!

" #
$ % & "
' ( # "
' ( " ' !
(

# " " ) '

! ' ' ' # #
' " * " (
+ ! ,# - - ' $
( . # #- &
) " # ' $& #
" ) #
& & ) " " #&
" ( . /
0 11 % ! 2 34

∞ →

λ λ
( ) ( )+    = ( )
   
λ
λ=
. - = # =λ#
( ) = ( ) (λ ) + (λ ) ( ) = (λ ) = #

& = ( 5 = 4
λ  λ 
( )+  = ( )6  = ( )(
   
7 $ 8 #
( ) ( )= ( )#
- " =λ9 #
λ 
= (λ ) = ( )  =( ( ))
 
(

& = =− ( 5 > # * > &

= ( # = =# &

( )= ( ) = ( ( )) = ( ± ) = (

8 = (

::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::

% ' ; 0 111 % !
1 4

→

 ( ) + ( )  ⋅  ( ) + ( ) = ( − )

< = # = # ' & # & # #

 ( ) + ( ) = ( )(
# ) = = #

 ( )−  ( )= (

. ' = #& ' = =

& ) ) #

 ( )  = ( )= #
 = 9/( # = # - = #
& ) ) #- ' # & #

 ( ) = ( )= 6 ( )=± =± (

=  ( )  + ( ) ( ) +  ( )  − ( ) =  ( ) + ( )− (

>) # # & − 9/ $
# & 9/ ( # = 9/
( # = #- = 9/
#- ) - (

::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::

% ' # " $ ' #

11 % 1 ! ?@ 4

 − 
 ( )  =
 + 
≠ ≠ ≠−

# "! & → − 9 +
−
−
− +
→ = + = #
+ −
+
+ +
" =− ( A $
# & # − #

  −  −
  +  ( )=
   +
(

' # - '
8 #

=
   − 
  +  ( )
   ( + )(
 ( ) = = =
  −  − −
  +  ( ) +
  
B & " - & #
8 #
 − 
 = ⇒ = (
 + 
C # $ 8 -8
& ) # " 4

( )(
( )=
+
−
* '! ≠− # # ( B
8 ' #- & ! (
B & # # 8 '
) ' - 6
' ' & !* " (

::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::

! " # # #

7 " & $ & "

- ' # & # " = #
& = # - * &
" # ' - # > #
" - ' &
( + ( )) = ( + ( )) #
&
+ ( )= + ( )(
. - ) = #) # &
( )= + #

/
 = & ' ( . -
#' & & # &
-8 (
. " - ' #
' - & (
" - ' & # & & = #
= ( - " - ' #
" = # * &
" - ' # = + # ≠ - (
8 # & # & = #
+ = ( ( )) = ( ( )) = + #

= #- - ' & (

% " " ) "

' ' ( 5 #
" ' ! & ) = ( . #
$ & * & = (
" 4 - ' " #& "
' # " = #
* & ( 5 - & * #
& $ & " ' 8 '
' λ( A $ =λ# - &
) - ' # & ' # "
" ( > # & #
" # & ! '
λ# & ' $ ) (
B " & & " &
' 6 * & " #
" ' " # ( &
& * * & " & & ' #
! ' (
7 - ' ' 3
0 % ! 1 ??? 4

;

→

( − ( )) = ( ( )) + ( ) + ( ) − ∈

< $ ) = # &

( ) − ( ( ))
( ( )) + ( ( )) ( ( )) (
+
( )= − 6 =

. ) # # 4

( ( ) − ( )) = ( ( )) + ( ) ( ) + ( ( )) −
( ( ) − ( ))
= − ( )
) " ) ( >) # −
' #) ( 5 #- &
# #
( − ( )) − ( ) = ( ( )) + ( ) − (

) & & * # ) = =
=− # & ' " # #
& #

=
+ − ( ( )) #
( )
 + − ( ( )) −   + − ( ( ) )  =


( )  − 
 
( ) ( )
(
   
B & # - & * # & $ &
& * " " #
# * - & = − ( . & # # *
- &

( ( ) − ( ))
( ) = ( ( ) − ( )) = ( ) − = ( )− (

B " ) ' # & *

# !

3
 +( ( )) ( )
( ( )) = ( ( )) + ( ) + ( ) −
−
( )− = −

( ( ))
= ( )− + ( )+ ( )− −

5 -8 #' & -
" # ! '
( )= (

& 8

( )= − (

::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::

$ % #

7 " ' & &

( + ) = ( )+ ( )(
> # ' & = ) = #
- & # & #

  ( )(
( )= ( )6  =
 
< ! #) =− #
= ( ) = ( )+ ( )# (− ) = ( ) = − ( ) #
* ' ( & & # &
= 9 - (

  ( )=
( )=  = ( )= ⋅ ( )(
 
# # " &
8 # ' & = ( = #
) & 8 " ' -
( )= (
 7 2 &
6 & "
' *
+# − 6 # " + # − = +⋅ # −⋅ "
= ( # " # ' #-
# #- ! ' # = 8
( . ! # (

7 " ' & # #

( ) = ( ) ( )(
' & # = 8 # = 9 D
# & # ) = - & =
( ' ' &
# 8 " ' (
E = # & = ( ' #) = =− #
& − = # − =− ( E =− # & #
# − = #- & − =− (

' & > # = = #

( )=( ( )) #
# ' ' ' ' ' ( B
) " & ' '
' - " ( 5 " = # = # = #
& # "
'

( + )= ( ( )) = ( ( )) = ( ( ) ( ))
+

= ( ( )) + ( ( )) = ( ) + ( )
# " #
" - # "
( & " & # > #

( )= ( ( ( ))) = ( )
= =( ) = (

@
 " ' # & ! #
# 8 ' = -
=F F 8 # ' = - = (

- # " # (
% ' # " ' #
# '
( G #
" # "
' # " ' # # - !
- " = (

7 ' # -
# $ ' 000111 %
! 1 ?? 4

&
'

→

( + ( )) = +( ( )) ∈

5 - ' # ) = 4

( ( )) = +( ( )) (

< - ) ' # ) = #

+( ( )) = ( ( )) = ( ( )) = +( ( )) # = (

5 # & ' # =− 4

( + ( −( ( )) )) = −( ( )) + ( ( )) = #

& - ' ( # * λ 8 - '

& λ= ( #) = =λ #

(λ ) = (λ + (λ )) = λ + ( (λ )) =λ# λ +( ( )) = ( ( λ )) = (λ ) = #

?
- λ- #- # (
= #- = ( > ! #) = #

( ) = ( ( )) (
& & ' ' ' #- & &
' ' ( 5 #)
= − # &

= ( )= ( + ( ( − ))) = ( − ) + ( ( )) = (− ) + ( ) #
− =− # & # ' # =− − # -
' ' ' (
. ) D ( #

( + )= ( + ( ( ))) = ( ) + ( ( )) ≥ ( )#
< - = # # - = ( & > #
> & = + # - > # &
( . ' & '
" # )
& 8 " = > ( G & 4
# ' # #
= # = " # &

( + )= ( + ( ( ))) = ( ) + ( ( )) = ( )+ ( ) = ( )+ ( )(
. ' # − -− ' # &
( + ) = − (( − ) + ( − )) = − ( ( − ) + ( − )) = ( ) + ( ) (
' #- - ) ' # 8 " = ( 5
= = # & = ( < ! ) > #
# = 8 (

::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
( ) '

7 " " " & ' ' &

= ( * " - ) '
" # & * ' ) " '
" ( -
# " " (
7 '
001G % ! 1 ?@= 4

* ' #
# +
= ,
→ →∞

% ' # - ' 6 = # &

= ' # & = # = # -
" ' ' # = ( > #
- ' #- & =9 &
' ' * - ' # " (
>) # = # & = # -
- ' # = # & = ( # =
# & = ' ( H "
= # & # & # ' #

( )= ( ( ( ))) = ( ) ( ) #
# ' (
. # & ' - (
) & ' ) # & # - =
# & " & ' (
# # * '
& = # = ( E ) - " = (
G ) & # " # " ( 5 #
) = # & = " ( '

& "

= -
−
' ( 5 ) #- " #
−

( −

)=( −

) = (

. & * " > ( # *

{ }#
& ' " # " (
" # # "
" ( * 8 " - & (
. " & * " < ( 5 ' #
 
= ( )= 


= ( )  
 =
 
 #  =
 
#
     
- 9 " - & ( ) - ! " & #-
# ' # = # ! 8 = 9 (
>) # ) = # &
≠ # ! - "! 4
 
( ( )) =  = = ( )(
 

::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::

< ) ' # '

" ( # # !
" # - ! $ (
1 ) ) ' - ; 000G %
! 1 ??/ 4

& ' # −
→ +
+ + = + + ,
! - − < < # <
 #' "! & - ' #) = 4

( ( )) = ( + ( )) + ( ) (
>) # + > ) # = #
= ( ( )) − ( ( )) = ( − )( + ( )) #
- & = ( 7 $ - ' # ) = #
&
( + ( ) + ( )) = ( ) 6 + ( )+ ( ) = (

& - & # >− # + = # & = ( #

) = # # & = # &
" - ' # ' (
7 ' $ # ) = #
& #
( + ( ) + ( )) = + ( )+ ( )(
# + + " ( B &
) -# !* # " ( 7 - ) = ( '
− # ) !* #- & ) # 9 = #
! ( C # ) "
- & $ ( . − " ' #- +

" ' ( 5 & ' # & !

&

( )+ ( ) = ( )=
−
+ 6 #
+
# & ' −# # +( .
&

( +)= ( )=
− +
= + 6 + + + (
+ +

% ' # − < ≤ # +≤ " (

) = +# & +=− += #& (
* 8 " - & ( " ! #- - & 8
" - −# &

( −) = ( )=
− −
= − 6 − − + (
+ −

=
5 = # −= " −=− #& (
= −# ! & −=− #& (
8 " = #- # #

( )=− (
+
>) # " 8 " &
" ' $& ) = # $ & ' -
≠ ( 5 # 4
−

( ( ) + ( )) =
 ( + )=  −  +
+  −   =−
 +   +  −
+
+
−
=− = −( + ) = + ( )+ ( )
+ +
B ! & #) ) # ) $
8 " ( G & 4
( ) =− (
+
< * * # - - ' # '
# ' #
 ( )=
( )
  #
  +

I ' # $ 9 (

::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::

. %

% " ) "
( " * $
" (
" *
# &
( # ' &
! *
) # &
& ' - &
& ' &
8 & " '

/
 ) ( $ # #
; 00G11 % ! 1 ?@3 4

* '
+ # +
= + ≥
!=
≠ ≤ <!

# ' & # > # " = # =− > #

&
( )= ( + ) = ( ) ( ( )) = (

= - ≥ (
# = − & ≤ < & #
= ( )= ( + ) = ( ) (( − ) ( )) # ( − ) ( )≥ #

( )≥ (
−
. # = − −ε# & >ε> # &
≠ ( −ε ) = ( + ) = ( ) (( − −ε ) ( )) # ( − −ε ) ( )< #

( )> #
−
6 & " # * δ>
&

( )= +δ (
−
5 #

ε=
( − )δ > #
( )
& − −ε = #& ( # ≤ < #

;
 ( )= (
−
B & # & # - & #
 
( ( )) ( ) = −
 = = = ( + )(
 −  − − − −
$ ) ) 6
& # & # ' "
" ' # & & #)
) ' ( 8 # &
- (

::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::

E -' & ' " + $ ,# $ &

" ( #
' * ' & " #-
! ' * # ! ' &
) ' ( 8 &
) ' " # =
G1 % 1 ! ?? 4

& ≤ ≤
=
* -$ = -!
− = −
/- 00

' &

 
−  =
  ( )= − ( )=
 = (
   
9= = 9= - # = 9 9=≤ ≤ 9=( "
! # & = 9/ 9?≤ ≤ 9?# - & ==9/
9?≤ ≤@9?# - ' ( . & #

3
 ' J # K ' "
# - ! ' * )
' ' $ ! & 2 # ' 9=# 9?# 9 # ( #
@9 ?? ' ! ' ) (
L ! # ) ' " # =
' ) ' 9=6 '
9=# & = 9 #- '
' ) - = #
' ( # − & ! & = -
( #

            
 =  =  =  =  =  −   6
            

      
 =  =  −  6
      

   
 =  = ⋅ =
   
#

- & 9=< 39 ?? < 9= ⋅ ?? ==?@ >=; @==⋅ 3> ?? (

   
 =  − = 6
   
   
 =  − =
   
(

M) (

::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::

1 2 *

* " " # "

' #&
& ( 5 "
4

5 ; 0% ! 1 ?3@ 4
& *

( + )= + ( ) − ( ( ))

3 4
+ =
* ) = 5 ' 6

5 9 - ' # #
$ #&

 ( + ) − ( + )+ = ( ) − ( ( )) 6

     
 ( + )−  + ( )−  =  (
     
. - ) + # & # #

         
  − ( + )−  = ( + )−  =   − ( )−  6
         


 ( + )−  
 = ( )− 
 (
   
>) # # + ' - & 9 #
9 - $ ' ( # +
- & N# $ ' '
8 # & # #

( + )− = ( )− #

- = #) & " (
5 # 8 & " " #

( )= ( + )= + ( ) − ( ( )) 6 ( ( )) − ( )+ = ( ) − ( ( )) 6

+ −
( )= = + #

@
& ) $ - & ' < 9 #&
) ' " ( B # #
" ( > ! #)

     
 ( + )−  + ( )−  =  (
     
& # & # 9 ≤ ≤ (
& + 9 - ' #
& & # # + ( )
& 4
" " = 9 +F +φ F9 #
' & # =π9 - & " φ#
#
+ $ ,#
= # - ' ( . "! & #
= 9 - = # #- &

+ − = + − = = #

+ − = + − = + = = (

# # ! # )
) !O
B & # " # $ -
# ' # $
) ) ) (

::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::

5 ; 01G % ! 1 ? 4
& # *

( + )+ ( − )= ( ) ( )
3 5 # 7 ≤
7≤
7 ≤
7≤

?
 ' (
( .
& * ' - & F F> ( . # '
#&

( + )+ ( − )≥ ( + )+ ( − )= ( ) ( )> ( )(
# ' $&
- & ' ) ( .
# F + F=F F+∆# ∆> # - &
" ( #
- + #

( + )+ ( )≥ ( + )+ ( ) = ( + ) ( )> ( + )
= ( )+ ∆

( + )> ( )+ ∆(

& # ≥ #

( + )> ( +( − ) ) +∆≥ ( ) + ∆(

) ) - = ( .
' # - + #

( +( + ) )+ ( +( − ) )≥ ( +( + ) )+ ( +( −) )
= ( + ) ( )> ( + )
7 $ ) ) #

( +( + ) )> ( + )− ( +( − ) )> ( + ) +∆ > ( ) +( + )∆(

# ' > 9∆# & * ∆> # &

( + )> ( )+ ∆> + = (

E # F F≤ ( B &
#- & = = #
' & (

8 ! " # $
% " % " " & '(( " " (" "& )( &
& '((*** ( ( & +& '(( &" " ,
Revista Escolar de la Olimpíada Iberoamericana de
Matemática

http://www.campus-oei.org/oim/revistaoim/

Edita: