Muscular System

MYOLOGY
The study of structure, functions, and composition of muscles Myocytes muscle cells

Muscle tissues

Muscular system

Functions of the muscular system

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

7.
8.

For production of movements/locomotion Maintenance of posture Stabilize joints Generation of heat Influence body contours For expression of emotion For storage and movement of substances Allows one to manipulate the environment

Overview of muscle tissues

THE THREE TYPES OF MUSCLES
1. 2. 3.

SKELETAL SMOOTH CARDIAC

Differences of Muscle

Tissues CARDIAC heart Elongated,bra nched Single Central Present Moderate electochemical

BASIS
1.Location 2. Shape

SKELETAL Bones Elongated

SMOOTH Visceral organs Fusiform Single Central Absent Slow Chemical

3. # of nuclei Many 4. Nuclear Position 5. Striation Peripheral Present

6. Contraction Rapid 7. Stimuli Electrical

SOMATIC VS VISCERAL MUSCLES

Striated,skeletal and voluntary Primitively segmented Myotomal Body wall, tail,hypobranchial and tongue muscles,appendicular muscles

Unstriated, nonskeletal,involuntar y Unsegmented Arise from the lateral mesoderm Branchimeric muscles,cardiac,muscl es of the tubes and vessels,hollow organs,

Extrinsic muscles of the eyeball

intrinsic muscles of the eyeball, erectors of hairs and feathers For regulation of the internal environment

Primarily for orientation and monitoring of external environment

Innervated directly by spinal nerve and cranial nerve III, IV, VI, XII

Innervated by the postganglionic fibers of the ANS

Organization of muscle tissue

1.

Superficial Fascia - separates the muscle from the integument - made up of areolar and adipose tissue that a. insulate heat and reduce heat loss b. provides pathway and framework for nerves,blood vessels,lymphatic vessels to enter and leave muscles c. stores water and fats d. provides mechanical protection and prevent physical trauma

2.Deep Fascia - with dense irregular conn. tissue that lines the body wall - 3 layers: epimysium,perimysium,endomysium - functions: a. Holds the muscle together b. Allows movement of muscles c. Supports nerves,blood vessels and lymphatic d. Fill spaces between muscles e. separates the muscles into functional units

Deep Fascia
1.

Epimysium - tough,overcoat connective tissue that covers the entire muscle a. tendon strong, thick, cord-like attachment of muscle to bone - provide durability and conserve space b. aponeurosis broad, thin, sheet-like attachment of muscle to bone, cartilages, or connective tissue covering of each other

2. Perimysium - coarse fibrous membrane that covers muscle fascicles - fascicles bundles of muscle fibers
3. Endomysium - delicate connective tissue sheath that enclose the individual muscle fiber

ORGANIZATION OF MUSCLES

Microscopic anatomy of skeletal muscles

MYOCYTE/myofibrils muscle cells SARCOLEMMA plasma membrane of muscle cells SARCOPLASM cytoplasm of muscle cells occupied by myofilaments SARCOMERE functional units of muscle cells - z line to z line in location MYOFILAMENTS thread-like contractile proteins of myocytes

Types of Myofilaments
MYOSIN - thick myofilament that characterized the A band, - mostly made of bundled molecules of protein myosin - types: a. HEAVY MEROMYOSIN - thick, with globular heads which contain the actin binding site and ATPase site b. LIGHT MEROMYOSIN - thin, tail to tail arrangement of myosin
1.

2. ACTIN thin myofilament that characterize the I band Types: a. Actin the principal globular CHON - with myosin binding site b. Tropomyosin filamentous CHON that covers the myosin- binding site of actin c. Troponin triplet CHON which are in constant interval in the actin c.1 Tn-T c.2 Tn-C c.3 Tn - I

SKELETAL MUSCLE ACTIVITY

Irritability Contractility Nerve impulse and Action Potential - skeletal muscles must be stimulated in order to contract - one or more neuron may stimulate a muscle fiber of groups of muscle fibers

THE MOTOR UNIT

1.

The neuron and the muscle fibers stimulated TYPES OF MOTOR UNITS SINGLE MOTOR UNIT

2. MULTIPLE MOTOR UNIT

THE NEUROMUSCULAR JUNCTION

a.
b. c. d.

The region where motor neurons comes in close contact with the skeletal muscle cell Composition: Motor neuron Synaptic cleft Synaptic vesicles containing Neurotransmitter (ACh) Axonal terminal

The Sliding Theory (Mechanism of contraction)

1.

2.

3.

4.

Stimulation across the neuromuscular junctin initiates an action potential, or depolarization, on the sarcolemma of the muscle fiber. This action potential spreads along the sarcolemma and is transmitted into the T-tubule The T-tubule potential causes the terminal cisternae of the sarcoplasmic reticulum to release Ca in the immediate vicinity of each myofibrils Ca ions bind to and thereby change the CHON structure of the troponin molecules attached to the tropomyosin to move aside to expose the actinbinding site Myosin across bridges bind to actin.Upon binding, the energized HMM undergoues a conformational change, causing the head to tilt.This pulls the actin filament

5. After power stroke, ATP bnds with HMM, causing detachment of the cross bridge from the actin-binding sites. The enzyme ATPase within HMM cleaves ATP to ADP and energy to energize the HMM. Then the HMM can then bind with another actin-binding site and produce another power stroke. 6. Repeated power strokes pulls the actin filament,much like pulling a rope hand over hand.

GRADED RESPONSE

1. 2.

In skeletal muscles, the all-or-nonelaw of muscle physiology applies to the muscle cell, not to the whole muscle All muscle contract to its fullest when stimulated adequately, it never contract partially Skeletal muscles react to stimuli with different degrees of shortening Graded contraction may in 2 ways: By changing frequency of muscle contraction By changing number of muscle cells stimulated

MUSCLE TWITCH

1.

2.
3.

The single, brief, jerky contractions sometimes result due to some nervous system problems In a twitch, single stimulus is delivered, a muscle contracts and then relax 3 phases: Latent period Contraction period Relaxation period

ENERGY FOR MUSCLE CONTRACTION

1.

Direct phosphorylation of adp by creatine phosphate

2. Anaerobic Respiration 5 % of the ATP used by the muscle but 2.5 times faster in providing energy 3. Aerobic Respiration 95% of the energy used by the muscle

FIBER CXCS

Fiber size Glycogen content Myosin ATPase Myoglobin Energy Twitch Primary Use

TYPES OF MUSCLE FIBERS FASTINTERMETWITCH DIATE Intermediate Large

SLOW TWITCH

High High Low Anaerobic Fast Speed & power

Intermediate

Small Low Low

High High

Low Combination Aerobic Fast Slow Moderate Endurance activity

TYPES OF MUSCLE FIBER

DIVISION OF THE MUSCLE (VERTEBRATE MUSCULATURE)

1.

Axial Muscles

2.Appendicular Muscles a. Intrinsic Appendicular Muscles b. Extrinsic Appendicular Muscles

TRUNK MUSCLES
A.

FISHES - trunk muscles myomeres - separated by myosepta into: a. epiaxial muscles b. hypaxial muscles

B. TETRAPODS
1.EPIAXIAL MUSCLES - base of the skull to the tip of the tail *longissimus group *spinalis group * iliocostalis * intervertebralis a. intertransversarii c. interarticularis b. interspinalis

2. HYPAXIAL MUSCLES - ventral and lateral body wall * subvertebralis * oblique muscles * rectus abdominis (linea alba,inscriptiones tendinae) * tail muscles - pyriformis - caudofemoralis - extensor caudae - abductor caudae

3. HYPOBRANCHIAL MUSCLES - muscles that operate the jaws and the branchial skeleton - assist in feeding and respiration - tongue muscles: * lingualis *genioglossus * styloglossus * hyoglossus

BRANCHIOMERIC MUSCLES
A.

A series of striated muscles that are operating the pharyngeal arches MUSCLES OF THE MANDIBULAR ARCH * levator palatoquadrati * adductor mandibulae * intermandibularis *craniomaxillaris

craniomaxillaris
Raise the upper jaw Raise the lower jaw in closing the mouth Elevates the anterior pharyngeal floor during respiration

3 muscles in mammals in the 1st arch

1.Masseter 2.Temporalis 3. Pterygoideus Mylohyoideus in tetrapods, homologous to intermandibular muscles of the fish Digastricus give rise to mylohyoideus

MUSCLES OF THE HYOID ARCH

LEVATOR HYOMANDIBULAE - dorsal constrictor - O: neurocranium - I: hyomandibula and ceratohyal cartilage INTERHYOIDEUS - a ventral constrictor

Muscles of the 3rd and successive pharygeal arch

Cucullaris raises the pharyngeal wall Stylopharyngeus- swallowing Levator hyomandibulae assist the cucullaris 4. Intrinsic muscles of the larynx a. cricothyroideus b. criarytenoideus c. thyroarytenoideus 5. trapezius
1. 2. 3.

INTEGUMENTARY MUSCLES
Costocutaneus 2. Panniculus carnosus * in armadillos- roll into ball * marsupials sphincters of the marsupium * horses vigorous flight 3.Cutaneus pectoralis 4. Patagial muscles 5. Auricular muscles directs ears to faint sounds * caninus * plumarum/arrector plumarum
1.

MIMETIC MUSCLES
ZYGOMATICUS CURROGATOR SUPERCILII FRONTALIS ORBICULARIS ORIS ORBICULARIS OCULI DEPRESSOR LABII SUPERIORIS

Types of Muscle Fiber Arrangements

POINTS OF ATTACHMENT OF MUSCLES

1.

ORIGIN proximal, less movable or immovable point of attachment of muscle INSERTION distal, freely-movable point of attachment of muscles

2.

Origin and Insertion

Types of body Movements

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

Flexion Extension Rotation Abduction Adduction Circumduction

Special Movements
Dorsilexion 2. Plantarflexion 3. Inversion 4. Eversion 5. Supination 6. Pronation 7. Opposition
1.

TYPES OF MUSCLE ACCORDING TO MOVEMENT

1.

AGONISTS/ Prime Mover

2. ANTAGONIST 3. SYNERGISTS 4. FIXATORS

NAMING SKELETAL MUSCLES

1.

2.
3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

DIRECTION OF MUSCLE FIBERS RELATIVE SIZE LOCATION NUMBER OF ORIGINS ATTACHMENT/ LOCATION OF ORIGINS AND INSERTION SHAPE OF THE MUSCLE ACTION/FUNCTION

Electric organ discharge (EOD)

is the electric discharge generated by the organs of animals including electric fish. In some cases the electric discharge is strong and is used for protection from predators; in other cases it is weak and it is used for navigation and communication.

ELECTRIC ORGANS

The electric eel, Electrophorus electricus, is a species of fish. It is capable of generating powerful electric shocks, which it uses for both hunting and self-defense. It is an apex predator in its South American range. Despite its name it is not an eel at all but rather a knifefish.

The electric eel has three abdominal pairs of organs that produce electricity. They are the main organ, the hunter's organ, and the sachs organ. These organs take up 4/5 of its body. Only the front 1/5 contains the vital organs

In the electric Torpedo Ray, electroplaxes are found near the pectoral muscles and the gills. In all other fishes, it is often near the tail. In one fish genus, the electric catfish Malapterurus, the electric organs are not made of individual electroplax, but are built up from charges of the epithelium, specifically the skin.

capable of producing an electric discharge, varying from as little as 8 volts to up to 220 volts depending on the species, which is used to stun or kill prey.

have the ability to produce an electric shock of up to 350 volts using electroplaques of an electric organ

The end
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