Reservoir Characterization

Module 9

From Structure to Simulation

By

Richard L. Chambers, Ph.D. Jeffrey M. Yarus, Ph.D.

Quantitative Geosciences, Inc.

Copyright 2000, Quantitative Geosciences, Inc.

Reservoir Characterization:
From Structure to Simulation

Special Thanks:
Richard L. Chambers QGSI Jeffrey M. Yarus QGSI Mike King - BP R. Chambers and J. Yarus graciously provided this Module covering Reservoir Characterization From Structure to Simulation for Instructor K. Wolgemuth to present with this short course on the Fundamentals of Reservoir Geology. M. King developed the exercise on upscaling. QGSI: Quantitative Geosciences, Inc. rchambers@qgsi.com jyarus@qgsi.com

Copyright 2000, Quantitative Geosciences, Inc.

Reservoir Characterization:
From Structure to Simulation

Course Outline
1. Introduction 2. Reservoir Characterization Defined 3. Data Requirements 4. Structural Model 5. Sedimentary Model 6. Reservoir Model 7. Volumetrics 8. Reservoir Performance

Copyright 2000, Quantitative Geosciences, Inc.

Reservoir Characterization:
From Structure to Simulation

Reservoir Characterization Defined: Reservoir Characterization encompasses all techniques and methods that: improve understanding the geological and petrophysical controls of fluid flow. Reservoir Characterization is a continuous process: from initial discovery of a field to the last phases of production.

Copyright 2000, Quantitative Geosciences, Inc.

Reservoir Characterization:
From Structure to Simulation

Reservoir Characterization:

Reservoir characterization is a process for quantitatively assigning reservoir properties, recognizing geologic information and uncertainly in spatial variability
(Lake and Carroll, 1986)

Copyright 2000, Quantitative Geosciences, Inc.

Reservoir Characterization:
From Structure to Simulation

Elements of the Shared Earth Model

3D
Pe tr M o ophy d e sic l al

St M ruc od tu el ra

3D

Upscaled Dynamic Model

3D Sedimentary Model

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Reservoir Characterization:
From Structure to Simulation

The Shared Earth Model is Data Integration

Optimal Dynamic Model

RC Team

courtesy JL Gelot Copyright 2000, Quantitative Geosciences, Inc.

Reservoir Characterization:
From Structure to Simulation

Data Requirements
Micro: SEM or Thin Section Scale

Macro: Core Scale Mega: Flow Unit Scale

Giga: Reservoir Scale

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Reservoir Characterization:
From Structure to Simulation

Faults Structure Highresolution 3D grid

From Structure to Simulation

Petrophysical Model

Facies Model

Upscaled Flow Simulation Model

Copyright 2000, Quantitative Geosciences, Inc.

Reservoir Characterization:
From Structure to Simulation

Reservoir Characterization Workflow

Well Data Seismic Data Well Data Regional Geology Well Data Regional Petrophysics

Interpretation

Structural Model

Sedimentary Model

Petrophysics Model

Integration Feed Back Loop Feed Back Loop

Static Reservoir Model

Upscaling

Production Strategies

Dynamic Model

Production Forecast

Seismic Monitoring
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Production

Well Monitoring

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Reservoir Characterization:
From Structure to Simulation

Structural Model Two major components of building the Structural Model: Constructing the Bounding Surfaces Building the Fault model

Bounding Surface

Fault Model

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Reservoir Characterization:
From Structure to Simulation

Structural Model
Well Data
Tops Well Time Well Velocity

Seismic Data
Integrate
T W Time Map RMS Velocity MBS Velocity Fault Polygons

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Reservoir Characterization:
From Structure to Simulation

Fault Model

F1 F3 F5 F2 F4

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Reservoir Characterization:
From Structure to Simulation

Reservoir Characterization Workflow

Well Data Seismic Data Well Data Regional Geology Well Data Regional Petrophysics

Interpretation

Structural Model

Sedimentary Model

Petrophysics Model

Integration Feed Back Loop Feed Back Loop

Static Reservoir Model

Upscaling

Production Strategies

Dynamic Model

Production Forecast

Seismic Monitoring
Copyright 2000, Quantitative Geosciences, Inc.

Production

Well Monitoring

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Reservoir Characterization:
From Structure to Simulation

Sedimentary Model Two major components of building the Sedimentary Model: Defining the Internal Bedding Geometry Building the Facies model

Internal Bedding Geometry

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Reservoir Characterization:
From Structure to Simulation

Sedimentary Model

Facies Model

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Reservoir Characterization:
From Structure to Simulation

Internal Bedding Geometry

Proportional Bedding

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Reservoir Characterization:
From Structure to Simulation

Internal Bedding Geometry

Parallel Bedding

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Reservoir Characterization:
From Structure to Simulation

Internal Bedding Geometry

TopNess

TopBrent

TopNess

BaseBrent Base Ness

How many reservoir zones are defined? Describe the layering and surfaces for each zone

What type of geological conditions could create these kinds of layering?

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Reservoir Characterization:
From Structure to Simulation

Internal Bedding Geometry

TopNess

TopBrent

TopNess

BaseBrent Base Ness

How many reservoir zones are defined? Describe the layering and surfaces for each zone

What type of geological conditions could create these kinds of layering?

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Reservoir Characterization:
From Structure to Simulation

Internal Bedding Geometry

TopNess

TopBrent

TopNess

Base Ness BaseBrent

How many reservoir zones are defined? Describe the layering and surfaces for each zone

What type of geological conditions could create these kinds of layering?

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Reservoir Characterization:
From Structure to Simulation

Internal Bedding Geometry

Structural Model & Internal Bedding Geometry Model

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Reservoir Characterization:
From Structure to Simulation

Facies or Rock Body Model

Data Requirements

True vertical depth X & Y deviation Lithofacies code Marker position Phi & k

Marker 5

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Reservoir Characterization:
From Structure to Simulation

Facies or Rock Body Model

Vertical Proportion Curve

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Reservoir Characterization:
From Structure to Simulation

Facies or Rock Body Model

Vertical Proportion Matrix

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Reservoir Characterization:
From Structure to Simulation

How is VPC Constructed?

Lithostratigraphic Unit

Sum-up of all lithotypes layer by layer

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Reservoir Characterization:
From Structure to Simulation

How is VPC Constructed?

Top

Base

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Reservoir Characterization:
From Structure to Simulation

Geological Control on VPC

Proportional Layering

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Reservoir Characterization:
From Structure to Simulation

Geological Control on VPC

Parallel Layering

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Reservoir Characterization:
From Structure to Simulation

How is VPM Constructed?

From Area

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Reservoir Characterization:
From Structure to Simulation

How is VPM Constructed?

From 2 or more VPCs + External Data

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Reservoir Characterization:
From Structure to Simulation

How Do I Build the Facies Model?

Depending upon the depositional environment and the modeling hypothesis, there are two main ways to build the Facies Model:
Pixels Objects (Boolean)

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Reservoir Characterization:
From Structure to Simulation

How Do I Build the Facies Model?

Pixel Model

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Reservoir Characterization:
From Structure to Simulation

How Do I Build the Facies Model?

Boolean Model

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Reservoir Characterization:
From Structure to Simulation

How Do I Build the Facies Model?

Pixel Model

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Reservoir Characterization:
From Structure to Simulation

How Do I Build the Facies Model?

Pixel Model

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Reservoir Characterization:
From Structure to Simulation

How Do I Build the Facies Model?

Boolean Model

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Reservoir Characterization:
From Structure to Simulation

How Do I Build the Facies Model?

Boolean Model

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Reservoir Characterization:
From Structure to Simulation

Sedimentary Model Workflow

Identify depositional environments Define facies Identify marker tops Build internal geometry inside 3D grid Model spatial continuity of facies Build facies model using
Pixel, or Boolean techniques.

Sedimentary Model becomes the template for the Petrophysical Model.

Copyright 2000, Quantitative Geosciences, Inc.

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Reservoir Characterization:
From Structure to Simulation

Reservoir Characterization Workflow

Well Data Seismic Data Well Data Regional Geology Well Data Regional Petrophysics

Interpretation

Structural Model

Sedimentary Model

Petrophysics Model

Integration Feed Back Loop Feed Back Loop

Static Reservoir Model

Upscaling

Production Strategies

Dynamic Model

Production Forecast

Seismic Monitoring
Copyright 2000, Quantitative Geosciences, Inc.

Production

Well Monitoring

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Reservoir Characterization:
From Structure to Simulation

Reservoir Model

Petrophysics Model

Fluid Model

Upscaling

Dynamic Model
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Reservoir Characterization:
From Structure to Simulation

Petrophysical Model
Data Requirements

True vertical depth X & Y deviation Phi & k

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Reservoir Characterization:
From Structure to Simulation

Petrophysical Model
Need to specify a model for Phi, Kx, Ky & Kz, Sw

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Reservoir Characterization:
From Structure to Simulation

Petrophysical Model
Phi Model

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Reservoir Characterization:
From Structure to Simulation

Petrophysical Model
Kx Model

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Reservoir Characterization:
From Structure to Simulation

Fluid or Saturation Model

Saturation is a function of the height above the WOC. It represents the vertical thickness between the WOC to the GOC or to the top reservoir.
WOC & GOC can be : An absolute Z reference A horizon surface Saturation curve is a 2d curve A saturation is associated with each facies.

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Reservoir Characterization:
From Structure to Simulation

Upscaled Reservoir Model

Vertical layering unit by unit

Definition of the vertical layering Possible unit merging

Horizontal Gridding

Setup horizontal grid (non regular grid) Cell refinement

Quality Control:
Volume of reference & reservoir grids

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Reservoir Characterization:
From Structure to Simulation

Define Vertical Layering

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Reservoir Characterization:
From Structure to Simulation

Merge Vertical Layers

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Reservoir Characterization:
From Structure to Simulation

Define Reservoir Model Grid Mesh

Reservoir Grid Mesh with local grid refinement

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Reservoir Characterization:
From Structure to Simulation

Reservoir Model Grid Mesh

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Reservoir Characterization:
From Structure to Simulation

Upscaled Reservoir Model

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Reservoir Characterization:
From Structure to Simulation

Upscaled Reservoir Model

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Upscaled Reservoir Model

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Reservoir Characterization:
From Structure to Simulation

Modern Reservoir Characterization

Reservoir Production Forecast using Multiple Reservoir Characterization Scenarios

Cumulative Production

Primary

Secondary

EOR

Time

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