ADBI-APO Workshop on Climate Change and its Impact on Agriculture Seoul, Republic of Korea, 13-16 December 2011

Country report: Bangladesh 1

Md. Mahmudur Rahman Senior Assistant Chief, Policy Planning Wing, Ministry of Agriculture

Executive Summary
Bangladesh is predominantly an agrarian economy. It is one of the most densely populated countries of the world with almost 1000 person in each of the 147570 square kilometer area. Agriculture is the single largest producing sector of Bangladesh economy since it comprises about 20% of the country's Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and employs around 45% of the total labor force. Agricultural growth has accelerated from less than 2.0% per year during the first two decades after independence in 1971 to around 3.0% during the last decade. Despite such a steady growth in agriculture as well as in food production, Bangladesh has been facing persistent challenges in achieving food security. This is mainly due to natural disasters and fluctuations in food prices from the influence of volatile international market for basic food items. The country has so far almost been able to feed its huge population. It becomes possible with the help of favorable weather. However, the country experienced crisis in supply of food when the agriculture is challenged by the disasters due to unfavorable weather which is now severe and considered as an impact of climate change. Bangladesh is one of the most vulnerable countries to climate change because of its disadvantageous geographic location; flat and low-lying topography; dense population; high levels of poverty; reliance of many livelihoods on climate sensitive sectors, particularly crop agriculture and fisheries; and inefficient institutional and poor infrastructure. Many of the anticipated adverse effects of climate change, such as sea level rise, temperature increase, enhanced monsoon precipitation, an increase in cyclone intensity etc., will aggravate the existing stresses that already impede development in Bangladesh. Large parts of the country are flooded each year and on the other hand drought has adversely affecting rice production and therefore food supply. In addition, about 2.8 million hectares of coastal soil has already become saline. Climate change is expected to exacerbate the intensity and frequency of these natural hazards. Bangladesh is at the forefront in climate change adaptation. The government has taken several creditable initiatives particularly for adaptation and has managed to draw international attention in addressing climate change impacts in Bangladesh. The crop agriculture sector particularly has been performing well compared to other sectors in addressing the negative impacts of climate change through developing new stress tolerant varieties of crops, production packages and it extension at field level. However, the intensity and frequency of climatic hazards has turned us before the reality that the business as usual will not be sufficient, now the time is for business un-usual and all out efforts have to be made for an integrated and coordinated action. The mainstreaming of climate change issues into daily business of the crop agriculture sector becomes urgent issues to follow. The call of time is to move the whole sector altogether and synchronize with other non-crop agencies. The interventions in research need more long term vision as the intensity and frequency have been changing over the years. They also need long term support for research and capacity development from international partners. The incentive structure for the scientists also demands further thought along with their retirement age. There is a gap in coordination among research institutes and between research and extension. The field level extension activities also need to be more focused to climate vulnerability. They need more support in the form of trained manpower and logistic. There is an urgent need to improve the capacities of extension agents for combating the climatic vulnerability.

The views expressed in this presentation are the views of the author and do not necessarily reflect the views or policies of the Asian Development Bank Institute (ADBI), the Asian Development Bank (ADB), its Board of Directors, or the governments they represent. ADBI does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this paper and accepts no responsibility for any consequences of their use. Terminology used may not necessarily be consistent with ADB official terms.

Workshop on Climate Change and its Impact on Agriculture Seoul, Republic of Korea, 13-16 December 2011

Introduction
Bangladesh is predominantly an agrarian economy. It is one of the most densely populated countries of the world with almost 1000 person in each of the 147570 square kilometer area. Agriculture is the single largest producing sector of Bangladesh economy since it comprises about 20% of the country's Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and employs around 45% of the total labor force. Agricultural growth has accelerated from less than 2.0% per year during the first two decades after independence in 1971 to around 3.0% during the last decade. Despite such a steady growth in agriculture as well as in food production, Bangladesh has been facing persistent challenges in achieving food security. This is mainly due to natural disasters and fluctuations in food prices from the influence of volatile international market for basic food items. The impacts of climate change on agriculture are global concern but for Bangladesh, where lives and livelihoods depend mainly on agriculture, are exposed to a great danger. Bangladesh is one of the most vulnerable countries to climate change because of its disadvantageous geographic location; flat and low-lying topography; dense population; high levels of poverty; reliance of many livelihoods on climate sensitive sectors, particularly crop agriculture and fisheries; and inefficient institutional and poor infrastructure. Many of the anticipated adverse effects of climate change, such as sea level rise, temperature increase, enhanced monsoon precipitation, an increase in cyclone intensity etc., will aggravate the existing stresses that already impede development in Bangladesh.

Contribution of Agriculture Sector to Economy:

Agriculture sector is comprised of four sub sectors, e.g. crops, forestry, livestock and fisheries. Crop sub sector being the predominant one still remains the largest one in the economy although its share declines at around 50% in agriculture sector and in national economy. More importantly, the crop sector provides staple food such as rice and wheat, and other daily necessities like pulses, oil, sugar, vegetables, spices, and fruits 2 . Non-crop agriculture (livestock, fisheries and forestry) also has significant role in employment generation and contribution to GDP. Livestock sub-sector employs about 20 per cent of rural labor force although it accounts for only 2.6 percent of total GDP. Fisheries sub-sector currently contributes about 4 percent of total GDP and employs about 13 percent of rural labor force. Forestry sector contributes about 1.7% of the total GDP. Forests also play an important role in protecting watersheds, irrigation and hydraulic structure and protect coastal areas from natural calamities.

Climate Change and Crop Agriculture Sector in Bangladesh:

Context: Bangladesh, a low lying delta is located between the Himalayas and the Bay of Bengal. Most part of the country lies in the delta of three of the largest rivers in the world the Brahmaputra, the Ganges and the Meghna. According to Bangladesh Water Development Board (BWDB) these rivers have a combined peak discharge in the flood season of 180,000 m /sec. (the second highest in the world, after the Amazon) and carry about two billion tons of sediment each year. Bangladesh has to drain 93% cross boundary flow within only 7% of the catchment lying in it. Most of the water flows within just 5 months of the year having limited infrastructure and space to store the water for the long dry season. The topography of the country is mostly low and flat. Two-thirds of the country is less than 5 meters above
2

See Table 1

Country Report: Bangladesh

Workshop on Climate Change and its Impact on Agriculture Seoul, Republic of Korea, 13-16 December 2011

mean sea level and is susceptible to river and rainwater flooding and, in low lying coastal areas, to tidal flooding during storms. Nearly a third of the country is susceptible to tidal inundation and nearly 70% of the country gets flooded during heavy monsoons. Bangladesh is most vulnerable to tropical cyclones. Located between the Himalayas and the Bay of Bengal and with three major rivers converging on its territory, Bangladesh is prone to floods, torrential rains, erosion, and severe cyclonic storms and tidal surge. The central and western coastal regions, which have a low and flat topography, are particularly vulnerable to cyclones.

Present Scenario and Projection of climate change in Bangladesh:

Climate change is expected to exacerbate many of the current problems and natural hazards that Bangladesh faces, which are discussed below. Increasing Frequency and Intensity of Tropical Cyclones: Bangladesh is the most vulnerable country in the world to tropical cyclones. A severe tropical cyclone hits Bangladesh on an average in every 3 years. It usually generates from the Bay of Bengal and along with high winds of more than 150 km per hour which. The winds generally bring storm surges and it can be seven meters high in extreme cases. Deaths caused by cyclones here have been almost half of the world deaths in the last 20 years. The cyclones take away lives and livelihoods of coastal people. In the context of storms, the most vulnerable sectors in terms of livelihood are crop agriculture sector. Bangladesh experienced two devastating tropical cyclones Sidr and Aila in 2007 and 2009 respectively that caused extensive damages. The south-west coast of Bangladesh was hit by Sid in November 2007. It had damaged 2.3 million households which is equivalent to about US$1.7 billion. Aila hit the southern coast of Bangladesh in May 2009 which was more severe in nature. It affected nearly 5 million people and causing infrastructure damage of over US$60 million. Sea Level Rise: Two thirds of the country is highly susceptible to sea level rise and as tidal flooding. Sea level rise resulting from climate change will lead to submergence of low lying coastal areas. Saline water intrusion becomes inevitable in the coastal rivers ground water aquifers are filled up by the saline water. A World Bank study showed 10 cm, 25cm and 1 m rise in sea level by 2020, 2050 and 2100 in Bangladesh. If it happens then the SLR only will affect 2%, 4% and 17.5% of total land mass respectively. A study by SAARC Meteorology Research Centre found that tidal level in Hiron Point, Char Changa and Coxs Bazaar raised 4.0 mm/year, 6.0 mm/year and 7.8 mm/year respectively. Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD, 2003) study suggested that 1 (one) meter rise in sea level would inundate 18% of Bangladeshs total land mass which will ultimately turns the whole southern region into a sea. 3

Erratic Rainfall and Floods: Bangladesh ranks sixth among the most vulnerable country to floods in the world. 4 Due to its topography and position the country is experiencing flooding in its 30-50% area almost in every year that causes losses in agriculture and especially to crop agriculture. The flooding becomes severe in almost an interval to 4 to 5 years. The severe flooding inundates 60% of the country firstly affect crop agriculture which is the ultimate livelihood of the majority people. During severe floods, it is the poorest and the most vulnerable ones who suffer most because their houses are often in more exposed locations. Extreme flood frequency has
3

According to Strategic Program for Climate Resilience, 2010, Dhaka

4 According to Strategic Program for Climate Resilience, 2010, Dhaka

Country Report: Bangladesh

Workshop on Climate Change and its Impact on Agriculture Seoul, Republic of Korea, 13-16 December 2011

increased in the recent years. In the last 25 years, Bangladesh has experienced six severe floods. In 2007, two successive and damaging floods inundated the country in the same season. During high floods, river bank erosion is common. It can result in the loss of thousands of hectares of agricultural land and scores of villages, and displace many thousands of people from their homes. Flash floods can also be a problem in the more hilly north-eastern and south-eastern regions of the country in the scale of the severe flooding in 2004 and 2007. Ganges-Bramaputra-Magna (GBM) regional model and national hydrologic model are developed by the world Bank (2009) using IPCC AR4 General Circulation Model (GCMs). In order to capture agro-ecological variation 11 sub-regions are used for hydrologic modeling purpose. The GCMs predict both an increasing trend of monsoon rainfall and greater inflows into Bangladesh indicating worse flooding intensity. In general models demonstrate that the flooded area increases in the future 10 percent over 2050. Besides most GCMs show earlier onset of the monsoon and delay in the recession of flood waters. Although these models include minimum data set and a stack of assumptions the country in the recent years has been experiencing the intensive frequency of flood and stagnation of flood water has more days which ultimately causes great losses to agriculture and the labor force are affected by the after flood diseases. In 1998 and 2007 the country experienced severe floods which inundated over 70% of the country. It destroyed over 85,000 houses, affected almost 1 million households and destroyed 1.2 million acres of crops. The damages from these floods were more than US$1 billion.

Droughts: In Bangladesh droughts severely affects the crop production. The country relies on irrigated rice for ensuring food security which is affected if droughts are longer. Northwest and South-west part of the country mostly are affected by the droughts which generally has lower rainfall than the rest of the country. Climate change is expected to aggravate the situation along with the withdrawal of upstream water. It will result in increasing droughts and depletion of water table. Crop production becomes impossible especially in drier northern and western regions of the country. The country is already facing drought in the northwestern region. It is expected that the moderately drought affected areas will be turned into severely drought prone areas within next two decades. Karim et. al. (1989) analyzed drought situation in Bangladesh Agriculture and classified into five droughts classes. About 2-7 million ha area is vulnerable to annual drought. About 18% of the Rabi crops and 9% of the Kharif crops are highly vulnerable to annual drought problems. Droughts are associated with the late arrival or the early recession of the monsoon rains and with intermittent dry spells coinciding with critical stages of the T. aman rice. Bangladesh experienced droughts in 1973, 1978, 1979, 1981, 1982, 1989, 1994, and 1995. The droughts in 1973 were in part responsible for the famine in northwest Bangladesh in 1974. The 1978-79 drought was one of the most severe resulting in widespread damage to crops (rice production was reduced by about 2 million tons) and directly affected about 42 percent of the cultivated land. Rice production losses due to drought in 1982 were about 50% more than losses due to floods that same year. Losses in 1997 were about 1 million tons and valued at around USS500 million (FAO, 1006).

Observed changes at local level

The impact of global climate change in Bangladesh is becoming more visible day by day and is being analyzed and documented. A summary of such studies on already observed changes are given below:

Country Report: Bangladesh

Workshop on Climate Change and its Impact on Agriculture Seoul, Republic of Korea, 13-16 December 2011

Increasing temperature: The observed climatic data from 1971 to 2002 indicate that the temperature is increasing in the monsoon season (June, July and August). The average monsoon maximum and minimum temperatures show an increasing trend annually at 0.05C and 0.03C, respectively (GED, 2009). Average winter season (December, January and February) maximum and minimum temperature show respectively a decreasing and an increasing trend annually at 0.001C and 0.016C (Rahman & Alam, 2003). It is also revealed that 1998 was the warmest year in the last 30 years. Frequency and intensity of rainfall: There are studies that identified changes in rainfall characteristics, however, these changes are not statistically significant and does not show any specific trend like that of temperature. For example Quadir and Iqbal (2008) studied rainfall data from 1951 to 2007 of 9 coastal BMD stations and found that only 5 stations showed increasing trend, while 4 stations showed negative trend for monsoon period rainfall. For winter and pre-monsoon period, there is an increasing trend of rainfall for all stations expect Bhola, which is an unusual phenomenon according to the authors (Quadir and Iqbal, 2008). The authors also reported higher pre-monsoon rainfall trend for other parts of the country. On the other hand GED (2009) reported that the number of days without rainfall in Bogra station (1972 to 2002) shows an increasing trend while the total annual rainfall is showing decreasing trend (not statistically significant). In another station in Rangpur (GED, 2009), both number of days without rainfall and annual total rainfall in Rangpur is increasing, which means more rain is occurring in short duration. All these may suggest an erratic behavior of rainfall. Increasing trends of sea surface temperature (SST): Quadir and Iqbal (2008) found that the annual mean SST is rising at the rate of 0.094 0C per decade leading to an increase of 0.47 0C during last 50 years. The increase of SST is supposed to enhance the tropical cyclogenesis in the Bay of Bengal, especially in the months of October and November. Increasing trends of severe cyclonic storm of hurricane intensity (SCS-H): Quadir and Iqbal (2008) in their assessment of the tropical cyclones of the Bay of Bengal for the period of 131 years (1877-2007), found that while the frequency of Depression (D: wind speed 4050 km/hr), Cyclonic Storm (CS: wind speed 62-88 117 km/hr) and Severe Cyclonic Storm (SCS: wind speed 89-117 km/hr) is decreasing, the very intensive tropical cyclones (SCS-H: wind speed > 117 km/hr) are increasing. Like that of Sidr with a 100 mile long front covering the breadth of the country and with winds up to 240 km per hour, hit Bangladesh in November 2007. Change in natural disturbance regime (Flood): GED (2009) calculated a cycle of 10 years inundating 37% of the area, however, in last 30 years such types of flood occurred 5 times and in last 10 years event of such flood occurred 3 times. Similarly can be said for a flood return period of 20, 25, 50 years. GED (2009) based on the analysis concluded that the frequency and intensity of flood has increased significantly in last 30 years.
Table 4: Return period of flood according to affected area Flooded Area Return Period (in years) 2 Area affected % Last 30 years Last 10 years Source: GED 2009 20 5 30 10 37 5 3 20 43 3 2 25 52 2 1 50 60 2 1 100 70

Saline water intrusion: Salinity intrusion will result from less availability of freshwater and sea level rise. The coastal zones are the most vulnerable areas to salinity intrusion. Soil

Country Report: Bangladesh

Workshop on Climate Change and its Impact on Agriculture Seoul, Republic of Korea, 13-16 December 2011

Resources Development Institute (SRDI, 1998) compared salinity map for the period of 1967 and 1997 and found evidence on insutions in the soil of Jessore, Magura, Narail, Faridpur, Gopalgonj and Jhalokati in two decades. Sea Level Rise (SLR): The SLR study by Khan et al. (1999) using the tidal data for the tide gauges in Hiron Point, Char Changa and Coxs Bazaar found relative SLR at the rate 4.0, 6.0 and 7.8 mm/year respectively mm/year during the last two decades (1977-1998). Alam (1996) has shown that around the city of Dhaka, average subsidence is about 0.62 mm/year, elsewhere, it can exceed 20 mm/year due to tectonic subsidence in the GangesBrahmaputra delta of Bangladesh. Khan et al. (1999) have pointed out that the relative sea level rise in this coast is the composite of sea level rise due to global warming and that due to physical subsidence of the tectonic plate due to huge amount annual sediment loading by the Ganges- Brahmaputra-Meghna (GBM) system into the Bay of Bengal.

Consequences of Climate Change in Crop Agriculture

Temperature rise and its consequences in crop production Increase in temperature would greatly affect the productivity of temperature sensitive crops especially rabi crops in Bangladesh. In Bangladesh the production of wheat might drop 32% by the year 2050 (IPCC, 4th Assessment Report). Under a sever (4oC temperature rise) climate change scenario the potential short fall in wheat and potato production could be as high as 50% and 70%, respectively (Karim, 1996). Besides, temperature increase would shorten winter season in Bangladesh. Short winter would reduce the vegetative as well as reproductive stage of most of the rabi crops which would reduce crop yield. Rise of 1 to 20 C temperatures in combination with lower solar radiation causes sterility in rice spikelets. High temperature was found to reduce yields of HYVs of aus, aman and boro rice. The effect was particularly evident at a rise of temperature by 40C. Changes in temperature, humidity and radiation, have great effects on the incidence of insect pests, diseases and microorganisms. A change of 10C changes the virulence of some races of rust infecting wheat. Groundwater table in Bangladesh is declining at a rapid rate causing STWs non-operating in many parts of the country during dry period. Lack of surface water during the dry season limits the function of Low Lift Pumps. It was noticed that temperature increase of 40C would have severe impact on food-grain production, especially for wheat production. A rise in temperature would cause significant decrease in production, some 28 % and 68 % for rice and wheat, respectively. Doubling of atmospheric concentration of CO2 in combination with a similar rise in temperature would result into an overall 20 % rise in rice production and 31 % decline in wheat production. A 60 % moisture stress on top of other effects might cause as high as 32 % decline in boro yield, instead of having an overall 20 % net increase. It is feared that moisture stress would be more intense during the dry season, which might force the Bangladeshi farmers to reduce the area for boro cultivation. Cold spell (Night temperature below 180C and day temp around 250C if continued for 5-6 days) just after panicle initiation lead to unfilled grain and may loss total rice production in the affected area. Mean grain weight of wheat declined by 16% for every 5oC.increase beyond 25o C. (Abrol et. al., 1996). The minimum temperature during January and Maximum temperature of February determine the wheat yield and wheat yield decrease by 400 Kg/ha for a unit increase of 1oC maximum temperature and 0.5 hr. in sunshine. The stages during which environment has the greatest impact on yield are from first spikelet initiation or terminal spikelet formation until an thesis. Wheat must have 60 days with minimum temperature <15oC as the minimum requirement for adequate tillering and panicle development. Any decrease in the length of this cool period has been considered to lead to a proportionate decrease in yield. Bangladesh grows about 8.0 million metric ton of Potato, 0.79 million metric ton of Oilseed and 0.66 million metric ton of Pulses. All these crops require temperature between 18-25oC. These crops are highly sensitive to fog, cloud and change in humidity.

Country Report: Bangladesh

Workshop on Climate Change and its Impact on Agriculture Seoul, Republic of Korea, 13-16 December 2011

Flood and Drought: Most damaging effects of erratic behavior of present climate and extreme events are flood, drought, cold weather and heat stress that are found to drastically adversely affect crop productivity in almost every year. About 1.32 million hectare (mha) for crop land is highly flood-prone and about 5.05 mha moderately flood-prone. Besides crops, perennial trees and livestock are damaged by flood every year. Drought of different intensities in kharif, rabi and pre-kharif seasons cause damage to 2.32 mha of T.aman and 1.20 mha of rabi crop annually. Yield reduction due to drought varies from 45 to 60% in T.aman and 50 to 70% in rabi crops in very severe drought situation. Yield loss of rice due to slight drought is from 10-30% and might be up to 70-90% under severe drought. The IPCC FAR note that the production of rice and wheat could fall by 8 and 32%, respectively, due to water stress by 2050. Global Warming and Sea-level Rise: The forecasts of inundation of vast low lying coastal areas of Bangladesh may result from global warming and sea-level rise, are major threat to our existence. Such problem may push Bangladeshs existing food security towards uncertainty through destabilization of its coastal agriculture and reduction of base assets. Under a moderate climate change scenario the crop loss due to salinity intrusion could be about 0.2 Mt. The salinity intrusion in the traditionally rice growing coastal areas has serious implications on soil quality. Under a moderate climate scenario the decline in rice yields per hectare due to salinity intrusion could be 0.2 Mt, which increases to 0.56 Mt under more severe scenarios. Crop Growing Season: In general, with an increase in temperature the crop growing season decreased by 2 to 12 days as compared to the baseline temperature. Under CCCM and GFDL the reductions were 7 to 10 days, respectively. This clearly suggest that a delay in Aman transplantation caused by climate induced enhanced flooding might not allow the farmers to grow the crop. Reduction in growing period for the common crops would restrict the choice of the farmers and in particular, negate the possible increase of crop production due to CO2 fertilization. Season length under CCCM appeared to be shorter compared to that under GFDL. Moisture Stress Scenario: It was found that the impact of moisture stress on Boro rice was significant under baseline climate. The yield reductions varied with locations. At moderate moisture stress i.e. up to 30 per cent moisture stress, yield reduction was low, ranging between 1 to 4 per cent. However, at higher level of moisture stress (at 60 per cent), yield reduction would range between 10 to 33 per cent. Under CCCM scenario yield reduction varied between 3 and 7 per cent at no moisture stress, 18 to 35 per cent at moderate moisture stress and 58 and 64 per cent at high moisture stress. Similarly, under GFDL scenario, the yield reductions varied between 3 and 9 percent, 16 and 33 per cent; and 55 and 62 per cent at no moderate and high moisture stress, respectively.

Soil Degradations: Invasion of salinity and water-logging, heavy erosion of soils and riverbanks, all help accelerate soil degradations. Estimates of area affected by nutrient depletion and other forms of degradation are about 5.6 million ha in Bangladesh. About 0.83 million hectare of land is affected by salinity at various degrees. With the climate change saline water may come up to non-saline land which ultimately affect crop production. Pest Infestation: Pest infestations are widespread in South Asian agricultural practices. They cause considerable damages to and account for about 25% loss of food grains in fields and storages.

Country Report: Bangladesh

Workshop on Climate Change and its Impact on Agriculture Seoul, Republic of Korea, 13-16 December 2011

Investment in Crop Agriculture Sector in addressing climate change impacts:

Technology generation: Bangladesh has signed the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) in June 1992 and ratified it in April 1994. The country also ratified the Kyoto Protocol in October 2001. It has also been taking actions needed to implement international obligations. The present Government has committed to adopt an integrated policy and plan to protect the country from the adverse effects of global warming as well as to ensure food for all by 2013. The government has integrated climate change challenges and opportunities into the overall development plan involving all sectors for economic and social development. The National Adaptation Program of Action (NAPA) was launched in 2005. It has identified 15 priority activities with special focus on agriculture and water resources. The National Capacity Self-Assessment (NCSA) for implementing the provisions of multilateral agreements, including the UNFCCC and UNCCD, was launched in 2007. It has put high priority on capacity building for climate change adaptation. The government prepared the Bangladesh Climate Change Strategy and Action Plan (BCCSAP) in 2008 and revised it in 2009. It has six thematic areas that includes: (a) food security, social protection and health; (b) comprehensive disaster management; (c) infrastructure development; (d) research and knowledge management; (e) mitigation and low-carbon development; and (f) capacity building and institutional strengthening. Forty four programs have been indentified and prioritized within these six thematic areas.

The sixth Five Year Plan approved in 2011 emphasizes mainstreaming and strengthening climate change adaptation across various sectors including improved crop production practices, enhancing public awareness, climate research, and data collection. There are a number of other national policies which addressing the new dimension of climate change; however, these policies and related strategies need to be reviewed to incorporate the new risks and mitigation measures from climate change. Climate change adaptation issue has been clearly and directly identified for policy implementation. The Ministry of Agriculture has been revising the existing National Agriculture Policy 1999 and climate change issue has received high priority to address through several interventions in the new Draft National Agriculture Policy 2011. It has identified varietals and production management packages development as priority adaptation policies. The Ministry of Agriculture has also put specific responsibilities to some officials at the ministry level for coordinating climate change related activities. Climate Change Focal Point and Alternate Focal Point have been identified for managing the issues and integrate it into projects and programs. The Ministry of Agriculture has also initiated a number of agricultural programs such as the development and distribution of drought and saline resistant rice varieties to enhance year round production. It has taken projects to improve the infrastructural facilities for varietals development in combating climate change impacts. Considering the type and magnitude of the effect of climate changes strategy and activities have been identified for variety development and production technologies have been chosen as one of the best option under changing environment. Technology and Management Package Development for Rice: Bangladesh Rice Research Institute (BRRI) has already developed 57 modern rice varieties (53 inbreds and 4 hybrids). Out of 57 varieties 17 are climate resilient. BR-40, 41 is saline tolerant rice varieties which grow during Aman season. It can tolerate salinity up to 8 DS/M

Country Report: Bangladesh

Workshop on Climate Change and its Impact on Agriculture Seoul, Republic of Korea, 13-16 December 2011

during its reproductive stage. BR-47 is Boro season saline tolerant rice which can tolerate salinity up to 14 DS/m. during seedling stage and 6 DS/m. during other growth stage. BR53 and 54 is also saline tolerant short duration Aman season rice which can be harvested 12-41 days ahead of BR-41 variety. It can also tolerate 8-10 DS/m. during its reproductive stage. BR-51 and 52 are submergence tolerant varieties which can sustain 12-14 days under water. It can yield 1 Metric Ton more in normal situation. BR-33, 39 are short drought resistant Aman variety. BR-24, 42 and 43 are medium heat tolerant Transplanting Aus rice varieties those can tolerate medium range drought. BR-44 can tolerate 50cm high tidal nonsaline water. BR-22, 23 and 46 are late sowing Aman rice varieties which can be sown after release of flood water. BR-36 is a cold tolerant rice variety which can tolerate cold during its seedling stage. Two high level salinity tolerant rice varieties (IR 72579-B-3-2-3-3 and BR 7105-4-R-2) are yet to be released. Those are Boro season rice which can tolerate 12-14 DS/m. salinity during seedling and reproductive stage. BR-28 saltol is also yet to be released which has characteristics. The sudden flood tolerant and short duration Aman rice variety IR64 sub-1 is expected to be released in 2012 which will be able to cope with flood water for 3 weeks. Two varieties BR 7608-9-2-1 and BR 7610-26-1-1 are expected to be released in next year. These two varieties are Transplanting Aman Rice which can tolerate 50-75 inch tidal submergence. Drought tolerant 2 rice lines IR 74731-70-1-1, BR 7873-*5 (nils)-51-HR 6. are also in the at the final stage of research for release. Bangladesh Institute of Nuclear agriculture (BINA) has developed eight high yielding rice varieties. Out of eights two of them, Binasail and Binadhan-8 have special characteristics of coping with flood rehabilitation situation and salt tolerance. Binasail is rice grown in Aman season and Binadhan-8 is for Boro season. Bangladesh Institute of Nuclear agriculture (BINA) is also at an advance stage in developing saline tolerant rice variety PBRC-37 and submergence tolerant CIHERANG SUB 1 & SAMBA MASURI SUB 1 varieties. The yield is not tested at field condition.

The rice research also includes the following programs for development and release of new rice varieties under newly taken projects: Submergence, salinity and tidal submergence tolerance rice Drought tolerance rice, Cold tolerance rice and Short maturing rice In addition to varieties some production packages will also be developed in the next four years. Those are as follows: (i) Location and problem-specific production packages 1) Crop Management; a) Escaping salinity through rescheduling of sowing/ transplanting time; b) Post Flood Aman sowing/ Transplanting; c) Development of production packages for coastal zone; d) Nutrient management in coastal area; e) Monga mitigation; 2) Cropping Systems Research a) Development of suitable cropping pattern for southern region b) Development of suitable cropping pattern for Northern Region 3) Integrated Diseases Management for a) Sheath blight b) Blast c) Bacterial blight d) Seed health improvement at farmers level 4) Management of major insects through cultural practices:

Country Report: Bangladesh

Workshop on Climate Change and its Impact on Agriculture Seoul, Republic of Korea, 13-16 December 2011

Besides development of varieties and production packages the research institutes will strengthen their Breeder seed production capacity in the next 5 years to meet the increased demand of climate vulnerable areas. Technology and Management Package Development for other crops: The research on crops other than rice has been also directed to address the negative impacts of climate change. Some of the developed technologies are follows: Climatic stresses A. Salinity : 1. 2. Developed Technology One potato variety named Saikat has been recommended for cultivation in saline belt (up to 8 dmos/m-1) Two sweet potato varieties named BARI sweet potato-6 and 7 have yield range of 18-20 t/ha compared to 30-35 t/ha in the non-saline areas. Moreover, 5 germplasms have been identified which have salt tolerance levels up to 8 dmos/m -1. BARI Sharisha-10 can successfully be grown in saline area (up to 8 dmos/m-1. A wheat line, BAW-1059 has been identified as salt tolerant up to 8 dmos/m-1. BARI Triticale-1 and 2 are the two salt tolerant triticale varieties, having tolerance levels up to 8 dmos/m-1. BARI Amra 1 and 2 can give satisfactory yield of fruits up to 8 dmos/m-1. BARI Mungbean (pulse) line BM-01 is a saline to tolerant line. Four potato varieties namely Multa, Granola, Patrones and Heera can give about 70% tuber yield within 65 days. Two tomato varieties named BARI hybrid tomato-3 and 4 have been released for cultivation in summer. One summer brinjal named BARI brinjal 8 and one summer bean named BARI seem-3 have been released recently. Moreover, one summer bottle gourd as BARI lau-3 has been submitted to National Seed Board for recommendation and many other tolerant, which are now under observation trial. One germplasm line of wheat BAW 1064 has been identified as heat tolerant. BARI Chola-5 is a drought tolerant chola variety grown well in the Brind area. BARI Barley-6 is a drought tolerant variety. BARI Gum 20, 21, 22, 23 and 24 are identified as heat tolerant varieties. BARI Piaz (onion) 2,3 and 5 released for cultivation in summer. BARI Mungbean (one kind of pulse) lines BMX-01007,01013 and 01015 are identified as moderately drought tolerant. Raised-bed and zero till are promising technology for crop production for wheat, maize, pulses, sesame, etc.

3. 4. 5. 6. 7. B. Early maturing variety Heat and drought tolerant :

C.

: 1

2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

D.

Crop production management

: 1.

Country Report: Bangladesh

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Workshop on Climate Change and its Impact on Agriculture Seoul, Republic of Korea, 13-16 December 2011

The following lines of different crops are in advance stage of research at Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute that can cope with the climate change adversities: Characters Heat tolerant Salt tolerant Saline and drought tolerant Saline tolerant Short statured Crops Wheat Wheat Mustard Sesame Maize (Field corn) Lines BAW 1141, , BAW 1118, , BAW 1135, BAW 1138, BAW 1111, BAW 1130, BAW 1140 BJDH-01, BJDH-20, BJ-17, BJ-66 Ses-0265, Ses-0570, Ses-05115, Ses-05163 L26 x BIL-31, 9MS3-7 x CML-486, 9MS3-7 x CML431, CML 498 x CML 511, 9MS3-2 x CML-431, 9MS3-9 x CML-486 PCB-2 x Thai, PCB-35 x Thai, PCB-36 x Thai

Maize (Pop corn) Short duration Mustard BC-05115, BC-05117, BC-05118, NAP-205 In addition to the above activities the following activities will also be undertaken under Integrated Agricultural Productivity Project:

(i) Development and release of new varieties of the following crops with specific characters. Those are as follows: Drought tolerant wheat, maize, pulses (mungbean, lentil) and oilseeds (mustard, ground nut, sesame) will be developed. Short stature wheat and maize varieties for northern region; Early maturing wheat, maize, oilseeds and pulses varieties; Salinity tolerant mustard and sesame for the salinity areas of southern region of the country. Water logging tolerant varieties of maize Short duration: wheat, maize, groundnut, oilseeds and pulses ii) In addition to developing new varieties and management packages the research institutes will also produce breeder seeds of different crops for meeting the demands of climate vulnerable areas. Some specific production package will also be developed. Those are as follows: Location- and problem-specific production packages for addressing the salinity, water logged, drought and proper use of vast charlands Salinity escaping packages for dry period in Borguna, part of Jhakakhati and Patuakhali which reached at the maximum level (20-27 dsm-1) in the month of March. Drought escaping packages for Rangpur, Kurigram, Lalmonirhat and Nilphamari where crops are seldom grown due to non-availability of irrigation water. Packages for introducing new rabi crops in southern districts and Charland management package; Fertilizer management packages for the newly introduced rabi crops both in the southern and northern districts. Intercropping/Mixed cropping packages for intensification. Soil health management packages and disease and insect pests management packages for controlling the different diseases and insect pests of the targeted crops. Bangladesh Institute of Nuclear Agriculture has developed BINA Mustard-5 and 6 those have saline and coastal submergence tolerant characteristics. BINA Groundnut-5 and 6 have also saline tolerant characteristics and can tolerate 8 DS/m. BINA Mug is a Mungbean (pulse) variety which can withstand in ecologically vulnerable areas. Bangladesh Jute Research Institute (BJRI) is engaged in developing saline tolerant variety of jute. Besides, the present evolved varieties are also testing in different agro ecological

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Workshop on Climate Change and its Impact on Agriculture Seoul, Republic of Korea, 13-16 December 2011

zones especially in saline and drought prone areas to cope with that environment. BJRI has already established a new sub-station in saline area (Kolapara, Potuakhali) to conduct researches for developing saline tolerant variety. Bangladesh Sugarcane Research Institute (BSRI) has developed some stress tolerant varieties which can withstand against flood and water logging condition, drought and salinity. Extension: Among the extension agencies Department of Agriculture Extension (DAE) is the largest one. It has been engaged in extension of different stress tolerant varieties at farmers level. It has already disseminated the technologies and management package available for addressing the negative impacts of climate change. It has also conducted training for its local level officials. Farmers training are also a part their programs for combating climate change. It has so far implemented, Support to the Strengthening for Disaster Preparedness in Agriculture Sector (SSDP) and Disaster Risk Management in Agriculture Sector (DRMA) with the financial and technical support from Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). Disaster Risk Management (DRM) has been formally annexed in DAE with FAO collaboration by implementing SSDP project in the 2005. Other than these projects, some projects like Supplementary Irrigation in Drought Affected T.Aman Crop (SIDATAC), Soil Fertility and Fertilizer Management Project (SFFP), Integrated Pest Management (IPM) Project and Agricultural Extension Component (AEC) of the ASPS II projects were also implemented to address climate change effects. DAE has successfully implemented LACC-I in four drought prone sub-districts of Bangladesh during 2005-2007 and selected 26 adaptation options. DAE has also implemented Livelihood Adaptation to Climate Change (LACC-II) Project during the 2008-2009 in North Western Bangladesh and two districts in the South Western coastal Bangladesh. Emergency 2007 Cyclone Recovery and Restoration Project (ECRRP) is being implemented by DAE in 13 Upazilas of 6 districts of coastal areas. DAE is implementing Disaster and Climate Risk Management Agriculture (DCRMA) Project that has aimed to improve and further strengthen the capacities of Department of Agricultural Extension (DAE) in respect of Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) and Climate Change Adaptation (CCA) to ensure sustainable livelihoods and food security. The Department of Agriculture Extension (DAE) has also taken a project to implement adaptation activities in climatic risk prone Areas of Bangladesh (Drought, Flood and Saline prone areas). The department has also taken a technology transfer project for floating vegetables and spices technology extension for water logging areas funded by Climate Change Trust Fund. Bangladesh Agricultural Development Corporation (BADC) as a multi-dimensional agency has been engaged in seed production and minor irrigation for crop production. It has been producing certified seeds of all the stress tolerant varieties through its contact growers and in its own farm. It is also testing some stress tolerant varieties performance in different agro-ecologically constrained areas. Besides seed, BADC has also been managing minor irrigation activities throughout the country. It is managing Deep Tube Wells (DTW) in different stress tolerant regions of the country. It has been managing water sources for irrigation in northern dry areas of the country by re-excavating canals, constructing DTWs. It is also trying to increase water use efficiency by buried pipe line and permanent structure. It has been constructing rubber dams and other water control structure for conservation of water in stress prone areas. Barindra Multipurpose Development Authority (BMDA) has been engaged in drought prone northern area of Bangladesh. Besides construction of water distribution systems cross dams have been constructed for water conservation. Canals and derelict ponds have also been re-excavated. A rain water conservation project is underway that has Dug Well digging and re-excavation of Dighis.

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Workshop on Climate Change and its Impact on Agriculture Seoul, Republic of Korea, 13-16 December 2011

Agricultural Information Service (AIS) as the media wing of the Ministry has been regularly uploading information on weather and flood forecasting. It is disseminating necessary information to the extension people and farmer associations through mobile phones and other electronic mediums. 95 Agricultural Information Communication Centers (AICC) and a community radio are also providing information to the farmers and other stakeholders.

Issues and Challenges in addressing climate change impacts:

The research agencies have been developing the varieties by themselves and sometimes with the help of international centers. New variety development takes huge time ranging from 5 to 10 years. In the meantime the nature and intensity of climatic events change. The research agencies do not have long term vision for developing highly adaptable varieties based on climate change models. Their activities become limited due to shortage of manpower. There are a minimum number of scientists in the required field. There are shortages of supporting staffs in the research institutes. There is a gap in coordination of different research institutes on research in the same field. They have limited exchange of information. BARC as a research coordinator does not always have the information about the activities of different research institutes.

The research agencies have their field level offices in some climate vulnerable locations but that is not sufficient as the climatic hazards have come in different dimensions. The infrastructural facilities in the research institutes at central level are adequate except in BINA, BJRI and BSRI but at the field level the facilities of all research institutes are not adequate. The local centers are not equipped with required manpower, vehicle and other facilities. There is a shortage of adequate and proper types of lands for research. Senior Scientists are reluctant to stay at local level. There is always coordination gap among the research and extension field officials. Some tensions are also existed among the researchers with one specific large extension agency. Scientists have also gaps with the farmers. While there are some trials at farmers field, the whole chain, scientists-extension agents-farmers does not have same understanding and the trials become business as usual in the research institutes. The extension agencies are not also equipped with proper training on climate change effects and its adaptation or mitigation measures. They are not sometimes given proper information on stress tolerant varieties, i.e. its characteristics, management practices and harvesting processes. They do not have specific and formal network with the researchers. Varietals trials include extension agents, however, limited coordination among the research-extension and farmers results minimum benefit to the integrated effort. The extension agencies have also limited vehicle support and their capacity is not fully utilized for agricultural purposes. They are given responsibility in the field of relief and rehabilitation, national and local election and management of non-agricultural activities. The extension officials do not have linkages with the meteorological department and other weather forecasting agencies. There is a shortage of manpower at all extension agency. Extension agencies have direct linkages with the farmers. However, there is minimum monitoring and evaluation of their activities. The research-extension-farmer linkage is not evaluated at any level. Farmers complain about the irregular presence of block level extension officials.

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Workshop on Climate Change and its Impact on Agriculture Seoul, Republic of Korea, 13-16 December 2011

Measures suggested for minimizing the gaps: There is an urgent need for minimizing the gaps existed in addressing the climate change effects in crop agriculture sector. The climate change impacts need to be tackled by the crop agriculture sector in an integrated manner. Bangladesh prepared the Bangladesh Climate Change Strategy and Action Plan (BCCSAP) in 2008 and revised it in 2009. This is now an approved document of the Government. This is expected to be the blue print for subsequent integration of climate change issues such as mitigation, adaptation, technology transfer and development, and capacity building into the mainstream planning process. The Bangladesh Climate Change Strategy and Action Plan (BCCSAP) takes the Bangladesh submission on Bali Road Map, particularly the 4 securities, as the starting point and develops a strategy of sustainable development centered on the issue of climate change. On the basis of the 4 securities, the strategy is to safeguard the development prospects of Bangladesh in a way that the country becomes a middle-income one by 2021 and achieves the targets under MDGs as fast as possible. Under the action plan, there are six major themes and 44 programs. The very first relates to ensuring food and livelihood security. The programs mainly fall under development of crop varieties and development of technology suitable for agricultural production under various adverse climatic conditions that are likely to materialize in future. Three of the themes including food and livelihood security fall under adaptation which is the prime need of the country. The other two adaptation programs relate to construction and maintenance of necessary infrastructure, particularly those related to water management. The third important area is disaster management as disaster risk reduction and post-disaster rehabilitation are going to engage a lot of energy and resources of the country due to climate change. In the context of prevailing serious threat to the crop agriculture and future projections the crop agriculture sector has to be more serious in addressing the climate change impacts. The gaps existed at different level and different form has to be minimized with an integrated effort. The following actions are therefore suggested to minimize the gaps and addressing the issue efficiently and effectively: Mainstreaming the climate change adaptation agenda in the daily business of Ministrys policy preparation, implementation monitoring and evaluation; Re-constituting and activating the committee formed in the Ministry of Agriculture for coordinating the climate related policy interventions, projects, programs, priority setting and preparation of future agendas for implementation and coordination with non-crop agencies. Strict monitoring from the Ministry for achieving researchextension-farmer; Preparing a long term action plan for addressing the projected climatic hazards. Fixing the targets for each of the agricultural agencies toward implementation of action plan; Constituting a cell in each of research and extension agencies for coordination and integration of their activities; Coordination of research agencies has to be strengthened. BARC has to take lead role in coordinating the research agencies and making linkages among the research and extension agencies; Identifying training and capacity development requirements for the extension officials, scientists, experts and other stakeholders on climate change adaptation and disaster risk reduction and capacity development has to be ensured at all level, from policy makers to ground level implementers;

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Workshop on Climate Change and its Impact on Agriculture Seoul, Republic of Korea, 13-16 December 2011

Special focus has to be given on the capacity building of scientists. Special incentives have to be offered for retaining them in the research institutes. The age limit for retirement of scientists has to be increased at least by 5 years. Special contracts can be given to the retired scientists to work in the field of climate change; Manpower has to be recruited urgently for filling up the posts at least in stress prone areas. Vehicle and other logistic support has to be ensured at local level in climate risk prone areas; Special incentives needs to be offered to the scientists and extension officials for working in stress prone areas; Farmers have to be trained on the characteristics of stress prone varieties and scientific adaptation mechanism. A network of farmers has to be formed and exchange visit for them in different locations of the country has to be arranged; Developing seasonal climate predictions to assist farmers to optimally adjust their planting dates, crop varieties, and management practices to reduce agricultural vulnerability to hydro meteorological hazards. Sharing information on management of climate change and related science, data, tools and methodologies in South Asia for updating local knowledge of research and extension agencies; Community radio and AICC has to be built in more numbers in the stress prone areas; Crop insurance mechanism can be tested again on pilot basis as the crop agriculture sector has a complete farmer list and resource maps of farmers to some extent; Crop zoning for addressing the climatic risks.

Conclusion:
Bangladesh is at the forefront in climate change adaptation. The government has taken several creditable initiatives particularly for adaptation and has managed to draw international attention and cooperation to address climate change adaptation in Bangladesh. The crop agriculture sector particularly has been performing well in addressing the negative impacts of climate change through developing new stress tolerant varieties of crops, production packages and it extension at field level. However, the intensity and frequency of climatic hazards has turned us before the reality that the time has come to take an integrated and coordinated action for developing more stress tolerant varieties, production technologies and its quick extension. The mainstreaming of climate change issues into daily business of the crop agriculture sector becomes urgent issues to follow. The call of time is to move the whole sector altogether and synchronize with other non-crop agencies. There are some weaknesses in the Ministry as well as in the agencies. The weaknesses have to be removed and some pro-active actions have to be taken for preparing the sector against frequent, more devastating intensified climatic hazards.

References:
Ahmad, Q.K., Ahmed, N. and Rasheed, K.B.S. (eds.) (1994). Resources, Environment and Development in Bangladesh. Dhaka. BUP/ Academic Publishers.

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Ahmad, Q.K., Ahmed, A.U., Khan, H.R. and Rasheed, K.B.S. (2001). GBM Regional Water Vision: Bangladeshs Perspectives,, In: Q.K. Ahmad, Asit K. Biswas, R. Rangachari, M.M. Sainju (eds.) Ganges-Brahmaputra-Meghna Region: A Frame work for Sustainable Development. Dhaka,Bangladesh. University Pres Limited. Ahmed, A.U. and Alam, M. (1998). Development of Climate Change Scenarios with general Circulation Models. In: S. Huw, Z. Karim, M. Asaduzzaman, and F. Mahtab (eds.) Vulnerability and Adaptation to Climate Change for Bangladesh. Dordrecht. Kluwer Academic Publishers,. Ahmed, A.U. (2005). Adaptation Options for Managing Water Related Extreme Events under Climate Change Regime: Bangladesh Perspectives. In: M.M.Q. Mirza and Q.K.Ahmad (eds.) Climate Change and Water Resources in South Asia. Netherlands. Balkema Press: Taylor and Francis Group plc. Ali, M.M., Hoque, M.M..Rahman, R. and. Rashid, S. (eds.) (1998). Bangladesh Floods: Views from Home and Abroad. Dhaka. university Press Limited. Asaduzzaman, M., Reazuddin, M. and Ahmed. A.U. (eds.) (1997). Global Climate Change: Bangladesh Episode, Bangladesh. Department of Environment, Government of Bangladesh. Asaduzzman, M. Ahmed, A.U. Haq, E. and Chowdhury, S.M.Z.I. (2005). Climate Change and Bangladesh:Livelihoods Issues for Adaptation. Dhaka, Bangladesh. Bangladesh Institute for Development Studies (BIDS). BBS.(2010). Statistcal Year Book, Dhaka BCAS/RA/Approtech. (1994). Vulnerability of Bangladesh to Climate change and Sea level rise: Concepts and Tools for Calculating Risk in Integrated Coastal Zone Management. Dhaka, Bangladesh. Bangladesh Center for Advanced Studies (BCAS). Blackwood, D.L. and R.G. Lynch. (1994). The Measurement of Inequality and Poverty: A Policy Maker's Guide to the Literature. World Development, 22(4): 567-578. Blaikie, P., Cannon, T., Davis, I. and Wisner, B. (1994). At Risk: Natural Hazards, Peoples Vulnerability, and Disasters. New York, NY: Routledge. CEGIS. (2006). Impacts of Sea Level Rise on Landuse Suitability and Adaptation Options. Dhaka. Centre For Environmental and Geographic Information Services (CEGIS). Cruz, R.V., Harasawa, H., Lal, M., Wu, S., Anokhin, Y., Punsalmaa, B., Honda, Y., Jafari M., Li, C. and Huu Ninh N. (2007). Asia. In: M.L. Parry, O.F. Canziani, J.P. Palutikof, P.J. van der Linden and C.E. Handon (eds.) Climate Change 2007. Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. Cambridge, UK. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fourth Assessment Report of the IPCC, Cambridge University Press. Haider, R., Rahman, A.A. and Huq, S. (eds.) (1991). Cyclone 91: An Environmental and Perceptional Study. Dhaka. Bangladesh Centre for Advanced Studies (BCAS). IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change). (2007) Summary for Policymakers. In: M.L. Parry, O.F. Canziani, J.P. Palutikot, P.J. van der Linden, and C.E. Hanson (eds.) Climate Change 2007: Impacts, Adaptation and vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. Nishat, A, R.Firoz, B. Nishat and E.S. Akand (2009). Key issues in planning for adaptation to climate change. In Climate Change impacts and adaptation strategies for Bangladesh (Editors: Rahman M.H.et al.)

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Rahman,A.A., Chowdhury, Z.H. and Ahmed, A.U. (2003). Environment and Security in Bangladesh, In: A. Nazem (ed.) Environment, Development and Human Security: Perspectives from South Asia. University Press of America. Rahman M.H., M.A. Noor and A.Ahmed (2009). Climate change related policies and strategies: Bangladesh Perspectives. In Climate Change impacts and adaptation strategies for Bangladesh ( Editors: Rahman M.H. et al.)

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Table 1: Growth Performances of Agriculture Sub-Sectors FY80-90 FY91-00 FY00-05 FY05-09 FY10 FY11(P) (Growth as % Change) Agriculture(A+B) 2.5 2.8 3.3 A. Agriculture and Forestry 2.6 1.5 3.6 i) Crops & horticulture 2.7 1.1 3.2 ii) Animal farming 2.1 2.5 4.5 iii) Forest and related services 2.7 3.5 4.7 B. Fishing 2.3 8.1 2.6 (Share as % of GDP) Agriculture(A+B) 31.2 26.7 23.9 A. Agriculture and Forestry 26.5 21.4 18.5 i) Crops & horticulture 20.2 16.1 13.7 ii) Animal farming 4.0 3.4 3.0 iii) Forest and related services 2.2 2.0 1.9 B. Fishing 4.8 5.3 5.4 Source: Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics (2011) 4.2 4.2 4.0 4.4 5.4 4.1 21.4 16.6 12.0 2.9 1.8 4.8 5.2 5.6 6.1 3.4 5.2 4.1 20.4 15.9 11.5 2.7 1.7 4.5 5.0 4.8 5.0 3.5 5.4 5.4 20.0 15.5 11.2 2.6 1.7 4.4

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