Intensive Early Intervention using Behavior Therapy is the Single Most Widely Accepted Treatment for Autism.

It is No Longer to e !onsidered either an E"perimental or an Investigative Treatment. In fact# it is the only evidence$ ased treatment availa le for autism. Eric V. Larsson, Ph.D., L.P., B.C.B.A. (2008) E"ecutive Summary.
Intensive Early Intervention usin Behavior !hera"y is the only e#tensively researche$ an$ vali$ate$ %or& o% treat&ent o% autis&. In this research it is the only "roven %or& o% treat&ent %or youn chil$ren 'ho su%%er %ro& autis&. !his "a"er su&&ari(es the consensus o% &any in$e"en$ent revie' "anels that Intensive Early Intervention is su%%iciently evi$ence)*ase$ to *e covere$ %or %a&ilies 'ho see+ e%%ective treat&ent %or their chil$ren. ,ne o% the &ost thorou h an$ 'ell re ar$e$ in$e"en$ent revie's is the re"ort co&&issione$ *y the -ational .esearch Council (200/). Co&&entin on the s"eci%ic 0uestion o% 'hether this treat&ent is investi ational, the Council re"orte$1 23o'ever, there is su*stantial research su""ortin the e%%ectiveness o% &any s"eci%ic thera"eutic techni0ues an$ o% co&"rehensive "ro ra&s in contrast to less intense, nons"eci%ic interventions.4 In$e"en$ent "anels continue to &a+e even stron er conclusions re ar$in the evi$ence %or the e%%ectiveness o% intensive early intervention. !he A&erican Aca$e&y o% Pe$iatrics state$ in 20051 2!he e%%ectiveness o% ABA)*ase$ intervention in A6Ds has *een 'ell $ocu&ente$ throu h 7 $eca$es o% research *y usin sin le)su*8ect &etho$olo y an$ in controlle$ stu$ies o% co&"rehensive early intensive *ehavioral intervention "ro ra&s in university an$ co&&unity settin s. Chil$ren 'ho receive early intensive *ehavioral treat&ent have *een sho'n to &a+e su*stantial, sustaine$ ains in I9, lan ua e, aca$e&ic "er%or&ance, an$ a$a"tive *ehavior as 'ell as so&e &easures o% social *ehavior, an$ their outco&es have *een si ni%icantly *etter than those o% chil$ren in control rou"s.4

Introduction.
:any %a$)li+e interventions have *een atte&"te$ to treat "eo"le 'ho su%%er %ro& autis&, *ut &ost have ha$ little or no tan i*le results. !here%ore it is not sur"risin that insurance co&"anies an$ overn&ent a encies are hesitant to e#ten$ *ene%its to youn chil$ren 'ho su%%er %ro& autis&. It is 0uite reasona*le %or such %un$ers to 'ait %or a""ro"riate research to *e con$ucte$. In res"onse, ;niversity researchers in the %iel$ o% A""lie$ Behavior Analysis have *een evaluatin intensive early intervention %or autis& %or <7 years. Durin this ti&e the treat&ent has *een criti0ue$ as still investi ational, or "oorly researche$. An$ in$ee$, u" until the late /==0>s there 'as little consensus over inter"retations o% this lar e *o$y o% research. 3o'ever, in /=85, a&i$st over ?08 research stu$ies con$ucte$ at ;niversity centers throu hout the 'orl$

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*y &any researchers in the %iel$ o% autis&, the ;CLA @oun Autis& Pro8ect, un$er the $irection o% ,. Ivar Lovaas, Ph.D., 'as a*le to "u*lish a lon )ter& outco&e stu$y sho'in that <5 "ercent o% the chil$ren treate$ 'ere a*le to %ully recover %ro& autis&. !he treat&ent that 'as "roven e%%ective 'as Intensive Early Intervention, usin Behavior !hera"y, as researche$ in the %iel$ o% A""lie$ Behavior Analysis. By all "u*lishe$ accounts, these results 'ere un"rece$ente$. 6u*se0uently an a$$itional /= research stu$ies *y in$e"en$ent la*oratories aroun$ the 'orl$, has continue$ to re"licate these "ro%oun$ results an$ e&"o'er %a&ilies to e%%ectively treat their chil$ren. 6ince the year 2000, 7 a$$itional 'ell)controlle$ stu$ies have *een "u*lishe$ in "eer)revie'e$ 8ournals. In the years 2007 an$ 200A alone, three &ore 'ere "u*lishe$ an$ other su*stantial stu$ies are currently su*&itte$ %or "u*lication. I% anythin , the su*stantial su""ort %or early intervention is acceleratin . Burther, the &a nitu$e o% e%%ect o% these results is reater than is the avera e e%%icacy o% co&&on sur eries an$ $ru treat&ents %or &a8or illnesses such as cancer an$ heart $isease. Civen the hi h cost o% the co&"ara*le &e$ical treat&ents, the return on invest&ent in the early intervention is also reater. As a result o% the %in$in s, an$ the e#tre&e e#"ense re0uire$, over the "ast si# years, 22 "ro%essional, state an$ %e$eral a encies an$ in$e"en$ent revie' "anels have investi ate$ an$ %oun$ that the %in$in s, have *een *ona %i$e. In /===, tas+ %orces o% the -e' @or+ 6tate De"art&ent o% 3ealth an$ the :aine A$&inistrators o% 6ervices %or Chil$ren 'ith Disa*ilities each strin ently a""lie$ scienti%ic stan$ar$s o% "roo% to the "ro ra& an$ %oun$ that it alone, of all possible treatments %or chil$ren 'ith autis&, ha$ *een "roven e%%ective. Also in /===, ;.6. 6ur eon Ceneral Davi$ 6atcher "ro&ote$ the results o% the "ro ra& in his re"ort on :ental 3ealth. (!he -ational Institutes o% :ental 3ealth have %un$e$ research on this "ro ra& %or over ?0 years.) Pro%essional associations such as the A&erican Aca$e&y o% Chil$ an$ A$olescent Psychiatry, the A&erican Aca$e&y o% -eurolo y, an$ the A&erican Aca$e&y o% Pe$iatrics also %ollo'e$ suit in their $evelo"&ent o% "ractice stan$ar$s. !hese in$e"en$ent "ro%essional revie' "anels are re"ortin that the intensive early intervention is hi hly e%%ective in &eetin the nee$s o% the chil$ren. Each o% these a encies have no veste$ interest in these services, an$ the "anel &e&*ers have lar ely *een e#"erts in the %iel$ 'ho the&selves are not treat&ent "rovi$ers. Every sin le in$e"en$ent revie' has %oun$ that the research is su*stantial, an$ the outco&es are un$ou*te$ly e%%ective. 3o'ever, various %un$ers have continue$ to rely on "ro"rietary revie's that re"eat the earlier conclusions that the treat&ent is ina$e0uately researche$. !he scholarshi" o% these re"orts is e#tre&ely lo'. But 'hy $o they "ersistD Because the treat&ent is e#"ensive, *ut unli+e a $ru , a $ru co&"any can not tra$e&ar+ it, so they $o not s"en$ lar e su&s o% &oney lo**yin %or it. Also, it is easy to "ut %orth overly si&"listic criti0ues o% the research. !he $i%%iculties o% con$uctin such research are $auntin . In or$er to *e e%%ective, the *ehavior thera"y "ro ra& &ust *e intensive an$ &ust *e $elivere$ in early chil$hoo$. In e%%ect, a %a&ily 'ho chooses this thera"y &ust or ani(e their househol$ into a 2<)hour thera"eutic environ&ent %or three years, in or$er to re&e$iate all o% the sy&"to&s o% autis&. !o $o so, they re0uire <0 hours "er 'ee+ o% $irect ho&e)*ase$ treat&ent to the chil$, an$ /7 hours "er 'ee+ o% e#tensive, s"eciali(e$ consultation to the %a&ily %or 70 'ee+s "er year. 6uch lon )ter& research has *een $i%%icult to con$uct an$ "oorly %un$e$ (*ecause a ain there is no %inancial interest in investin in treat&ent that can>t *e tra$e&ar+e$). ,ne "re&ise o% the si&"listic criti0ues o% ABA)*ase$ treat&ent is that %un$in shoul$ a'ait the use o% %ull ran$o& assi n&ent, $ou*le)*lin$ clinical trials, *e%ore %un$in such treat&ent. 3o'ever, the insur&ounta*le research "ro*le&s in such stu$ies are1 /) "arents 'onEt su*8ect their chil$ren to ran$o& assi n&ent %or such a hi h)sta+e, three)year "ro ra& o% thera"y, an$ 2) *ecause this thera"y is so invasive, it certainly 'onEt *e $ou*le *lin$ (it is i&"ossi*le %or a "arent not to +no' that they ha$ *een assi ne$ to the rou" 'ith <0 hours a 'ee+ o% *ehavior thera"y in their o'n ho&e %or three years> ti&e). Because o% the reluctance o% %un$ers to "ay %or the treat&ent, &ost o% the %a&ilies stu$ie$ have "rivately "ai$ %or the cost o% thera"y. As a result, it has *een even &ore $i%%icult to su*8ect these consu&ers to ran$o& assi n&ent. Another "re&ise o% the si&"listic criti0ues is that 2total cure4 is not as 'ell "roven as is the %act that ABA) *ase$ treat&ent is very e%%ective in treatin the clinically si ni%icant sy&"to&s, an$ re$ucin the cost o% autis& to %a&ilies an$ society. 6uch a state o% a%%airs (total cure vs. e%%ective treat&ent) is ty"ical o% all &e$ical interventions %or all &e$ical $iseases. !he total cure rates an$ e%%ective treat&ent rates %or early intervention %or autis& are co&"ara*le to those o% &ost &e$ically acce"te$ treat&ents.

Eric V. Larsson, Ph.D.

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A %inal source o% the si&"listic criti0ues is es"ecially ironic. A""lie$ Behavior Analysis is the only %iel$ o% research in early intervention. Cursory revie'ers have use$ the %act that the %iel$ is con$uctin research to conclu$e that it is e#"eri&ental. 3o'ever, tra$itional treat&ents that have never *een researche$ esca"e this criticis&, an$ continue to *e %un$e$. !he %a&ilies 'ho 'eren>t 'ealthy have also stea$ily liti ate$ 'ith their overn&ents, schools, an$ insurance co&"anies %or %un$in , an$ &any have succee$e$. 3o'ever, these e#"ensive actions have "olari(e$ the "ayors an$ the a$vocates. An$ this "olari(ation has le$ to even &ore sel%)servin state&ents on the su*8ect, in or$er to su""ort the %un$ers> in)house 'ish that the treat&ent is e#"eri&ental. 3o'ever, these in$ustry "a"ers cite very %e' scienti%ic "a"ers, an$ in their "lace, cite a han$%ul o% o"inion "ieces. !he level o% scholarshi" is easily i&"eache$ *y an e#"ert 'ho is co&"etent in A""lie$ Behavior Analysis. Des"ite the sel%)servin controversies, the scholarly conclusions that are &a$e *y "u*lic, e#"ert revie' "anels is that the research is su*stantial, that it has *een con$ucte$ accor$in to the hi hest %easi*le stan$ar$s, an$ that the outco&es are vali$. In %act the "ri&ary conclusion o% these "anels is that an easily accessi*le %un$in strea& nee$s to *e set u" to hel" these %a&ilies. Actual state&ents %ro& these "u*lishe$ re"orts are 0uote$ *elo'. Fhere the &eanin o% the 0uotes see&s a&*i uous, the rea$er is $irecte$ to the ori inal source, 'here it 'ill *e %oun$ that the citations "rovi$e$ are lar ely to se&inal "a"ers %ro& the %iel$ o% A""lie$ Behavior AnalysisG the &ost co&&only cite$ "a"er *ein Lovaas (/=85). Bor e#a&"le, in the A&erican Association o% Pe$iatrics "a"er 0uote$ *elo', all (every sin le one) o% the re%erences o% e%%ective treat&ent are to ABA stu$ies. Because the "a"ers *elo' are o*8ective re"orts, they 'ill res"onsi*ly contain *oth su""ortive an$ critical co&&ents re ar$in the e%%ectiveness o% the treat&ent, *ut u"on closer ins"ection o% the re%erences, the cite$ e%%ective outco&es are all re"orts o% ABA treat&ents, 'hile the criti0ues $o not cite research re"orts. !he o"inion "a"ers are *alance$ *y *oth "ositive an$ ne ative o"inions, such as the 6ur eon CeneralEs, 'ho ty"i%ie$ LovaasE /=85 re"ort as Ha 'ell $esi ne$ stu$y.H Binally, there is no research to *e %oun$ that su ests that *ehavior thera"y is not e%%ective. -e ative state&ents only co&e %ro& ill)in%or&e$ o"inion, o%%ere$ *y "ro%essionals 'ho are not co&"etent in A""lie$ Behavior Analysis. It is clearly sel%)servin , 'hen a %un$er clai&s that these interventions are still e#"eri&ental, 'hen in %act, intensive early intervention 'ith *ehavior thera"y is the only treat&ent %or autis& that has *een 'i$ely vali$ate$ an$ acce"te$ *y the "ro%essional co&&unity.

Independent %evie&s of Intensive Early Intervention 'sing Behavior Therapy.

!linical %eport of the American Academy (f )ediatrics !ouncil on !hildren With *isa ilities+ Management of children &ith autism spectrum disorders+ In this Clinical .e"ort, the overall i&"act is inesca"a*le1 Chil$ren 'ith autis& are *est treate$ *y continuous, inte rate$ *ehavior thera"y throu hout their $aily lives, an$ can &a+e reat ains 'hen treate$ so. !he $e%initive research cite$ is %or the ABA research. By contrast this re"ort also clearly cites the non*ehavioral interventions that have insu%%icient evi$ence to su""ort the&, or &ay even *e har&%ul. !he re"ort also clearly revie's the critical varia*les o% e%%ective intensive early intervention. Bor e#a&"le, the AAP &a+es the %ollo'in central state&ent a*out A""lie$ Behavior Analysis (ABA) an$ Behavior !hera"y1 2!he e%%ectiveness o% ABA)*ase$ intervention in A6Ds has *een 'ell $ocu&ente$ throu h 7 $eca$es o% research *y usin sin le)su*8ect &etho$olo y an$ in controlle$ stu$ies o% co&"rehensive early intensive *ehavioral intervention "ro ra&s in university an$ co&&unity settin s. Chil$ren 'ho receive early intensive *ehavioral treat&ent have *een sho'n to &a+e su*stantial, sustaine$ ains in I9, lan ua e, aca$e&ic "er%or&ance, an$ a$a"tive *ehavior as 'ell as so&e &easures o% social *ehavior, an$ their outco&es have *een si ni%icantly *etter than Eric V. Larsson, Ph.D.

IEIB! is no lon er investi ational those o% chil$ren in control rou"s. (" . //A<)4

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!hen, re ar$in s"eci%ic *ehavioral interventions, the AAP &a+es the %ollo'in state&ents1 2D!! &etho$s are use%ul in esta*lishin learnin rea$iness *y teachin %oun$ation s+ills such as attention, co&"liance, i&itation, an$ $iscri&ination learnin , as 'ell as a variety o% other s+ills. (" . //A<)4 2-aturalistic *ehavioral interventions, such as inci$ental teachin an$ natural lan ua e "ara$i &I "ivotal res"onse trainin , &ay enhance enerali(ation o% s+ills. (" . //A<)4 2Bunctional assess&ent is a ri orous, e&"irically *ase$ &etho$ o% atherin in%or&ation that can *e use$ to &a#i&i(e the e%%ectiveness an$ e%%iciency o% *ehavioral su""ort interventions. (" . //A<)4 2A variety o% a""roaches have *een re"orte$ to *e e%%ective in "ro$ucin ains in co&&unication s+ills in chil$ren 'ith A6Ds. Di$actic an$ naturalistic *ehavioral &etho$olo ies (e , D!!, ver*al *ehavior, natural lan ua e "ara$i &, "ivotal res"onse trainin , &ilieu teachin ) have *een stu$ie$ &ost thorou hly. (" . //A7)4 2!ra$itional, lo')intensity "ull)out service $elivery &o$els o%ten are ine%%ective, an$ s"eech) lan ua e "atholo ists are li+ely to *e &ost e%%ective 'hen they train an$ 'or+ in close colla*oration 'ith teachers, su""ort "ersonnel, %a&ilies, an$ the chil$>s "eers to "ro&ote %unctional co&&unication in natural settin s throu hout the $ay. (" . //A7)4 2!here is so&e o*8ective evi$ence to su""ort tra$itional an$ ne'er naturalistic *ehavioral strate ies an$ other a""roaches to teachin social s+ills. (" . //A7)4 2Pro"onents o% *ehavior analytic a""roaches have *een the &ost active in usin scienti%ic &etho$s to evaluate their 'or+, an$ &ost stu$ies o% co&"rehensive treat&ent "ro ra&s that &eet &ini&al scienti%ic stan$ar$s involve treat&ent o% "reschoolers usin *ehavioral a""roaches. (" . //AA)4 2!hree stu$ies that co&"are$ intensive ABA "ro ra&s (27J<0 hoursI'ee+) to e0ually intensive eclectic a""roaches have su este$ that ABA "ro ra&s 'ere si ni%icantly &ore e%%ective. (" . //AA)4 2It is no' reco ni(e$ that "arents "lay a +ey role in e%%ective treat&ent. Physicians an$ other health care "ro%essionals can "rovi$e su""ort to "arents *y e$ucatin the& a*out A6DsG "rovi$in antici"atory ui$anceG trainin an$ involvin the& as cothera"istsG (" //5<)4 Myers, S.M., Johnson, C.P. & the American Academy of Pediatrics Council on Children With Disabilities, ( !!"#. Mana$ement of children %ith autism spectrum disorders. Pediatrics. & !, &&' (&&) . A*ailable online at http+,,aappolicy.aappublications.or$,c$i,reprint,pediatrics-& !,.,&&' .pdf. National %esearch !ouncil+ Educating !hildren &ith Autism+ !he ;nite$ 6tates De"art&ent o% E$ucation co&&issione$ the -ational .esearch Council to "rovi$e in"ut into the controversy circlin aroun$ the "ress %or school %un$in %or *ehavior thera"y an$ early intervention. In turn the -ational .esearch Council en a e$ the services o% a lar e nu&*er o% res"ecte$ researchers in the %iel$ o% autis&. !he resultin re"ort clearly %ocuse$ on ABA)*ase$ interventions. Bor e#a&"le, the cha"ter on 2co&"rehensive "ro ra&s4 i$enti%ies ten 2'ell)+no'n &o$el a""roaches,4 all o% 'hich are ABA)*ase$. A sa&"le o% the &any state&ents, u"on 'hich it can *e %airly sai$ that the "ri&ary %ocus o% the *oo+ is on ABA)*ase$ treat&ent, are o%%ere$ here1 2Early research on the *ene%its o% a""lie$ *ehavior analysis *y Lovaas an$ his collea ues (/=5?) sho'e$ that chil$ren 'ith autis& 'ho returne$ to a ho&e "re"are$ to su""ort their learnin &aintaine$ their treat&ent ains *etter than chil$ren 'ho 'ent to institutional settin s that Eric V. Larsson, Ph.D.

IEIB! is no lon er investi ational %aile$ to carry over the treat&ent &etho$s. ("a e ?7)4 2,utco&es o% $iscrete trial a""roaches have inclu$e$ i&"rove&ents in I9 scores, 'hich are correlate$ 'ith lan ua e s+ills, an$ i&"rove&ents in co&&unication $o&ains o% *roa$er &easures, ("a e 7?)4 2!here is no' a lar e *o$y o% e&"irical su""ort %or &ore conte&"orary *ehavioral a""roaches usin naturalistic teachin &etho$s that $e&onstrate e%%icacy %or teachin not only s"eech an$ lan ua e, *ut also co&&unication. ("a e 7?)4

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2Behavioral interventions use the "o'er%ul tools o% o"erant learnin to treat sy&"to&s o% autis& s"ectru& $isor$ers. ("a e A8)4 26o&e a$vanta es o% the *ehavioral research on teachin social s+ills have *een the &easure&ent o% enerali(ation an$ &aintenance, attention to antece$ents an$ conse0uences, an$ use o% syste&atic strate ies to teach co&"le# s+ills *y *rea+in the& $o'n into s&aller, teacha*le "arts. 6o&e $ra'*ac+s o% tra$itional *ehavioral a""roaches are the co&"le# $ata syste&s that o%ten acco&"any the& an$ that &ay i&"e$e their use in &ore ty"ical settin s, as 'ell as the lac+ o% trainin in their use that &ost sta%% &e&*ers on early chil$hoo$ tea&s receive. ("a e 52)4 !he conclusions an$ reco&&en$ations o% the re"ort revolve aroun$ ho' to set u" easily accessi*le %un$in an$ trainin %or &ore teachers. Fhile the re"ort clearly en$orses school $e"art&ent %un$in %or intensive early intervention 'ith *ehavior thera"y, it also su ests that health)care *ase$ %un$in , such as the ;.6. :e$icai$ "ro ra& 'oul$ also *e a""ro"riate1 2A state %un$ %or intensive intervention, or &ore syste&atic use o% :e$icai$ 'aivers or other "atterns o% %un$in currently in "lace in so&e states, shoul$ *e consi$ere$. ("a e 22<)4 /ational 0esearch Council ( !!&#. 1ducatin$ Children %ith Autism, Committee on 1ducational 2nter*entions for Children %ith Autism, Di*ision of 3eha*ioral and Social Sciences and 1ducation, Washin$ton, D.C.+ /ational Academy Press. %eport of the Maine Administrators of Services for !hildren &ith *isa ilities+ Fhile the a*ove re"orts %ocuse$ on ABA &etho$s, t'o earlier state co&&ittees (:aine an$ -e' @or+) en$eavore$ to co&"are all o% the "otential treat&ents, *oth *ehavioral an$ non*ehavioral %or scienti%ic &erit. Both clearly %oun$ that only the ABA)*ase$ intensive early interventions have su%%icient research *ehin$ the& to *e en$orse$. 6a&"le state&ents %ro& the state o% :aine re"ort %ollo'1 2,ver ?0 years o% ri orous research an$ "eer revie' o% a""lie$ *ehavior analysis> e%%ectiveness %or in$ivi$uals 'ith autis& $e&onstrate ABA has *een o*8ectively su*stantiate$ as e%%ective *ase$ u"on the sco"e an$ 0uality o% science. ("a e 2=)4 2Early interventionists shoul$ levera e early autis& $ia nosis 'ith the "roven e%%icacy o% intensive ABA %or o"ti&al outco&e an$ lon )ter& cost *ene%it. ("a e 2=)4 2!he i&"ortance o% early, intensive intervention %or chil$ren 'ith autis& cannot *e overstate$. ("a e A)4 2Burther&ore, early, intensive, e%%ective intervention o%%ers the ho"e o% si ni%icant costI*ene%it. ("a e A)4 Maine Administrators of Ser*ices for Children %ith Disabilities ( !!!#. 0eport of the MADS1C Autism 4as5 6orce. MADS1C, Manchester, M1.

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!linical )ractice ,uideline %eport of the %ecommendations for Autism and )ervasive *evelopmental *isorders y the Ne& -or. State *epartment of /ealth+ !he -e' @or+ 6tate De"art&ent o% 3ealth "u*lishe$ a three)volu&e re"ort *ase$ u"on its e#tensive analysis o% the availa*le treat&ents. It also %oun$ that only ABA)*ase$ treat&ents ha$ su%%icient scienti%ic su""ort to &erit en$orse&ent. !he three volu&es inclu$e 2!he !echnical .e"ort,4 'hich contains the &ost co&"lete in%or&ation, inclu$in all the evi$ence ta*les %ro& the articles revie'e$, a %ull re"ort o% the research "rocess, an$ the %ull te#t o% all the reco&&en$ations. 2!he .e"ort o% the .eco&&en$ations4 ives the *ac+ roun$ in%or&ation, the %ull te#t o% all the reco&&en$ations an$ a su&&ary o% the su""ortin evi$ence. 2!he 9uic+ .e%erence Cui$e4 ives a su&&ary o% *ac+ roun$ in%or&ation an$ a su&&ary o% the &a8or reco&&en$ations, an$ is also 'ritten in a less technical &anner. 6a&"le state&ents %ro& the 9uic+ .e%erence Cui$e %ollo'1 2Base$ u"on stron scienti%ic evi$ence, it is reco&&en$e$ that "rinci"les o% a""lie$ *ehavior analysis an$ *ehavior intervention strate ies *e inclu$e$ as an i&"ortant ele&ent o% any intervention "ro ra& %or youn chil$ren 'ith autis&.4 2Base$ u"on the "anel consensus o"inion, it is reco&&en$e$ that all "ro%essional an$ "ara"ro%essionals 'ho %unction as thera"ists in an intensive *ehavioral intervention "ro ra& receive re ular su"ervision %ro& a 0uali%ie$ "ro%essional 'ith s"eci%ic e#"ertise in a""lie$ *ehavioral a""roaches.4 2Base$ u"on stron scienti%ic evi$ence, it is i&"ortant to inclu$e "arents as active "artici"ants in the intervention tea& to the e#tent o% their interests, resources, an$ a*ilities.4 2Base$ u"on stron scienti%ic evi$ence, it is reco&&en$e$ that trainin o% "arents in *ehavioral &etho$s %or interactin 'ith their chil$ *e e#tensive an$ on oin an$ inclu$e re ular consultation 'ith a 0uali%ie$ "ro%essional.4 /e% 7or5 State Department of 8ealth 1arly 2nter*ention Pro$ram. (&999#. Clinical Practice :uideline 0eport of the 0ecommendations for Autism,Per*asi*e De*elopmental Disorders. /e% 7or5 State Department of 8ealth, Albany, /7. Mental /ealth+ A %eport of the '.S. Surgeon ,eneral+ !he ;.6. 6ur eon Ceneral "u*lishe$ an e#tensive re"ort on &ental health in eneral. In the section on autis&, the 6ur eon Ceneral re"orte$1 2!hirty years o% research $e&onstrate$ the e%%icacy o% a""lie$ *ehavioral &etho$s in re$ucin ina""ro"riate *ehavior an$ in increasin co&&unication, learnin , an$ a""ro"riate social *ehavior. ("a e /A<)4 2A 'ell)$esi ne$ stu$y o% a "sychosocial intervention 'as carrie$ out *y Lovaas an$ collea ues. -ineteen chil$ren 'ith autis& 'ere treate$ intensively 'ith *ehavior thera"y %or 2 years an$ co&"are$ 'ith t'o control rou"s. Bollo')u" o% the investi ational rou" in %irst ra$e, in late chil$hoo$, an$ in a$olescence %oun$ that nearly hal% the investi ational rou" *ut al&ost none o% the chil$ren in the &atche$ control rou" 'ere a*le to "artici"ate in re ular schoolin . ("a e /A<)4 Satcher, D. (&999#. Mental health+ A report of the sur$eon $eneral. ;.S. Public 8ealth Ser*ice. 3ethesda, MD. )ractice )arameters !onsensus )anel of the follo&ing )rofessional (rgani0ations and Agencies+ (A&erican Aca$e&y o% -eurolo y A&erican Aca$e&y o% Ba&ily Physicians Eric V. Larsson, Ph.D.

IEIB! is no lon er investi ational A&erican Aca$e&y o% Pe$iatrics A&erican ,ccu"ational !hera"y Association A&erican Psycholo ical Association A&erican 6"eech)Lan ua e 3earin Association 6ociety %or Develo"&ental an$ Behavioral Pe$iatrics Autis& 6ociety o% A&erica -ational Alliance %or Autis& .esearch -ational Institute o% Chil$ 3ealth K 3u&an Develo"&ent -ational Institute o% :ental 3ealth)1

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A lar e nu&*er o% &a8or "ro%essional or ani(ations %or&e$ a "ractice "ara&eters consensus "anel on the $ia nosis o% autis& *ecause1 2!he "ress %or early i$enti%ication co&es %ro& evi$ence athere$ over the "ast /0 years that intensive early intervention in o"ti&al e$ucational settin s results in i&"rove$ outco&es in &ost youn chil$ren 'ith autis&, inclu$in s"eech in 57L or &ore an$ si ni%icant increases in rates o% $evelo"&ental "ro ress an$ intellectual "er%or&ance.4 Fhile the %ocus o% this re"ort 'as on $ia nosis, the "anel &a$e a nu&*er o% si ni%icant state&ents a*out the nee$ %or early an$ intensive treat&ent. Bor e#a&"le1 23o'ever, these +in$s o% outco&es have *een $ocu&ente$ only %or chil$ren 'ho receive 2 years or &ore o% intensive intervention services $urin the "reschool years. ("a e <<0)4 2Autis& &ust *e reco ni(e$ as a &e$ical $isor$er, an$ &ana e$ care "olicy &ust cease to $eny a""ro"riate &e$ical or other thera"eutic care un$er the ru*ric o% 2$evelo"&ental $elay4 or 2&ental health con$ition. ("a e <52)4 2E#istin overn&ental a encies that "rovi$e services to in$ivi$uals 'ith $evelo"&ental $isa*ilities &ust also chan e their eli i*ility criteria to inclu$e all in$ivi$uals on the autistic s"ectru&, 'hether or not the relatively narro' criteria %or Autistic Disor$er are &et, 'ho nonetheless &ust also receive the sa&e a$e0uate assess&ents, a""ro"riate $ia noses, an$ treat&ent o"tions as $o those 'ith the %or&al $ia nosis o% Autistic Disor$er. ("a e <52)4 6ilipe5, P.A. et al. (&999#. 4he screenin$ and dia$nosis of autistic spectrum disorders. Journal of Autism and De*elopmental Disorders. 9, <=9><)<. )ractice )arameters for Autism y the American Academy of !hild and Adolescent )sychiatry+ !his co&&ittee also clearly $e"en$e$ u"on the ABA literature %or its &a8or %in$in s, %or e#a&"le1 2At the "resent ti&e the *est availa*le evi$ence su ests the i&"ortance o% a""ro"riate an$ intensive e$ucational interventions to %oster ac0uisition o% *asic social, co&&unicative, an$ co nitive s+ills relate$ to ulti&ate outco&e. ("a e <57)4 2Early an$ sustaine$ intervention a""ears to *e "articularly i&"ortant, re ar$less o% the "hiloso"hy o% the "ro ra&, so lon as a hi h $e ree o% structure is "rovi$e$. 6uch "ro ra&s have ty"ically incor"orate$ *ehavior &o$i%ication "roce$ures an$ a""lie$ *ehavior analysis. ("a e <57)4 2!hese &etho$s *uil$ u"on a lar e *o$y o% research on the a""lication o% learnin "rinci"les to the e$ucation o% chil$ren 'ith autis& an$ relate$ con$itions. ("a e <57)4 2It is clear that *ehavioral interventions can si ni%icantly %acilitate ac0uisition o% lan ua e, social, an$ other s+ills an$ that *ehavioral i&"rove&ent is hel"%ul in re$ucin levels o% "arental stress. ("a e <5A)4 Eric V. Larsson, Ph.D.

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2Consi$era*le ti&e (an$ &oney) is re0uire$ %or i&"le&entation o% such "ro ra&s, an$ ol$er an$ &ore intellectually han$ica""e$ in$ivi$uals are a""arently less li+ely to res"on$. ("a e 7/7)4 ?ol5mar, 6., Coo5, 1.8., Pomeroy, J., 0ealmuto, :. & 4an$uay, P. (&999#. Practice parameters for the assessment and treatment of children, adolescents, and adults %ith autism and other per*asi*e de*elopmental disorders. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, =) (Supplement#, = s>.<s. *ecision of the Supreme !ourt of British !olum ia+ In an e#tensive re"ort on the %acts o% liti ation *y "arents 'ho 'ere see+in health)care %un$in in British Colu&*ia, the 6u"re&e Court &a$e the %ollo'in conclusions. In a su*se0uent rulin , the Court %oun$ that it 'as &ore a""ro"riate %or the e#ecutive to set "olicy than to have it i&"ose$ u"on the& *y the courts, *ut its conclusions on the %acts re&ain1 2Fhat chil$ren e#"erience in their early years 'ill sha"e the rest o% their lives. Fe no' +no' %ro& research in a variety o% sectors, that chil$renEs early *rain $evelo"&ent has a "ro%oun$ e%%ect on their a*ility to learn an$ on their *ehaviour, co"in s+ills an$ health later in li%e.4 2.esearch also in$icates that intensive early *ehavioural intervention 'ith chil$ren 'ith autis& can &a+e a si ni%icant $i%%erence in their a*ility to learn an$ +ee" "ace 'ith their "eers. Fith the intervention &any chil$ren 'ith autis& 'ill &a+e consi$era*le ains *y ra$e one.4 2M/N !hese 'or$s e&*o$y the "hiloso"hy un$erlyin the ,ntario Covern&entEs HIntensive Early Intervention Pro ra& Bor Chil$ren Fith Autis&H co&&ence$ in /===, an$ nu&erous "ro ra&&es un$erta+en in other "rovinces, the ;nite$ 6tates an$ several countries.4 2M/7AN !he Cro'n $iscri&inates a ainst the "etitioners contrary to s. /7(/) *y %ailin to acco&&o$ate their $isa$vanta e$ "osition *y "rovi$in e%%ective treat&ent %or autis&. It is *eyon$ $e*ate that the a""ro"riate treat&ent is ABA or early intensive *ehavioural intervention.4 Auton et al. *. A:3C. ( !!!#. 3ritish Columbia Supreme Court &&< . )olicy Statement of the American Academy (f )ediatrics+ The )ediatrician1s %ole in the *iagnosis and Management of Autistic Spectrum *isorder in !hildren+ !he AAP re ularly issues "olicy state&ents to ui$e an$ $e%ine the chil$ health care syste&. !he &ore recent AAP Clinical .e"ort is cite$ a*ove, *ut this one %ro& 200/ is inclu$e$ to hel" illustrate that the eneral "ro%essional consensus on the evi$ence %or intensive early intervention ha$ *e un to turn *y this earlier $ate. !his "olicy state&ent is acco&"anie$ *y a len thy technical re"ort. In *oth "a"ers, the AAP clearly $e%ines acce"te$ treat&ents as *ehavioral interventions, an$ $ra's heavily on the ABA literature to su""ort their %in$in s. Bor e#a&"le, in the intro$uction to the treat&ent section, the AAP &a+es t'o central state&ents, as %ollo's1 2Currently acce"te$ strate ies are to i&"rove the overall %unctional status o% the chil$ *y enrollin the chil$ in an a""ro"riate an$ intensive early intervention "ro ra& that "ro&otes $evelo"&ent o% co&&unication, social, a$a"tive, *ehavioral, an$ aca$e&ic s+illsG $ecrease &ala$a"tive an$ re"etitive *ehaviors throu h use o% *ehavioral an$ so&eti&es "har&acolo ic strate iesG ("a e /22?)4 2Early $ia nosis resultin in early, a""ro"riate, an$ consistent intervention has also *een sho'n to *e associate$ 'ith i&"rove$ lon )ter& outco&es. ("a e /22?)4 !hen, a&on &any other s"eci%ic *ehavioral reco&&en$ations, the AAP &a+es such state&ents as1 2Behavioral trainin , inclu$in co&&unication $evelo"&ent, has *een sho'n to *e e%%ective in re$ucin "ro*le& *ehaviors an$ i&"rovin a$a"tation. ("a e /22?)4

Eric V. Larsson, Ph.D.

IEIB! is no lon er investi ational In the &ore $etaile$ technical re"ort, the AAP states1 2!here is a ro'in *o$y o% evi$ence that intensive early intervention services %or chil$ren in 'ho& autis& is $ia nose$ *e%ore 7 years o% a e &ay lea$ to *etter overall outco&es. ("a e 8)2 !he &ost heavily e&"hasi(e$ treat&ent strate y in the technical re"ort is 2*ehavioral &ana e&ent,4 a*out 'hich the AAP states1

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2,ne o% the &ainstays o% the &ana e&ent o% A6D in chil$ren at any a e is the i&"le&entation o% *ehavioral trainin an$ &ana e&ent "rotocols at ho&e an$ at school. Behavioral &ana e&ent &ust o han$)in)han$ 'ith structure$ teachin o% s+ills to "revent un$esira*le *ehavior %ro& $evelo"in . Behavioral trainin , inclu$in teachin a""ro"riate co&&unication *ehaviors, has *een sho'n to *e e%%ective in $ecreasin *ehavior "ro*le&s an$ i&"rovin a$a"tation. ("a e /0)4 American Academy @f Pediatrics ( !!&#. Policy Statement+ 4he PediatricianAs 0ole in the Dia$nosis and Mana$ement of Autistic Spectrum Disorder in Children (01!'!!&)# Pediatrics, &!", & &>& '. Committee on Children With Disabilities ( !!&#. 4echnical 0eport+ 4he PediatricianAs 0ole in the Dia$nosis and Mana$ement of Autistic Spectrum Disorder in Children. Pediatrics, &!", e)..

%esulting State Action.

As a result o% these in$e"en$ent revie's, &any states have alrea$y initiate$ %or&al %un$in %or this treat&ent. !he states o% :aine, :assachusetts, Ver&ont, Connecticut, -e' @or+, Pennsylvania, :arylan$, 6outh Carolina, -e*ras+a, -orth Carolina, :innesota, an$ Fisconsin, as 'ell as the "rovinces o% ,ntario, :anito*a, an$ Al*erta, have %or&al state)'i$e "ro ra&s that %un$ the services, &ost o% 'hich use :e$icai$ %un$s. In Cali%ornia, the .e ional Centers a$&inister :e$icai$ %un$s, an$ several re ions have %or&al :e$icai$ %un$in strea&s %or the "ro ra&.

Summary.
,ne o% the &ost thorou h an$ 'ell re ar$e$ in$e"en$ent revie's is the re"ort co&&issione$ *y the -ational .esearch Council (200/). Co&&entin on the s"eci%ic 0uestion o% 'hether this treat&ent is investi ational, the Council re"orte$1 23o'ever, there is su*stantial research su""ortin the e%%ectiveness o% &any s"eci%ic thera"eutic techni0ues an$ o% co&"rehensive "ro ra&s in contrast to less intense, nons"eci%ic interventions.4 In$e"en$ent "anels continue to &a+e even stron er conclusions re ar$in the evi$ence %or the e%%ectiveness o% intensive early intervention. !he A&erican Aca$e&y o% Pe$iatrics state$ in 20051 2!he e%%ectiveness o% ABA)*ase$ intervention in A6Ds has *een 'ell $ocu&ente$ throu h 7 $eca$es o% research *y usin sin le)su*8ect &etho$olo y an$ in controlle$ stu$ies o% co&"rehensive early intensive *ehavioral intervention "ro ra&s in university an$ co&&unity settin s. Chil$ren 'ho receive early intensive *ehavioral treat&ent have *een sho'n to &a+e su*stantial, sustaine$ ains in I9, lan ua e, aca$e&ic "er%or&ance, an$ a$a"tive *ehavior as 'ell as so&e &easures o% social *ehavior, an$ their outco&es have *een si ni%icantly *etter than those o% chil$ren in control rou"s.4 It is i&"ortant to +ee" in &in$ that this %or& o% treat&ent is the only e#tensively researche$ an$ vali$ate$ %or& o% treat&ent o% autis&. Intensive Early Intervention usin Behavior !hera"y is the only "roven, evi$ence) *ase$ treat&ent %or youn chil$ren 'ho su%%er %ro& autis&.

Eric V. Larsson, Ph.D.

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Bi liography. )eer$%evie&ed# Bet&een$,roup# (utcome$%esearch Studies of Intensive Early Intervention

/. An$erson, 6. .., Avery, D. L., DiPietro, E. O., E$'ar$s, C. L., K Christian, F. P. (/=85). Intensive ho&e)*ase$ early intervention 'ith autistic chil$ren. 1ducation and 4reatment of Children, &!, ?72) ?AA. 2. Bi**y P, Ei+eseth 6, :artin, -. !., :u$%or$, ,. C., K .eeves, D., (2002). Pro ress an$ outco&es %or chil$ren 'ith autis& receivin "arent)&ana e$ intensive interventions. 0esearch in De*elopmental Disabilities. 2?, 8/)/0<. ?. Birn*rauer, P.6., K Leach, D.P. (/==?). !he :ur$och early intervention "ro ra& a%ter 2 years. 3eha*iour Chan$e, &!, A?)5<. <. Cohen, 3., A&erine)Dic+ens, :., K 6&ith, !., (200A). Early Intensive Behavioral !reat&ent1 .e"lication o% the ;CLA :o$el in a Co&&unity 6ettin . De*elopmental and 3eha*ioral Pediatrics, 25, 6/<7)6/77. 7. Ei+eseth, 6., 6&ith, !., Pahr, E., K El$evi+, 6. (2002). Intensive *ehavioral treat&ent at school %or <) to 5)year)ol$ chil$ren 'ith autis& J A /)year co&"arison controlle$ stu$y. 3eha*ior Modification, ', <A)A8. A. Bens+e, E.C., Qalens+i, 6., Orant(, P.P., K :cClannahan, L.E. (/=87). A e at intervention an$ treat&ent outco&e %or autistic chil$ren in a co&"rehensive intervention "ro ra& . Analysis and 2nter*ention in De*elopmental Disabilities, ., <=)78. 5. 3arris, 6., 3an$le&an, P., Cor$on, .., Oristo%%, B., K Buentes, B. (/==/). Chan es in co nitive an$ lan ua e %unctionin o% "reschool chil$ren 'ith autis& . Journal of Autism and De*elopmental Disorders, &, 28/)2=0. 8. 3arris, 6.L. (/=8A). Parents as teachers1 A %our to seven year %ollo' u" o% "arents o% chil$ren 'ith autis&. Child & 6amily 3eha*ior 4herapy, ), ?=)<5. =. 3arris, 6.L., K 3an$le&an, P.6. (2000). A e an$ I9 at inta+e as "re$ictors o% "lace&ent %or youn chil$ren 'ith autis&1 a %our) to si#)year %ollo')u". Journal of Autism and De*elopmental Disorders, =!, /?5)/<2. /0. 3o'ar$, P.6., 6"ar+&an, C..., Cohen, 3.C., Creen C., K 6tanisla' 3. (2007). A co&"arison o% intensive *ehavior analytic an$ eclectic treat&ents %or youn chil$ren 'ith autis&. 0esearch in De*elopmental Disabilities. 2A, ?7=)?8?. //. Lovaas, ,.I. (/=85). Behavioral treat&ent an$ nor&al e$ucational an$ intellectual %unctionin in youn autistic chil$ren. Journal of Consultin$ and Clinical Psycholo$y. .., ?)=. /2. Lovaas, ,.I., Ooe el, .., 6i&&ons, P.9., K Lon , P.6. (/=5?). 6o&e enerali(ation an$ %ollo')u" &easures on autistic chil$ren in *ehavior thera"y. Journal of Applied 3eha*ior Analysis. ', /?/)/AA. /?. :cEachin, P.P., 6&ith, !., K Lovaas, ,.I. (/==?). Lon )ter& outco&e %or chil$ren 'ith autis& 'ho receive$ early intensive *ehavioral treat&ent. American Journal on Mental 0etardation. 9", ?7=) ?52. /<. 6allo's, C.,., K Crau"ner, !.D. (2007). Intensive Behavioral !reat&ent %or Chil$ren Fith Autis&1 Bour)@ear ,utco&e an$ Pre$ictors. American Journal on Mental 0etardation, //0, </5)<?8. /7. 6&ith !., Ei+eseth, 6., Olevstran$, :., K Lovaas, ,.I. (/==5). Intensive *ehavioral treat&ent %or "reschoolers 'ith severe &ental retar$ation an$ "ervasive $evelo"&ental $isor$er. American Journal on Mental 0etardation. /02, 2?8)2<=. /A. 6&ith, !., Buch, C.A., K Ca&*y, !.E. (2000). Parent)$irecte$, intensive early intervention %or chil$ren 'ith "ervasive $evelo"&ental $isor$er. 0esearch in De*elopmental Disabilities, &, 2=5) ?0=.

Eric V. Larsson, Ph.D.

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/5. 6&ith, !., Croen, A.D., K Fynn, P.F. (2000). .an$o&i(e$ trial o% intensive early intervention %or chil$ren 'ith "ervasive $evelo"&ental $isor$er. American Journal on Mental 0etardation.&!., 2A=)287. /8. 6train, P.6., 3oyson, :.3., K Pa&ieson, B.P. (/=87). -or&ally $evelo"in "reschoolers as intervention a ents %or autistic)li+e chil$ren1 E%%ects on class $e"ort&ent an$ social interactions. Journal of the Di*ision for 1arly Childhood. 9, /07)//7. /=. Feiss, :. P. (/===). Di%%erential rates o% s+ill ac0uisition an$ outco&es o% early intensive *ehavioral intervention %or autis&. 3eha*ioral 2nter*entions, /<, ?)22.

Independent )eer$%evie& )anel %eports on Intensive Early Intervention

/. A&erican Aca$e&y ,% Pe$iatrics (200/). Policy 6tate&ent1 !he Pe$iatricianEs .ole in the Dia nosis an$ :ana e&ent o% Autistic 6"ectru& Disor$er in Chil$ren (.E0A00/8) Pediatrics, /05, /22/)/22A. htt"1II'''.aa".or I"olicyIre0A00/8.ht&l 2. Auton et al. v. ACBC. (2000). British Colu&*ia 6u"re&e Court //<2. Decision can *e rea$ at1 htt"1II'''.%eat*c.or Ile alRissuesI ?. Ba+er, B.L. K Bein%iel$, O.A. (200?). Early intervention. Current opinion in psychiatry. /A. 70?)70=. <. Co&&ittee on Chil$ren Fith Disa*ilities (200/). !echnical .e"ort1 !he Pe$iatricianEs .ole in the Dia nosis an$ :ana e&ent o% Autistic 6"ectru& Disor$er in Chil$ren. Pediatrics, /05, e87. htt"1II'''."e$iatrics.or Ic iIcontentI%ullI/05I7Ie87 7. Bili"e+, P.A., et al. (/===). !he screenin an$ $ia nosis o% autistic s"ectru& $isor$ers. Journal of Autism and De*elopmental Disorders, 9, <?=)<8<. A. Paco*son, P.F., :ulic+, P.A., K Creen, C. (/==8). Cost)*ene%it esti&ates %or early intensive *ehavioral intervention %or youn chil$ren 'ith autis&1 Ceneral &o$el an$ sin le state case. 3eha*ioral 2nter*entions. /?, 20/)22A. 5. Pohnson, C.P., :yers, 6.:., K the A&erican Aca$e&y o% Pe$iatrics Council on Chil$ren Fith Disa*ilities, (2005). I$enti%ication an$ evaluation o% chil$ren 'ith autis& s"ectru& $isor$ers. Pe$iatrics. /20, //8?)/2/7. Availa*le online at htt"1II'''."e$iatrics.or Ic iIcontentI%ullI"e$s.2005)2?A/v/ Accesse$ -ove&*er 25, 2005. 8. Pohnson, E., K 3astin s, ..P. (2002). Bacilitatin %actors an$ *arriers to the i&"le&entation o% intensive ho&e)*ase$ *ehavioural intervention %or youn chil$ren 'ith autis&. Child Care 8ealth and De*elopment. 281/2?)/2=. =. Larsson, E.V., Luce, 6.C., An$erson, 6..., K Christian, F.P., (/==2). Autis&, In :.D. Levine, F.B. Carey, K A.C. Croc+er (E$s.)1 De*elopmental>3eha*ioral Pediatrics. Phila$el"hia1 F.B. 6aun$ers. /0. :aine A$&inistrators o% 6ervices %or Chil$ren 'ith Disa*ilities (2000). 0eport of the MADS1C Autism 4as5 6orce, 0e*ised 1dition.. Oenne*ec Centre, .. 2 Bo# /87A, :anchester, :E 0<?7/, htt"1II'''.&a$sec.or I$ocsIat%.ht& //. :alt*y, P. (2000). !he cost o% autis&1 :ore than &eets the eye. Ad*ocate. -ove&*er)Dece&*er, /2) /A. /2. :yers, 6.:., Pohnson, C.P. K the A&erican Aca$e&y o% Pe$iatrics Council on Chil$ren Fith Disa*ilities, (2005). :ana e&ent o% chil$ren 'ith autis& s"ectru& $isor$ers. Pe$iatrics. /20, //A2J //82. Availa*le online at htt"1IIaa""olicy.aa""u*lications.or Ic iIre"rintI"e$iatricsG/20I7I//A2."$%. Accesse$ -ove&*er 25, 2005. /?. -ational .esearch Council (200/). 1ducatin$ Children %ith Autism, Co&&ittee on E$ucational Interventions %or Chil$ren 'ith Autis&, Division o% Behavioral an$ 6ocial 6ciences an$ E$ucation, Fashin ton, D.C.1 -ational Aca$e&y Press. htt"1II*oo+s.na".e$uI*oo+sI0?0=052A=5Iht&lIin$e#.ht&l

Eric V. Larsson, Ph.D.

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/<. -e' @or+ 6tate De"art&ent o% 3ealth Early Intervention Pro ra& (/===). Clinical Practice :uideline+ 4he :uideline 4echnical 0eport, Autism,Per*asi*e De*elopmental Disorders, Assessment and 2nter*ention for 7oun$ Children. Pu*lication S<2/5. 3ealth E$ucation 6ervices, P.,. Bo# 5/2A, Al*any, -@ /222<. /7. -e' @or+ 6tate De"art&ent o% 3ealth Early Intervention Pro ra& (/===). Clinical Practice :uideline+ 0eport of the 0ecommendations, Autism,Per*asi*e De*elopmental Disorders, Assessment and 2nter*ention for 7oun$ Children. Pu*lication S<2/7. 3ealth E$ucation 6ervices, P.,. Bo# 5/2A, Al*any, -@ /222<. htt"1II'''.health.state.ny.usInys$ohIei"I&enu.ht& /A. .i&lan$, B. (/==<). .ecovery %ro& autis& is "ossi*le. Autism 0esearch 0e*ie% 2nternational, ), ?. /5. .o ers, 6.P. (/==8). E&"irically su""orte$ co&"rehensive treat&ents %or youn chil$ren 'ith autis&. Journal of clinical child psycholo$y. 25. /A5)/58. /8. 6atcher, D. (/===). Mental health+ A report of the sur$eon $eneral. ;.6. Pu*lic 3ealth 6ervice. Bethes$a, :D. Availa*le at1 htt"1II'''.sur eon eneral. ovIli*raryI&entalhealthIcha"ter?IsecA.ht&lSautis& /=. 6i&eonsson, ..P., ,lley, P.C., K .osenthal, 6.L. (/=85). Early intervention %or chil$ren 'ith autis&. In :.P. Curalnic+ K B.C. Bennett (E$s.) 4he effecti*eness of early inter*ention for at>ris5 and handicapped children. ,rlan$o BL1 Aca$e&ic Press. 20. Vol+&ar, B., Coo+, E.3., Po&eroy, P., .eal&uto, C., K !an uay, P. (/===). Practice "ara&eters %or the assess&ent an$ treat&ent o% chil$ren, a$olescents, an$ a$ults 'ith autis& an$ other "ervasive $evelo"&ental $isor$ers. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, ?8(6u""l)1?26)7<6.

Single$Su 2ect !linical %esearch Studies+ Applied Behavior Analysis and Behavior Therapy
/. Baer, A.:., .o'*ury, !., K Baer, D.:. (/=5?). !he $evelo"&ent o% instructional control over classroo& activities o% $eviant "reschool chil$ren. Journal of Applied 3eha*ior Analysis. ', 28=) 2=8. 2. Baer, D.:., K 6her&an, P.A. (/=A<). .ein%orce&ent control o% enerali(e$ i&itation in youn chil$ren. Journal of 1Bperimental Child Psycholo$y, /, ?5)<=. ?. Baer, D.:., Peterson, ..B., K 6her&an, P.A. (/=A5). !he $evelo"&ent o% i&itation *y rein%orcin *ehavioral si&ilarity to a &o$el. Journal of the 1Bperimental Analysis of 3eha*ior, /0, <07)</A. <. Ballar$, O., K Croo+s, !. (/=8<). Vi$eota"e &o$elin %or "reschool chil$ren 'ith lo' levels o% social interaction an$ lo' "eer involve&ent in "lay. Journal of Abnormal Child Psycholo$y, & , =7)/0=. 7. Bar*etta, P.:., 3eron, !.E., K 3e'ar$, F.L., (/==?). E%%ects o% active stu$ent res"onse $urin error correction on the ac0uisition, &aintenance, an$ enerali(ation o% si ht 'or$s *y stu$ents 'ith $evelo"&ental $isa*ilities. Journal of Applied 3eha*ior Analysis, ', ///)/20. A. Bar*etta, P.:., 3e'ar$, F.L., K Bra$ley, D.:. (/==?). .elative e%%ects o% 'hole)'or$ an$ "honetic) "ro&"t error correction on the ac0uisition an$ &aintenance o% si ht 'or$s *y stu$ents 'ith $evelo"&ental $isa*ilities. Journal of Applied 3eha*ior Analysis. ', ==)///. 5. Barton, E.P., K Ascione, B... (/=5=). 6harin in "reschool chil$ren1 Bacilitation, sti&ulus enerali(ation, res"onse enerali(ation, an$ &aintenance. Journal of Applied 3eha*ior Analysis. & , </5)<?0. 8. Bau&, C.C. K Borehan$, .. (/=8/). Lon ter& %ollo')u" assess&ent o% "arent trainin *y use o% &ulti"le outco&e &easures. 3eha*ior 4herapy, & , A<?)A72. =. Bay)3init(, A.O., Peterson, ..B., K 9uilitch, 3..., (/==<). Coo"erative a&es1 A 'ay to &o$i%y a ressive an$ coo"erative *ehaviors in youn chil$ren. Journal of Applied 3eha*ior Analysis, ". <?7)<<A. /0. Belchic, P.O., K 3arris, 6.L. (/==<). !he use o% &ulti"le "eer e#e&"lars to enhance the enerali(ation o% "lay s+ills to the si*lin s o% chil$ren 'ith autis&. Child and 6amily 3eha*ior 4herapy, &',/)27. Eric V. Larsson, Ph.D.

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//. Ber s aar$, :. ,., K Larsson, E. V. (/=8<). Increasin social interaction *et'een an isolate %irst) ra$er an$ cross)cultural "eers. Psycholo$y in the Schools, 2/, 2<<)27/. /2. Bernar$),"it(, V., 6rira&, -., K -a+ho$a)6a"uan, 6. (200/). Enhancin social "ro*le& solvin in chil$ren 'ith autis& an$ nor&al chil$ren throu h co&"uter)assiste$ instruction. Journal of Autism & De*elopmental Disorders, ?/, ?55)?8<. /?. Bie$er&an, C.B., 6te"aniu+, 6., Davey, V.A., .aven, O., K Ahn, D. (/===). ,*servational learnin in chil$ren 'ith Do'n syn$ro&e an$ $evelo"&ental $elays1 the e%%ect o% "resentation s"ee$ in vi$eota"e$ &o$ellin . Do%ns Syndrome 0esearch & Practice. ', /2)/8. /<. Billin sly, B. B., K -eel, .. 6. (/=87). Co&"etin *ehaviors an$ their e%%ects on s+ill enerali(ation an$ &aintenance. Analysis and 2nter*ention in De*elopmental Disabilities, . , ?75)?52. /7. Ble', P.A., 6ch'art(, I.6., K Luce, 6.C. (/=87). !eachin %unctional co&&unity s+ills to autistic chil$ren usin nonhan$ica""e$ "eer tutors. Journal of Applied 3eha*ior Analysis. &), ??5)?<2. /A. Bon$y, A.6., & Brost, LA. (/==<). !he "icture e#chan e co&&unication syste&. 6ocus on Autistic 3eha*ior, (Au ust), =(?), /)/=. /5. Bo'&an, L. C., Pia((a, C. C., Bisher, F. F., 3a o"ian, L. P., K Oo an, P. 6. (/==5). Assess&ent o% "re%erence %or varie$ versus constant rein%orcers. Journal of Applied 3eha*ior Analysis, ?0, <7/) <78. /8. Bro'n, B., 3olvoet, P., Cuess, D., K :ulli an, :. (/=80). In$ivi$uali(e$ curriculu& se0uencin &o$el (III)1 6&all rou" instruction. Journal of the Association for the Se*erely 8andicapped, 7, ?72)?A5. /=. Buch, C.A. (/==7). !eachin Parents An$ Para"ro%essionals 3o' !o Provi$e Behavioral Intensive Early Intervention Bor Chil$ren Fith Autis& An$ Pervasive Develo"&ental Disor$er (Disa*ility). Buch, Cre ory Allan, Ph.D. ;niversity ,% Cali%ornia, Los An eles, /==7. A5 P". A$visor1 Lovaas, ,. Ivar 20. Buell, P., 6to$$ar$, P., 3arris, B..., K Baer, D.:. (/=A8). Collateral social $evelo"&ent acco&"anyin rein%orce&ent o% out$oor "lay in a "reschool chil$. Journal of Applied 3eha*ior Analysis. , /A5)/5?. 2/. Bu ey, !., !oo&*s, O., Car$ener, P., Cervetti, :. (2000). !rainin res"on$in *ehaviors in stu$ents 'ith autis&1 ;sin vi$eota"e$ sel%)&o$elin . Journal of Positi*e 3eha*ior 2nter*entions, &, 207) 2/<. 22. Bur ess, .. L., Bur ess, P. :., K Esvel$t, O. C. (/=50). An analysis o% enerali(e$ i&itation. Journal of Applied 3eha*ior Analysis, ?, ?=)<A. 2?. Ca&arata, 6. (/==?). !he a""lication o% naturalistic conversation trainin to s"eech "ro$uction in chil$ren 'ith s"eech $isa*ilities. Journal of Applied 3eha*ior Analysis, '. /5?)/82. 2<. Carnine, D.F. K Bin+, F.!. (/=58). Increasin the rate o% "resentation an$ use o% si nals in ele&entary classroo& thera"ists. Journal of Applied 3eha*ior Analysis, &&, ?7)<A. 27. Carnine, D.F. (/=5A). E%%ects o% t'o thera"ist)"resentation rates on o%%)tas+ *ehavior, ans'erin correctly, an$ "artici"ation. Journal of Applied 3eha*ior Analysis, 9, /==)20A. 2A. Carr, E.C., K Duran$, V.:. (/=87). .e$ucin *ehavior "ro*le&s throu h %unctional co&&unication trainin . Pournal o% A""lie$ Behavior Analysis, /8, ///)/2A. 25. Carr, P. E., -icolson, A. C., K 3i *ee, !. 6. (2000). Evaluation o% a *rie% &ulti"le)sti&ulus "re%erence assess&ent in a naturalistic conte#t. Journal of Applied 3eha*ior Analysis, ??, ?7?)?75. 28. Celi*erti, D.A., & 3arris, 6.L. (/==?). Behavioral intervention %or si*lin s o% chil$ren 'ith autis&1 A %ocus on s+ills to enhance "lay. 3eha*ior 4herapy, 2<(<), 75?)7==. 2=. Charlo", :.3. (/=8?). !he e%%ects o% echolalia on ac0uisition an$ enerali(ation o% rece"tive la*elin in autistic chil$ren. Journal of Applied 3eha*ior Analysis. &', ///)/25. ?0. Charlo", :.3., K :ilstein, P.P. (/=8=). !eachin autistic chil$ren conversational s"eech usin vi$eo &o$elin . Journal of Applied 3eha*ior Analysis. , 257)28A.

Eric V. Larsson, Ph.D.

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Pa e 14

?/. Charlo", :.3., K !raso'ech, P.E., (/==/). Increasin autistic chil$ren>s $aily s"ontaneous s"eech. Journal of Applied 3eha*ior Analysis. <, 5<5)5A2. ?2. Charlo", :.3., K Falsh, :.E. (/=8A). Increasin autistic chil$ren>s s"ontaneous ver*ali(ations o% a%%ection1 An assess&ent o% ti&e $elay an$ "eer &o$ellin "roce$ures. Journal of Applied 3eha*ior Analysis, &9, ?05)?/<. ??. Charlo", :.3., Ourt(, P.B., K Casey, B.C. (/==0). ;sin a*errant *ehaviors as rein%orcers %or autistic chil$ren. Journal of Applied 3eha*ior Analysis. =, /A?)/82. ?<. Charlo", :.3., Ourt(, P.B., K :ilstein, P.P. (/==2). !oo &uch rein%orce&ent, too little *ehavior1 Assessin tas+ inters"ersal "roce$ures in con8unction 'ith $i%%erent rein%orce&ent sche$ules 'ith autistic chil$ren. Journal of Applied 3eha*ior Analysis, ., 5=7)808. ?7. Charlo", :.3., 6chrei*&an, L,, K !ryon, A.6. (/=8?). Learnin throu h o*servation1 !he e%%ects o% "eer &o$elin on ac0uisition an$ enerali(ation in autistic chil$ren. Journal of Abnormal Child Psycholo$y, //, ?77)?AA. ?A. Charlo", :.3., 6chrei*&an, L., K !hi*o$eau, :.C. (/=87). Increasin s"ontaneous ver*al res"on$in in autistic chil$ren usin a ti&e $elay "roce$ure. Journal of Applied 3eha*ior Analysis, &), /77)/AA. ?5. Charlo")Christy, :.3., K 3ay&es, L.O. (/==8). ;sin o*8ects o% o*session as to+en rein%orcers %or chil$ren 'ith autis&. Journal of Autism and De*elopmental Disorders , 28, /8=)/=8. ?8. Charlo")Christy, :.3., Le, L., K Bree&an, O.A. (2000). A co&"arison o% vi$eo &o$elin 'ith in vivo &o$elin %or teachin chil$ren 'ith autis&. Journal of Autism & De*elopmental Disorders, 34, 7?5) 772. ?=. Christy, P... (/=57). Does use o% tan i*le re'ar$s 'ith in$ivi$ual chil$ren a%%ect "eer o*serversD Journal of Applied 3eha*ior Analysis. ), /85)/=A. <0. Clar+, 3. B. K 6her&an, P. A. (/=57). !eachin enerative use o% sentence ans'ers to three %or&s o% 0uestions. Journal of Applied 3eha*ior Analysis, ), ?2/)??0. </. Cole&an, 6.L., K 6te$&an, P.:. (/=5<). ;se o% "eer &o$el in lan ua e trainin in an echolalic chil$. Journal of 3eha*ior 4herapy and 1Bperimental Psychiatry, 7, 257)25=. <2. Connell, :.C., Carta, P.P., K Baer, D.:. (/==?). Pro ra&&in enerali(ation o% in)class transition s+ills1 !eachin "reschoolers 'ith $evelo"&ental $elays to sel%)assess an$ recruit contin ent teacher "raise. Journal of Applied 3eha*ior Analysis, ', ?<7)?72. <?. Coo+, C., K A$a&s, 3.B. (/=AA). :o$i%ication o% ver*al *ehavior in s"eech $e%icient chil$ren. 3eha*iour 0esearch and 4herapy, <, 2A7)25/. <<. Co'an, P.A., 3o$$inott, B.!., K Fri ht, B.A. (/=A7). Co&"liance an$ resistance in the con$itionin o% autistic chil$ren1 an e#"loratory stu$y. Child De*elopment, =', =/?)=2?. <7. Co'$ery, C. E., I'ata, B. A., K Pace, C. :. (/==0). E%%ects an$ si$e e%%ects o% D., as treat&ent %or sel%)in8urious *ehavior. Journal of Applied 3eha*ior Analysis, =, <=5)70A. <A. Crai hea$, F.E., ,>Leary, O.D., K Allen, P.6. (/=5?). !eachin an$ enerali(ation o% instruction %ollo'in in an 2autistic4 chil$. Journal of 3eha*ior 4herapy and 1Bperimental Psychiatry, <, /5/) /5A. <5. Curl, ..:., .o'*ury, !.C., K Baer, D.:. (/=87). !he %acilitation o% chil$ren>s social interaction *y a "icture)cue trainin "ro ra&. Child and 6amily 3eha*ior 4herapy. ", //)?=. <8. DEAteno, P., :an ia"anello, O., K !aylor, B. (200?). ;sin vi$eo &o$elin to teach co&"le# "lay se0uences to a "reschooler 'ith autis&. Journal of Positi*e 3eha*ioral 2nter*entions. 717)//. <=. Davis, C.A., Bra$y, :.P., 3a&ilton, .., :cEvoy, :.A., K Fillia&s, ..E., (/==<). E%%ects o% hi h) "ro*a*ility re0uests on the social interactions o% youn chil$ren 'ith severe $isa*ilities. Journal of Applied 3eha*ior Analysis, ", A/=)A?8. 70. Davison, C.C. (/=A<). A social learnin thera"y "ro ra&&e 'ith an autistic chil$. 3eha*ior 0esearch and 4herapy, , /<=)/7=.

Eric V. Larsson, Ph.D.

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Pa e 15

7/. Deacon, P..., K Oonars+i, E.A. (/=85). Corres"on$ence trainin 1 An e#a&"le o% rule) overne$ *ehaviorD Journal of Applied 3eha*ior Analysis, !, ?=/)<00. 72. Dras o', E., 3alle, P.F., K ,stros+y, :.:. (/==8). E%%ects o% $i%%erential rein%orce&ent on the enerali(ation o% a re"lace&ent &an$ in three chil$ren 'ith severe lan ua e $elays. Journal of Applied 3eha*ior Analysis, ?/, ?75)?5<. 7?. Du an, E., Oa&"s, D., Leonar$, B., Fat+ins, -., .hein*er er, A., K 6tac+haus, P. (/==7). E%%ects o% coo"erative learnin rou"s $urin social stu$ies %or stu$ents 'ith autis& an$ %ourth) ra$e "eers. Journal of Applied 3eha*ior Analysis, 28, /57)/88. 7<. Dunla", C, K Pohnson, P, (/=87). Increasin the in$e"en$ent res"on$in o% autistic chil$ren 'ith un"re$icta*le su"ervision. Journal of Applied 3eha*ior Analysis. &), 225)2?A. 77. Dunla", C, Ooe el, ..L., Pohnson, P, K ,>-eill, ..E. (/=8A). :aintainin "er%or&ance o% autistic clients in co&&unity settin s 'ith $elaye$ contin encies. Journal of Applied 3eha*ior Analysis. !, /87)/=2. 7A. Dunla", C. (/=8<). !he in%luence o% tas+ variation an$ &aintenance tas+s on the learnin an$ a%%ect o% autistic chil$ren. Journal of 1Bperimental Child Psycholo$y, ?5, </)<A. 75. Dunla", C. Ooe el, .. L., K Oern, L. (/=8<). Continuity o% treat&ent1 !oilet trainin in &ulti"le co&&unity settin s. Journal of the Association for Persons %ith Se*ere 8andicaps, 9, /?<)/<2. 78. Dunla", C., K Ooe el, ..L. (/=80). :otivatin autistic chil$ren throu h sti&ulus variation. Journal of Applied 3eha*ior Analysis, /?, A/=)A25. 7=. Dunla", C., Dyer, O., K Ooe el, ..L. (/=8?). Autistic sel%)sti&ulation an$ intertrial interval $uration. American Journal of Mental Deficiency, 88, /=<)202. A0. Dunla", C., Ooe el, ..L., K Bur+e, P.C. (/=8/). E$ucational i&"lications o% sti&ulus overselectivity in autistic chil$ren. 1Bceptional 1ducation Cuarterly, 2(?), ?5)<=. A/. Duran$, V. :., K Carr, E. C. (/=85). 6ocial in%luences on Hsel%)sti&ulatoryH *ehavior1 Analysis an$ treat&ent a""lication. Journal of Applied 3eha*ior Analysis, !, //=)/?2. A2. Duran$, V. :., K Cri&&ins, D. B. (/=85). Assess&ent an$ treat&ent o% "sychotic s"eech in an autistic chil$. Journal of Autism and De*elopmental Disorders, &", /5)28. A?. Duran$, V.:., K Carr, E.C. (/==/). Bunctional co&&unication trainin to re$uce challen in *ehavior1 :aintenance an$ a""lication in ne' settin s. Pournal o% A""lie$ Behavior Analysis, 2<, 27/)2A<. A<. Duran$, V.:., K Carr, E.C. (/==2). An analysis o% &aintenance %ollo'in %unctional co&&unication trainin . Pournal o% A""lie$ Behavior Analysis, 27, 555)5=<. A7. Dyer, O. I. (/=85). !he co&"etition o% autistic stereoty"e$ *ehavior 'ith usual an$ s"ecially assesse$ rein%orcers. 0esearch in De*elopmental Disabilities, ), A05)A2A. AA. Dyer, O., Christian, F.P., K Luce, 6.C. (/=82). !he role o% res"onse $elay in i&"rovin the $iscri&ination "er%or&ance o% autistic chil$ren. Journal of Applied 3eha*ior Analysis, /7, 2?/)2<0. A5. Dyer, O., Dunla", C., K Finterlin , V. (/==0). E%%ects o% choice &a+in on the serious "ro*le& *ehaviors o% stu$ents 'ith severe han$ica"s. Journal of Applied 3eha*ior Analysis, =, 7/7)72<. A8. Dyer, O., 6ch'art(, I.6., K Luce, 6.C. (/=8<). A su"ervision "ro ra& %or increasin %unctional activities %or severely han$ica""e$ stu$ents in a resi$ential settin . Journal of Applied 3eha*ior Analysis, /5, 2<=)2A0. A=. Eason, L.P., Fhite, :.P., K -e'so&, C. (/=82). Cenerali(e$ re$uction o% sel%)sti&ulatory *ehavior1 an e%%ect o% teachin a""ro"riate "lay to autistic chil$ren. Analysis and 2nter*ention in De*elopmental Disabilities, 2, /75)/A=. 50. E$elson, 6. :., !au*&an, :. !. K Lovaas, ,. I. (/=82). 6o&e social conte#ts o% sel%)$estructive *ehavior. Journal of Abnormal Child Psycholo$y, //, 2==)?//. 5/. E el, A. L., .ich&an, C. 6., K Ooe el, .. L. (/=8/). -or&al "eer &o$els an$ autistic chil$renEs learnin . Journal of Applied 3eha*ior Analysis, /<, ?)/2. Eric V. Larsson, Ph.D.

IEIB! is no lon er investi ational 52. E el, A.L., (/=8/). .ein%orcer variation1 I&"lications %or &otivatin $evelo"&entally $isa*le$ chil$ren. Journal of Applied 3eha*ior Analysis. &<, =<.>=.!. 5?. Ei+eseth, 6., K Pahr, E. (200/). !he ;CLA rea$in an$ 'ritin "ro ra&1 an evaluation o% the *e innin sta es. 0esearch in De*elopmental Disabilities. 22, 28=)?05.

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5<. Ei+eseth, 6., K -esset, .. (200?). Behavioral treat&ent o% chil$ren 'ith "honolo ical $isor$er1 !he e%%icacy o% vocal i&itation an$ su%%icient)res"onse)e#e&"lar trainin . Journal of Applied 3eha*ior Analysis, ?A, ?27)??5. 57. Ei+eseth, 6., K 6&ith, !. (/==2). !he $evelo"&ent o% %unctional an$ e0uivalence classes in hi h) %unctionin autistic chil$ren1 !he role o% na&in . Journal of the 1Bperimental Analysis of 3eha*ior, .), /2?)/??. 5A. E"stein, L.P., !au*&an, :.!., K Lovaas, ,.I. (/=87). Chan es in sel%)sti&ulatory *ehaviors 'ith treat&ent. Journal of Abnormal Child Psycholo$y. /?, 28/)2=<. 55. Ey*er , 6.:. K Pohnson, 6.:. (/=5<). :ulti"le assess&ent o% *ehavior &o$i%ication 'ith %a&ilies1 E%%ects o% contin ency contractin an$ or$er o% treate$ "ro*le&s. Journal of Consultin$ and Clinical Psycholo$y, < , 7=<)A0A. 58. Berster, C.B. (/=A/). Positive rein%orce&ent an$ *ehavioral $e%icits o% autistic chil$ren. Child De*elopment, ?2, <?5)<7A. 5=. Berster, C.B., K De:yer, :.O. (/=A/). !he $evelo"&ent o% "er%or&ances in autistic chil$ren in an auto&atically controlle$ environ&ent. Journal of Chronic Diseases, &=, ?/2)?<7. 80. Bine&an, O... (/=A8). Visual)color rein%orce&ent in esta*lish&ent o% s"eech *y an autistic chil$. Perceptual and Motor S5ills, ', 5A/)5A2. 8/. Bin+, F.!., K 6an$all, 6... (/=58). ,ne)to)one vs. rou" aca$e&ic instruction 'ith han$ica""e$ an$ non)han$ica""e$ "reschool chil$ren. Mental 0etardation, /A, 2?A)2<0. 82. Bin+, F.!., K 6an$all, 6... (/=80). A co&"arison o% one)to)one an$ s&all rou" instructional strate ies 'ith $evelo"&entally $isa*le$ "reschoolers. Mental 0etardation, /8, ?<)?7. 8?. Bisher, F. F., Ouhn, D. E., K !ho&"son, .. 3. (/==8). Esta*lishin $iscri&inative control o% res"on$in usin %unctional an$ alternative rein%orcers $urin %unctional co&&unication trainin . Journal of Applied 3eha*ior Analysis, ?/, 7<?)7A0. 8<. Bisher, F. F., -inness, 3. A. C., Pia((a, C. C., K ,'en)De6chryver, P. 6. (/==A). ,n the rein%orcin e%%ects o% the content o% ver*al attention. Journal of Applied 3eha*ior Analysis, 2=, 2?7)2?8. 87. Blana an, 6., A$a&s, 3.E. K Borehan$, .. (/=5=). A co&"arison o% %our instructional techni0ues %or teachin "arents to use ti&e)out. Behavior !hera"y, /0, =<)/02. 8A. Boss, D. (/=A8). Learnin an$ $iscovery in the ac0uisition o% structure$ &aterial1 E%%ects o% nu&*er o% ite&s an$ their se0uence. Journal of 1Bperimental Psycholo$y, "", ?</)?<<. 85. Bo##, ..:. K A(rin, -.3. (/=5?). !he eli&ination o% autistic sel%)sti&ulatory *ehavior *y overcorrection. Journal of Applied 3eha*ior Analysis. A, /)/<. 88. Bo##, ..:. K Livesay, P. (/=8<). :aintenance o% res"onse su""ression %ollo'in overcorrection1 A /0)year retros"ective e#a&ination o% ei ht cases. Analysis and 2nter*ention in De*elopmental Disabilities, <, A7)80. 8=. Brea, F. D., K 3e"*urn, 6. L. (/===). !eachin "arents o% chil$ren 'ith autis& to "er%or& %unctional assess&ents to "lan interventions %or e#tre&ely $isru"tive *ehaviors. Journal of Positi*e 3eha*ior 2nter*entions, /(2), //2)//A, /22. =0. Carcia, E. E. (/=5A). !he $evelo"&ent an$ enerali(ation o% $elaye$ i&itation. Journal of Applied beha*ior Analysis, =, <==. =/. Carcia, E.E., Baer, D.:., K Birestone, I. (/=5/). !he $evelo"&ent o% enerali(e$ i&itation 'ithin to"o ra"hically $eter&ine$ *oun$aries. Journal of Applied 3eha*ior Analysis. <, /0/)//?.

Eric V. Larsson, Ph.D.

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=2. Caylor$).oss, ..P., 3arin , !.C., Breen, C., K Pitts)Con'ay, V. (/=8<). !he trainin an$ enerali(ation o% social interaction s+ills 'ith autistic youth. Journal of Applied 3eha*ior Analysis, /5, 22=)2<8. =?. Cec+eler, A. 6., Li**y, :. E., Cra%%, .. B., K Ahearn, F. 3. (2000). E%%ects o% rein%orcer choice &easure$ in sin le)o"erant an$ concurrent)sche$ule "roce$ures. Journal of Applied 3eha*ior Analysis, ??, ?<5)?7/. =<. Cena, A., Orant(, P., :cClannahan, L.E., K Poulson, C.L. (/==A). !rainin an$ enerali(ation o% a%%ective *ehavior $is"laye$ *y youth 'ith autis&. Journal of Applied 3eha*ior Analysis, 9, 2=/) ?0<. =7. Coet(, E.:., K Baer, D.:. (/=5?). 6ocial control o% %or& $iversity an$ the e&er ence o% ne' %or&s in chil$ren>s *loc+ *uil$in . Journal of Applied 3eha*ior Analysis. ', 20=)2/5. =A. Col$stein, 3. (/=8?). .eco&*inative enerali(ation1 .elationshi"s *et'een environ&ental con$itions an$ the lin uistic re"ertoires o% lan ua e learners. Analysis and 2nter*ention in De*elopmental Disabilities, =, 25=)2=?. =5. Col$stein, 3., K Fic+stro&, 6. (/=8A). Peer intervention e%%ects on co&&unicative interaction a&on han$ica""e$ an$ nonhan$ica""e$ "reschoolers. Journal of Applied 3eha*ior Analysis, &9, 20=)2/<. =8. Col$stein, 3., Oac(&are+, L., Pennin ton, .., K 6ha%er, O. (/==2). Peer)&e$iate$ intervention1 Atten$in to, co&&entin on, an$ ac+no'le$ in the *ehavior o% "reschoolers 'ith autis&. Journal of Applied 3eha*ior Analysis, 27, 28=)?07. ==. Cottschal+, P.:., Li**y, :.E., K Cra%%, ..B. (2000). !he e%%ects o% esta*lishin o"erations on "re%erence assess&ent outco&es. Journal of Applied 3eha*ior Analysis, ??, 87)88. /00. Creen, C., Brennan, L.C., K Bein, D. (2002). Intensive *ehavioral treat&ent %or a to$$ler at hi h ris+ %or autis&. 3eha*ior Modification. 2A. A=)/02. /0/. Creen'oo$, C..., Fal+er, 3.:., !o$$, -.:. K 3o""s, 3. (/=5=). 6electin a cost)e%%ective screenin $evice %or the assess&ent o% "reschool social 'ith$ra'al. Journal of Applied 3eha*ior Analysis. & , A?=)A72. /02. Cuess, D. (/=A=). A %unctional analysis o% rece"tive lan ua e an$ "ro$uctive s"eech1 Ac0uisition o% the "lural &or"he&e. Pournal of Applied 3eha*ior Analysis. 2, 77)A<. /0?. Cuess, D., 6ailor, F., .uther%or$, C., K Baer, D.:. (/=A8). An e#"eri&ental analysis o% lin uistic $evelo"&ent1 !he "ro$uctive use o% the "lural &or"he&e. Journal of Applied 3eha*ior Analysis. /, 2=2)?05. /0<. 3all, :. C., Crinstea$, P., Collier, 3., K 3all, .. V. (/=80). .es"onsive "arentin 1 A "reventative "ro ra& 'hich incor"orates "arents trainin "arents. 1ducation and 4reatment of Children, ?, 2?=)27=. /07. 3all, ..V., K Bro$en, :. (/=A5). Behavior chan es in *rain)in8ure$ chil$ren throu h social rein%orce&ent. Journal of 1Bperimental Child Psycholo$y. ., <A?)<5=. /0A. 3all, ..V., A#elro$, 6., !yler, L., Crie%, E., Pones, B.C. K .o*ertson, .. (/=52). :o$i%ication o% *ehavior "ro*le&s in the ho&e 'ith a "arent as o*server an$ e#"eri&enter. Journal of Applied 3eha*ior Analysis, 7, 7?)A<. /05. 3alle, P.F. (/=85). !eachin lan ua e in the natural environ&ent1 An analysis o% s"ontaneity. Journal of 4he Association for Persons %ith Se*ere 8andicaps, & , 28)?5. /08. 3alle, P.F., Baer, D.:., K 6"ra$lin, P.E. (/=8/). !eacher>s enerali(e$ use o% $elay as a sti&ulus control "roce$ure to increase lan ua e use in han$ica""e$ chil$ren. Journal of Applied 3eha*ior Analysis, &<, ?8=)<0=. /0=. 3an$le&an, P.6. (/=5=). Cenerali(ation *y autistic)ty"e chil$ren o% ver*al res"onses across settin s. Journal of Applied 3eha*ior Analysis, /2, 25?)282. //0. 3ar$i&an, 6.A., Coet(, E.:., .euter, O.E., K LeBlanc, P.:. (/=57). Pri&es, contin ent attention, an$ trainin 1 e%%ects on a chil$>s &otor *ehavior. Journal of Applied 3eha*ior Analysis. ), ?==)</0. Eric V. Larsson, Ph.D.

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///. 3arin , !.C. (/=87). !eachin *et'een)class enerali(ation o% toy "lay *ehavior to han$ica""e$ chil$ren. Journal of Applied 3eha*ior Analysis. &), /25)/<0. //2. 3arin , !.C., K Lovin er, L. (/=8=). Pro&otin social interaction throu h teachin enerali(e$ "lay initiation res"onses to "reschool chil$ren 'ith autis&. Journal of the Association for persons %ith Se*ere 8andicaps, &<, 78)A5. //?. 3arin , !.C., .o er, B., Lee, :., Breen, C., Caylor$).oss, .. (/=8A). !eachin social lan ua e to &o$erately han$ica""e$ stu$ents. Journal of Applied 3eha*ior Analysis, &9, /7=)/5/. //<. 3arris, 6.L. (/=57). !eachin lan ua e to nonver*al chil$ren) 'ith e&"hasis on "ro*le&s o% enerali(ation. Psycholo$ical 3ulletin, ) , 7A7)780. //7. 3arris, 6.L. (/=8<). Intervention "lannin %or the %a&ily o% the autistic chil$1 A &ultilevel assess&ent o% the %a&ily syste&. Journal of Marital and 6amily 4herapy, &!, /75)/AA. //A. 3arris, 6.L., 3an$le&an, P.6., Oristo%%, B., Bass, L., K Cor$on, .. (/==0). Chan es in lan ua e $evelo"&ent a&on autistic an$ "eer chil$ren in se re ate$ an$ inte rate$ "reschool settin s. Journal of Autism and De*elopmental Disorders, 20, 2?)?/. //5. 3arris, !. A., Peterson, 6. L., Billi*en, !. L., Class*er , :., K Bavell, P. E. (/==8). Evaluatin a &ore cost)e%%icient alternative to "rovi$in in)ho&e %ee$*ac+ to "arents1 !he use o% s"ousal %ee$*ac+. Journal of Applied 3eha*ior Analysis, ?/, /?/)/?<. //8. 3art, B., K .isley, !... (/=57). Inci$ental teachin o% lan ua e in the "reschool. Journal of Applied 3eha*ior Analysis, ), <//)<20. //=. 3art, B.:., .eynol$s, -.P., Baer, D.:., Bra'ley, B..., K 3arris, B... (/=A8). E%%ect o% contin ent an$ non)contin ent social rein%orce&ent on the coo"erative "lay o% a "reschool chil$. Journal of Applied 3eha*ior Analysis., &, 5?)5A. /20. 3astin s, ..P., K 6y&es, :.D. (2002). Early intensive *ehavioral intervention %or chil$ren 'ith autis&1 Parental thera"eutic sel%)e%%icacy. 0esearch in De*elopmental Disabilities. 2?1??2)?</. /2/. 3e'itt, B.:. (/=A7). !eachin s"eech to an autistic chil$ throu h o"erant con$itionin . American Journal of @rthopsychiatry, ?7, =25)=?A. /22. 3int en, P.-., K Coulter, 6.O. (/=A5). Au$itory control o% o"erant *ehavior in &ute autistic chil$ren. Perceptual and Motor S5ills, ., 7A/)7A7. /2?. 3oulihan, D., Paco*son, L., K Bran$on, P. O. (/==<). .e"lication o% a hi h)"ro*a*ility re0uest se0uence 'ith varie$ inter"ro&"t ti&es in a "reschool settin . Journal of Applied 3eha*ior Analysis, 25, 5?5)5?8. /2<. 3unt, P., Al'ell, :., K Coet(, L. (/=88). Ac0uisition o% conversational s+ills an$ the re$uction o% ina""ro"riate social interaction *ehaviors. Journal of the Association for Persons %ith Se*ere 8andicaps, &=, 20)25. /27. 3url*ut, B., I'ata, B., K Creen, P. (/=82). -onvocal lan ua e ac0uisition in a$olescents 'ith severe "hysical $isa*ilities1 Blissy&*ol versus iconic sti&ulus %or&ats. Journal of Applied 3eha*ior Analysis, &., 2</)278. /2A. In en&ey, .., K Van 3outen, .. (/==/). ;sin ti&e $elay to "ro&ote s"ontaneous s"eech in an autistic chil$. Journal of Applied 3eha*ior Analysis, <, 7=/)7=A. /25. I'ata, B. A., Dorsey, :. B., 6li%er, O. P., Bau&an, O. E., K .ich&an, C. 6. (/=82). !o'ar$ a %unctional analysis o% sel%)in8ury. Analysis and 2nter*ention in De*elopmental Disabilities, , ?)20. /28. I'ata, B. A., Pace, C. :., Co'$ery, C. E., Oalsher, :. P., K Catal$o, :. B. (/==0). E#"eri&ental analysis an$ e#tinction o% sel%)in8urious esca"e *ehavior. Journal of Applied 3eha*ior Analysis, =, //)25. /2=. Pahr, E., El$evi+, 6., K Ei+eseth, 6. (2000). !eachin chil$ren 'ith autis& to initiate an$ sustain coo"erative "lay. 0esearch in De*elopmental Disabilities, 2/, /7/)/A=. /?0. Por$an, P., 6in h, -.-., K .e"", A.C. (/=8=). An evaluation o% entle teachin an$ visual screenin in the re$uction o% stereoty"y. Journal of Applied 3eha*ior Analysis. , =)22.

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/7/. Ooe el, ..L, .usso, D.C., K .incover, A., (/=55). Assessin an$ trainin teachers in the enerali(e$ use o% *ehavior &o$i%ication 'ith autistic chil$ren. Journal of Applied 3eha*ior Analysis, /0, /=5) 207. /72. Ooe el, ..L., K E el, A.L. (/=5=). :otivatin autistic chil$ren. Journal of Abnormal Psycholo$y, 88, </K<27. /7?. Ooe el, ..L., K Brea, F.D. (/==?). !reat&ent o% social *ehavior in autis& throu h the &o$i%ication o% "ivotal social s+ills. Journal of Applied 3eha*ior Analysis, ', ?A=)?58. /7<. Ooe el, ..L., K .incover, A. (/=5<). !reat&ent o% "sychotic chil$ren in a classroo& environ&ent1 I. Learnin in a lar e rou". Journal of Applied 3eha*ior Analysis, ", <7)7=. /77. Ooe el, ..L., K Filhel&, 3. (/=5?). 6elective res"on$in to the co&"onents o% &ulti"le visual cues *y autistic chil$ren. Journal of 1Bperimental Child Psycholo$y. /7, <<2)<7?. /7A. Ooe el, ..L., & Fillia&s, P. (/=80). Direct vs. in$irect res"onse)rein%orcer relationshi"s in teachin autistic chil$ren. Journal of Abnormal Child Psycholo$y, <, 7?A)7<5. /75. Ooe el, ..L., Ca&arata, 6., Ooe el, L.O., Ben)!all, A., K 6&ith, A.E., (/==8). Increasin s"eech intelli i*ility in chil$ren 'ith autis&. Journal of Autism and De*elopmental Disorders, 28, 2</)27/. /78. Ooe el, ..L., Dyer, Oathleen, K Bell, L.O. (/=8A). !he in%luence o% chil$)"re%erre$ activities on autistic chil$ren>s social *ehavior. Journal of Applied 3eha*ior Analysis. !, 2<?)272. /7=. Ooe el, ..L., Clahn, !.P. K -ie&inen, C.6. (/=58). Cenerali(ation o% "arent)trainin results. Journal of Applied 3eha*ior Analysis, &&, =7)/0=. /A0. Ooe el, ..L., Ooe el, L.O., K 6urratt, A. (/==2). Lan ua e intervention an$ $isru"tive *ehavior in "reschool chil$ren 'ith autis&. Journal of Autism and De*elopmental Disorders, , /</)/7?. /A/. Ooe el, ..L., ,EDell, :.C., K Ooe el, L.O. (/=85). A natural lan ua e "ara$i & %or teachin autistic chil$ren *y rein%orcin atte&"ts. Journal of Autism and De*elopmental Disorders, &", /85)/==. /A2. Oohler, B.F., K Bo'ler, 6.A. (/=87). !rainin "rosocial *ehaviors to youn chil$ren1 An analysis o% reci"rocity 'ith untraine$ "eers. Journal of Applied 3eha*ior Analysis. &), /85)200. /A?. Orant(, P. P., :acDu%%, :. !., K :cClannahan, L. E. (/==?). Pro ra&&in "artici"ation in %a&ily activities %or chil$ren 'ith autis&1 ParentsE use o% "hoto ra"hic activity sche$ules. Journal of Applied 3eha*ior Analysis, 2A, /?5)/?8. /A<. Orant(, P.P., K :cClannahan, L.E. (/==?). !eachin chil$ren 'ith autis& to initiate to "eers1 E%%ects o% a scri"t)%a$in "roce$ure. Journal of Applied 3eha*ior Analysis, ', /2/)/?2. 165. Orant(, P.P., K :cClannahan, L.E. (/==8). 6ocial interaction s+ills %or chil$ren 'ith autis&1 A scri"t) %a$in "roce$ure %or *e innin rea$ers. Journal of Applied 3eha*ior Analysis, ?/, /=/)202. /AA. Orant(, P.P., Qalens+i, 6., 3all, L.P., Bens+e, E.C., K :cClannahan, L.E. (/=8/). !eachin co&"le# lan ua e to autistic chil$ren. Analysis and 2nter*ention in De*elopmental Disabilities. /, 27=)2=5. /A5. Lalli, P. 6., :ace, B. C., Fohn, !., K Live(y, O. (/==7). I$enti%ication an$ &o$i%ication o% a res"onse) class hierarchy. Journal of Applied 3eha*ior Analysis, 28, 77/)77=. /A8. La&arre, P., K 3ollan$, P.C. (/=87). !he %unctional in$e"en$ence o% &an$s an$ tacts. Journal of the 1Bperimental Analysis of 3eha*ior, <=, 7)/=. /A=. Larsson, D. C., K Larsson, E. V. (/=8?). :ani"ulatin "eer "resence to "ro ra& the enerali(ation o% ver*al co&"liance %ro& one)to)one to rou" instruction. 1ducation and 4reatment of Children, A, /0=)/22. /50. Las+i, O. E., Charlo", :. 3., K 6chrei*&an, L. (/=88). !rainin "arents to use the -atural Lan ua e Para$i & to increase their autistic chil$renEs s"eech. Journal of Applied 3eha*ior Analysis, 2/, ?=/) <00. /5/. Ler&an, D. C., 6'ie(y, -., Per+ins)Par+s, 6. K .oane, 3. 6. (2000). 6+ill ac0uisition in "arents o% chil$ren 'ith $evelo"&ental $isa*ilities1 Interaction *et'een s+ill ty"e an$ instructional %or&at. 0esearch in De*elopmental Disabilities, 2/, /8?)/=A.

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/5?. Litt, :.D., K 6chrei*&an, L. (/=8/). 6ti&ulus)s"eci%ic rein%orce&ent in the ac0uisition o% rece"tive la*els *y autistic chil$ren. Analysis and 2nter*ention in De*elopmental Disabilities, /, /5/)/8A. /5<. Lovaas, ,. I., K !au*&an, :. !. (/=8/). Lan ua e trainin an$ so&e &echanis&s o% social an$ internal control. Journal of Analysis and 2nter*ention in De*elopmental Disabilities , <, ?A?)?52. /57. Lovaas, ,.I. (/=A/). Interaction *et'een ver*al an$ non)ver*al *ehavior. Chil$ Develo"&ent, ?2, ?27)??A. /5A. Lovaas, ,.I. (/=A<). Cue "ro"erties o% 'or$s1 !he control o% o"erant res"on$in *y rate an$ content o% ver*al o"erants. Child De*elopment, =., 2<7)27A. /55. Lovaas, ,.I. (/=A8). 6o&e stu$ies on the treat&ent o% chil$hoo$ schi(o"hrenia. 0esearch in Psychotherapy. ?, /0?)/2/. /58. Lovaas, ,.I. (/=A8). A "ro ra& %or the esta*lish&ent o% s"eech in "sychotic chil$ren. In 3.-. 6loane, K B.D. :acAulay (E$s.). @perant procedures in remedial speech and lan$ua$e trainin$. Boston1 3ou hton, :i%%lin. /5=. Lovaas, ,.I., K 6chrei*&an, L. (/=5/). 6ti&ulus overselectivity o% autistic chil$ren in a t'o)sti&ulus situation. 3eha*iour 0esearch and 4herapy, 9, ?07)?/0. /80. Lovaas, ,.I., Ber*erich, P.P., Perlo%%, B.B., K 6chae%%er, B. (/=AA). Ac0uisition o% i&itative s"eech in schi(o"hrenic chil$ren. Science, /7/, 507)505. /8/. Lovaas, ,.I., Breita , C., Col$, V.P., K Oassorla, I.C. (/=A7). E#"eri&ental stu$ies in chil$hoo$ schi(o"hrenia1 Analysis o% sel%)$estructive *ehavior. Journal of 1Bperimental Child Psycholo$y, 2, A5)8<. /82. Lovaas, ,.I., Breita , C., Oin$er, :.I., .u*enstein, B.D., 6chae%%er, B., K 6i&&ons, P.F. (/=AA). Esta*lish&ent o% social rein%orcers in t'o schi(o"hrenic chil$ren on the *asis o% %oo$. Journal of 1Bperimental Child Psycholo$y. <, /0=)/27. /8?. Lovaas, ,.I., Breitas, L., -elson, O., K Fhalen, C. (/=A5). !he esta*lish&ent o% i&itation an$ its use %or the $evelo"&ent o% co&"le# *ehavior in schi(o"hrenic chil$ren. 3eha*ior 0esearch and 4herapy, 7, /5/)/8/. /8<. Lovaas, ,.I., Litro'ni+, A., K :ann, .. (/=5/). .es"onse latencies to au$itory sti&uli in autistic chil$ren en a e$ in sel%)sti&ulatory *ehavior. 3eha*ior 0esearch and 4herapy, =, ?=)<=. /87. Lovaas, ,.I., -e'so&, C., K 3ic+&an, C. (/=85). 6el%)sti&ulatory *ehavior an$ "erce"tual rein%orce&ent. Journal of Applied 3eha*ior Analysis. 20, <7)A8. /8A. Lovaas, ,.I., 6chrei*&an, L., Ooe el, ..L., K .eh&, .. (/=5/). 6elective res"on$in *y autistic chil$ren to &ulti"le sensory in"ut. Journal of Abnormal Psycholo$y, "", 2//)222. /85. Lut(+er, P. .., K 6her&an, P. A. (/=5<). Pro$ucin enerative sentence usa e *y i&itation an$ rein%orce&ent "roce$ures. Journal of Applied 3eha*ior Analysis, " (?), <<5)<A0. /88. :acDu%%, C. 6., Orant(, P. P., K :cClannahan, L. E. (/==?). !eachin chil$ren 'ith autis& to use "hoto ra"hic activity sche$ules1 :aintenance an$ enerali(ation o% co&"le# res"onse chains. Journal of Applied 3eha*ior Analysis, 2A, 8=)=5. /8=. :ace, A. B., 6ha"iro, E. 6., K :ace, B. C. (/==8). E%%ects o% 'arnin sti&uli %or rein%orcer 'ith$ra'al an$ tas+ onset on sel%)in8ury. Journal of Applied 3eha*ior Analysis, ?/, A5=)A82. /=0. :ace, B.C., 3oc+, :.L., Lalli, P.6., Fest, B. P., Bel%iore, P., Pinter, E., K Bro'n, D.O. (/=88). Behavioral &o&entu& in the treat&ent o% nonco&"liance. Journal of Applied 3eha*ior Analysis. &, /2?)/<2. /=/. :arcus, B. A., 6'anson, V., K Voll&er, !. .. (200/). E%%ects o% "arent trainin on "arent an$ chil$ *ehavior usin "roce$ures *ase$ on %unctional analyses. 3eha*ioral 2nter*entions, /A, 85)/0<. /=2. :artin, C.L., En lan$, C., Oa"ro'y, E., Oil our, O., an$ Pile+, V. (/=A8). ,"erant con$itionin o% +in$er arten)class *ehavior in autistic chil$ren. 3eha*ior 0esearch and 4herapy, A, 28/)2=<. Eric V. Larsson, Ph.D.

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/=?. :ason, 6. A., :cCee, C. C., Bar&er)Dou an, V., K .isley, !. .. (/=8=). A "ractical strate y %or on oin rein%orcer assess&ent. Journal of Applied 3eha*ior Analysis, 22, /5/)/5=. /=<. :atson, P. L., 6evin, P. A., Bo#, :. L., Brancis, O. L., K 6evin, B. :. (/==?). An evaluation o% t'o &etho$s %or increasin sel%)initiate$ ver*ali(ations in autistic chil$ren. Journal of Applied 3eha*ior Analysis, 2A, ?8=)?=8. /=7. :atthe's, B.A., 6hi&o%%, E., K Catania, A.C. (/=85). 6ayin an$ $oin 1 A contin ency)s"ace analysis. Journal of Applied 3eha*ior Analysis, !, A=)5<. /=A. :cClannahan, L. E., :cCee, C. C., :acDu%%, C. 6., K Orant(, P. P. (/==0). Assessin an$ i&"rovin chil$ care1 A "ersonal a""earance in$e# %or chil$ren 'ith autis&. Journal of Applied 3eha*ior Analysis, 2?, <A=)<82. /=5. :cClannahan, L.E., Orant(, P.P., K :cChee, C.C. (/=82). Parents as thera"ists %or autistic chil$ren1 A &o$el %or e%%ective "arent trainin . Analysis and 2nter*ention in De*elopmental Disabilities. 2, 22?)272. /=8. :cEvoy, :., -or$0uist, V., !'ar$os(, 6., 3ec+a&an, O.A., Feh*y, P., K Denny O. (/=88). Pro&otin autistic chil$ren>s "eer interaction in an inte rate$ early chil$hoo$ settin usin a%%ection activities. Journal of Applied 3eha*ior Analysis. &), ?)/A. /==. :cCee, C. C., Al&ei$a, :. C., 6ul(er)A(aro%%, B., K Bel$&an, .. 6. (/==2). Pro&otin reci"rocal interactions via "eer inci$ental teachin . Journal of Applied 3eha*ior Analysis, 27, //5)/2A. 200. :cCee, C., :orrier, :., K Daly, !. An inci$ental teachin a""roach to early intervention %or to$$lers 'ith autis&. Journal of the Association for Persons %ith Se*ere 8andicaps. 2<, /??)/<A. 20/. :cCee, C.C., Orant(, P.P., K :cClannahan, L.E. (/=87). !he %acilitative e%%ects o% inci$ental teachin on "re"osition use *y autistic chil$ren. Journal of Applied 3eha*ior Analysis. &), /5)?2. 202. :cCee, C.C., Orant(, P.P., :ason, D., K :cClannahan, L.E. (/=8?). A &o$i%ie$ inci$ental)teachin "roce$ure %or autistic youth1 Ac0uisition an$ enerali(ation o% rece"tive o*8ect la*els. Journal of Applied 3eha*ior Analysis. &', ?2=)??8. 20?. :cLean, L.P., K :cLean, P.E. (/=5<). A lan ua e trainin "ro ra& %or nonver*al autistic chil$ren. Journal of Speech and 8earin$ Disorders, =9, /8A)/=?. 20<. :c:ahon, ..P., Borehan$, ..L. K Criest, D.L. (/=8/). E%%ects o% +no'le$ e o% social learnin "rinci"les on enhancin treat&ent outco&e enerali(ation in a "arent trainin "ro ra&. Journal of Consultin$ and Clinical Psycholo$y, <9, 72A)7?2. 207. :c:orro', :. P., Bo##, .. :., Ba', C. D., K Bittle, .. C. (/=8A). Cues)"ause)"oint lan ua e trainin 1 !eachin echolalics %unctional use o% their ver*al la*elin re"ertoires. Journal of Applied 3eha*ior Analysis, !, //)22. 20A. :c.eynol$s, L.V. (/=A=). A""lication o% ti&e out %ro& "ositive rein%orce&ent %or increasin the e%%iciency o% s"eech trainin . Journal of Applied 3eha*ior Analysis. , /==)207. 205. :et(, P... (/=A7). Con$itionin Child Psycholo$y, , ?8=)?==. enerali(e$ i&itation in autistic chil$ren. Journal of 1Bperimental

208. :iller, 6.P. K 6loane, 3.-. (/=5A). !he enerali(ation e%%ects o% "arent trainin across sti&ulus settin s. Journal of Applied 3eha*ior Analysis, 9, ?77)?50. 20=. :ineo, B. A., K Col$stein, 3. (/==0). Cenerali(e$ learnin o% rece"tive an$ e#"ressive action)o*8ect res"onses *y lan ua e)$elaye$ "reschoolers. Journal Speech and 8earin$ Disorders, .., AA7)A58. 2/0. :oore, :., K Calvert, 6. (2000). Brie% re"ort1 voca*ulary ac0uisition %or chil$ren 'ith autis&1 teacher or co&"uter instruction. Journal of Autism & De*elopmental Disorders, ?0, ?7=)?A2. 2//. :orrison, O. K .osales).ui(, P. (/==5). !he e%%ect o% o*8ect "re%erences on tas+ "er%or&ance an$ stereoty"y o% a chil$ 'ith autis&. 0esearch in De*elopmental Disabilities, /8, /25)/?5. 2/2. :u$%or$, ,.C., :artin, -.!., Ei+eseth, 6., K Bi**y, P. (200/). Parent)&ana e$ *ehavioral treat&ent %or "reschool chil$ren 'ith autis&1 6o&e characteristics o% ;O "ro ra&s. 0esearch in De*elopmental Disabilities, 22, /5?)/82.

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2/?. :ur"hy, 3.A., 3utchinson, P.:., K Bailey, P.6., (/=8?). Behavioral school "sycholo y oes out$oors1 !he e%%ect o% or ani(e$ a&es on "lay roun$ a ression. Journal of Applied 3eha*ior Analysis, /A, 2=)?A. 2/<. -e$el&an, D., K 6ul(*acher, 6.I. (/=52). Dic+y at /? years o% a e1 A lon )ter& success %ollo'in early a""lication o% o"erant con$itionin "roce$ures. In C. 6e&* (E$.), 3eha*ior analysis and education ( &9" . La'rence, O61 ;niversity o% Oansas De"art&ent o% 3u&an Develo"&ent. 2/7. -ee%, -.A., 6ha%er, :.6., E el, An$re' L., Catal$o, :.B., K Parrish, P.:. (/=8?). !he class s"eci%ic e%%ect o% co&"liance trainin 'ith 2$o4 an$ 2$on>t4 re0uests1 Analo ue analysis an$ classroo& a""lication. Journal of Applied 3eha*ior Analysis. &', 8/)/00. 2/A. -ee%, -.A., Falters, P., K E el, A. L. (/=8<). Esta*lishin enerative yesIno res"onses in $evelo"&entally $isa*le$ chil$ren. Journal of Applied 3eha*ior Analysis. &", <7?)<A0. 2/5. -i+o"oulos, C.O. K Oeenan, :. (200?). Pro&otin social initiation in chil$ren 'ith autis& usin vi$eo &o$elin . 3eha*ioral 2nter*entions, /8, 85)/08. 2/8. -or$0uist, V.:., K Fahler, ..C. (/=5?). -aturalistic treat&ent o% an autistic chil$. Journal of Applied 3eha*ior Analysis, A, 5=)85. 2/=. ,>Connor, ..D. (/=A=). :o$i%ication o% social 'ith$ra'al throu h sy&*olic &o$elin . Journal of Applied 3eha*ior Analysis. , /7)22. 220. ,EDell, 6.L., Blac+'ell, L.P., Larcen, 6.F. K 3o an, P.L. (/=55). Co&"etency *ase$ trainin %or severely *ehaviorally han$ica""e$ chil$ren an$ their "arents. Journal of Autism and Childhood SchiDophrenia, ", 2?/)2<2. 22/. ,$o&, 6.L., K 6train, P.6. (/=8A). A co&"arison o% "eer)initiation an$ teacher)antece$ent interventions %or "ro&otin reci"rocal social interaction o% autistic "reschoolers. Journal of Applied 3eha*ior Analysis. &9, 7=)52. 222. ,$o&, 6.L., 3oyson, :., Pa&ieson, B. K 6train, P.6. (/=87). Increasin han$ica""e$ "reschoolers> "eer social interactions1 cross)settin an$ co&"onent analysis. Journal of Applied 3eha*ior Analysis, &), ?)/A. 22?. ,ttin er, D..., 6'eeney, -., K Loe', L.3. (/=A7). Visual $iscri&ination learnin in schi(o"hrenic an$ nor&al chil$ren. Journal of Clinical Psycholo$y. &, 27/)27?. 22<. Partin ton, P. F., 6un$*er , :. L., -e'house, L., K 6"en ler, 6. :. (/==<). ,verco&in an autistic chil$Es %ailure to ac0uire a tact re"ertoire. Journal of Applied 3eha*ior Analysis, 25, 5??)5?<. 227. Pere()Con(ale(, L.A., K Fillia&s, C. (2002). :ultico&"onent "roce$ure to teach con$itional $iscri&inations to chil$ren 'ith autis&. American Journal of Mental 0etardation. /0512=?)?0/. 22A. Perry, .., Cohen, I., K DeCarlo, .. (/==7). Case stu$y1 Deterioration, autis&, an$ recovery in t'o si*lin s. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. =< , 2?2)2?5. 225. Pia((a, C.C., K Bisher, F., (/==/). A %a$e$ *e$ti&e 'ith res"onse cost "rotocol %or treat&ent o% &ulti"le slee" "ro*le&s in chil$ren. Journal of Applied 3eha*ior Analysis. <, /2=)/<0. 228. Pierce, O. L., K 6chrei*&an, L. (/==<). !eachin $aily livin s+ills to chil$ren 'ith autis& in unsu"ervise$ settin s throu h "ictorial sel%)&ana e&ent. Journal of Applied 3eha*ior Analysis, 25, <5/)<8/. 22=. Pierce, O., K 6chrei*&an, L. (/==5). :ulti"le "eer use o% "ivotal res"onse trainin to increase social *ehaviors o% class&ates 'ith autis&1 .esults %ro& traine$ an$ untraine$ "eers. Journal of Applied 3eha*ior Analysis, ?0, /75)/A0. 2?0. Pierce, O., K 6chrei*&an, L., (/==7). Increasin co&"le# social *ehaviors in chil$ren 'ith autis&1 E%%ects o% "eer)i&"le&ente$ "ivotal res"onse trainin . Journal of Applied 3eha*ior Analysis, ). 287)2=A. 2?/. Pin+ston, E.:., .eese, -.:., LeBlanc, P.:., K Baer, D.:. (/=5?). In$e"en$ent control o% a "reschool chil$>s a ression an$ "eer interaction *y contin ent teacher attention. Journal of Applied 3eha*ior Analysis. ', //7)/2<.

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2?2. .a**, E., K 3e'itt, B.:. (/=A5). Develo"&ent o% a""ro"riate classroo& *ehaviors in a severely $istur*e$ rou" o% institutionali(e$ chil$ren 'ith a *ehavior &o$i%ication &o$el. American Journal of @rthopsychiatry, ?5, ?/?)?/<. 2??. .e+ers, C.A., K Lovaas, ,.I. (/=5<). Behavioral treat&ent o% $eviant se#)role *ehaviors in a &ale chil$. Journal of Applied 3eha*ior Analysis. ", /5?)/=0. 2?<. .e"", A.C., Oarsh, O.,C., K Len(, :.F. (/==0). Discri&ination trainin %or "ersons 'ith $evelo"&ental $isa*ilities1 A co&"arison o% the tas+ $e&onstration &o$el an$ the stan$ar$ "ro&"tin hierarchy. Journal of Applied 3eha*ior Analysis. =, <?)72. 2?7. .eynol$s, B.6., -e'so&e, C.D., K Lovaas, ,.I., (/=5<). Au$itory overselectivity in autistic chil$ren. Journal of Abnormal Child Psycholo$y, , 27?)2A?. 2?A. .incover A., K Ooe el, ..L. (/=57). 6ettin enerality an$ sti&ulus control in autistic chil$ren .Journal of Applied 3eha*ior Analysis, ), 2?7)2<A. 2?5. .incover, A., K Ooe el, ..L. (/=5<). Classroo& treat&ent o% autistic chil$ren II1 In$ivi$uali(e$ instruction in a rou". Journal of Abnormal Child Psycholo$y, 7, //?)/2A. 2?8. .incover, A., K -e'so&e, C.D. (/=87). !he relative &otivational "ro"erties o% sensory an$ e$i*le rein%orcers in teachin autistic chil$ren. Journal of Applied 3eha*ior Analysis., &), 2?5)2<8. 2?=. .incover, A., -e'so&e, C.D., Lovaas, ,.I., K Ooe el, ..L. (/=55). 6o&e &otivational "ro"erties o% sensory rein%orce&ent in "sychotic chil$ren. Journal of 1Bperimental Child Psycholo$y. 2<, ?/2) ?2?. 2<0. .isley, !..., K Baer, D.:. (/=5?). ,"erant *ehavior &o$i%ication1 !he $eli*erate $evelo"&ent o% *ehavior. In B. Cal$'ell, K 3. .icciuti (E$s.). 0e*ie% of child de*elopment research, ?ol. 222+ Child de*elopment and social policy. Chica o1 ;niversity o% Chica o Press. 2</. .isley, !..., K .eynol$s, -.P. (/=50). E&"hasis as a "ro&"t %or ver*al i&itation. Journal of Applied 3eha*ior Analysis. =, /87)/=0. 2<2. .isley, !..., K Fol%, :.:. (/=AA). E#"eri&ental &ani"ulation o% autistic *ehaviors an$ enerali(ation into the ho&e. In .. ;lrich, !. 6tachni+, K P. :a*ry, (E$s.) Control of 8uman 3eha*ior. :len*ie%, 2E+ Scott, 6oresman. 2<?. .isley, !..., K Fol%, :.:. (/=A5). Esta*lishin %unctional s"eech in echolalic chil$ren. 3eha*ior 0esearch and 4herapy, 7, 5?)88. 2<<. .isley, !..., K Fol%, :.:. (/=A8). Esta*lishin %unctional s"eech in echolalic chil$ren. In 3.-. 6loane, K B.D. :acAulay (E$s.). @perant procedures in remedial speech and lan$ua$e trainin$. Boston1 3ou hton, :i%%lin. 2<7. .o$ ers, !.A., K I'ata, B.A. (/==/). An analysis o% error)correction "roce$ures $urin $iscri&ination trainin . Journal of Applied 3eha*ior Analysis, <, 557)582. 2<A. .o ers)Farren, A., K Baer, D.:. (/=5A). Corres"on$ence *et'een sayin an$ $oin 1 teachin chil$ren to share an$ "raise. Journal of Applied 3eha*ior Analysis. 9, ??7)?7<. 2<5. .usso, D. C., Catal$o, :. B., K Cushin , P. P. (/=8/). Co&"liance trainin an$ *ehavioral covariation in the treat&ent o% &ulti"le *ehavior "ro*le&s. Journal of Applied 3eha*ior Analysis, &<, 20=)222. 2<8. .usso, D.C., K Ooe el, ..L, (/=55). A &etho$ %or inte ratin an autistic chil$ into a nor&al "u*lic school classroo&. Journal of Applied 3eha*ior Analysis, /0, 75=)7=0. 2<=. .usso, D.C., Ooe el, ..L., K Lovaas, ,.I. (/=58). A co&"arison o% hu&an vs. auto&ate$ instruction o% autistic chil$ren. Journal of Abnormal Child Psycholo$y, A, /8=)20/. 270. 6ailor, F., K !a&an, !. (/=52). 6ti&ulus %actors in the trainin o% "re"ositional usa e in three autistic chil$ren. Journal of Applied 3eha*ior Analysis. ., /8?)/=0. 27/. 6ainato, D. :., Col$stein, 3., K 6train, P. 6. (/==2). E%%ects o% sel%)evaluation on "reschool chil$renEs use o% social interaction strate ies 'ith their class&ates 'ith autis&. Journal of Applied 3eha*ior Analysis, 27, /25)/</.

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272. 6a8'a8, !., !'ar$os(, 6., K Bur+e, :. (/=52). 6i$e e%%ects o% e#tinction "roce$ures in a re&e$ial "reschool. Journal of Applied 3eha*ior Analysis. ., /A?)/57. 27?. 6al(in er, O., Bel$&an, .., Co'an, P., K 6al(in er, 6. (/=A7). ,"erant con$itionin o% ver*al *ehavior o% t'o youn s"eech $e%icient *oys. In L. Orasner K L. ;ll&an, (E$s.), 0esearch in 3eha*ior Modification. -e' @or+1 3olt, .inehart, K Finston. 27<. 6asso, C.:., K .u$e, 3.A. (/=85). ;n"ro ra&&e$ e%%ects o% trainin hi h)status "eers to interact 'ith severely han$ica""e$ chil$ren. Journal of Applied 3eha*ior Analysis, !, ?7)<<. 277. 6asso, C.:., 6i&"son, ..L., K -ova+, C.C. (/=87). Proce$ures %or %acilitatin inte ration o% autistic chil$ren in "u*lic school settin s. Analysis and 2nter*ention %ith De*elopmental Disabilities , 7, 2??)2<A. 27A. 6cha%er, :.6., E el, A.L., K -ee%, -.A. (/=8<). !rainin &il$ly han$ica""e$ "eers to %acilitate chan es in the social interaction s+ills o% autistic chil$ren. Journal of Applied 3eha*ior Analysis, /5, <A/)<5A. 275. 6chell, ..E., 6tar+, P., K Ci$$an, P. (/=A5). Develo"&ent o% lan ua e *ehavior in an autistic chil$. Journal of Speech and 8earin$ Disorders, = , 7/)A<. 278. 6che"is, :. :., .ei$, D. 3., Behr&ann, :. :., K 6utton, O. A. (/==8). Increasin co&&unicative interactions o% youn chil$ren 'ith autis& usin a voice out"ut co&&unication ai$ an$ naturalistic teachin . Journal of Applied 3eha*ior Analysis, ?/, 7A/)758. 27=. 6chrei*&an L, K Lovaas, ,.I., (/=5?). ,verselective res"onse to social sti&uli *y autistic chil$ren. Journal of Abnormal Child Psycholo$y, &, /72)/A8. 2A0. 6chrei*&an, L. (/=57). E%%ects o% 'ithin)sti&ulus an$ e#tra)sti&ulus "ro&"tin on $iscri&ination learnin in autistic chil$ren. Journal of Applied 3eha*ior Analysis, ), =/)//2. 2A/. 6chrei*&an, L., ,>-eill, ..E., K Ooe el, ..L. (/=8?). Behavioral trainin %or si*lin s o% autistic chil$ren. Journal of Applied 3eha*ior Analysis, /A, /2=)/?8. 2A2. 6chu&a+er, P., K 6her&an, P.A. (/=50). !rainin enerative ver* usa e *y i&itation an$ rein%orce&ent "roce$ures. Journal of Applied 3eha*ior Analysis. ?, 25?)285. 2A?. 6hein+o"%, 6., K 6ie el, B. (/==8). 3o&e)*ase$ *ehavioral treat&ent %or youn autistic chil$ren. Journal of Autism and De*elopmental Disorders. =, /7)2?. 2A<. 6herer, :., Pierce, O.L., Pare$es, 6., Oisac+y, O.L., In ersoll, B., K 6chrei*&an, L. (200/). Enhancin conversation s+ills in chil$ren 'ith autis& via vi$eo technolo y. Fhich is *etter, Hsel%H or HotherH as a &o$elD 3eha*ior Modification. 56, /<0)/78. 2A7. 6her&an, P. (/=A<). :o$i%ication o% nonver*al *ehavior throu h rein%orce&ent o% relate$ *ehavior. Child De*elopment, =., 5/5)52?. 2AA. 6hi"ley)Bena&ou, .., Lut(+er, P..., K !au*&an,, :. (2002). !eachin $aily livin s+ills to chil$ren 'ith autis& throu h instructional vi$eo &o$elin . Journal of Positi*e 3eha*ioral 2nter*entions, <, /A7)/57. 2A5. 6loane, 3.-., Pohnston, :.O., K 3arris, B... (/=A8). .e&e$ial "roce$ures %or teachin ver*al *ehavior in s"eech $e%icient or $e%ective youn chil$ren. In 3.-. 6loane, K B.D. :acAulay (E$s.). @perant procedures in remedial speech and lan$ua$e trainin$. Boston1 3ou hton, :i%%lin. 2A8. 6&ith, !., Lovaas, -.F., K Lovaas, ,.I. (2002). Behaviors o% chil$ren 'ith hi h)%unctionin autis& 'hen "aire$ 'ith ty"ically $evelo"in versus $elaye$ "eers1 A "reli&inary stu$y. 3eha*ioral 2nter*entions. /51/2=)/<?. 2A=. 6olo&on, ..F. K Fahler, ..C., (/=5?). Peer rein%orce&ent control o% classroo& "ro*le& *ehavior. Journal of Applied 3eha*ior Analysis. ', <=)7A. 250. 6tah&er, A. K Cist, B. (200/). !he e%%ects o% an accelerate$ "arent e$ucation "ro ra& on techni0ue &astery an$ chil$ outco&e. Journal of Positi*e 3eha*ior 2nter*entions, ?, 57)82.

Eric V. Larsson, Ph.D.

IEIB! is no lon er investi ational 25/. 6tah&er, A.C., K 6chrei*&an, L. (/==2). !eachin chil$ren 'ith autis&1 A""ro"riate "lay in unsu"ervise$ environ&ents usin a sel%)&ana e&ent treat&ent "ac+a e. Journal of Applied 3eha*ior Analysis, 27(2), <<5)<7=.

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252. 6tar+, P., Ci$$an, P.P., K :eisel, P. (/=A8). Increasin ver*al *ehavior in an autistic chil$. Journal of Speech and 8earin$ Disorders, =, <2)<8. 25?. 6tevens)Lon , P, K .as&ussen, :. (/=5<). !he ac0uisition o% si&"le an$ co&"oun$ sentence structure in an autistic chil$. Journal of Applied 3eha*ior Analysis. ", <5?)<5=. 25<. 6to+es, !. B., Bo'ler, 6. A., K Baer, D. :. (/=58). !rainin "reschool chil$ren to recruit natural co&&unities o% rein%orce&ent. Journal of Applied 3eha*ior Analysis,&&, 287)2=<. 257. 6train, P.6. (/=8?). Cenerali(ation o% autistic chil$ren>s social *ehavior chan e1 E%%ects o% $evelo"&entally inte rate$ an$ se re ate$ settin s. Analysis and 2nter*ention in De*elopmental Disabilities, ?, 2?)?<. 25A. 6train, P.6., K !i&&, :.A. (/=5<). An e#"eri&ental analysis o% social interaction *et'een a *ehaviorally $isor$ere$ "reschool chil$ an$ her classroo& "eers. Journal of Applied 3eha*ior Analysis. ", .)=>.9!. 255. 6train, P.6., 3oyson, :.3., K Pa&ieson, B.P. (/=87). -or&ally $evelo"in "reschoolers as intervention a ents %or autistic)li+e chil$ren1 E%%ects on class $e"ort&ent an$ social interactions. Journal of the Di*ision for 1arly Childhood, =, /07)//7. 258. 6train, P.6., 6hores, ..E., K Oerr, :.:. (/=5A). An e#"eri&ental analysis o% 2s"illover4 e%%ects on the social interaction o% *ehaviorally han$ica""e$ "reschool chil$ren. Journal of Applied 3eha*ior Analysis. 9, ?/)<0. 25=. 6train, P.6., 6hores, ..E., K !i&&, :.A. (/=55). E%%ects o% "eer social initiations on the *ehavior o% 'ith$ra'n "reschool chil$ren. Journal of Applied 3eha*ior Analysis. &!, 28=)2=8. 280. 6train, P.6., 6teele, P., Ellis, !., K !i&&, :.A. (/=82). Lon )ter& e%%ects o% o""ositional chil$ treat&ent 'ith &others as thera"ists an$ thera"ist trainers. Journal of Applied 3eha*ior Analysis, &., /A?)/A=. 28/. 6tro&er, .., :ac+ay, 3. A., K .e&in ton, B. (/==A). -a&in , the %or&ation o% sti&ulus classes, an$ a""lie$ *ehavior analysis. Journal of Applied 3eha*ior Analysis, 2=, <0=)<?/. 282. 6ul(*acher, 6.I., K Costello, P.:. (/=50). A *ehavior strate y %or lan ua e trainin o% a chil$ 'ith autistic *ehaviors. Journal of Speech and 8earin$ Disorders, ?7, 27A)25A. 28?. !aylor, B. A., K Levin, L. (/==8). !eachin a stu$ent 'ith autis& to &a+e ver*al initiations1 E%%ects o% a tactile "ro&"t. Journal of Applied 3eha*ior Analysis, ?/, A7/)A7<. 28<. !aylor, B.A., K 3arris, 6.L. (/==7). !eachin chil$ren 'ith autis& to see+ in%or&ation1 Ac0uisition o% novel in%or&ation an$ enerali(ation o% res"on$in . Journal of Applied 3eha*ior Analysis, 28, ?)/<. 287. !aylor, B.A., Levin, L., K Pas"er, 6. (/===). Increasin "lay)relate$ state&ents in chil$ren 'ith autis& to'ar$ their si*lin s1 E%%ects o% vi$eo &o$elin . Journal of De*elopmental and Physical Disabilities. //, 27?)2A<. 28A. !ho&"son, .. 3., Bisher, F. F., Pia((a, C. C., K Ouhn, D. E. (/==8). !he evaluation an$ treat&ent o% a ression &aintaine$ *y attention an$ auto&atic rein%orce&ent. Journal of Applied 3eha*ior Analysis, ?/, /0?)//A. 285. !hor", D.:., 6tah&er, A.C., & 6chrei*&an, L. (/==7). E%%ects o% socio$ra&atic "lay trainin on chil$ren 'ith autis&. Journal of Autism & De*elopmental Disorders, 27(?), 2A7)282. 288. !i&&, :.A., 6train, P.6., K Eller, P.3. (/=5=). E%%ects o% syste&atic, res"onse)$e"en$ent %a$in an$ thinnin "roce$ures on the &aintenance o% chil$)chil$ interaction. Journal of Applied 3eha*ior Analysis. & , ?08. 28=. !ouchette, P.E. (/=5/). !rans%er o% sti&ulus control1 :easurin the &o&ent o% trans%er. Journal of the 1Bperimental Analysis of 3eha*ior, /7, ?<5)?7<.

Eric V. Larsson, Ph.D.

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2=0. !ryon, A.6., K Oeane, 6.P., (/=8A). Pro&otin i&itative "lay throu h enerali(e$ o*servational learnin in autistic)li+e chil$ren. Journal of Abnormal Child Psycholo$y. /<, 7?5)7<=. 2=/. Varni, P.F., Lovaas, ,.I., Ooe el, ..L., K Everett, -.L. (/=5=). An analysis o% o*servational learnin in autistic an$ nor&al chil$ren. Journal of Abnormal Child Psycholo$y. 5, ?/)<?. 2=2. Voll&er, !..., Borrero, P.C., Lalli, P.6., K Daniel, D. (/===). Evaluatin sel%)control an$ i&"ulsivity in chil$ren 'ith severe *ehavior $isor$ers. Journal of Applied 3eha*ior Analysis, ?2, <7/)<AA. 2=?. Fal+er, 3.:., K Buc+ley, -.O. (/=52). Pro ra&&in enerali(ation an$ &aintenance o% treat&ent e%%ects across ti&e an$ across settin s. Journal of Applied 3eha*ior Analysis, 7, 20=)22<. 2=<. Farren, 6.B., .o ers)Farren, A., K Baer, D.:. (/=5A). !he role o% o%%er rates in controllin sharin *y youn chil$ren. Journal of Applied 3eha*ior Analysis. 9, <=/)<=5. 2=7. Faters, P.:. K 6ie el, L.V. (/=82). Parent recor$in o% s"eech "ro$uction o% $evelo"&entally $elaye$ to$$lers. 1ducation and 4reatment of Children, 7, /0=)/20. 2=A. Fells, O.C., Borehan$, .., 3ic+ey, O., K Creen, O.D. (/=55). E%%ects o% a "roce$ure $erive$ %ro& the overcorrection "rinci"le on &ani"ulate$ an$ non&ani"ulate$ *ehaviors. Journal of Applied 3eha*ior Analysis, /0, A5=)A88. 2=5. Ferle, :.A., :ur"hy, !.B., K Bu$$, O.6. (/==?). !reatin chronic %oo$ re%usal in youn chil$ren1 3o&e)*ase$ "arent trainin . Journal of Applied 3eha*ior Analysis, ', <2/)<?<. 2=8. Fert, B.@., K -eis'orth, P.!. (200?). E%%ects o% vi$eo sel%)&o$elin on s"ontaneous re0uestin in chil$ren 'ith autis&. Journal of Positi*e 3eha*ioral 2nter*entions. 7, ?0)?<. 2==. Ferts, :.C., Cal$'ell, -.O., K Folery, :. (/==A). Peer &o$elin o% res"onse chains1 ,*servational learnin *y stu$ents 'ith $isa*ilities. Journal of Applied 3eha*ior Analysis, 9, 7?)AA. ?00. Fhalen, C., K 6chrei*&an, L. (200?). Point attention trainin %or chil$ren 'ith autis& usin *ehavior &o$i%ication "roce$ures. Journal of Child Psycholo$y and Psychiatry. <<1<7A)<A8. ?0/. Fheeler, A.P., K 6ul(er, B. (/=50). ,"erant trainin an$ enerali(ation o% a ver*al res"onse %or& in a s"eech)$e%icient chil$. Journal of Applied 3eha*ior Analysis. ?, /?=)/<5. ?02. Fillia&s, P.A., Ooe el, ..L., K E el, A.L. (/=8/). .es"onse)rein%orcer relationshi"s an$ i&"rove$ learnin in autistic chil$ren. Journal of Applied 3eha*ior Analysis. &<, 7?)A0. ?0?. Fol%, :.:, .isley, !..., Pohnston, :., 3arris, B., K Allen, E. (/=A5). A""lication o% o"erant con$itionin "roce$ures to the *ehavior "ro*le&s o% an autistic chil$1 A %ollo')u" an$ e#tension. 3eha*ior 0esearch and 4herapy. 7, /0?)///. ?0<. Fol%, :.:., .isley, !..., K :ees, 3. (/=A<). A""lication o% o"erant con$itionin "roce$ures to the *ehaviour "ro*le&s o% an autistic chil$. 3eha*iour 0esearch and 4herapy, /, ?07)?/2. ?07. @a&a&oto, P., K :iya, !. (/===). Ac0uisition an$ trans%er o% sentence construction in autistic stu$ents1 analysis *y co&"uter)*ase$ teachin . 0esearch in De*elopmental Disabilities, 20, ?77) ?55. ?0A. @oun , P.:., Orant(, P.P., :cClannahan, L.E., K Poulson, C.L. (/==<). Cenerali(e$ i&itation an$ res"onse)class %or&ation in chil$ren 'ith autis&. Journal of Applied 3eha*ior Analysis, 25, A87) A=5. ?05. Qanolli, O., K Da ett, P. (/==8). !he e%%ects o% rein%orce&ent rate on the s"ontaneous social initiations o% socially 'ith$ra'n "reschoolers. Journal of Applied 3eha*ior Analysis, ?/, //5)/27. ?08. Qanolli, O., Da ett, P., K A$a&s, !. (/==A). !eachin "reschool a e autistic chil$ren to &a+e s"ontaneous initiations to "eers usin "ri&in . Journal of Applied 3eha*ior Analysis, ', <05)<22.

Bor Burther In%or&ation, Contact1 Eric V. Larsson, Ph.D., L.P., B.C.B.A. E#ecutive Director, Clinical 6ervices Eric V. Larsson, Ph.D.

IEIB! is no lon er investi ational Lovaas Institute %or Early Intervention, :i$'est 3ea$0uarters 2=27 Dean Par+'ay, 6uite ?00 :innea"olis, :- 77</A elarssonTlovaas.co& A/2.28/.8??/

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Eric V. Larsson, Ph.D.