) nn ch s th 2005 sau du phy ca D l:



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PHN 4: GII TAM GIC
1. Gii tam gic:
Bi 1: Tnh cc gc ca tam gic ABC, bit:
AB = 4,123 ; BC = 5,042 ; CA = 7,415
p s: A = ; B = ; C =
Bi 2: Tnh cnh BC, gc B , gc C ca tam gic ABC, bit:
AB = 11,52 ; AC = 19,67 v gc A =54
o
35 12
p s: BC = ; B = ; C =
Bi 3: Tnh cnh AB, AC, gc C ca tam gic ABC, bit:
BC = 4,38 ; A =54
o
35 12 ; B =101
o
15 7
p s: AB= ; AC = ; C =
Bi 4: Tam gic ABC c ba cnh: AB = 4,123 ; BC = 5,042 ; CA = 7,415
im M nm trn cnh BC sao cho: BM = 2,142
1) Tnh di AM?
2) Tnh bn knh - ng trn ngoi tip tam gic ABM
3) Tnh bn knh - ng trn ni tip tam gic ACM.
p s: 1) AM = 2) R = 3) r =
Bi 5: Tam gic ABC c: B =49
o
27 ; C = 73
o
52 v cnh BC = 18,53.
Tnh din tch S ca tam gic ?
p s: S =
Bi 6: Tam gic ABC c chu vi 58 (cm) ; B =57
o
18 v C = 82
o
35
Tnh di cc cnh AB, BC, CA ?
p s: AB = ; BC = ; CA =
Bi 7: Tam gic ABC c 90
o
< A < 180
o
v sinA = 0,6153 ; AB = 17,2 ; AC = 14,6.
Tnh: 1) di cnh BC ? Trung tuyn AM ?
2) Gc B =?
3) Din tch tam gic S = ?
p s: BC = ; AM = ; B = ; S =
Bi 8: Tam gic ABC c A =90
o
; AB = 7 (cm) ; AC = 5 (cm).
Tnh di - ng phn gic trong AD v phn gic ngoi AE ?
p s: AD = ; AE =
2. a gic, hnh trn:
* Mt s cng thc:
1) a gic u n cnh, di cnh l a:
a A
o
O
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+ Gc tm:
2
n
t
o = (rad), hoc:
360
o
a
n
= ()
+ Gc nh:
2
A
n
n
t

= (rad), hoc
2
A .180
n
n

= ()
+ Din tch: cot
4 2
na
S g
o
=
2) Hnh trn v cc phn hnh trn:
+ Hnh trn bn knh R:
- Chu vi: C = 2tR
- Din tch: S = tR
2

+ Hnh vnh khn:
- Din tch: S = t(R
2
- r
2
) = t(2r + d)d
+ Hnh qut:
- di cung: l = oR ; (o: rad)
- Din tch:
2
1
2
S R o = (o: rad)

2
360
R a t
= (a: )
Bi 9: Ba - ng trn c cng bn knh 3 cm i mt tip xc ngoi (Hnh v)
Tnh din tch phn xen gia ba - ng trn ?
H.Dn:
S
gch xc
= S
AO1O2O3
- 3 S
qut

Tam gic O
1
O
2
O
3
u, cnh bng 1 nn:
1 2 3
1 3
6.6. 9 3
2 2
OO O
S
A
= =
S
qut
=
2
.9.60 3
360 360 2
R a t t t
= =
S
gch xc
= S
AO1O2O3
- 3 S
qut
=
9 18 3 9
9 3 1, 451290327
2 2
t t
= ~
Bi 10: Cho hnh vung ABCD, cnh a = 5,35. Dng cc - ng trn tm A, B, C, D c bn knh R =
2
a
. Tnh din tch xen gia 4 - ng trn .
H.Dn: S
gch
= S
ABCD
- 4S
qut
S
qut
=
1
4
S
H.trn
=
1
4
tR
2

.
O
.
O
R
r
d
.
O
R
O
1
O
2

O
3

A
B
D C
toanphothong.com
S
gch
= a
2
- 4.
1
4
tR
2
= a
2
-
1
4
ta
2

= a
2
(1 -
1
4
t) ~ 6,142441068
Bi 11: Cho - ng trn tm O, bn knh R = 3,15 cm. T mt im A ngoi - ng trn v hai tip
tuyn AB v AC (B, C l hai tip im thuc (O) ). Tnh din tch phn gii hn bi hai tip tuyn v
cung trn nh BC. Bit OA = a = 7,85 cm.
H.Dn:
- Tnh o:
3,15
cos
7,85
OB R
OA a
o = = =

1
3,15
cos
7,85
o

=
S
OBAC
= 2S
OBA
= aRsino
S
qut
=
2 2
.2 .
360 180
R R t o t o
=
S
gch
= S
OBAC
- S
qut
= aRsino -
2
.
180
R t o
~ 11,16 (cm
2
)
Bi 12: Tnh din tch phn - c t m trong hnh trn n v (R = 1) (Xem hnh 1)
p s:
Bi 13: Tnh t l din tch ca phn - c t m v din tch phn cn li trong hnh trn n v
(Xem hnh 2)
p s:













A
B
C
o
O
Hnh 1 Hnh 2
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PHN 5: A GIC V HNH TRN
Bi 1. (S GD & T ng Nai, 1998, vng Tnh, cp PTTH & PTCS)
Mt ngi sao nm cnh c khong cch gia hai nh khng lin tip l 9, 651cm. Tm bn knh - ng
trn ngoi tip (qua 5 nh).
Gii: Ta c cng thc tnh khong cch
gia hai nh khng k nhau ca ngi sao nm cnh u (hnh v):

10 2 5
2 cos18
2
o
R
AC d R
+
= = = .
Cng thc 2 cos18
o
d R = l hin nhin.
Cng thc
10 2 5
cos18
2
o
+
= c th chng minh nh- sau:
Ta c:
3
2 2
1 cos36 1 sin54 1 3sin18 4sin 18
1 sin 18 cos 18 .
2 2 2
o o o o
o o
+ + +
= = = =
hay
3 2
4sin 18 2sin 18 3sin18 1 0.
o o o
+ = .
Suy ra sin18
o
l nghim ca ph- ng trnh:
3 2 2
4 2 3 1 ( 1)(4 2 1) 0 x x x x x x + = + = .
Vy
1 5
sin18
4
o
+
= .
T y ta c:
2 2 2
5 1 10 2 5
cos 18 1 sin 18 1 ( ) .
4 16
o o
+
= = =
hay
10 2 5 10 2 5
cos18 .
16 4
o
+ +
= =
Suy ra
10 2 5
2 cos18
2
o
R
d R
+
= =
v
2
.
2cos18
10 2 5
o
d d
R = =
+

Cch gii 1: 9.651 2 18 , , , o cos = (5.073830963)
Cch gii 2: 2 9.651 [( [( 10 + 2 5 )] = (5.073830963)
Bi 2. (S GD & T TP H Ch Minh, 1996, vng 1)
Tnh khong cch gia hai nh khng lin tip ca mt ngi sao 5 cnh ni tip trong - ng trn bn
knh 5, 712 R cm = .
Cch gii 1: Ta c cng thc tnh khong cch gia hai nh khng k nhau ca ngi sao nm cnh
(xem hnh v v chng minh bi 1):
10 2 5
2 cos18
2
o
R
d R
+
= = .
Tnh: MODE 4 2 5.712 18 , , , o cos = (10.86486964)
Cch gii 2: 10 + 2 5 = = 5.712 = 2 = (10,86486964)
A
B
C
D
E
O
toanphothong.com
p s: 10,86486964.
Bi 3. Cho - ng trn tm O , bn knh 11, 25 R cm = . Trn - ng trn cho, t cc cung
90 , 120
o o
AB BC = = sao cho A v C nm cng mt pha i vi BO .
a) Tnh cc cnh v - ng cao AH ca tam gic ABC .
b) Tnh din tch tam gic ABC (chnh xc n 0,01).
Gii: a) Theo hnh v:
s AC = s BC- s AB = 120
0
- 90
0
= 30
0
.
Tnh cc gc ni tip ta - c: ABC= 15
0
; ACB= 45
0
.
Suy ra: BAC= 120
0
; CAH= 45
0
; BAH= 75
0
.
Ta c: 2 AB R = ; 3 BC R = .
V A AHC vung cn, nn AH HC = (t AH x = ).
Theo nh l Pitago ta c:
2 2 2
AH AB HB = . Do :
( ) ( )
2 2
2
3 2 x R x R + = hay
2 2
2 2 3 0 x R x R + = . Suy ra:
1
3
2
R R
x

= ;
2
3
2
R R
x
+
= .
V AH AC R < < , nn nghim
2
3
2
R R
x
+
= b loi. Suy ra:
( 3 1)
2
2
R
AC AH

= = .
Gi din tch ABC A l S , ta c:

2
1 1 3 (3 3)
3
2 2 2 4
R R R
S AH BC R

= = = .
n phm: 11.25 Min 2 = MODE 7 2 (15.91) Vy 15,91 AB cm ~ .
n tip phm: MR 3 = Kt qu:19.49 Vy: 19, 49 BC cm ~ .
n phm: MR [( 3 1 = 2 = (5.82) Vy 5,82 AC cm ~ .
n tip phm: MR [( 3 1 = 2 = (4.12) Vy: 4,12 AH cm ~ .
n tip phm: MR SHIFT
2
x [( 3 3 = 4 =
Kt qu:
2
40,12 S cm ~ .
Bi 4. (Thi trc nghim hc sinh gii ton ton n- c M, 1972)
Cho hnh vung ABCD cnh bng 12. V on AE vi E l im trn cnh CD v 5 DE cm = . Trung
trc ca AE ct , AE AD v BC ti , M P v
Q
. T s di on PM v MQ l:
(A) 5:12; (B) 5:13; (C) 5:19; (D) 1:4; (E) 5:21.
Gii: V RS qua M song song vi cnh AB,CD.
Ta c:
MP MR
MQ MS
= .
2
DE
MR = . V RM l - ng trung bnh ca tam gic ADE nn
M: MS RS MR = .
Vy:
2
2
DE
MP MR
DE
MQ MS
RS
= =

.
O
A
B
C
H
R
S
A B
Q
E D
P
M
C
toanphothong.com
p dng bng s vi 5 , 12 DE cm RS cm = = :
5
/ b c
a 2 = Min [( 12 MR = (
5
19
)
p s (C) l ng.
Ch : Nu khng s dng phn s (5
/ b c
a 2) m dng (5 2) th my s cho p s d- i dng s thp
phn.
Hy tnh: 5 2 = Min [( 12 MR (0.2631579)
So snh: 5
/ b c
a 19 SHIFT
/ b c
a
/ b c
a Kt qu: 0.2631579
Nh- vy, hai kt qu nh- nhau, nh- ng mt kt qu - c thc hin d- i dng phn s (khi khai bo
5
/ b c
a 2), cn mt kt qu - c thc hin d- i dng s thp phn (khi khai bo 5 2).
Bi 5. Trn - ng trn tm O, bn knh 15, 25 R cm = , ng- i ta t cc cung lin tip:
AB= 60
0
, BC= 90
0
, CD = 120
0
.
a) T gic ABCD l hnh g?
b) Chng minh AC BD.
c) Tnh cc cnh v - ng cho ca ABCD theo R chnh xc n 0,01.
d) Tnh din tch t gic ABCD.
Gii: a) s AD= 360
0
- (s AB+s BC+sCD )
= 360
0
- (60
0
+ 90
0
+ 120
0
) = 90
0
.
Suy ra: AD = BC, ABD= BDC= 45
0
(v cng bng
0
90
2
).
T ta c: // AB CD. Vy ABCD l hnh thang.
Mt khc, ADB= BCD (cng bng
0 0
60 +90
2
).
Vy ABCD l hnh thang cn (pcm).
b) V ABD= BAC= 45
0
(v cng bng
0
90
2
).
Suy ra AEB = 90
0
, vy AC BD (pcm).
c) Theo cch tnh cnh tam gic u, t gic u, lc gic u ni tip trong - ng trn bn knh R , ta
c:
AB R = ; 2 AD BC R = = ; 3 DC R = .
Cc tamgic , AEB CED vung cn, suy ra
2
AB
AE = ,
2
CD
CE = .
Vy:
2
R
AE = ,
3
2
R
CE = . Suy ra
3 (1 3)
2 2
R R R
AC AE EC
+ +
= + = = .
d)
2 2 2 2
2 2
1 1 1 (1 3) (1 3) (1 3)
[ ]
2 2 2 2 4 2
ABCD
R R R
S AC DB AC
+ + +
= = = = = .
Tnh: MR [( 1 + 3 = 2 = SHIFT
2
x MODE 7 2 (433.97).
Vy 433, 97
ABCD
S ~ cm
2
.
n tip: 15.25 Min 2 = Kt qu: 21.57
Vy 21,57 AD BC = ~ cm.
n tip phm: MR 3 = (26.41) Vy: 26, 41 CD cm ~ .
A B
C
D
E
60
120
90
C'
toanphothong.com
n tip phm: MR [( 1 + 3 = 2 = (29.46)
Vy 29, 46 AC BD cm = ~ .
Bi 6. Cho - ng trn tm O , bn knh 3,15 R cm = . T mt im A ngoi - ng trn v hai tip
tuyn AB v AC ( B , C l hai tip im thuc ( O )).
Tnh din tch phn mt phng gii hn bi hai tip tuyn v cung trn nh BC
bit rng 7,85 AO a cm = = (chnh xc n 0,01 cm).
Gii: Ta c:
3,15
cos
7,85
OB R
OA a
o = = = .
2 . .sin
ABOC AOB
S S a R o = = ;
S qut OBC

2 2
.2
360 180
R R t o t o
= = .
S gch xc
= S
ABOC
- S
qut OBC

2
sin
180
R
aR
t o
o = .
Tnh trn my: 3.15 7.85 = SHIFT
-1
cos SHIFT ,,, Min sin
7.85 3.15 SHIFT t 3.15 SHIFT
2
x MR 180 = (11.16)
p s: S
gch xc
= 11,16 cm
2
.
Bi 7. Tnh din tch hnh c 4 cnh cong(hnh gch sc)
theo cnh hnh vung a = 5,35 chnh xc n 0,0001cm.
Gii: Din tch hnh gch xc MNPQ
(S
MNPQ
) bng din tch hnh vung
ABCD (S
ABCD
) tr i 4 ln din tch ca
1
4
hnh trn bn knh
2
a
R = .
MNPQ
S =
2
2
4
4
R
a
t

2
2
4
a
a
t
=
2
(4 )
4
a t
=
2
5, 35 (4 )
4
t
= .
n phm: 5.35 SHIFT
2
x [( 4 t = 4 = MODE 7 2 (6.14)
Kt lun:
MNPQ
S ~ 6,14 cm
2
.
Bi 8. Tnh din tch phn hnh phng (phn gch xc) gii hn bi cc cung trn v cc cnh ca tam
gic u ABC (xem hnh v),
bit: 5, 75 AB BC CA a cm = = = = .
Gii:
2 2 3
3 3 2
a
R OA OI IA AH = = = = = .
Suy ra:
3
3
a
R = v
0
60 AOI = .
Din tch hnh gch xc bng din tch tam gic ABC tr din tch hnh hoa 3 l
(gm 6 hnh vin phn c bn knh R v gc tm bng 60
0
).

2
3
4
ABC
a
S
A
= ;
1
2
2 2
3 3 3 3
4 3 4 12
O AI
R a a
S
A
| |
= = =
|
|
\ .
.
Din tch mt vin phn:
2 2 2 2
3 3 (2 3 3)
6 4 2 3 2 12
R R R R t t t
| |

= =
|
|
\ .
.
Tnh theo a, din tch mt vin phn bng:
2
(2 3 3)
36
a t
;
O
B
o
A
C
A N
B
P
C Q
D
M
A
C B H
I
toanphothong.com
S gch xc
2 2 2
3 (2 3 3) (9 3 4 )
6
4 36 12
a a a t t
= = ;

S gch xc
2
5, 75 (9 3 4 )
12
t
= .
Bm tip: 5,75 SHIFT
2
x [( 9 3 4 SHIFT t )] 12 =
Kt qu: S
gch xc
~ 8,33 cm
2
.
Bi 9. Vin gch cnh 30 a cm = c hoa vn nh- hnh v .
a) Tnh din tch phn gch xc ca hnh
cho, chnh xc n 0,01 cm.
b) Tnh t s phn trm gia din tch phn
gch xc v din tch vin gch.
Gii: a) Gi R l bn knh hnh trn.
Din tch S mt hnh vin phn bng:
( ) ( )
2 2 2 2
2 2
4 2 4 16
R R R a
S
t
t t = = = .
Vy din tch hnh gm 8 vin phn bng ( )
2
2
2
a
t .
Din tch phn gch xc bng:
( ) ( )
2 2
2
2 4
2 2
a a
a
t t
= .
Tnh trn my: 30 SHIFT
2
x Min [( 4 SHIFT t )] 2 =
MODE 7 2 (386.28) Vy S
gch xc
~ 386,28 cm
2
.
n phm tip: MR SHIFT % (42.92)
T s ca din tch phn gch xc v din tch vin gch l 42,92%.
p s: 386,28 cm
2
; 42,92 %.
Bi 10. Nhn dp k nim 990 nm Thng Long, ng- i ta cho lt li - ng ven h Hon Kim bng
cc vin gch hnh lc gic u. D- i y l vin gch lc gic u c 2 mu (cc hnh trn cng mt
mu, phn cn li l mu khc).
Hy tnh din tch phn gch cng mu v t s din tch gia hai phn ,
bit rng 15 AB a cm = = .
Gii: Bn knh - ng trn ni tip tam gic u
l:
1 a 3 a 3
3 2 6
R = = . Din tch mi hnh trn l:
2
2
12
a
R
t
t =
Din tch 6 hnh trn l:
2
2
a t
.
Tnh trn my: 15 SHIFT
2
x t 2 = Min (353.4291)
Din tch ton b vin gch l:
2 2
3 3 3
6
4 2
a a
= .
Din tch phn gch xc l:
2 2
3 3
2 2
a a t
.
Bm tip phm: 3 15 SHIFT
2
x 3 = MR = (231.13797)
n tip phm: MR SHIFT % Kt qu: 65.40
p s: 353,42 cm
2
(6 hnh trn); 231,14 cm
2
(phn gch xc); 65,40 %
Bi 11. Vin gch hnh lc gic u ABCDEF c hoa vn hnh sao nh- hnh v, trong cc nh hnh
sao , , , , , M N P Q R S l trung im cc cnh ca lc gic.
D
M
A
Q C
P
N B
F
A
O
C
B
R
M
N
P
S
A B
F
O

toanphothong.com
Vin gch - c t bng hai mu (mu ca
hnh sao v mu ca phn cn li).
Bit rng cnh ca lc gic u l a = 16,5 cm.
+ Tnh din tch mi phn (chnh xc n 0,01).
+ Tnh t s phn trm gia hai din tch .
Gii: Din tch lc gic ABCDEF bng: S
1
=6
2
a 3
4
=
2
3a 3
2
.
Lc gic nh c cnh l
a
2
b = , 6 cnh sao l cc tam gic u cng c cnh l
a
2
b = . T suy ra:
din tch lc gic u cnh b l S
2
bng: S
2
=
2
3b 3
2
=
2
3a 3
8
, din tch 6 tam gic u cnh b l S
3
:
S
3
=
2
3a 3
8
.
Tnh trn my: 3 16.5 SHIFT
2
x 3 8 2 = MODE 7 2 (353.66) Min
n tip phm: 3 16,5 SHIFT
2
x 3 2 = MR = (353.66)
n tip phm: MR SHIFT % Kt qu: 100.
Vy din tch hai phn bng nhau.
Li bnh: C th chng minh mi phn c 12 tam gic u bng nhau, do din tch hai phn bng
nhau. T ch cn tnh din tch lc gic u v chia i.
Bi 12. Cho lc gic u cp 1 ABCDEF c cnh 36 AB a mm = = . T cc trung im ca mi cnh
dng mt lc gic u ' ' ' ' ' ' A B C D E F v hnh sao 6 cnh cng c nh l cc trung im
', ', ', ', ', ' A B C D E F (xem hnh v). Phn trung tm ca hnh sao l lc gic u cp 2 MNPQRS .Vi
lc gic ny ta li lm t- ng t
nh- i vi lc gic ban u ABCDEF v - c
hnh sao mi v lc gic u cp 3. i vi
lc gic cp 3, ta li lm t- ng t nh- trn
v - c lc gic u cp 4. n y ta dng li.
Cc cnh hnh sao cng - c t bng mt mu
(gch xc), cn cc hnh thoi trong hnh chia thnh
2 tam gic v t bng hai mu: mu gch xc v mu "trng". Ring lc gic u cp 4 cng - c t
mu trng.
a) Tnh din tch phn - c t bng mu "trng" theo a.
b) Tnh t s phn trm gia din tch phn "trng" v din tch hnh lc gic ban u.
Gii: a) Chia lc gic thnh 6 tam gic u c cnh l a bng 3 - ng cho i qua 2 nh i xng qua
tm, t ta c S = 6
2
3
4
a
=
2
3 3
2
a
.Chia lc gic ABCDEF thnh 24 tam gic u c cnh bng
a
2
.
Mi tam gic u cnh
a
2
c din tch bng din tch tam gic "trng" ' ' A NB (xem hnh v). Suy ra
din tch 6 tam gic trng vng ngoi bng
6 1
24 4
= din tch lc gic cp 1 ABCDEF .
Vy din tch 6 tam gic trng vng ngoi l:
2
1 3 3
4 2
a
. (1)
b) T- ng t vi cch tnh trn ta c:
2
a
MN b = = ;
2
b
c = .
E
E'
D'
D
C'
F
F'
A
B'
A'
B
S
M N
P
Q R
c
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Din tch 6 tam gic trng ca lc gic cp 2 MNPQRS l:
2
1 3 3
4 2
b
. (2)
Din tch 6 tam gic trng ca lc gic cp 3 l:
2
1 3 3
4 2
c
. (3)
Din tch lc gic trng trong cng bng (vi
2
c
d = ):
2
3 3
2
d
. (4)
Tm li ta c:
S
1
=
2
1 3 3
4 2
a
=
2
3
3 3
2
a
; S
2
=
1
4
2
3 3
2
b
=
1
4
2
2
3 3
2 2
a

=
2
5
3 3
2
a
;
S
3
=
1
4
2
3 3
2
c
=
1
4
2
2
3 3
2 4
a

=
2
7
3 3
2
a
; S
4
=
2
3 3
2
d
=
2
2
3 3
2 8
a

=
2
7
3 3
2
a
.
S
trng
=S
1
+S
2
+S
3
+S
4
=
2
3 3 a (
3 5 7
1 1 2
2 2 2
+ + )=
2
3 3
2
a
4 2
6
2 2 2
2
+ +
.
n phm: 3 36 SHIFT
2
x 3 2 = MODE 7 2 (3367.11) Min
Vy S
ABCDEF
= 3367,11 mm
2
.
n tip phm: 2 SHIFT
y
x 4 + 2 SHIFT x + 2 = 2 SHIFT
y
x 6 MR = (1157.44) Vy S
trng
~1157,44 mm
2
.
n tip phm: MR SHIFT % (34.38). Vy
trang
ABCDEF
S
S
~34,38%.
p s: 1157,44 mm
2
v 34,38%.
Bi 13. Cho hnh vung cp mt ABCD vi di cnh l 40 AB a cm = = . Ly , , , A B C D lm
tm, th t v cc cung trn bn knh bng a, bn cung trn ct nhau ti , , , M N P Q. T gic MNPQ
cng l hnh vung, gi l hnh vung cp 2. T- ng t nh- trn, ly , , , M N P Q lm tm v cc cung
trn
bn knh MN , - c 4 giao im , , , E F G H
l hnh vung cp 3. T- ng t lm tip - c
hnh vung cp 4 XYZT th dng li (xem hnh v).
a) Tnh din tch phn hnh khng b
t mu (phn trng theo a).
b) Tm t s phn trm gia hai din tch t mu v khng t mu.
Gii: a) Tnh din tch 4 cnh hoa trng cp 1 (bng 4 vin phn tr i 2 ln din tch hnh vung
cp 2).
S
1
=
2 2
2
a a
4 - 2
4 2
b
t
( b l cnh hnh vung cp 2).
T- ng t, tnh din tch 4 cnh hoa trng cp 2 v cp 3:

2 2
2
2
4( - ) 2
4 2
b b
S c
t
= ( c l cnh hnh vung cp 3).

2 2
2
3
( - ) 2
4 2
c c
S d
t
= ( d l cnh hnh vung cp 4).
Rt gn: S
1
= a
2
(t - 2) - 2b
2
; S
2
= b
2
(t - 2) - 2c
2
; S
3
= c
2
(t - 2) - 2d
2
;
S
trng
=S
1
+S
2
+S
3
=t (a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
)-4(b
2
+ c
2
)-2 (a
2
+ d
2
).
b) Ta c: MCQ= 30
0
; b = QM = 2MK = 2a.sin15
0
= a(2sin15
0
).
T- ng t: c = 2b.sin15
0
= a(2sin15
0
)
2
; d = 2c.sin15
0
= a(2sin15
0
)
3
.
toanphothong.com
K hiu x = 2sin15
0
, ta c: b = a.x; c = ax
2
; d = ax
3
.
Thay vo cng thc tnh din tch S
trng
ta - c:
S
trng
= t (a
2
+ a
2
x
2
+ a
2
x
4
) - 4(a
2
x
2
+ a
2
x
4
) - 2(a
2
+ a
2
x
6
)
=
2
a t (1 + x
2
+ x
4
) - 4a
2
(x
2
+ x
4
) - 2a
2
(1 + x
6
)
n phm: 15 o,,, sin 2 = Min SHIFT
y
x 4 + MR SHIFT
2
x
+ 1 = SHIFT t 40 SHIFT
2
x 4 40 SHIFT
2
x
[( MR SHIFT
2
x + MR SHIFT
y
x 4 )] 2 40 SHIFT
2
x
[( 1 + MR SHIFT
y
x 6 = MODE 7 2 (1298.36) Min
Vy S
trng
~1298,36 cm
2
.
Bm tip phm: 40 SHIFT
2
x MR = (301.64)
Vy S
gch xc ~
301,64 cm
2
.
Bm tip phm: MR SHIFT % (23.23)
Vy
gach xoc
trang
S
S
~23,23%.
p s: 1298,36 cm
2
; 23,23%.
Bi 14. Cho tam gic u ABC c cnh l 33,33 a cm = v tm l O. V cc cung trn qua hai nh v
trng tm O ca tam gic - c hnh 3 l. Gi ', ', ' A B C l cc trung im cc cnh BC, CA v AB.
Ta li v cc cung trn qua hai trung im v
im O, ta cng - c hnh 3 l nh hn.
a) Tnh din tch phn ct b (hnh gch xc)
ca tam gic ABC - c hnh 6 l cn li.
b) Tnh t s phn trm gia phn ct b
v din tch ca tam gic ABC.
Gii: ' ' ' A B C

cng l tam gic u
nhn O lm tm (v ', ', ' AA BB CC cng l cc - ng cao, - ng trung tuyn ca A ' ' ' A B C ). 6 chic l
ch c im chung duy nht l O, ngha l khng c phn din tch chung.
Mi vin phn c gc tm bng 60
0
, bn knh bng
2
3
- ng cao tam gic u. Gi S
1
l din tch 1
vin phn. Khi y S
1
=
2 2
3
-
6 4
OA OA t
=
2
12
OA
(2t -3 3 ).
Ta c:
2
3
OA =
3
2
a
=
3
3
a
.
Gi S l din tch 3 l ln, S
'
l din tch 3 l nh. Khi y:
S =6S
1
=
2
2
OA
(2t -3 3 )=
2
6
a
(2t -3 3 ).
Gi cnh tam gic u ' ' ' A B C l b, t- ng t ta cng c:
S
'
=
2
6
b
(2t -3 3 ) =
2
24
a
(2t -3 3 ).
Tng din tch 6 l l: S + S
'
= (2t -3 3 )(
2 2
6 24
a a
+ ).
Din tch phn gch xc (phn ct b) l S
''
.
B
A'
O
A

B'
C
toanphothong.com
S
''
=
ABC
S
A
-(S + S
'
)=
2
3
4
a
- (2t -3 3 )(
2 2
2
7 3 5
) ( )
6 24 8 12
a a
a t + = .
Tnh
ABC
S
A
: 33.33 SHIFT
2
x 3 4 = (481.0290040) Min
Tnh S
''
: 7 3 8 5 12 t = 33.33 SHIFT
2
x = (229.4513446)
Vy S
''
~229,45 cm
2
.
n tip phm tnh
ABC
S''
S
: MR SHIFT % Kt qu: 47.70
p s: S
''
~229,45 cm
2
;
ABC
S''
S
~47,70 %.
























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PHN 6: HNH HC KHNG GIAN
Bi 15. (S GD&T H Ni, 1996, vng tr- ng, lp 10)
1) Tnh th tch V ca hnh cu bn knh 3,173 R = .
2) Tnh bn knh ca hnh cu c th tch
3
137, 45 V dm = .
Gii: 1) Ta c cng thc tnh th tch hnh cu:
3
4
3
V R t = .
Tnh trn my: 3.173 SHIFT
y
x 3 4 t 3 = (133.8131596)
2) T cng thc
3
4
3
V R t = suy ra
3
3
4
V
R
t
= .
p dng: 3 137.45 4 t = SHIFT
y
x 1
/ b c
a 3 = (3.20148673)
p s:
3
133.8134725 V dm = ; 3, 201486733 R dm = .
Bi 16. (S GD & T TP HCM, 1998, vng chung kt, PTTH & PTCB)
Tnh gc HCH trong phn t mtan ( H: Hydro, C: Carbon).
Gii: Gi G l tm t din u ABCD cnh l a , I l tm
tam gic u BCD. Gc HCH trong phn t mtan chnh l
gc AGB ca t din ABCD. Khi y ta c:
3
3
a
IB = .
Suy ra
2 2 2 2
2
( )
3 3
a a
AI AB IB a = = =
v
3 3
4 2 2
a
BG AG AI = = = . Gi E l im gia AB . Khi y
2
2
sin
3 3
2 2
a
AE
AGE
AG a
= = = .
Tnh AGB:2
/ b c
a 3 SHIFT
-1
sin = 2 = SHIFT o,,, (109 28 16.39
o o
)
p s: 109 28'16''
o
.
Bi 17. (S GD & T TP HCM, 1998, vng chung kt, PTTH & PTCB)
Cho hnh chp t gic u SABCD, bit trung on 3, 415 d cm = , gc gia cnh bn v y bng
42 17'
o
. Tnh th tch.
Gii: Gi cnh y ca chp t gic u SABCD l a , chiu cao l h , l gc gia cnh bn v y.
Khi y
SH
tg
AH
= hay
2
2
a
h SH tg = = . Mt khc,

2 2 2
( )
2
a
h d + = hay
2 2 2
2
( ) ( )
2 2
a a
tg d + = .
Suy ra
2
2
1
d
a
tg
=
+
v
2
2 2
2
1 2
a d
h tg tg
tg

= =
+
.
Th tch t din - c tnh theo cng thc:
2 2
2
2
2 2 3
1 1 2 4 4 2
3 3 3 (1 2 )
1 2 (1 2 )
d tg d d tg
V ha
tg
tg tg

= = =
+
+ +
.
Tnh trn my:
A
B
C
D
I
G
A
B C
D
S
H
M
toanphothong.com
4 2 3 3.415 SHIFT
y
x 3 42 , , , o 17 , , , o tan Min
[( 1 + 2 MR SHIFT
2
x )] SHIFT
y
x 3
/ b c
a 2 = (15.795231442)
p s:
3
15,795 V cm = .
toanphothong.com
PHN 7: PHNG PHP LP GII GN NG PHNG TRNH ( ) 0 f x =
Ni dung ph- ng php: Gi s ph- ng trnh c duy nht nghim trong khong ( , ) a b . Gii ph- ng
trnh ( ) 0 f x =

bng ph- ng php lp gm cc b- c sau:
1. - a ph- ng trnh ( ) 0 f x = v ph- ng trnh t- ng - ng ( ) x g x = .
2. Chn
0
( , ) x a b e lm nghim gn ng ban u.
3.Thay
0
x x = vo v phi ca ph- ng trnh ( ) x g x = ta - c nghim
gn ng th nht
1 0
( ) x g x = . Thay
1 0
( ) x g x = vo v phi ca ph- ng
trnh ( ) x g x = ta - c nghim gn ng th hai
2 1
( ) x g x = . Lp li qu trnh trn, ta nhn - c dy cc
nghim gn ng
1 0
( ) x g x = ,
2 1
( ) x g x =

,
3 2
( ) x g x = ,
4 3
( ) x g x = ,...,
1
( )
n n
x g x

= , ...
Nu dy cc nghim gn ng { }
n
x , 1, 2,... n = hi t, ngha l tn ti lim
n
n
x x

= th (vi gi thit hm
( ) g x l lin tc trong khong ( , ) a b ) ta c:
1 1
lim lim ( ) (lim ) ( )
n n n
n n n
x x g x g x g x


= = = = .
Chng t x

l nghim ng ca ph- ng trnh ( ) x g x = v do x

cng l nghim ng ca ph- ng
trnh ( ) 0 f x = .
Tnh hi t: C nhiu ph- ng trnh dng ( ) x g x = t- ng - ng vi ph- ng trnh ( ) 0 f x = . Phi chn
hm s ( ) g x sao cho dy { }
n
x xy dng theo ph- ng php lp l dy hi t v hi t nhanh ti nghim.
Ta c tiu chun sau.
nh l. Gi s ( , ) a b l khong cch ly nghim x ca ph- ng trnh ( ) 0 f x = v ph- ng trnh ( ) x g x =
t- ng - ng vi ph- ng trnh ( ) 0 f x = . Nu ( ) g x v '( ) g x l nhng hm s lin tc sao cho
| | ( ) 1 , g x q x a b ' s < e th t mi v tr ban u
0
( , ) x a b e

dy { }
n
x xy dng theo ph- ng php lp
1
( )
n n
x g x

= s hi t ti nghim duy nht x trong khong ( , ) a b

ca ph- ng trnh ( ) 0 f x = .
Th d 1. Gii ph- ng trnh
3 2
1 0 x x = .
Ph- ng trnh ny c duy nht nghim trong khong (1;1.5) v t- ng - ng vi
3 2
1 x x = + . Do
3 2
( ) 1 g x x = + c o hm
2 2 3
2
'( )
3 ( 1)
x
g x
x
=
+
tha mn iu kin
3
1
'( ) 1
4
g x = < trong
khong (1;1.5) nn dy lp
2
3
1
1
n n
x x
+
= + hi t ti nghim duy nht t mt im bt k trong khong
(1;1.5) .
Dy lp trn my Casio fx-570 MS:
Khai bo hm
3 2
( ) 1 g x x = + :
SHIFT
3
( ALPHA X
2
x + 1 )
Bt u tnh ton bng CALC my hin X?
Khai bo gi tr ban u
0
1 x = v bm phm = .
Sau thc hin dy lp CALC Ans = ta cng i n 1.465571232 x = .
Dy lp trn my Casio fx-570 MS hoc Casio fx-500 MS :
Khai bo gi tr ban u
0
1 x = bng cch bm phm 1 = .
Khai bo dy xp x
2
3
1
( ) 1
n n n
x g x x
+
= = + :
toanphothong.com
SHIFT
3
( Ans
2
x + 1 )
Sau thc hin dy lp = ta cng i n 1.465571232 x = .
Vy nghim xp x (chnh xc n 9 ch s thp phn) l 1.465571232 x = .
Th d 2. Tm nghim gn ng ca ph- ng trnh 3 0
x
e x + = .
V ( ) 3
x
f x e x = + c o hm '( ) 1 0
x
f x e x = + > nn n ng bin trn
ton trc s. Hn na, (0) 3 f = , (1) 2 0 f e = > nn ph- ng trnh cho c nghim duy nht nm trong
khong (0,1) .
Ph- ng trnh cho t- ng - ng vi ln(3 ) x x = .
t ( ) ln(3 ) g x x = th
1
'( )
3
g x
x
=

nn ( )
1
'( ) 0,1
2
g x x < e .
Do dy lp
1
ln(3 )
n n
x x
+
= hi t t mi im bt k trong khong (0,1) .
Dy lp trn my Casio fx-570 MS:
Khai bo ( ) ln(3 ) g x x = : ln ( 3 ALPHA X )
Bt u tnh ton bng CALC my hin X?
Khai bo gi tr ban u
0
1
2
x = : 1
/ b c
a 2 v bm phm = .
Sau thc hin dy lp CALC Ans = ta cng i n
26 27 28
0.792059968 x x x = = = .
Vy nghim gn ng l 0, 792059968.
Dy lp trn my Casio fx-570 MS hoc Casio fx-500 MS :
Khai bo gi tr ban u
0
1
2
x = : 1
/ b c
a 2 v bm phm = .
Khai bo dy xp x
1
( ) ln(3 )
n n n
x g x x
+
= = : ln ( 3 Ans )
Sau thc hin dy lp = ta cng i n
26 27 28
0, 792059968 x x x = = = .
Vy nghim xp x (chnh xc n 9 ch s thp phn) l 0, 792059968 x =
Nhn xt 1. Nu ch i hi nghim chnh xc n 5 ch s thp phn sau du phy th ch cn sau 13
b- c lp ta i n nghim l 0,79206.
Nhn xt 2. Nu ta - a ph- ng trnh 3 0
x
e x + = v dng 3
x
x e = th ( ) 3
x
g x e = c o hm
'( )
x
g x e = khng tha mn iu kin
( ) '( ) 1 0,1 g x q x s < e
nn ta ch- a th ni g - c v s hi t ca dy lp.
Nhn xt 3. Chn im xut pht
0
2 x =

([2], trang 62) th cn nhiu b- c lp hn.
Dng lnh solve gii ph- ng trnh trn Maple:
> solve(exp(x)+x-3,x);
-LambertW(exp(3)) + 3
My cho p s thng qua hm LambertW.
Ta c th tnh chnh xc nghim n 30 ch s nh lnh:
> evalf(",30);
.79205996843067700141839587788
Li bnh: Maple cho ta p s n chnh xc tu .
toanphothong.com
Th d 3. Tm nghim gn ng ca ph- ng trnh ln 0 x x + = .
V ( ) ln f x x x = + l mt hm ng bin ngt trn (0, ) + . Hn na (1) 1 0 f = > v
1 1
( ) 1 0 f
e e
= < nn
ph- ng trnh c duy nht nghim trn khong
1
( ,1)
e
.
Ph- ng trnh cho t- ng - ng vi ( )
x
x e g x

= = .
V '( )
x
g x e

= nn
1
'( ) 1
x
e
g x e
e

= s < vi mi
1
( ,1) x
e
e nn dy lp
1
n
x
n
x e

+
= hi t.
Dy lp trn my Casio fx-570 MS:
Khai bo ( )
x
g x e

= : SHIFT
x
e ( ALPHA X )
Bt u tnh ton bng CALC my hin X? Khai bo gi tr ban u
0
1
2
x = :
1
/ b c
a 2 v bm phm = . Sau thc hin dy lp CALC Ans = ta cng i n 0,567143290 x = . Vy
nghim gn ng l 0,567143290 x = .
Dy lp trn my Casio fx-570 MS hoc Casio fx-500 MS:
Khai bo gi tr ban u
0
1
2
x = : 1
/ b c
a 2 v bm phm = .
Khai bo
1
( )
n
n
x
n
x g x e

+
= = : SHIFT
x
e ( Ans )
Sau thc hin dy lp = ta cng i n 0,567143290 x = .
Vy nghim gn ng l 0,567143290 x = .
Th d 4. Tm nghim gn ng ca ph- ng trnh cos : ( ) x x g x = = .
V ( ) cos f x x x = c o hm '( ) 1 sin 0 f x x x = + > v ch bng 0 ti mt s im ri rc 2
2
x k
t
t = +
nn n l hm ng bin ngt. Do (0) 1 f = v ( )
2 2
f
t t
= nn ph- ng trnh c duy nht nghim trong
khong (0, )
2
t
.
Hin nhin '( ) sin sin( ) 1
2
g x x
t
c = < < vi mi (0, )
2
x
t
c e vi c nh nn dy
1
cos
n n
x x
+
= hi
t trong khong (0, )
2
t
c .
Dy lp trn my Casio fx-570 MS:
n phm MODE MODE MODE MODE 2 (tnh theo Radian).
Khai bo ( ) cos g x x = : cos ALPHA X
Bt u tnh ton bng CALC my hin X? Khai bo gi tr ban u
0
1.5 x = v bm phm = . Sau
thc hin dy lp CALC Ans = ta cng i n 0, 739085133 x radian = .
Dy lp trn my Casio fx-500 MS hoc Casio fx-570 MS:
Bm phm MODE MODE MODE MODE 2 (tnh theo Radian) trn Casio fx-570 MS hoc
MODE MODE MODE 2 (tnh theo Radian) trn Casio fx-500 MS.
Khai bo gi tr ban u
0
1.5 x = : 1.5 v bm phm = .
Khai bo
1
( ) cos
n
n n
x g x x
+
= = : cos Ans
toanphothong.com
Sau thc hin dy lp = ta cng i n 0.739085133 x = .
Th d 5. Tm nghim gn ng ca ph- ng trnh
3
3 1 0 x x + = .
V ( 2) 1 f = , ( 1) 3 f = , (1) 1 f = , (2) 3 f = v
3
3 1 0 x x + = l ph- ng trnh l bc 3 nn n c ng 3
nghim trong cc khong ( 2, 1) , ( 1,1) , (1, 2) .
Ph- ng trnh trn t- ng - ng vi
3
3 1 x x = . Xt khong ( 2, 1) .
t
3
( ) 3 1 g x x = . Ta c
3
2 3
1 1
'( ) 1
16
(3 1)
g x
x
= < <

nn dy
3
1
3 1
n n
x x
+
= hi t trong khong ( 2, 1) .
Dy lp trn my Casio fx-570 MS:
n phm MODE 1 (tnh theo s thc).
Khai bo
3
( ) 3 1 g x x = : SHIFT
3
( 3 ALPHA X 1 )
Bt u tnh ton bng CALC my hin X? Khai bo gi tr ban u
0
1 x = v bm phm = .
Sau thc hin dy lp CALC Ans = ta cng i n
1
1,879385242 x ~ .
Dy lp trn my Casio fx-570 MS hoc Casio fx-500 MS :
Khai bo gi tr ban u
0
1 x = : 1 v bm phm = .
Khai bo
3
1
( ) 3 1
n n n
x g x x
+
= = : SHIFT
3
( 3 Ans 1 )
Sau thc hin dy lp = ta cng i n
1
1,879385242 x ~ .
Vy mt nghim gn ng l
1
1,879385242 x ~ .
Dng s Horner h bc, sau gii ph- ng trnh bc hai ta tm - c hai nghim cn li l:
1,53208886 x ~ v 0,3472963 x ~ .
Ch : tnh nghim
2
0, 3472963 x ~ ta khng th dng ph- ng trnh t- ng - ng
3
3 1 ( ) x x g x = =
nh- trn v
2 3
1
'( )
(3 1)
g x
x
=

khng tha mn iu kin '( ) 1 g x q s < trong khong (0,1) v dy lp

3
1
3 1
n n
x x
+
= khng hi t (Hy th khai bo gi tr ban u 0,3472963 x = v thc hin dy lp
3
1
3 1
n n
x x
+
= theo quy trnh bm phm trn, ta s thy dy lp hi t ti
1
1,879385242 x ~ ).
Nhn xt 1: C th gii ph- ng trnh
3
3 1 0 x x + = trn Casio fx-570 MS hoc Casio fx-570 MS theo
ch- ng trnh ci sn trn my, quy trnh bm phm sau:
Vo MODE gii ph- ng trnh bc ba: MODE MODE 1 3
Khai bo h s: 1 = 0 = (-) 3 = 1 =
My hin p s
1
1.53088886 x = .
Bm tip phm = , my hin
2
1.879385242 x = .
Bm tip phm = , my hin
3
0.347296355 x = .
Vy ph- ng trnh c ba nghim thc
1
1.53088886 x = ;
2
1.879385242 x = ;
3
0.347296355 x = .
Th d 6. Tm giao im ca th hm s
3 2
( ) 3 1 f x x x = + vi trc honh (chnh xc n
7
10

).
Gii: Giao im ca th hm s
3 2
( ) 3 1 f x x x = + vi trc honh chnh l nghim ca ph- ng trnh
3 2
( ) 3 1 0 f x x x = + = .
toanphothong.com
V ( 1) 3 f = , (0) 1 f = , (1) 1 f = , (2, 5) 2,125 f = v (3) 1 f = nn ph- ng trnh c 3 nghim trong cc
khong ( 1; 0) , (0;1) v (2, 5;3) .
Ph- ng trnh
3 2
( ) 3 1 0 f x x x = + = t- ng - ng vi
3 2
3 1 x x = .
t
3 2
( ) 3 1 g x x = th
2 2 3
2
'( )
(3 1)
x
g x
x
=

v '( ) 0, 9 1 g x < < .

Dy lp trn my Casio fx-570 MS:
Bm phm MODE 1 (tnh theo s thc).
Khai bo
3 2
( ) 3 1 g x x = : SHIFT
3
( 3 ALPHA X
2
x 1 )
Bt u tnh ton bng CALC my hin X? Khai bo gi tr ban u
0
2, 7 x = v bm phm = .
Sau thc hin dy lp CALC Ans = ta i n nghim 2,879385242 x ~ .
Dy lp trn my Casio fx-570 MS hoc Casio fx-500 MS :
Khai bo gi tr ban u
0
2, 7 x = : 2.7 = .
Khai bo
2
3
1
( ) 3 1
n
n n
x g x x
+
= = : SHIFT
3
( 3 Ans
2
x 1 )
Sau thc hin dy lp = ta cng i n 2,879385242 x ~ .
Vy mt nghim gn ng l 2,879385242 x ~ .
Hai nghim cn li c th tm bng ph- ng php lp hoc phn tch ra tha s ri tm nghim ca
ph- ng trnh bc hai hoc mt ln na dng ph- ng php lp.
Bi tp
Bi tp 1. Tm khong cch ly nghim ca cc ph- ng trnh sau y:
1)
4
4 1 0 x x = ; 2)
3 2
9 18 1 0 x x x + = ; 3) lg 3 5 0 x x + = .
Bi tp 2 (Thi Gii ton trn my tnh b ti, S GD & T Tp. HCM, 24.11.1996).
Gii ph- ng trnh (tm nghim gn ng ca ph- ng trnh):
1)
3
7 4 0 x x + = ; 2)
3 2
2 9 3 0 x x x + + = ; 3)
5
32 32 17 0 x x + = ;
4)
6
15 25 0 x x = ; 5)
5
2 2cos 1 0 x x + = ; 6)
2
sin 1 0 x x + = ;
7) 2cos3 4 1 0 x x = ; 8)
2
1 0 ( 0)
2
x tgx x
t
= < < ; 9) Cho 1 0 x < < .
Tm mt nghim gn ng ca cos 3 0 x tg x + = ;
10) (Cu hi thm cho tr- ng chuyn L Hng Phong):
10a)
4 2
7 2 0 x x x + + = ; 10b)
6
1 0 x x = .
Bi tp 3 (Thi Gii ton trn my tnh b ti, S GD & T H Ni, 18.12.1996).
Tm mt nghim gn ng ca ph- ng trnh:
1)
3
5 1 0 x x + = ; 2)
6
15 25 0 x x = ; 3)
9
10 0 x x + = ;
4)
6
1 0 x x = ; 5)
3
cos 0 x x = ; 6) cot 0 (0 )
2
x gx x
t
= < < ;
7) Tm mt nghim gn ng (ly 3 s l) ca ph- ng trnh:
2
1 0 x tgx = ;
8) Tm mt nghim gn ng (ly 2 s l thp phn) ca:
2
sin 1 0 x x + = .
toanphothong.com
Bi tp 4 (Thi Gii ton trn my tnh b ti, S GD & T ng Nai, 15.2.1998).
Tm mt nghim gn ng ca ph- ng trnh:
1)
3
5 2 0 x x + = ; 2)
9
7 0 x x + = ; 3)
7
1 0 x x + = ; 4)
7
2 0 x x + = .
Bi tp 5 (Thi Gii ton trn my tnh b ti, S GD & T Tp. HCM, 15.3.1998).
Tm mt nghim gn ng ca ph- ng trnh:
1)
8
3 2 5 0 x x = ; 2)
5
2 sin(3 1) 2 0 x x x + = ;
3) Tm nghim m gn ng ca ph- ng trnh:
10 3
5 2 3 0 x x x + = ;
4) (Cu hi thm cho tr- ng chuyn L Hng Phong):
Tm mt nghim gn ng ca ph- ng trnh 2 3 5 11
x x x x
+ + = .
Bi tp 6. Tm nghim gn ng ca ph- ng trnh trn my tnh in t b ti:
1)
3 2
3 3 0 x x + = ; 2)
3
1 0 x x = ; 3)
3
5 1 0 x x + = ;
4)
3
5 20 3 0 x x + = ; 5)
3
8 32 17 0 x x + = ; 6)
5
0, 2 0 x x = ;
7)
3
1000 0 x x + = ; 8)
7
5 1 0 x x + = ; 9)
16
8 0 x x + = ;
10) 1 x x = ; 11) 5 3 0 x x = ; 12)
1
1 x
x
+ = ;
13)
3
1 x x = ; 14)
6
3 2 5 0 x x = ; 15)
8
3 2 5 0 x x =
16) 4 5 6
x x x
+ = ; 17) 13 11 19
x x x
+ = ; 18) 2 3 4 10
x x x x
+ + = ;
19)
3
log 2 0 x x + = ; 20) 2cos 0
x
x e = ; 21) cos log (0 )
2
x x x
t
= < < ;
22) cos 0 x tgx = .