Hinkley C Environmental Permit Application

NNB Generation Company Limited
Radioactive Substances Regulations

Environmental Permit Application for
Hinkley Point C

Chapter 1 Background Information and Location

RADIOACTIVE SUBSTANCES REGULATION SUBMISSION HINKLEY POINT C
CHAPTER 1 BACKGROUND INFORMATION AND LOCATION
CHAPTER 1.0
NNB-OSL-REP-000086 Chapter 1 page 1 of 46
CONTENTS CHAPTER 1 BACKGROUND INFORMATION AND
LOCATION
SUB-CHAPTER 1.1 LOCATION OF HINKLEY POINT C POWER STATION
AND ITS ENVIRONMENT................................................................................ 3
1. LOCATION OF HINKLEY POINT C ................................................................... 3
1.1. LOCAL DEMOGRAPHIC......................................................................................... 5
2. ENVIRONMENT AROUND HINKLEY POINT C................................................. 6
APPENDIX 1 HINKLEY POINT C INTERNATIONAL STATUTORY
DESIGNATIONS...................................................................................................... 7
APPENDIX 2 HINKLEY POINT C NATIONAL STATUTORY
DESIGNATIONS...................................................................................................... 8
SUB-CHAPTER 1.2 GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF THE STATION............ 9
1. GENERAL OVERVIEW OF THE UK EPR.......................................................... 9
1.1. DEVELOPMENT OF THE UK EPR......................................................................... 9
1.2. GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF THE UK EPR............................................................ 11
2. STRUCTURES WITHIN THE UK EPR UNITS.................................................... 12
2.1. LAYOUT OF THE UK EPR UNITS AT HINKLEY POINT C.................................... 12
2.2. UNIT POSITIONING AT HINKLEY POINT C.......................................................... 12
2.3. GROUPING OF UK EPR STRUCTURES ............................................................... 13
2.4. LIST OF MAIN STRUCTURES WITHIN AN UK EPR UNIT.................................... 13
2.5. SHARED AND NON-SHARED MAIN STRUCTURES AT HINKLEY POINT C...... 14
3. MAIN STRUCTURES AT HINKLEY POINT C RELEVANT TO THE RSR
ENVIRONMENTAL PERMIT .............................................................................. 15
3.1. NUCLEAR ISLAND AND EXTENSIONS ................................................................ 15
3.2. CONVENTIONAL ISLAND...................................................................................... 19
3.3. BALANCE OF PLANT............................................................................................. 20
3.4. BUILDINGS RELATED TO SPENT FUEL AND ILW STORAGE........................... 21
CHAPTER 1.0
3.5. ANCILLARY BUILDINGS/AREAS.......................................................................... 22
4. MAIN PLANTS, SYSTEMS AND PROCESSES HAVING A BEARING ON
RADIOACTIVE WASTE...................................................................................... 23
4.1. GENERAL OVERVIEW OF RADIOACTIVE WASTE ............................................. 23
4.2. MAIN SYSTEMS...................................................................................................... 25
APPENDIX 1 UNIT POSITIONING AT HINKLEY POINT C.................................... 43
SUB-CHAPTER 1.3 REFERENCES............................................................. 45
SUB-CHAPTER 1.1
SUB-CHAPTER 1.1 LOCATION OF HINKLEY POINT C POWER
STATION AND ITS ENVIRONMENT
1. LOCATION OF HINKLEY POINT C
Hinkley Point is located on the west Somerset coast, approximately 25 km east of Minehead and
12 km north-west of Bridgwater (see Figures 1 and 2). The site is bounded to the north by the
Bristol Channel (Bridgwater Bay) and to the west by land in agricultural production. The nearest
residential areas to the site are the hamlets of Shurton, Burton and Stolford, adjacent to the
southern boundary, approximately 300 m to the east and approximately 11 km to the west of the
site respectively [1]. The permanent nuclear power station development will cover approximately
67 hectares.
Immediately to the east, the land is occupied by two nuclear power stations, Hinkley Point A and
Hinkley Point B, which form the existing Hinkley Point Power Station Complex (see Figure 3).
Hinkley Point A operated between 1965 and 2000 and is currently undergoing decommissioning by
the Nuclear Decommissioning Authority (NDA). Hinkley Point B, owned by EDF Energy, has
operated since 1976 and is scheduled to continue generating electricity until at least 2016.
The Hinkley Point C Development Site has been nominated as strategically suitable in the revised
National Policy Statement for Nuclear Power Generation (EN-6) (the revised Nuclear NPS) [2].
The site benefits from its proximity to the existing road infrastructure and access to cooling water,
and it is predominantly outside designated sites of ecological importance. These factors also
contributed to the inclusion of the site in the revised Nuclear NPS as being suitable for the early
deployment of new nuclear power. The revised Nuclear NPS does not in itself confer consent for
new nuclear development at Hinkley Point.
The Hinkley Point C nuclear power station development itself would comprise two UK EPR units.
The expected net electrical output of each UK EPR unit will be approximately 1,630 megawatts
(MW) giving a total site capacity of 3,260 MW. This is sufficient to power approximately 5 million
homes or 6 % of the UK national requirement, making a significant contribution to the generation of
low-carbon electricity.
SUB-CHAPTER 1.1
Hinkley Point
Devon
Cornwall
Dorset
Somerset
Hinkley Point
Devon
Cornwall
Dorset
Somerset
Hinkley Point
Devon
Cornwall
Dorset
Somerset
Figure 1 Hinkley Point site location
SUB-CHAPTER 1.1
Figure 2 Main towns in the vicinity of Hinkley Point C site
1.1. LOCAL DEMOGRAPHIC
The three immediate districts of Sedgemoor, West Somerset and Taunton Deane (see Figure 2)
have approximate population sizes of 112,000, 35,400 and 108,200 respectively, and a combined
population of approximately 256,000 according to the mid-year 2007 estimates reported by the
Office for National Statistics, 2008 [1].
Sedgemoor and Taunton Deane are of a similar population size with a population density in
keeping with the South West trend. In contrast, West Somerset is more rural in nature, exhibiting a
lower population number and a significantly lower population density than local, regional or national
averages [1].
The three wards closest to the Hinkley Point C site (Cannington & Quantocks, Quantock Vale and
West Quantocks) have a relatively small population (10,403 persons) displaying an average
population density of 0.56 persons per hectare (PPH). The highest levels of population density are
typically displayed in urban centres of Taunton, Bridgwater, Minehead and Burnham [1].
SUB-CHAPTER 1.1
Figure 3 Hinkley Point Power Station Complex [3]
2. ENVIRONMENT AROUND HINKLEY POINT C
A number of international and national environmental designations lie in close proximity to the site
however, the majority of the site is undesignated.
A wide range of environmental baseline studies have been undertaken to determine the
environmental context of the Hinkley Point C site and surrounding area. The Hinkley Point C site
area comprises mixed lowland farmland with hedgerows and occasional trees of variable quality
and small woodland copses. Much of the area is subject to agricultural land management practices
and there is little semi natural habitat present. The contiguity of the proposed site with the existing
complex reduces the use of agricultural land [3].
Important conservation sites in the vicinity of Hinkley Point C are:
Severn Estuary Special Protection Area (SPA), Special Area of Conservation (SAC) and
Ramsar site.
Bridgwater Bay Site of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI).
Exmoor and Quantock Oakwood candidate SAC.
Quantock SSSI.
Blue Anchor to Lilstock Coast SSSI.
Ge-mare Farm Fields SSSI.
Berrow Dunes SSSI.
Much of the area listed above is also a National Nature Reserve (NNR) and Exmoor is an Area of
Outstanding Natural Beauty (AONB). See Appendix 1 and Appendix 2 for the conservation areas
of international and national importance in the vicinity of Hinkley Point C.
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SUB-CHAPTER 1.2
SUB-CHAPTER 1.2 GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF THE STATION
This sub-chapter provides a general overview on the development of the UK EPR unit, rationale of
the site layout and description of the main structures to be built at Hinkley Point C. The main
plants, systems and processes having a bearing on radioactive waste are also described
The information presented in this sub-chapter describes the same design as presented to the
Health and Safety Executive (HSE) and Environment Agency through the Generic Design
Assessment (GDA) except where the structures are specific to Hinkley Point C. These are also
described in this chapter.
1. GENERAL OVERVIEW OF THE UK EPR
1.1. DEVELOPMENT OF THE UK EPR
EDF manages 58 nuclear plants in France producing 78 % of the countrys electrical power
demand. The evolution of the design proposed for Hinkley Point C has been derived from
extensive experience of developing Pressurised Water Reactors (PWR) by both EDF, a major
utility operator, and AREVA, a key manufacturer. PWRs have evolved over several generations of
design since the 1970s in order to meet more stringent safety demands from the regulators,
improve performance and increase power output.
The latest generations of reactors built in France (N4 Reactors) and Germany (KONVOI Reactors)
are the parent designs of the EPR developed by AREVA in partnership with EDF and embodies
French, German and worldwide operating experience. It brings together reliable, well proven
technologies to provide enhanced safety, environmental protection, technical and economic
performance.
The design of the Flamanville 3 unit, in Normandy, France, (currently under construction) is the
reference for the UK EPR design. EDFs approach to evolving the design has been to develop a
standard design through incremental improvement. This process includes enhancing safety,
constructability and operational effectiveness, embodying the learning gathered from completed
and operational facilities, and from projects under construction.
The proposed development, which comprises two UK EPR units and associated structures at
Hinkley Point C allows for continuous power generation from the station. Power will still be
delivered when one unit is being refuelled but divided by two since refuelling is performed at
shutdown (0 % power). The design of the EPR is intended to achieve around 91 % availability (i.e.
the percentage of time that each UK EPR unit at the nuclear power station will be available to
generate electricity), which is higher than in the current EDF fleet. This is due in part to the main
safety systems which have four redundancy trains (instead of 2), this allows maintenance in power
instead of during outage. Figure 1 illustrates a typical layout of a single EPR unit.
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SUB-CHAPTER 1.2
1.2. GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF THE UK EPR
At the centre of the UK EPR is the reactor core capable of producing a thermal output of
4500 MW
th
from a controlled fission reaction contained within a thick-walled steel pressure vessel.
The thermal power is transferred into steam which operates a turbo generator with a net electrical
output of 1,630 MW. The operation of the UK EPR, as a PWR is based on a primary system, a
secondary system and a cooling system.
The primary system is a closed water-filled pressurised system installed in a leak tight concrete
enclosure, the reactor building. It comprises a reactor, namely a steel vessel containing the
nuclear fuel (reactor core) and four cooling loops, each containing a reactor coolant pump and a
steam generator. The heat produced by the nuclear reaction inside the reactor vessel is extracted
with pressurised water which circulates in the primary system. The heated water then passes
through the steam generators. Here the heat is transferred to the water of the secondary system
which flows between the steam generators tubes [1].
The secondary system is a closed system which is independent of the primary system. It supplies
steam to the turbo generator set located in the turbine hall. Water in this system evaporates in the
steam generators heated by the primary system water. The steam drives a turbine coupled to the
generator which produces electrical energy. After leaving the turbine, the steam is cooled and
returned to its liquid state in the condenser and then returned to the steam generator. The
efficiency of the UK EPR turbine generator set is planned to be greater than that of existing PWR
plants.
The cooling system is independent of the primary and secondary systems. It cools the condenser
by circulating sea water. This system is an open system at Hinkley Point C. An open system refers
to circulating water which is directly drawn from and discharged into the sea. The Hinkley Point C
condensers will be directly cooled by seawater from the Bristol Channel.
See Figure 2 below for the electricity generating process of a PWR.
Figure 2: Schematic Layout of the Electricity Generating Process of a PWR [1]
Electricity from the generator is stepped-up to high voltage (400 kV) via transformers before being
exported on EDF Energy overhead lines to the National Grid substation which connects the
generation output to the national grid transmission system [2].
SUB-CHAPTER 1.2
The nuclear power station at Hinkley Point C is designed for 60 years of operation and makes more
efficient use of fuel than current PWR designs, thus reducing the quantities of spent fuel for a given
energy produced. Operational radioactive waste from an UK EPR unit would arise in solid, liquid
and gaseous form, which are summarised in Section 4. Systems and plants would be designed
and operated using Best Available Techniques (BAT) to minimise liquid and gaseous discharges
and reduce any environmental impact to a practicable minimum.
2. STRUCTURES WITHIN THE UK EPR UNITS
Structures of an UK EPR unit are characterised as standard or site specific. The standard UK EPR
unit structures are generic structures standardised within the GDA. Site specific structures will take
account of Hinkley Point site constraints. As two UK EPR units are to be built at Hinkley Point C,
some structures are shared between the two units without any compromise to the safety,
environmental and construction criteria. The layout of the site is based on achieving an efficient
layout minimising the distances between buildings within the safety separation criteria and
minimising the impact on the environment.
2.1. LAYOUT OF THE UK EPR UNITS AT HINKLEY POINT C
The layout and design of Hinkley Point C has taken into consideration a number of options and
constraints including:
nuclear and conventional safety and security measures;
environmental risk and radiological protection;
adequate spacing between the Reactor Buildings and Turbine Halls to facilitate
construction and operation;
provision of an open circuit main cooling system;
on-site spent fuel storage and Intermediate Level Waste (ILW) storage for the two UK
EPR units;
energy transmission infrastructure from the Energy Platform to the National Grid 400 kV
substation; and
an Operational Service Centre to be located between the two units.
2.2. UNIT POSITIONING AT HINKLEY POINT C
The first UK EPR unit to be built at Hinkley Point C is referred to as Unit 1 and the second as Unit
2. The respective positioning of Units 1 and 2 , with unit 1 to the east, has been developed based
upon the rationale of simplification of the construction sequence, allowing construction of common
facilities required to support both units being built with Unit 1 first. The layouts have been adjusted
to correspond with the construction sequence drawings. In the second phase of the works, the
construction traffic from Unit 2 construction across Unit 1 operational area will be minimised.
All common facilities required for plant operation are linked with the construction of Unit 1, e.g.
Effluent Treatment Building, Hot Laundry, Hot Workshops, etc. This will allow Unit 1 to operate and
meet all safety and licensing criteria independently of Unit 2 completion.
Appendix 1 illustrates how the units are positioned at Hinkley Point C.
SUB-CHAPTER 1.2
2.3. GROUPING OF UK EPR STRUCTURES
The UK EPR structures are grouped into the following main elements:
Nuclear Island and extensions.
Conventional Island.
Balance of Plant other industrial buildings.
Buildings related to spent fuel and ILW storage.
Ancillary buildings/areas.
2.4. LIST OF MAIN STRUCTURES WITHIN AN UK EPR UNIT
Figure 1 above shows the typical main UK EPR structures. The main structures within a single UK
EPR unit at Hinkley Point C are listed below. However, as there are to be two UK EPR units at
Hinkley Point C some of these structures are shared between the two units (see detailed list in
Table 1).
Reactor Building.
Four Safeguard Buildings.
Fuel Building.
Nuclear Auxiliary Building.
Access Building.
Diesel Buildings.
Effluent Treatment Building, which is shared between the two units.
Turbine Hall.
Conventional Island Electrical Building.
Energy Platform.
Cooling Water Structures comprising of the Intake Tunnel, Forebay and Pumping Station.
Outfall Structures comprising of the Outfall Buildings and Outfall Tunnel (the Outfall
Tunnel is shared between the two units).
Attenuation Pond, which collects and processes the sites waste water, and is shared
between the two units.
Gas Storage and Chemical Products Storage, which are shared between the two units.
Operational Service Centre, which is shared between the two units.
There are also additional Hinkley Point C site specific structures which are not listed above, e.g.
the interim storage facilities for spent fuel and ILW, Radioactive Waste Treatment Building of Unit 2
(for the transfer of radioactive waste from Unit 2) and the Hot Laundry. The standard, site specific
and shared structures at Hinkley Point C are shown in Table 1 below and are described in
Section 3.
SUB-CHAPTER 1.2
2.5. SHARED AND NON-SHARED MAIN STRUCTURES AT HINKLEY POINT C
Main Structures
UK EPR
Standard
Structures
HPC Site
Specific
Structures
Shared
Facilities
Nuclear Island and Extensions
Reactor Building
Four Safeguard Buildings
Fuel Building
Nuclear Auxiliary Building
Radioactive Waste Treatment Building of Unit 2
(transfer of radioactive waste from Unit 2 to Effluent Treatment
Building)
Access Building
Diesel Buildings
Effluent Treatment Building
(for radioactive waste treatment of Units 1 and 2)

Discharge Tanks (KER [LRMDS], TER [ExLWDS], SEK
[SiteLWDS]) *

Hot Laundry
Hot Workshop, Hot Warehouse and Facilities for
Decontamination

Conventional Island
Turbine Hall
Conventional Island Electrical Building
Energy Platform
Balance of Plant
Pumping Station
Intake Tunnel
Forebay
Outfall Buildings
Outfall Tunnel
Attenuation Pond
Demineralisation Station
Fire-Fighting Water Building
Gas Storage and Chemical Products Storage
Buildings related to spent fuel and ILW storage
Interim Storage Facility for Spent Fuel
Interim Storage Facility for Intermediate Level Waste (ILW)
Ancillary Buildings/Areas
Operational Service Centre
The Radioactive Source Storage
Transit Area for Very Low Level Waste (VLLW) and Low Level
Waste (LLW)

* Liquid Radwaste Monitoring and Discharge System (KER [LRMDS])
Additional Liquid Waste Discharge System (TER [ExLWDS)
Site Liquid Waste Discharge System (SEK [SiteLWDS])
Table 1 Relevant Main Standard and Site Specific Structures
SUB-CHAPTER 1.2
3. MAIN STRUCTURES AT HINKLEY POINT C RELEVANT TO THE RSR
ENVIRONMENTAL PERMIT
This section details the relevant main structures on the Hinkley Point C site, necessary for the
general understanding of the UK EPR and those which have a bearing on radioactive waste.
Therefore, some of the standard UK EPR buildings listed in Table 1 are not explained further. The
relevance of the structures to the RSR permit and the connections to systems relevant to the RSR
is explained in this section, where appropriate.
The main systems, which are necessary for the general understanding of the UK EPR and those
which have a bearing on radioactive waste, are identified in this section under the applicable main
structures. These main systems are explained further in Section 4 with their relevance to the RSR
permit.
3.1. NUCLEAR ISLAND AND EXTENSIONS
The design of the Nuclear Island is fixed via the GDA process currently being undertaken by the
HSE and the Environment Agency. The Nuclear Islands at Hinkley Point C are the same as that
presented in the GDA process delivering high standards of safety, security and environmental
protection.
Each of the two Nuclear Islands will comprise of a Reactor Building, four Safeguard Buildings and a
Fuel Building which share the same foundation raft. The design of the Reactor Building, Fuel
Building and Safeguards Buildings are identical for the two Nuclear Islands. This independence
provides safety, constructability and operability advantages.
Other structures within the Nuclear Island and Extensions grouping include:
Nuclear Auxiliary Building, Access Building and Diesel Buildings all one per unit;
Effluent Treatment Building, Discharge Tanks, Hot Laundry, Hot Workshop, Hot
Warehouse and Facilities for Decontamination all shared between the two units, and
Radioactive Waste Treatment Building of Unit 2 specific to Unit 2.
The following sub-sections describe the relevant structures within the Nuclear Island and
Extensions grouping.
3.1.1. The Reactor Building
The Reactor Building is in the centre of the Nuclear Island and houses the core and the main
components of the Nuclear Steam Supply System (NSSS). The Reactor Building is cylindrical in
shape. The containment is of a double enclosure type with a pre-stressed concrete inner
enclosure and a reinforced concrete outer enclosure separated by an inter-space called the inter-
containment annulus. The internal surface of the interior containment is covered by a metallic leak
tight skin.
The Reactor Building contains the main components of the NSSS which houses the reactor. Other
plants systems within the Reactor Building are:
the In-Containment Refuelling Water Storage Tank (IRWST), which is the Reactor
Building pool water storage reservoir;
the Chemical and Volume Control System (RCV [CVCS]); and
the Steam Generator Blowdown System (APG [SGBS]).
The Reactor Building is a standard EPR unit structure and is specific to each UK EPR unit.
SUB-CHAPTER 1.2
3.1.2. The four Safeguard Buildings
The four Safeguard Buildings, also referred to as divisions, are similar in shape. Safety systems
are generally designed with quadruple redundancy, therefore each safety train (containing
safeguard and electrical equipment) is located in a separate Safeguard Building.
Each division contains a mechanical section dedicated to the safeguard systems. The third train of
the Fuel Pool Cooling (and Purification) System (PTR [FPC(P)S]) is located in one of the four
divisions.
The Safeguard Buildings are standard EPR unit structures and are specific to each UK EPR unit.
3.1.3. The Fuel Building
The main function of the Fuel Building is to house the fuel storage pool for fresh fuel, associated
fuel handling equipment and initial storage of spent fuel. The Fuel Building contains the following
main plants and systems:
the fresh fuel and at-reactor spent fuel pools, and two trains of the main PTR [FPC(P)S];
the Extra Boration System (RBS [EBS]);
part of the Chemical and Volume Control System (RCV [CVCS]); and
the ventilation systems with appropriate filtration units in the event of air escaping in an
accident.
The Fuel Building is a standard EPR unit structure and is specific to each UK EPR unit.
3.1.4. The Nuclear Auxiliary Building
The Nuclear Auxiliary Building is built on an independent foundation raft next to the Fuel Building.
The Nuclear Auxiliary Building houses the nuclear operation systems and the maintenance areas.
The main systems installed in the Nuclear Auxiliary Building are the following:
The Coolant Storage and Treatment System (TEP [CSTS]) for treatment of primary
effluents.
The Fuel Pool Purification System (PTR [FPPS]).
The Gaseous Waste Processing System (TEG [GWPS]).
Part of the Steam Generator Blowdown System (APG [SGBS]).
The operational ventilation and chilled water systems of the Nuclear Auxiliary Building.
The Reactor Boron Water Make-up System (REA [RBWMS]).
Part of the Nuclear Island Sampling System.
The Nuclear Auxiliary Building also contains laboratories. All air discharged by ventilating
radiologically-controlled areas in the Nuclear Island buildings is channelled to the Nuclear Auxiliary
Building where it is collected and checked before being discharged to atmosphere via the stack.
There is a Nuclear Auxiliary Building associated with each unit with a single stack.
The Nuclear Auxiliary Building is a standard EPR unit structure and is specific to each UK EPR
unit.
3.1.5. The Access Building
The main function of the Access Building on each UK EPR unit is to control and enable access to
the Nuclear Island, specifically access to the controlled area via an underground gallery and a
higher level access bridge. The building will contain a room for maintaining and decontaminating
minor equipment, together with a number of operational and technical rooms [2].
The Access Building is a standard EPR unit structure and is specific to each UK EPR unit.
SUB-CHAPTER 1.2
3.1.6. The Diesel Buildings
There two Diesel Buildings for each UK EPR unit which each house two emergency diesel
generator sets and one Station Black Out diesel generator set for plant cooling. The Diesel
Buildings are constructed from reinforced concrete, and are built on an independent foundation raft.
The two buildings are geographically separated to provide protection from external hazards with
self-contained and therefore separate fuel supplies.
Each Diesel Building houses two main diesel generator sets each of which supplies a safety train
within a division of the Safeguard Buildings, as well as an emergency back-up unit. The two
redundant generators and the emergency generator with their auxiliaries are protected against
internal hazards by a separating wall.
The Diesel Buildings are standard EPR unit structures and are specific to each UK EPR unit.
3.1.7. The Effluent Treatment Building
The Effluent Treatment Building is used for the collection, storage, treatment and disposal of liquid
and solid radioactive waste. The Effluent Treatment Building adjoins the Nuclear Auxiliary Building
of Unit 1.
The Effluent Treatment Building is made of reinforced concrete and is subdivided into main two
sections:
a solid waste conditioning and storage section; and
a liquid effluent treatment section.
The Effluent Treatment Building is a standard EPR unit structure and is shared between the two
UK EPR units.
3.1.7.1. Solid Waste Conditioning and Storage Section
The Solid Waste Conditioning and Storage Section is made up of two main areas:
an area acting as a reception room for mobile equipment for resin treatment. It includes a
level used for the control and maintenance of the overhead crane and the baler used for
packaging low-activity waste; and
an area providing sufficient room and access to process, package, monitor and transfer
the wastes associated with treatment by the Solid Waste Treatment System (TES
[SWTS]).
3.1.7.2. Liquid Effluent Treatment Section
The Liquid Effluent Treatment Section consists of an area that houses mainly the Liquid Waste
Processing System (TEU [LWPS]) facility (for head storage, processing) and the TES [SWTS]
facility (for resin storage, concentrates, bay for encapsulating filters). The TEU [LWPS] treatment
system (non-recycled liquid waste treatment system) is located in the Effluent Treatment Building,
and has a treatment capacity for two units. This area also houses a plant for producing concrete
and storing aggregates and the Effluent Treatment Building control room.
3.1.8. Radioactive Waste Treatment Building of Unit 2
The Effluent Treatment Building at Hinkley Point C is shared between the two units and is adjoined
to Unit 1. Therefore, the solid radioactive wastes (LLW and ILW) generated in Unit 2 will be pre-
conditioned in a dedicated building adjoining the Nuclear Auxiliary Building of Unit 2 before transfer
by road to shared Effluent Treatment Building for treatment and conditioning. This dedicated
building is referred to as the Radioactive Waste Treatment Building of Unit 2.
SUB-CHAPTER 1.2
Liquid radioactive wastes including active ion exchange resins (from demineralisers in the RCV
[CVCS], PTR [FPC(P)S] and sometimes TEP [CSTS]) generated in Unit 2 are transferred directly
to the shared Effluent Treatment Building via underground galleries. Low activity ion exchange
resins generated in Unit 2 are those from the demineralisers of the APG [SGBS], and sometimes
from the TEP [CSTS] if monitoring shows activity is low.
The two main functions of the Radioactive Waste Building of Unit 2 are:
pre-conditioning of filters (used on RCV [CVCS], PTR [FPC(P)S], TEP [CSTS] of Unit 2) in
concrete drums (type C1 or C4), closed with a temporary biological plug; and
preparation and transfer to the shared Effluent Treatment Building adjoined to Unit 1, of
the waste packaged in concrete drums (filters) or suitable transfer containers (low activity
ion exchange resins).
The ventilation of Radioactive Waste Treatment Building of Unit 2 is performed by a specific
ventilation system in the building which is linked to the Unit 2 Nuclear Auxiliary Building Ventilation
System. Liquid radioactive effluent generated in the Radioactive Waste Treatment Building of Unit
2 is collected by the RPE [NVDS] and is transferred directly to the Effluent Treatment Building via
underground galleries, for treatment by the TEU [LWPS].
The Radioactive Waste Treatment Building of Unit 2 is a site structure specific to Unit 2 only.
3.1.9. The Discharge Tanks
The discharge tanks of the Liquid Radwaste Monitoring and Discharge System (KER [LRMDS]),
Additional Liquid Waste Discharge System (TER [ExLWDS]) and Site Liquid Waste Discharge
System (SEK [SiteLWDS]), adjoin the Effluent Treatment Building. Their pumps are located under
and adjacent to the Hot Laundry.
The site discharge tanks for effluent storage prior to discharge comprise of the following:
KER [LRMDS] (system for collection, monitoring and discharge of effluent from the
Nuclear Island).
TER [ExLWDS] (system for additional storage capacity, if required, and for return of
effluent from the KER [LRMDS] and SEK [SiteLWDS] back to the TEU [LWPS], if
retreatment is required).
SEK [SiteLWDS] (system for monitoring and discharge of effluent from the secondary
circuit. The Conventional Island Liquid Waste Discharge System (SEK [CILWDS]) collects
and treats effluent from the Turbine Hall before sending to the SEK [SiteLWDS]).
The contents of the KER [LRMDS], TER [ExLWDS] and SEK [SiteLWDS] tanks (also called the T,
S and Ex Tanks, respectively) may be transferred to the TEU [LWPS] for retreatment via the TER
[ExLWDS] if required.
Liquid effluents from Unit 2 are routed via underground galleries to the Effluent Treatment Building,
or directly to the relevant discharge tank.
These discharge tanks are site specific structures sufficiently sized for the site and are shared
between the two UK EPR units and associated facilities. More information on the size and
construction of the discharge tanks is presented in Chapter 7.
3.1.10. The Hot Laundry
The main function of the Hot Laundry building is to launder radioactive contaminated work clothing
such as overalls and overshoes, for reuse. Non-contaminated work clothing is not laundered in the
Hot Laundry. Common practice in the UK is for radioactive contaminated work clothing to be
laundered off-site. This facility provides Hinkley Point C with the ability to be self sufficient should it
SUB-CHAPTER 1.2
choose. The Hot Laundry building is adjacent to the Effluent Treatment Building. The Hot Laundry
will discharge effluents to the KER [LRMDS].
The Hot Laundry is a site specific structure sufficiently sized for the site and is shared between the
two UK EPR units.
3.1.11. The Hot Workshop, Hot Warehouse and Facilities for Decontamination
The Hot Workshop, Hot Warehouse and Facilities for Decontamination are encompassed in a
single structure adjacent to the Hot Laundry.
The Hot Workshop is designed to perform machining of radioactive contaminated components or
tools. The Hot Workshop may generate liquid effluents, which will be stored underneath the Hot
Laundry and sent to the TEU [LWPS] for treatment prior to discharge off site.
The Hot Warehouse is designed to store radioactive contaminated tools.
The Facilities for Decontamination is designed to reduce or suppress radioactive contamination of
tools, components or wastes. Decontamination of equipment enables reuse of tools and
minimisation of the volume of material requiring disposal. Therefore, these facilities enable permit
conditions to be achieved.
These structures are site specific sufficiently sized for the site and are shared between the two UK
EPR units.
3.2. CONVENTIONAL ISLAND
3.2.1. The Turbine Hall
The location of the Turbine Hall in relation to the Nuclear Island is set by requirements for routing
the Main Steam Supply System pipework and inter-unit tunnels and the need to leave sufficient
space for the air intakes of the Nuclear Island.
The Turbine Hall houses the turbo-generator set, the moisture separator/reheaters, the condenser
and the feedwater plant, and the associated support systems.
The Turbine Hall is a standard EPR unit structure and is specific to each UK EPR unit.
3.2.2. The Energy Platform
The Energy Platform is located adjacent to the Turbine Hall and houses the following plant items:
a main transformer;
step-down transformers;
a switchroom; and
an auxiliary transformer platform.
Electricity generated from the turbo-generator is stepped up to 400 kV via the main generator
transformer and then this power is exported to the National Grid 400 kV substation via overhead
lines and towers.
Auxiliary transformers are utilised to provide lower voltages within Hinkley Point C for powering
equipment.
The Energy Platform is a standard EPR unit structure and is specific to each UK EPR unit.
SUB-CHAPTER 1.2
3.2.3. The Conventional Island Electrical Building
The Conventional Island Electrical Building houses all the unclassified electrical equipment serving
the Conventional Island and the other unit structures apart from the Nuclear Island. The
Conventional Island Electrical Building is adjacent to the Turbine Hall.
The Conventional Island Electrical Building houses the normal and secured electrical distribution
panels, which supply the Conventional Island systems, together with the instrumentation and
control system which manages and monitors these systems.
The Conventional Island Electrical Building is a standard EPR unit structure and is specific to each
UK EPR unit.
3.3. BALANCE OF PLANT
3.3.1. Cooling Water Structures
The cooling water structures comprises the Intake Tunnel, Forebay and Pumping Station.
3.3.1.1. Intake Tunnel
The UK EPR units at Hinkley Point C will be directly cooled by seawater from Bristol Channel via
Intake Tunnels. There is a single Intake Tunnel for each UK EPR unit. The Intake Tunnel is
connected to the Forebay. The location of the intake heads are approximately 3.3 km north
westerly off-shore and the internal diameter of the Intake Tunnel is approximately 6 m.
The Intake Tunnel is a site specific structure and is specific to each UK EPR unit.
3.3.1.2. The Forebay
The water feed to the buildings is via the Forebay which is a semi-circular basin located adjacent to
the Pumping Station. Seawater is transferred to the Forebay via the Intake Tunnel.
The Forebay is a site specific structure and is specific to each UK EPR unit.
3.3.1.3. The Pumping Station
The Pumping Station is adjacent to the Forebay, and contains equipment supplying cooling water
for:
the Nuclear and Conventional Islands auxiliaries; and
the secondary (condenser) cooling system.
It is a solid structure designed to resist earthquakes.
The Pumping Station is a standard EPR unit structure and is specific to each UK EPR unit.
3.3.2. Outfall Structures
The outfall structures comprise of the Outfall Buildings and Outfall Tunnel.
3.3.2.1. The Outfall Buildings
The Outfall Buildings are located near the Pumping Station, and consist of the Filtering Debris
Recovery Pit (pre-discharge section) and the Outfall Pond (discharge pond).
The Filtering Debris Recovery Pit, which is located between the Pumping Station and the Outfall
Pond, is designed to receive marine debris discharged from the Pumping Station. A skip with a
SUB-CHAPTER 1.2
perforated base is used to collect the marine debris, which are then removed by lorry. The water is
transferred to the Outfall Pond and then discharged to the sea via the Outfall Tunnel.
The Outfall Pond is a circular concrete structure connected to the common Outfall Tunnel via an
underground outfall gallery.
The outfall galleries of both Outfall Ponds (Unit 1 and Unit 2) meet at a connecting structure that
connects to the single common Outfall Tunnel.
The Outfall Buildings are site specific structures and are specific to each UK EPR unit.
3.3.2.2. Outfall Tunnel
The common Outfall Tunnel shared between the two UK EPR units at Hinkley Point C is a main
discharge outlet for radioactive liquid waste. The location of the discharge point is approximately
2 km off-shore. The internal diameter of the Outfall Tunnel is approximately 7 m.
The Outfall Tunnel is a site specific structure and is shared between the UK EPR units.
3.3.3. Attenuation Pond
The Attenuation Pond, which collects and processes the sites waste water (from SEO-EP and
SEH networks), contains a confinement (retention) tank, the SEH (collection of oils and
hydrocarbon effluents) sedimentation (settling) tank and an oil filter (separator). The water
processed in the Attenuation Pond is transferred to the Forebay.
The Attenuation Pond is a site specific structure and is shared between the two UK EPR units.
3.4. BUILDINGS RELATED TO SPENT FUEL AND ILW STORAGE
3.4.1. Interim Storage Facility for Spent Fuel
The Interim Storage Facility for Spent Fuel provides safe and secure underwater storage of spent
fuel once it leaves the spent fuel pool of the Fuel Building, from both UK EPR units, after a period
of cooling. The spent fuel will remain here until disposal at the national Geological Disposal Facility.
The Interim Storage Facility for Spent Fuel consists of a pool, or pools, housed in a seismically
qualified building. Spent fuel assemblies are placed in storage racks, located at the bottom of the
pool(s), which are designed to be resistant to movement. Whilst in storage, water cooling and
clean-up systems remove the heat generated by the spent fuel assemblies and maintain water
quality. Throughout the operational life of these facilities an inspection and monitoring regime will
be implemented to ensure that fuel is safely stored. The pools are lined with welded stainless steel
plates and have leak detection and collection systems to ensure that there is no unplanned release
of radioactivity to the environment.
The discharges of the Interim Storage Facility for Spent Fuel will be covered by the RSR permit
even though the final disposal of the fuel is not. Detailed design of the building is not complete but
abatement equipment is likely to be required and similar to that of the PTR [FPC(P)S], noting that
the initial cooling period in the Fuel Building spent fuel pool will result in much of the short lived
activity decaying and the heat production of the stored fuel being lower. The Interim Storage
Facility for Spent Fuel will discharge gaseous effluents via its own dedicated stack, it is proposed
that this is a minor discharge outlet during the operational period. Liquid effluents are planned to
be discharged via the KER [LRMDS].
A number of alternative methods of long-term spent fuel storage are now available to commercial
nuclear power plant operators, namely wet storage in ponds or dry storage in a variety of
configurations (casks, vaults or canisters). Any of these mature methods could in principle be
employed to provide additional long-term spent fuel storage capacity at UK EPRs, including those
at Hinkley Point C. All of the methods have been used successfully internationally, all are capable
SUB-CHAPTER 1.2
of meeting the high safety and environmental standards that would be required for their use in the
UK, and each has its own advantages and disadvantages. There is, therefore, no obviously
preferred method for the long-term storage of spent fuel at UK EPRs in general, or those at Hinkley
Point C specifically.
Selecting a long-spent method of storing spent fuel at Hinkley Point C has, therefore, been a
complex matter, which has demanded that EDF balance a number of inter-related and sometimes
competing needs and desires. In order to examine the relative advantages and disadvantages of
the different methods, and to help in making a decision on the method that should be employed at
Hinkley Point C, EDF undertook a Multi-Attribute Decision Analysis (MADA). The MADA assessed
the four available alternative long-term spent fuel storage methods of wet storage in ponds, dry
storage in casks, dry storage in vaults and dry storage in canisters. The performance of the four
alternative options against nineteen attributes was scored, the attributes were weighted and the
results calculated and analysed.
The results of the MADA suggest that on balance, the preferred choice of long-term spent fuel
storage method at Hinkley Point C should be wet storage in ponds. Dry storage would be an
acceptable alternative to wet storage, and would offer some advantages, but on balance these are
outweighed by the advantages offered by pond storage at Hinkley Point C.
The Interim Storage Facility for Spent Fuel is a site specific structure with sufficient capacity to
accommodate spent fuel arisings from both UK EPR units.
3.4.2. Interim Storage Facility for Intermediate Level Waste
ILW generated during the operational phase will be placed in an Interim Storage Facility for ILW
which will be designed to be in operation for at least 100 years. ILW generated during the 60 years
of UK EPR operation, primarily from the TES [SWTS] in the Effluent Treatment Building, will be
conditioned and packaged in the Effluent Treatment Building before transfer to the Interim Storage
Facility for ILW. The Interim Storage Facility for ILW will provide interim storage for all ILW pending
removal to a final national Geological Disposal Facility.
The discharges from the Interim Storage Facility for ILW will be covered by the RSR environmental
permit even though the final disposal of the ILW is not. Gaseous radioactive emissions will be
sufficiently small that it is proposed this is considered as a minor discharge outlet. Active liquid
discharges are not anticipated. Design of the building is not complete but abatement equipment is
not likely to be required for operational discharges.
The facility is to be designed and constructed as a stand-alone unit due to continued operation for
up to 40 years after the shutdown of the nuclear power plant units.
The Interim Storage Facility for ILW is a site specific structure with sufficient capacity to
accommodate waste arisings from both UK EPR units.
3.5. ANCILLARY BUILDINGS/AREAS
3.5.1. The Operational Service Centre
The Operational Service Centre is a multi-purpose building that serves both units. It
accommodates access areas to the Nuclear Island, storage areas, various workshops,
laboratories, part of the decontamination facilities for operators and workers, site Restaurant during
operation phase, offices and associated support and welfare facilities.
The Operational Service Centre is a site specific structure and is shared between the two UK EPR
units.
SUB-CHAPTER 1.2
3.5.2. The Radioactive Source Storage
A facility that will be used to store low activity sealed radioactive sources used for the calibration of
metering equipment and Non Destructive Testing equipment of metallic elements. The radioactive
source storage is located near the Demineralisation Station.
The Radioactive Source Storage is a site specific structure and is shared between the two UK EPR
units.
3.5.3. The transit area for Very Low Level Waste (VLLW) and Low Level Waste
(LLW)
The transit area is for the temporary storage of packaged VLLW and LLW prior to transport off the
Hinkley Point C site for further treatment or final disposal. These wastes are conditioned by the
TES [SWTS] in the Effluent Treatment Building.
This is a site specific area and is shared between the two UK EPR units.
4. MAIN PLANTS, SYSTEMS AND PROCESSES HAVING A BEARING ON
RADIOACTIVE WASTE
This Submission does not include the disposal of spent fuel and ILW but the current strategy for
managing these wastes is outlined within Sub-chapter 2.1 based on NNB GenCos Integrated
Waste Management Policy and Principles. The key elements of the management strategy of waste
are:
implementation of the waste hierarchy to minimise waste arisings from all activities that
will, or have the potential to, give rise to radioactive waste, with priority given to those
techniques that eliminate or reduce the generation of radioactive waste and then identify
and quantity wastes that are unavoidably generated; and
application of environmental optimisation, through use of BAT.
A summary of the "Environment Case", as described in the Environment Agency guidance [2], is
presented in Chapter 7. It demonstrates that the practice of generating electricity from the UK EPR
at Hinkley Point C is considered to be optimised at this stage of the project and that the BAT is
being applied. It is recognised that the demonstration of environmental optimisation is a
continuous process, which will evolve and grow in parallel with the design, construction, operation
and eventual decommissioning of the nuclear power station at Hinkley Point C.
An overview of the operational radioactive waste is summarised below.
4.1. GENERAL OVERVIEW OF RADIOACTIVE WASTE
Radioactive waste is produced by activities associated either directly or indirectly with operating
and maintaining the reactor, and ultimately, from decommissioning the plant. In particular,
operating an UK EPR generates radioactive waste in the water of the primary reactor coolant
circuit. As a result of all stages of its operation, during start-up, operation at power and shutdown
for refuelling, it produces:
liquid radioactive discharges;
gaseous radioactive discharges; and
solid radioactive waste (some of which are secondary wastes generated as a result of
removing activity from liquid and gaseous effluents).
These radioactive materials are in the form of fission products in the fuel and also arise from
activation of the primary reactor circuit components and the liquid coolant. Once in the coolant,
they are transferred around various parts of the primary reactor coolant circuit and can also pass
into the various reactor support systems in liquid and gaseous form. Systems and plants are
SUB-CHAPTER 1.2
operated in a manner so as to minimise the environmental impacts of discharges and all
discharges are monitored and recorded to demonstrate this.
For all these types of waste, the effluent management process may be broken down into the main
steps:
Collection.
Processing (i.e. monitoring, treatment, segregation, characterisation and assessment).
Storage.
Disposal.
4.1.1. Liquid radioactive waste
Liquid radioactive discharges are produced mainly from effluents associated with systems for
collecting and treating the primary circuit water. Other sources of effluents include the fuel pool
purification system and washings from plant decontamination. Effluent treatment facilities include
accumulation, hold up and monitoring tanks, filters, evaporation, degassing and demineraliser ion
exchange resin beds. Facilities to sample and monitor effluents before they are released are
provided. Discharge to the sea is combined with water from the cooling system.
Chapters 2, 4, 7 and 9 of this Submission describe how liquid radioactive waste is generated,
treated, assessed and managed prior to disposal.
4.1.2. Gaseous radioactive waste
The main source of gaseous radioactive emissions is from degassing the water in the primary
circuit. This is directed to the TEG [GWPS] where waste gas is dried then passed through a line of
three activated carbon delay beds to allow noble gases and isotopes of iodine to decay. After
primary filtration, the waste gas is further filtered through High Efficiency Particulate Air (HEPA)
filters, (and iodine traps if necessary) sampled and monitored prior to discharge.
Gaseous activity will also be present in the main Nuclear Island buildings (i.e. Reactor Building,
Nuclear Auxiliary Building, Effluent Treatment Building, etc.), which are serviced by the Heating,
Ventilation and Air Conditioning (HVAC) systems. The effluents from ventilation are passed
through HEPA filtration systems and, if necessary, iodine traps before being discharged. All
gaseous effluents are collected for discharge through a common stack on each unit (the Nuclear
Auxiliary Building stack). There is provision for sampling and monitoring gaseous effluents at
various points in the treatment systems as well as at the unit stack.
Chapters 2, 3, 7 and 9 of this Submission describe how gaseous radioactive waste is generated,
treated, assessed and managed prior to disposal.
4.1.3. Solid radioactive waste
Solid radioactive waste includes spent ion exchange resins; spent filter media; worn-out plant
components and parts; contaminated protective clothing and tools; rags and tissues and waste oil.
In addition, there are also some solid wastes which are secondary wastes generated as a result of
abatement of liquid and gaseous waste transfer of activity to solid form for concentration and
containing, consistent with UK Government policy. Solid wastes are collected in the Solid Waste
Conditioning and Storage Section of the Effluent Treatment Building where appropriate
conditioning is carried out so that they can be treated and disposed of off-site or for interim storage
on site depending on the types of waste.
SUB-CHAPTER 1.2
The disposal routes of solid waste arisings will depend on the radioactivity level:
Very Low Level Waste (VLLW) appropriately authorised sites.
Low Level Waste (LLW) transfer to authorised sites for recycling, incineration or for high
force compaction or direct disposal to the national Low Level Waste Repository (LLWR).
Intermediate Level Waste (ILW) and higher activity wastes National Geological Disposal
Facility (GDF).
LLW and VLLW will be sent off-site promptly after it has been generated; typically the equivalent of
several lorry loads per year will be despatched. ILW will be kept onsite for interim storage in the
Interim Storage Facility for ILW designed to accommodate the nuclear power stations lifetime
arisings and capable of lasting for at least 100 years, pending despatch to a national GDF.
Chapters 2, 6 and 7 of this RSR Submission describe how solid radioactive waste is generated,
managed and temporarily stored on site prior to disposal. In addition, Chapter 6 details the
estimated volume of packaged solid radioactive waste produced annually at Hinkley Point C based
of estimates presented in the GDA process, and solid waste disposal routes. The relevant main
plants and systems which have a bearing on radioactive waste generation, treatment, assessment,
disposal and interim storage are listed in the Table 2 below.
4.2. MAIN SYSTEMS
The main plant, systems and processes having a bearing on radioactive waste generation,
treatment, assessment, disposal and interim storage are summarised in Table 2. The table also
details the main location of the systems, the relevance of the systems to the RSR permit, and
describes how these systems relate to each other and are connected.
4.2.1. Main Primary Systems
Figure 3 shows the main routes by which liquid, gaseous and solid radioactive wastes are
processed and transferred between the main primary systems of the UK EPR.
4.2.2. Main Secondary Systems
Figure 4 shows the main routes by which liquid, gaseous and solid radioactive wastes are
processed and transferred between the main secondary systems of the UK EPR.
4.2.3. Building Ventilation Systems
A summary of the building ventilation systems is provided in Table 3 below, with the relevance to
the RSR permit and connections to other systems. Further explanation of the building ventilation
systems is provided in Sub-chapter 2.3.
4.2.4. Fuel Management Systems
The fuel is the direct source of activity, either from release of fission products or indirectly through
activation of corrosion products. The NSSS is composed of a core, which contains 241 fuel
assemblies. A fuel assembly is in a 17 x 17 square array comprising 265 fuel rods. The fuel is in
the form of UO
2
pellets. The pellets are enclosed in a zirconium alloy tube to form fuel rods. Whilst
it would be possible to use Mixed Oxide (MOX) pellets in the UK EPR there are currently no plans
to use MOX fuel at Hinkley Point C.
Fuel cladding minimising the release of fission products and reducing the number of fuel failures is
very important. Furthermore the ability to detect and manage fuel failures is important to limit the
release of activity into the primary coolant. The efficient use of fuel to minimise the amount of
radioactive waste produced per MWe produced is also an important consideration
SUB-CHAPTER 1.2
The fuel is used in the reactor and after use, stored for up to 10 years in the Fuel Building spent
fuel pool before transfer to the Interim Storage Facility for Spent Fuel.
Figure 5 shows the main systems related to the management of spent fuel and how they relate to
each other.
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SUB-CHAPTER 1.3
SUB-CHAPTER 1.3 REFERENCES
SUB-CHAPTER 1.1 LOCATION OF HINKLEY POINT C POWER STATION
AND ITS ENVIRONMENT
[1] EDF Energy, Hinkley Point C Proposed Nuclear Development, Pre-Application
Consultation Stage 2, Consultation on Preferred Proposals, Health Impact Appraisal,
August 2010
[2] Department of Energy and Climate Change, Revised National Policy Statement for
Nuclear Generation [EN-6], Version for Approval, June 2011
Consultation Stage 2, Consultation on Preferred Proposals, Masterplan: Main Site and
Buildings, August 2010
SUB-CHAPTER 1.2 GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF THE STATION
Consultation Stage 2, Consultation on Preferred Proposals, Masterplan: Main Site and
Buildings, August 2010
[2] EDF / AREVA NP, GDA PCER Sub chapter 1.2 General description of the unit
UKEPR-0003-012 Issue 01
SUB-CHAPTER 1.3
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