The Nervous System

Chapter- 7

Functions of the Nervous System

• ______________________________
gathering information
–-

– Changes = stimuli

• ______________________-
–-

Functions of the Nervous System

• __________________________-
–-

– The response activates muscles or

glands

1
 Structural Classification of the
Nervous System
1. _____________________________-
–-
–-

2. _____________________________-
–-

Functional Classification of the

Peripheral Nervous System
• ______________________________-
–-

Figure 7.1

Functional Classification of the

Peripheral Nervous System
• ____________________________-
–-

Figure 7.1

2
 Functional Classification of the
Peripheral Nervous System
• Motor (efferent) division
– Two subdivisions
• _______________________-=
• _______________________-=

Figure 7.1

Organization of the Nervous

System

Figure 7.2

Nervous Tissue:
_______________________
1. __________________________-
– Abundant, star-shaped cells
–-
– Form barrier
between capillaries
and neurons
–-

Figure 7.3a

3
 Nervous Tissue: Support Cells

2. ___________________-
– Spider-like phagocytes
–-

3. ___________________-
–-

– Circulate
cerebrospinal
fluid Figure 7.3b–c

Nervous Tissue: Support Cells

4. ___________________________-
–-

Figure 7.3d

Nervous Tissue: Support Cells

5. _________________________-
–-

6. _________________________-
–-

Figure 7.3e

4
 Nervous Tissue: ___________

• _________________-=
–-

– Major regions of neurons

• __________________________- nucleus and
metabolic center of the cell
• __________________________- fibers that
extend from the cell body

Neuron Anatomy
• Cell body
– ____________ –

– _____________-

Figure 7.4a

Neuron Anatomy

• Cell body
–-
–-

Figure 7.4a–b

5
 Neuron Anatomy
• Extensions
outside the cell
body-
– _______________-

– _______________-

Figure 7.4a

Axons and Nerve Impulses

• Axons end in axonal terminals

• -

• Axonal terminals are separated from the

next neuron by a gap
– ______________________________-
– ________________________- junction
between nerves

Nerve Fiber Coverings

• __________________-

• __________________-

6
Neuron Cell Body-___________

• -

– Gray matter –

– Nuclei –

• ___________________- collections of cell

bodies outside the central nervous system

Functional Classification of
Neurons
1. ___________________________-
– Carry impulses from the sensory
receptors
•-
• Proprioceptors –

2. ___________________________-
– Carry impulses from the central nervous
system

Functional Classification of
Neurons
3. ______________________________
– Found in neural pathways in the central
nervous system
–-

7
 Neuron Classification

Figure 7.6

Functional Properties of
Neurons
• Irritability –

• Conductivity –

• ________________________________-
– Fewer positive ions are inside the cell than
outside the cell

Starting a Nerve Impulse

• ___________________-
a stimulus depolarizes the
neuron’s membrane
• -

• The exchange of ions

initiates an-
Figure 7.9a–c

8
 The Action Potential
• If the action potential (nerve impulse)
starts,-

• Potassium ions rush out of the neuron

after sodium ions rush in,-

• -

– This action requires ATP

Nerve Impulse Propagation

• The impulse
continues to move
toward the cell body

• -

Figure 7.9d–f

Continuation of the Nerve Impulse

between Neurons
• Impulses are able to-

• _____________________________- is
released from a nerve’s axon terminal

– ____________________________- of the
next neuron has receptors that are
stimulated by the neurotransmitter

– An action potential is started in the dendrite

9
How Neurons Communicate
at Synapses

Figure 7.10

The Reflex Arc

• Reflex –

• Reflex arc –

Figure 7.11a

Simple Reflex Arc

Figure 7.11b–c

10
 Types of Reflexes and
Regulation
• ____________________________-
– Smooth muscle regulation
– Heart and blood pressure regulation
–-
– Digestive system regulation
• ____________________________-
–-

Regions of the Brain

1. -
2. -
3. -
4. -

Figure 7.12b

Cerebral Hemispheres
(______________________)
• Paired-

• Includes more
than half of the
brain mass
Figure 7.13a

11
 Cerebral Hemispheres
(Cerebrum)
• The surface is
made of
ridges –

• (________)
shallow
grooves

Figure 7.13a

Lobes of the Cerebrum

• Fissures (deep grooves) divide

the cerebrum into lobes

• Surface lobes of the cerebrum

– --
–-
–-
–-

Lobes of the Cerebrum

Figure 7.15a

12
 Specialized Areas of the
Cerebrum
• Somatic sensory area –

• _______________________________-
sends impulses to skeletal muscles

• Broca’s area –

Sensory and Motor Areas of the

Cerebral Cortex

Figure 7.14

Specialized Areas of the

Cerebrum
• Cerebral areas involved in special
senses
–-
– Visual area
–-
– Olfactory area

13
 Specialized Areas of the
Cerebrum
• Interpretation areas of the
cerebrum-
–-
– Language comprehension region
–-

Specialized Areas of the

Cerebrum

Figure 7.13c

Layers of the Cerebrum

1. _____________
– Outer layer
– Composed
mostly of
neuron cell
bodies

Figure 7.13a

14
 Layers of the Cerebrum
2. ____________
– Fiber tracts
inside the gray
matter
– Example:
_____________
_____________
connects
hemispheres
Figure 7.13a

________________________
• -

• Enclosed by the cerebral hemispheres

• Made of three parts

1. -
2. -
3. -

Diencephalon

Figure 7.15

15
 ____________________

• Surrounds the third ventricle

•-

• Transfers impulses to the correct part

of the cortex for localization and
interpretation

________________________
• Under the thalamus

•-

– Helps regulate body temperature

– Controls water balance
– Regulates metabolism

Hypothalamus

• An important part of the-

• ______________________________-
is attached to the hypothalamus

16
 _________________________
• Forms the roof of the third ventricle

• Houses the-

• Includes the _____________________ –

forms cerebrospinal fluid

_______________________
•-
• Parts of the brain stem
–-

–-

–-

Brain Stem

Figure 7.15a

17
 ______________________
• Mostly composed of tracts of nerve
fibers

• Has four rounded protrusions –

_________________________
–-

___________________
• The bulging center part of the brain
stem
• Mostly composed of fiber tracts
•-

_______________________

• -
• Merges into the spinal cord
• Includes important fiber tracts
• -
–-
– Blood pressure regulation
–-
– Swallowing
–-

18
 _____________________

• Diffuse mass of gray matter along

the brain stem
•-

• Reticular activating system plays a

role in awake/sleep cycles and
consciousness

Reticular Formation

Figure 7.15b

_______________________
• Two hemispheres with convoluted
surfaces
•-

19
 Cerebellum

Figure 7.15a

Protection of the Central

Nervous System
1. __________________________
2. Skull and vertebral column
3. __________________________

Figure 7.16a

Protection of the Central

Nervous System
4. Cerebrospinal fluid
5. ____________________________

Figure 7.16a

20
_______________________

1. __________________________
– Double-layered external covering
• _________________________________-
attached to surface of the skull

• _________________________________-
outer covering of the brain

– Folds inward in several areas

Meninges
2. __________________________
– Middle layer
– Web-like

3. __________________________
– Internal layer
– Clings to the surface of the brain

_________________________
• Similar to blood plasma composition
•-
•-

• Circulated in arachnoid space,

ventricles, and central canal of the
spinal cord

21
 Ventricles and Location of the
Cerebrospinal Fluid

Figure 7.17c

_______________________
• Includes the least permeable capillaries
of the body
• -

• Useless against some substances

–-
– Respiratory gases
–-
–-
– Anesthesia

Traumatic Brain Injuries

• _____________________________-
– Slight brain injury
– No permanent brain damage

• ____________________________-
– Nervous tissue destruction occurs
– Nervous tissue does not regenerate

• ____________________________-
– Swelling from the inflammatory response
– May compress and kill brain tissue

22
 Cerebrovascular Accident
(CVA)
• -
• The result of a ruptured blood vessel
supplying a region of the brain
• -

• Loss of some functions or death may

result

Alzheimer’s Disease
• -

• Mostly seen in the elderly, but may

begin in middle age
• Structural changes in the brain include
abnormal protein deposits and twisted
fibers within neurons
• Victims experience memory loss,
irritability, confusion and ultimately,
hallucinations and death

______________________
• -

• Below T12 is the-

__________________
(a collection of spinal
nerves)

• Enlargements occur in
the cervical and lumbar
regions
Figure 7.18

23
 Spinal Cord Anatomy

• Exterior white mater –

Figure 7.19

Spinal Cord Anatomy

• Internal gray matter -

Figure 7.19

Spinal Cord Anatomy

• Central canal filled-

Figure 7.19

24
 Spinal Cord Anatomy
• Meninges-

• Nerves leave at the level of each

vertebrae

Peripheral Nervous System

•-

• ______________-= bundle of
neuron fibers

• Neuron fibers-

Structure of a Nerve
• ___________________-
surrounds each fiber

• Groups of fibers are

bound into-

• Fascicles are bound

together by-
___________________ Figure 7.20

25
 Classification of Nerves

• Mixed nerves –

• ____________________________-
carry impulses toward the CNS

• Efferent (motor) nerves –

Cranial Nerves

• ___________________________ -
that mostly serve the head and neck

• Numbered in order, front to back

• Most are mixed nerves,-

Distribution of Cranial Nerves

Figure 7.21

26
 Spinal Nerves

• There is a pair of spinal nerves at

the level of each vertebrae for a total
of- _____________________

•-

Spinal Nerves

Figure 7.22a

Examples of Nerve
Distribution

Figure 7.23

27
 Autonomic Nervous System
•-

• Consists of only motor nerves

• Divided into two divisions

–-
–-

Differences Between Somatic and

Autonomic Nervous Systems

• Effector organs
– ___________________-

– ___________________-

Differences Between Somatic and

Autonomic Nervous Systems

• Nerurotransmitters
– ____________________________-
always use acetylcholine

– ___________________________-
use acetylcholine, epinephrine, or
norepinephrine

28
 Comparison of Somatic and
Autonomic Nervous Systems

Figure 7.24

Autonomic Functioning

• ____________________________
– Response to unusual stimulus
– Takes over to increase activities
– Remember as the “E” division =

Autonomic Functioning

• ________________________________
________________________________

–-

– Maintains daily necessary body functions

– Remember as the “D” division -

29