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Lists of integrals
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
This article is mainly about indefinite integrals in calculus. For a list of definite integrals see List of definite integrals. Integration is the basic operation in integral calculus. While differentiation has easy rules by which the derivative of a complicated function can be found by differentiating its simpler component functions, integration does not, so tables of known integrals are often useful. This page lists some of the most common antiderivatives.
Contents
1 Historical development of integrals 2 Lists of integrals 3 Integrals of simple functions 3.1 Integrals with a singularity 3.2 Rational functions 3.3 Exponential functions 3.4 Logarithms 3.5 Trigonometric functions 3.6 Inverse trigonometric functions 3.7 Hyperbolic functions 3.8 Inverse hyperbolic functions 3.9 Products of functions proportional to their second derivatives 3.10 Absolute value functions 3.11 Special functions 4 Definite integrals lacking closed-form antiderivatives 4.1 The "sophomore's dream" 5 See also 6 References 6.1 Historical 7 External links 7.1 Tables of integrals 7.2 Derivations 7.3 Online service 7.4 Open source programs
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lists_of_integrals
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Lists of integrals
More detail may be found on the following pages for the lists of integrals: List of integrals of rational functions List of integrals of irrational functions List of integrals of trigonometric functions List of integrals of inverse trigonometric functions List of integrals of hyperbolic functions List of integrals of inverse hyperbolic functions List of integrals of exponential functions List of integrals of logarithmic functions List of integrals of Gaussian functions
Gradshteyn, Ryzhik, Jeffrey, Zwillinger's Table of Integrals, Series, and Products contains a large collection of results. An even larger, multivolume table is the Integrals and Series by Prudnikov, Brychkov, and Marichev (with volumes 13 listing integrals and series of elementary and special functions, volume 45 are tables of Laplace transforms). More compact collections can be found in e.g. Brychkov, Marichev, Prudnikov's Tables of Indefinite Integrals, or as chapters in Zwillinger's CRC Standard Mathematical Tables and Formulae, Bronstein and Semendyayev's Handbook of Mathematics (Springer) and Oxford Users' Guide to Mathematics (Oxford Univ. Press), and other mathematical handbooks. Other useful resources include Abramowitz and Stegun and the Bateman Manuscript Project. Both works contain many identities concerning specific integrals, which are organized with the most relevant topic instead of being collected into a separate table. Two volumes of the Bateman Manuscript are specific to integral transforms. There are several web sites which have tables of integrals and integrals on demand. Wolfram Alpha can show results, and for some simpler expressions, also the intermediate steps of the integration. Wolfram Research also operates another online service, the Wolfram Mathematica Online Integrator (http://integrals.wolfram.com/index.jsp) .
there is a singularity at 0 and the integral becomes infinite there. If the integral above was used to give a definite integral between -1 and 1 the answer would be 0. This however is only the value assuming the Cauchy principal value for the integral around the singularity. If the integration was done in the complex plane the result would depend on the path around the origin, in this case the singularity contributes i when using a path above the origin and i for a path below the origin. A function on the real line could use a completely different value of C on either side of the origin as in:
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Rational functions
more integrals: List of integrals of rational functions These rational functions have a non-integrable singularity at 0 for a 1.
More generally,[1]
Exponential functions
more integrals: List of integrals of exponential functions
Logarithms
more integrals: List of integrals of logarithmic functions
Trigonometric functions
more integrals: List of integrals of trigonometric functions
(See Integral of the secant function. This result was a well-known conjecture in the 17th century.)
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Hyperbolic functions
more integrals: List of integrals of hyperbolic functions
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Special functions
Ci, Si: Trigonometric integrals, Ei: Exponential integral, li: Logarithmic integral function, erf: Error function
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for a > 0
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(if
integers with
and
(for integers with and , see also Binomial coefficient) (for integers with and , see also Binomial coefficient) (where ) (where is the Gamma function) is the exponential function , and
(where
, this is related to the probability density function of the Student's t-distribution) The method of exhaustion provides a formula for the general case when no antiderivative exists:
(Click "show" at right to see a proof or "hide" to hide it.) Start by using the substitution
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and provided the first term vanishes at the end points, we get the recurrence relation
See also
Indefinite sum Incomplete Gamma function List of mathematical series List of limits Symbolic integration
References
1. ^ "Reader Survey: log|x| + C (http://golem.ph.utexas.edu/category/2012/03/reader_survey_logx_c.html) ", Tom Leinster, The n-category Caf, March 19, 2012
M. Abramowitz and I.A. Stegun, editors. Handbook of Mathematical Functions with Formulas, Graphs, and Mathematical Tables. I.S. Gradshteyn (.. ), I.M. Ryzhik (.. ); Alan Jeffrey, Daniel Zwillinger, editors. Table of Integrals, Series, and Products, seventh edition. Academic Press, 2007. ISBN 978-0-12-373637-6. Errata. (http://www.mathtable.com/gr) (Several previous editions as well.) A.P. Prudnikov (.. ), Yu.A. Brychkov (.. ), O.I. Marichev (.. ). Integrals and Series. First edition (Russian), volume 15, Nauka, 19811986. First edition (English, translated from the Russian by N.M. Queen), volume 15, Gordon & Breach Science Publishers/CRC Press, 19881992,
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ISBN 2-88124-097-6. Second revised edition (Russian), volume 13, Fiziko-Matematicheskaya Literatura, 2003. Yu.A. Brychkov (.. ), Handbook of Special Functions: Derivatives, Integrals, Series and Other Formulas. Russian edition, Fiziko-Matematicheskaya Literatura, 2006. English edition, Chapman & Hall/CRC Press, 2008, ISBN 1-58488-956-X. Daniel Zwillinger. CRC Standard Mathematical Tables and Formulae, 31st edition. Chapman & Hall/CRC Press, 2002. ISBN 1-58488-291-3. (Many earlier editions as well.)
Historical
Meyer Hirsch, Integraltafeln, oder, Sammlung von Integralformeln (http://books.google.com/books? id=Cdg2AAAAMAAJ) (Duncker und Humblot, Berlin, 1810) Meyer Hirsch, Integral Tables, Or, A Collection of Integral Formulae (http://books.google.com/books? id=NsI2AAAAMAAJ) (Baynes and son, London, 1823) [English translation of Integraltafeln] David Bierens de Haan, Nouvelles Tables d'Intgrales dfinies (http://www.archive.org/details/nouvetaintegral00haanrich) (Engels, Leiden, 1862) Benjamin O. Pierce A short table of integrals - revised edition (http://books.google.com/books? id=pYMRAAAAYAAJ) (Ginn & co., Boston, 1899)
External links
Tables of integrals
Paul's Online Math Notes (http://tutorial.math.lamar.edu/pdf/Common_Derivatives_Integrals.pdf) A. Dieckmann, Table of Integrals (Elliptic Functions, Square Roots, Inverse Tangents and More Exotic Functions): Indefinite Integrals (http://pi.physik.uni-bonn.de/~dieckman/IntegralsIndefinite/IndefInt.html) Definite Integrals (http://pi.physik.uni-bonn.de/~dieckman/IntegralsDefinite/DefInt.html) Math Major: A Table of Integrals (http://mathmajor.org/calculus-and-analysis/table-of-integrals/) O'Brien, Francis J. Jr. 500 Integrals (http://www.docstoc.com/docs/23969109/500-Integrals-of-Elementary-and -Special-Functions) Derived integrals of exponential and logarithmic functions Rule-based Mathematics (http://www.apmaths.uwo.ca/RuleBasedMathematics/index.html) Precisely defined indefinite integration rules covering a wide class of integrands
Derivations
V. H. Moll, The Integrals in Gradshteyn and Ryzhik (http://www.math.tulane.edu/~vhm/Table.html)
Online service
Integration examples for Wolfram Alpha (http://www.wolframalpha.com/examples/Integrals.html)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lists_of_integrals
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