5.

Seminar Energy Methods, FEM Class of 2013

Topic Principal of Minimum of Potential Energy (MPE) 14.11.2013
A c c e s s
1 Ansatz-functions
Ritz-method: n-parametric family of functions used as approximate solution
y
N
(x) =
0
(x) +
n

i=1
a
i

i
(x) (1)
y
N
(x) ... approximation/ansatz-function for displacement

0
(x) ... function for boundary conditions = 0

i
(x) ... coordinate functions for boundary conditions = 0
a
i
... unknown parameters
requirements:
y
N
needs to full kinematic boundary conditions (displacement boundary conditions)
y
N
does not necessarily satisfy natural boundary conditions (traction boundary condi-
tions)
approximate solution y
N
(x) will converge to exact solution y (x) with increasing number
i = 1, 2, . . . , n of coordinate functions
i
(x), if they represent a complete family of functions.
most common families of functions which exactly represent a function for n
power series
y
N
(x) = a
0
+ a
1
x + a
2
x
2
+ . . . =

i=1
a
i
x
i
(2)
Fourier series
y
N
(x) = a
0
+

i=1
a
i
sin
_
ix
L
_
+

j=1
b
j
cos
_
jx
L
_
(3)
e.g. with L ... length of beam
1
1.1 Example
L
kinematic boundary conditions: v (0) = 0
v (L) = 0
natural boundary conditions: v

(0) = 0
v

(L) = 0
1. a
1

1
(x) = Z
1
(x) = A
0
+ A
1
x + A
2
x
2
kinematic boundary conditions: Z
1
(0)
!
= 0 A
0
= 0
Z
1
(L)
!
= 0 A
2
= A
1
1
L
Z
1
(x) = A
1
x
_
1
x
L
_
= a
1

1
(x) (4)
2. a
2

2
(x) = Z
2
(x) = A
3
x
3
+ A
4
x
4
kinematic boundary conditions: Z
2
(0)
!
= 0 fullled
Z
2
(L)
!
= 0 A
4
= A
3
1
L
Z
2
(x) = A
3
x
3
_
1
x
L
_
= a
2

2
(x) (5)
3. to n. all other parts analogously
y
N
(x) =

i=1
a
i

i
(x) = x
_
1
x
L
_

_
a
1
+ a
2
x
2
+ a
3
x
4
+ a
4
x
6
+
_
(6)
in case of complete series: strict fullment of equilibrium conditions
(in every point of body = local)
in case of abortion: weak fullment of equilibrium conditions
(only in weighted integral mean value)
2
1.2 Discretization
p(x)
S
0
s(x)
x, u
y, v
L
p
0
L
1
L
2
L
3
x
1
x
2
x
3 I
3
I
2
I
1
discretization e.g. by
mean value
I
i
=
I (x
i
= 0) + I (x
i
= L
i
)
2
integral mean value
I
i
=
L
i
_
0
I (x
i
) dx
i
L
i
ansatz function for each section
v
N
(x
1
) = a
0
+ a
1
x
1
+ a
2
x
2
1
v
N
(x
2
) = b
0
+ b
1
x
2
+ b
2
x
2
2
v
N
(x
3
) = c
0
+ c
1
x
3
+ c
2
x
2
3
boundary/matching condtions
v (x
1
= 0) = 0; v (x
1
= L
1
) = v (x
2
= 0) ; v (x
2
= L
2
) = v (x
3
= 0) ;
v

(x
1
= 0) = 0; v

(x
1
= L
1
) = v

(x
2
= 0) ; v

(x
2
= L
2
) = v

(x
3
= 0) ;
e.g. for L
1
= L
2
= L
3
v
N
(x
1
) = a
2
x
2
v
N
(x
2
) =
a
2
3
L
_
1
3
L + 2x
_
+ b
2
x
2
v
N
(x
3
) =
a
2
3
L(L + 2x) +
b
2
3
L + c
2
x
2
internal potential (without axial strain energy)

i
=
3

k=1
1
2
EI
k
L
k
_
0
v

N
(x
k
)
2
dx
k
external potential (1
st
order theory)

ex
=
3

k=1
L
k
_
0
p (x
k
) v
N
(x
k
) dx
3
2 Minimum potential energy of a plate
x
y
L
X
p(x,y)
L
Y
w(x,y)
applied load p (x, y)
displacement eld w(x, y)
plate stiness B =
Et
3
12 (1
2
)
potential of internal energy for a plate (derived in lecture)

i
=
B
2
_
A
_
(w
xx
+ w
yy
)
2
2 (1 )
_
w
xx
w
yy
w
2
xy
_
dx dy (7)
whereas w
xx
=

2
w
x
2
, w
yy
=

2
w
y
2
and w
xy
=

2
w
xy
potential of external energy

e
=
_
A
p (x, y) w(x, y) dx dy (8)
2.1 Example 1
w(x
0
,y)
w(x,y
0
)
L
y
L
x
x
y
p (x, y) = p
0
sin
_
x
L
x
_
sin
_
y
L
y
_
E, , t, p
0
= const.
ansatz-function
boundary conditions
w(x = 0, y) = 0 and w(x, y = 0) = 0
w(x = L
x
, y) = 0 w(x, y = L
y
) = 0
4
strong solution (Fourier series)
w(x, y) = a sin
_
x
L
x
_
sin
_
y
L
y
_
(9)
approximate solution (power series)
w
N
(x, y) = a
_
x
L
x
2
x
3
L
3
x
+
x
4
L
4
x
_

_
y
L
y
2
y
3
L
3
y
+
y
4
L
4
y
_
(10)
strong solution
derivations of displacement function
w
x
(x, y) = a

L
x
cos
_
x
L
x
_
sin
_
y
L
y
_
w
y
(x, y) = a

L
y
sin
_
x
L
x
_
cos
_
y
L
y
_
w
xx
(x, y) = a
_

L
x
_
2
sin
_
x
L
x
_
sin
_
y
L
y
_
w
yy
(x, y) = a
_

L
y
_
2
sin
_
x
L
x
_
sin
_
y
L
y
_
w
xy
(x, y) = a

2
L
x
L
y
cos
_
x
L
x
_
cos
_
y
L
y
_
(11)
internal potential

i
=
B
2
_
A
_
w
2
xx
+ 2w
xx
w
yy
+ w
2
yy
2 (1 )
_
w
xx
w
yy
w
2
xy
_
dx dy
=
B
2
[I
1
+ 2I
3
+ I
2
2 (1 ) (I
3
I
4
)] (12)
integral I
1
I
1
=
_
A
w
2
xx
dx dy = a
2

_

L
x
_
4

_
A
sin
2
_
x
L
x
_
sin
2
_
y
L
y
_
dx dy
= a
2

_

L
x
_
4

_
1
2
x
L
x
4
sin
_
2

L
x
x
__

Lx
0

_
1
2
y
L
y
4
sin
_
2

L
y
y
__

Ly
0
= a
2

_

L
x
_
4

1
4
L
x
L
y
(13)
Integral I
2
I
2
=
_
A
w
2
yy
dx dy = a
2

_

L
y
_
4

1
4
L
x
L
y
(14)
5
Integral I
3
I
3
=
_
A
w
xx
w
yy
dx dy = a
2

4
L
2
x
L
2
y

_
A
sin
2
_
x
L
x
_
sin
2
_
y
L
y
_
dx dy
= a
2

4
L
2
x
L
2
y

1
4
L
x
L
y
(15)
Integral I
4
I
4
=
_
A
w
2
xy
dx dy = a
2

4
L
2
x
L
2
y
_
A
cos
2
_
x
L
x
_
cos
2
_
y
L
y
_
dx dy
= a
2

4
L
2
x
L
2
y

_
1
2
x +
L
x
4
sin
_
2

L
x
x
__

Lx
0

_
1
2
y +
L
y
4
sin
_
2

L
y
y
__

Ly
0
= a
2

4
L
2
x
L
2
y

1
4
L
x
L
y
(16)
nally

i
= a
2

4
4
L
x
L
y
B
2
_
1
L
4
x
+
2
L
2
x
L
2
y
+
1
L
4
y
2 (1 )
_
1
L
2
x
L
2
y

1
L
2
x
L
2
y
__
= a
2

4
8
L
x
L
y
B
_
1
L
2
x
+
1
L
2
y
_
2
(17)
external potential

a
=
_
A
p (x, y) w(x, y) dx dy = p
0
a
_
A
sin
2
_
x
L
x
_
sin
2
_
y
L
y
_
dx dy
= p
0
a
1
4
L
x
L
y
(18)
complete potential
=
1
4
L
x
L
y
_
a
2

4
B
2
_
1
L
2
x
+
1
L
2
y
_
2
p
0
a
_
(19)
minimisation principal

a
= 0 =
1
4
L
x
L
y
_
2a
4
B
2
_
1
L
2
x
+
1
L
2
y
_
2
p
0
_
(20)
determination of unknown parameter a
a =
p
0
B
4
_
1
L
2
x
+
1
L
2
y
_
2
(21)
6
2.2 Example 2
w(x
0
,y)
w(x,y
0
)
L
y
L
x
x
y
ansatz-function
boundary conditions
w(x = 0, y) = 0 and w(x, y = 0) = 0
w(x = L
x
, y) = 0 w(x, y = L
y
) = 0
w

(x = 0, y) = 0
approximate solution (power series)
w
N
(x, y) = a
_
x
2
L
2
x

x
3
L
3
x
_

_
y
L
y
2
y
3
L
3
y
+
y
4
L
4
y
_
(22)
3 Comparison of strong and approximate solution (Ritz)
structure/system stiness of approximate solution higher than reality

strong

approx
(w) (w
N
) (23)
displacements of approximate solution lower than reality
w w
N
(24)
w
n
strong solution
approximate
solution
with displacement w and number of coordinate functions n
7