The University of Sydney MATH 3901

Metric Spaces

2004

Tutorial 4 PROBLEM SET 4 1. If a sequence (xn ) in a metric space X is convergent and has limit x, show that every subsequence (xnk ) of (xn ) is convergent and has the same limit x.

Solution. Let > 0. Since xn x as n , there is N such that n > N implies d(xn , x) < . Thus, if nk > N , then d(xnk , x) < . Hence (xnk ) x as k . 2. Let M be the metric subspace consisting of all sequences x = (xk ) with at most nitely many nonzero terms, where d is given by d(x, y ) = sup |xk yk |.
kN

Show that M is not closed. [Hint: Try to produce a sequence in M which does not converge to a point in M .] Solution. For n = 1, 2, . . . , let x(n) = 1, 1 1 , . . . , , 0, 0, . . . . 2 n

Then (x(n) ) is a sequence in M . Let x be dened by x = 1, Then x

1 1 , ... , , ... . 2 n

but x / M . Moreover, for n > N , we see that 1 1 , , ... n+1 n+2 = 1 1 < . n+1 N +1

d(x(n) , x) = sup

Thus, for any > 0, we choose N > 1/ so that for any n > N , d(x(n) , x) < 1 1 < < . N +1 N

Hence (x(n) ) x as n . That is, (x(n) ) is a sequence in M which does not converge to a point in M so that M is not closed in .

2 3. Let X be the metric space C [0, 1], with d dened by

1

d(f, g ) =
0

|f (x) g (x)| dx.

Let (fn ), where fn (x) = xn , be a sequence in X . Show that fn converges to the zero function f = 0. Solution. We have
n 1

lim d(fn , f ) = lim = lim

xn dx
0

1 = 0. n+1

Hence fn converges to the zero function f = 0. 4. Consider the metric space C [a, b], with d dened by d(f, g ) = sup |f (x) g (x)|.
x[a,b]

Let (fn ) be a sequence in C [a, b]. If (fn ) converges uniformly to a function f on [a, b], prove that f is continuous on [a, b]. Solution. We must show that f is continuous at any point x0 in [a, b]. For any > 0, we must show that there is a > 0 such that if x satises |x x0 | < , then |f (x) f (x0 )| < . Now, for such , we consider /3. Since fn f , there is N such that for all n N , d(fn , f ) < /3; that is, for all x [a, b], we have for all n N that |fn (x) f (x)| < /3. Since fN is continuous at x0 , for such /3, there exists > 0 such that if x satises |x x0 | < , then |fN (x) fN (x0 )| < /3 . Hence if x satises |x x0 | < , then |f (x) f (x0 )| < |f (x) fN (x)| + |fN (x) fN (x0 )| + |fN (x0 ) f (x0 )| < + + = . 3 3 3

Hence f is continuous on [a, b].

3 5. Consider the metric space C [a, b], with d dened by d(f, g ) = sup |f (x) g (x)|.
x[a,b]

If (fn ) is a sequence in C [a, b] converges uniformly to a function f on [a, b], prove that
b b

fn (x) dx
a a

f (x) dx as

n .

Solution. We note that for all x [a, b], |fn (x) f (x)| d(fn , f ) . Then we have
b b b

fn (x) dx
a a

f (x) dx
a b

|fn (x) f (x)| dx

d(fn , f ) dx

(b a)d(fn f ) 0, as n . Hence
b b

fn (x) dx
a a

f (x) dx as

n .