7.

Seminar Energy Methods, FEM Class of 2013

Topic Energetic Stability 28.11.2013
A c c e s s
1 Recapitulation - energetic stability
energy of basic state

0
=
0,i
+
0,e
energy of neighbouring state

I
=
0
+
0
+
1
2

0
disturbance energy
=
I

0
case dierentiation
a)
2

0
> 0 stable (energy needed to disturb system)
b)
2

0
= 0 indierent (no energy needed)
c)
2

0
< 0 unstable (energy is released)
equilibrium in neighbouring state

I
= 0 =
0
..
0
+
_

0
_
. .
0
+
_
1
2

0
_
(with (.) as specic variation of basic state which leads to equilibrium)
criteria for branching of equilibrium state

I
= 0 =
_

0
_
2 Example 1
x
1
L
2
L
1
x
2
p(x)
P
1 2 3 I (x
1
) = I
0
_
1
2
+
x
1
2L
1
_
I (x
2
) = I
0
_
1
x
2
2L
2
_
E = const.
p (x) = p
0
1
potential energy in neighbouring state (negligence of strains in basic state)

IN
=
1
2
E
L
1
_
0
I (x
1
) v

(x
1
)
2
dx
1
+
1
2
E
L
2
_
0
I (x
2
) v

(x
2
)
2
dx
2

1
2
P
_
_
L
1
_
0
v

(x
1
)
2
dx
1
+
L
2
_
0
v

(x
2
)
2
dx
2
_
_

1
2
p
0

_
_
L
1
_
0
x
1
_
0
v

(x
1
)
2
dx
1
dx
1
+
L
2
_
0
x
2
_
0
v

(x
2
)
2
dx
2
dx
2
_
_
ansatz functions
potential displacement
x
1
v
1
x
2
v
2
(2)
boundary conditions
v (x
1
= 0) = v (x
1
= L
1
) = 0
v (x
2
= 0) = v (x
2
= L
2
) = 0
v

(x
1
= 0) = 0; v

(x
2
= L
2
) = 0
v

(x
1
= L
1
) = v

(x
2
= 0) = (2) = 0
Fourier Series
v
N
(x
1
) = a sin
_
x
1
L
1
_
v

N
(x
1
) = a

L
1
cos
_
x
1
L
1
_
v
N
(x
2
) = b sin
_
x
2
L
2
_
v

N
(x
2
) = b

L
2
cos
_
x
2
L
2
_
v

N
(x
1
= L
1
) = v

N
(x
2
= 0)
a

L
1
= b

L
2
b =
L
2
L
1
a
v

N
(x
1
) = a

2
L
2
1
sin
_
x
1
L
1
_
v

N
(x
2
) = a

L
1
cos
_
x
2
L
2
_
v

N
(x
2
) = a

2
L
1
L
2
sin
_
x
2
L
2
_
alternative : Hermite-polynoms
v
N
(x
1
) = a
_

x
1
L
1
+
_
x
1
L
1
_
2
_
v

N
(x
1
) = a
_

1
L
1
+ 2
x
1
L
2
1
_
v
N
(x
2
) = b
_

x
2
L
2
+
_
x
2
L
2
_
2
_
v

N
(x
2
) = b
_

1
L
2
+ 2
x
2
L
2
2
_
2
insertion into potential

IN
=
1
2
EI
0

4
L
4
1
a
2
L
1
_
0
_
1
2
+
x
1
2L
1
_
sin
2
_
x
1
L
1
_
dx
1
+
1
2
EI
0

4
L
2
1
L
2
2
a
2
L
2
_
0
_
1
x
2
2L
2
_
sin
2
_
x
2
L
2
_
dx
2

1
2
P

2
L
2
1
a
2
_
_
L
1
_
0
cos
2
_
x
1
L
1
_
dx
1
+
L
2
_
0
cos
2
_
x
2
L
2
_
dx
2
_
_

1
2
p
0

2
L
2
1
a
2
_
_
L
1
_
0
x
1
_
0
cos
2
_
x
1
L
1
_
dx
1
dx
1
+
L
2
_
0
x
2
_
0
cos
2
_
x
2
L
2
_
dx
2
dx
2
_
_
integration
L
_
0
sin
2
_
x
L
_
dx =
1
2
x
L
4
sin
_
2
x
L
_

L
0
=
1
2
L
L
_
0
x sin
2
_
x
L
_
dx =
L
_
0
x
1
2
_
1 cos
_
2
x
L
__
dx
=
1
4
x
2

1
2
L
2
4
2
cos
_
2
x
L
_

1
2
L
2
x sin
_
2
x
L
_

L
0
=
1
4
L
2
L
_
0
cos
2
_
x
L
_
dx =
1
2
x +
L
4
sin
_
2
x
L
_

L
0
=
1
2
L
L
_
0
x
_
0
cos
2
_
x
L
_
dxdx =
L
_
0
_
1
2
x +
L
4
sin
_
2
x
L
_
_
dx =
1
4
x
2

L
2
8
2
cos
_
2
x
L
_

L
0
=
1
4
L
2

L
2
8
2
cos (2) +
L
2
8
2
cos (0) =
1
4
L
2
insertion into potential

IN
=
1
2
EI
0

4
L
4
1
a
2
_
1
4
L
1
+
1
2L
1
1
4
L
2
1
_
+
1
2
EI
0

4
L
2
1
L
2
2
a
2
_
1
2
L
2

1
2L
2
1
4
L
2
2
_

1
2
P

2
L
2
1
a
2
_
1
2
L
1
+
1
2
L
2
_

1
2
p
0

2
L
2
1
a
2
_
1
4
L
2
1
+
1
4
L
2
2
_
=
1
2
EI
0

4
L
2
1
a
2
_
3
8L
1
+
3
8L
2
_

1
2

2
L
2
1
a
2
_
1
2
P (L
1
+ L
2
) +
1
4
p
0
_
L
2
1
+ L
2
2
_
_
3
equilibrium condition

IN
a
= 0
=
_
1
2
EI
0

4
L
2
1
_
3
8L
1
+
3
8L
2
_

1
2

2
L
2
1
_
1
2
P (L
1
+ L
2
) +
1
4
p
0
_
L
2
1
+ L
2
2
_
__
2a
= K a
determination of critical load for L
1
= L
2
and P
crit
= f
crit
P and p
crit
= f
crit
p
0
K = 0
=
3
8
EI
0

4
L
3

1
2

2
L
2
_
f
crit
PL +
1
2
f
crit
p
0
L
2
_
f
crit
=
3
4

2
L
2
EI
0
P +
1
2
p
0
L
3 Example 2
L
2
L
1
p(x)
P
1 2 3
x
1
x
2
EI = const.
p (x) = p
0
k = const.
k . . . spring constant/
spring stiness [
N
/m]
spring in general
s
k
F
spring force (Hookes law)
F = k s
potential of internal energy

i
= W
i
=
_
s
0
F ds =
_
s
0
k s ds =
1
2
k s
2
here
v(x
1
=L
1
) = v(x
2
=0) = v
2
additional part of internal potential due to spring

I
(spring) =
1
2
k v (x
1
= L
1
)
2
=
1
2
k v
2
2
boundary conditions for ansatz functions
v (x
1
= 0) = 0 v (x
1
= L
1
) = v (x
2
= 0) = 0 v(x
2
= L
2
) = 0
v

(x
1
= 0) = 0 v

(x
1
= L
1
) = v

(x
2
= 0) = 0 v

(x
2
= L
2
) = 0
4
varieties
k = 0
k
k =
8
k = (EA/L)
truss member
extremum:
min P
crit
v = sin (x)
L
max P
crit
v
1
= sin (x)
v
2
= sin (x)
or
v = sin (x)
ansatz functions for constant EI and L
1
= L
2
=
L
2
and with =
x
L
and
d
dx
=
d
d
d
dx
=
d
d
1
L
L/2 L/2
p(x) = p
0
P
1 2 3
EI = const.
x,
v
boundary conditions
v (0) = v (1) = 0
v
_
1
2
_
= v (node 2) = v
2
v

(0) = 0; v

(1) = 0
v

_
1
2
_
= 0
power series
v
N
() = a
4
+ b
3
+ c
2
+ d + e
v

N
() =
1
L
_
4a
3
+ 3b
2
+ 2c + d
_
linear system of equations
v(0) = 0 0 = e
v (1) = 0 0 = a + b + c + d
v
_
1
2
_
= v
2
v
2
= a
1
16
+ b
1
8
+ c
1
4
+ d
1
2
v

_
1
2
_
= 0 0 = a
1
2
+ b
3
4
+ c + d
parameters
b = 2a
c = 4v
2
+
5
4
a
d = 4v
2

1
4
a
nal ansatz function (2 unknowns: a and v
2
)
v
N
() = a
_

4
2
3
+
5
4

1
4

_
+ v
2

_
4
2
+ 4
_
v
N
(x) = a
_
_
x
L
_
4
2
_
x
L
_
3
+
5
4
_
x
L
_
2

1
4
_
x
L
_
_
+ v
2

_
4
_
x
L
_
2
+ 4
_
x
L
_
_
5
insertion into potential, integration and application of equilibrium condition yields system
of equations in form of

IN
a
= C
11
a + C
12
v
2
= 0

IN
v
2
= C
21
a + C
22
v
2
= 0
with C
11
, . . . , C
22
containing P and p
0
coecient matrix K
_
_
C
11
C
12
C
21
C
22
_
_
. .
K

_
_
a
v
2
_
_
=
_
_
0
0
_
_
a = 0 and v
2
= 0 if det K = 0
det K = C
11
C
22
C
12
C
21
= 0 P
crit
6