Chapter 5 Mineral and Energy Resources

Mode of Occurrence of Minerals 1 Marks points to remember 1. The earths crust is made up of different minerals embedded in the rocks. 2. Various metals are extracted from these minerals after proper refinement. 3. Minerals are an indispensable part of our lives. Almost everything e use! from a tiny pin to a to ering building or a big ship! all are made from minerals. 4. All living things need minerals and life processes cannot occur ithout minerals. 5. The hardest mineral is diamond and the softest is talc. ". #eologists define mineral as a $homogenous! naturally occurring substance ith a definable internal structure.% 7. The physical and chemical condition under hich the minerals are formed makes is so varied. &. Minerals are usually found in $ores%. '. The term ore is used to describe an accumulation of any mineral mixed ith other elements. 10. The mineral content of the ore must be in sufficient concentration to make its extraction commercially viable. 11. The cost of extraction depends on the type of formation or structure in hich minerals are found. 12. (n north)east the coal mining is done by tribal family members in the form of a long narro tunnel! kno n as *+at)hole mining. Questions and Answers ,.Ans. .escribe the main types of formations in hich the minerals occur. Minerals generally occur in rocks of these forms/ i. (n igneous and metamorphic rocks minerals occur in the veins and the lodes. Ma0or metallic minerals like tin! copper! 1inc and lead etc. are obtained from these veins and lodes. ii. (n sedimentary rocks minerals occur in layers. 2oal and some forms of iron ore are found like this. Minerals such as gypsum! potash salt and sodium salt are formed as a result of evaporation especially in arid regions. iii. (n the decomposed surface rocks 3a residual mass of eathered material4 5auxite is formed. iv. (n alluvial deposits or *placer deposits minerals hich are not corroded by ater are found. 6uch as #old! silver! tin and platinum. v. (n ocean floor vast 7uantities of manganese nodules are found. 2ommon salt! magnesium and bromine are largely derived from ocean aters.

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Distribution of Minerals 1 Marks points to remember 1. 8errous minerals account for about three)fourths of the total value of the production of metallic minerals. 2. (ron ore is the basic mineral and the backbone of industrial development. 3. Magnetite ore has a very high content of iron up to 9: per cent. 4. ;ematite iron ore is the largest used iron ore in (ndia. 5. ;ematite ore from 5ailadila 3hump of ox4 mines are exported to <apan and 6outh =orea via Vishakapatnam port. 6. The =udermukh 3horse peak4 mines located in =arnataka are a -:: per cent export unit. 9. =udremukh deposits are kno n to be one of the largest in the orld. 8. This ore is transported from =udremukh as slurry through a pipeline to a port near Mangalore. 9. (ron ore from #oa are exported through Marmagao port. -:.>rissa is the largest producer of manganese ores in (ndia. 11. The 5alaghat mines in Madhya ?radesh produce more than half of (ndias copper. 12. 5auxite is formed by decomposition of rocks! leaving a residual mass of eathered material. 13. 5auxite is a clay)like substance from hich aluminium is obtained. 14. >rissa is the largest bauxite producing state in (ndia. 15. Mica is a mineral made up of a series of plates or leaves. Mica sheets can be so thin that a thousand can be layered into a sheet of a fe centimeters high. 16. <harkhand is the leading producer of Mica. -9.@imestone is the basic ra material for the cement industry and essential for smelting iron ore in the blast furnace. 18. Mining activity is often called a $killer industry% due to high risks involved. Questions and Answers ,.2 .escribe the distribution of minerals in (ndia. Ans. (ndia is fortunate to have fairly rich and varied mineral resources. i. (n ?eninsular plateau the reserves of coal! metallic minerals! mica and many other non)metallic minerals are found. ii. (n the sedimentary rocks of #u0arat and Assam most of the petroleum deposits are found. iii. (n +a0asthan reserves of many non)ferrous minerals are found. iv. The alluvial plains of north (ndia are almost devoid of economic minerals. ,.3 Ans. i. ii. iii. Mention the factors hich play an important role in affecting the economic viability of a reserve. The factors are/ The concentration of mineral in the ore! The ease of extraction 2loseness to the market.

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Ferrous Minerals Iron Ore ,.A Ans. Bhat are the t o types of iron ore found in (ndiaC (ndia is rich in good 7uality iron ores. i. Magnetite/ a. (t is the finest iron ore. b. (t has a very high content of iron up to 9: per cent. c. (t has excellent magnetic 7ualities! especially valuable in the electrical industry. ii. ;ematite/ a. This ore is the most important industrial iron ore. b. (t is the largest used iron ore in terms of the 7uantity. c. (t has slightly lo er iron content than magnetite. 3D:)": per cent4. Eame five largest iron ore producing states of (ndia. The five largest iron producing states are =arnataka! >rissa! 2hhattisgarh! #oa and <harkhand.

,.D Ans. ,." Ans.

.escribe the four ma0or iron ore belts in (ndia. The four ma0or iron ore belts are/ i. >rissa)<harkhand belt/ high grade hematite ore is found. (mportant mines are 5adampahar and 6ingbhum mines. ii. .urg)5astar belt lies in 2hhattisgarh and Maharashtra/ Very high grade hematites are found. 8amous mine are 5ailadila hich produces iron best suited for steel making. iii. 5ellary)2hitradurga)2hikmaglur)Tumkur belt in =arnataka has large reserves of iron ore. iv. Maharashtra)#oa belt includes the state of #oa and +atnagiri district of Maharashtra. Manganese ,.9 Ans. Bhat are the uses of ManganeseC Manganese is mainly used in the manufacturing of steel and ferro)manganese alloy. Eearly -: kg of manganese is re7uired to manufacture one tonne of steel. (t is also used in manufacturing bleaching po der! insecticides and paints.

on!Ferrous Minerals "opper ,.& Ans. Bhat are the uses of 2opperC (ndia is critically deficient in the reserve and production of copper. 5eing malleable! ductile and a good conductor! copper is mainly used in electrical cables! electronics and chemical industries.

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,.' Ans.

.escribe the three copper producing regions of (ndia. 2opper is very lo reserves and production of copper. a. Madhya ?radesh is the largest producer of copper in (ndia. The 5alaghat mines in Madhya ?radesh produce D2 per cent of (ndias copper. b. +a0asthan is the second largest producer of copper. The =hetri mines in +a0asthan are famous. c. <harkhand! the 6ingbhum district of it is also has large reserves of copper.

#au$ite %ore of Aluminium& ,.-: Ans. Bhat are the uses of AluminiumC Aluminium is an important metal because it combines the strength of metals such as iron! ith extreme lightness and also ith good conductivity and great malleability. (t is used in electrical industries! aircraft manufacturing industries! utensils making! etc.

on!Metallic Minerals Mica ,.-- Bhy Mica is considered the most important mineral in electric and electronic industriesC Ans. .ue to its excellent di)electric strength! lo po er loss factor! insulating properties and resistance to high voltage! mica is one of the most indispensable minerals used in electric and electronic industries. 'a(ards of Mining ,.-2 Ans. i. ii. iii. iv. Bhat are the impacts of mining on the health and the environmentC The impacts of mining on the health of the miners and the environment are/ The dust and noxious fumes inhaled by miners make them vulnerable to pulmonary diseases. The risk of collapsing mine roofs! inundation and fires in coalmines are a constant threat to miners. The ater sources in the region get contaminated due to mining. .umping of aste and slurry leads to degradation of land! soil! and increase in stream and river pollution. OF MI *+A.)

"O )*+,A-IO ,.-A Ans.

Fxplain hy the conservation of minerals is necessary. Minerals are important for every country for its development and they need to be conserved because/ a. (ndustry and agriculture depend upon minerals and the substances manufactured from them. b. Borkable minerals are in insufficient 7uantities. 3<ust one per cent of the earths crust4 c. Be are rapidly consuming mineral resources that re7uire millions of years to be rene ed.

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d. The natural rate of replenishment is very small in comparison to the present rates of consumption. e. Mineral resources are finite and non)rene able. f. Mineral deposits in our country ill get exhausted in the future. g. .ue to decrease in good 7uality and they comes from great depths the costs of mineral extraction is increasing. ,.-D Ans. i. ii. iii. iv. 6tate ho minerals can be conserved for the future generations. Mineral conservation can be done by/ Gse our mineral resources in a planned and sustainable manner. (mprove technology to allo use of lo grade ores at lo costs. +ecycle metals. Gse scrap metals and other substitutes.

* *+/0 +*)O1+"*) 1 Marks points to remember -. Fnergy can be generated from fuel minerals like coal! petroleum! natural gas! uranium and from electricity. 2. More than 9: per cent energy re7uirement in rural households is met by fire ood and cattle dung cake. 3. 8ire ood is becoming difficult due to decreasing forest area. A. Gsing dung cake is being discouraged because it consumes most valuable manure hich could be used in agriculture. 5. 2oal is the most abundantly available and used fossil fuel. ". 2oal is formed due the compression of plant material over millions of years. 7. (n (ndia coal occurs in rock series of t o main geological ages! namely #ond ana 32:: million years in age4 and in tertiary deposits 3DD million years old4. &. 2oal is a bulky material! hich loses eight on use as it is reduced to ash. ;ence! heavy industries and thermal po er station are located on or near the coalfields. '. Assam is the oldest oil producing state of (ndia. -:.Eatural gas is used as a source of energy as ell as an industrial ra material in the petrochemical industry. --.The -9:: km long ;a1ira)5i0aipur)<agdishpur 3;5<4 gas pipeline from Mumbai ;igh and 5assien provide gas to the fertili1er! po er and industrial complexes in estern and northern (ndia. -2.The po er and fertili1er industries are the key users of natural gas. 13. ?er)capita consumption of electricity is considered as an index of development. -A.Flectricity is generated mainly in t o ays/ by hydro turbines to generate hydro electricityH and by burning other fuels such as coal! petroleum and natural gas to produce thermal po er. 15. Granium and thorium are available in <harkhand and the Aravalli ranges of +a0asthan. -".The Mona1ite sand of =erala is also rich in thorium. -9.?hotovoltaic technology converts sunlight directly into electricity. 18. The largest solar plant of (ndia is located at Madhapur! near 5hu0 3#u0arat4.

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-'.The largest ind farm cluster is located in Tamil Eadu from Eagarcoil to Madurai. 20. The plants using cattle dung are kno n as *#obar gas plants in rural (ndia. These provide t in benefits to the farmer in the form of energy and improved 7uality of manure. 21. >ceanic tides can be used to generate electricity hich is kno n as Tidal energy. 22.(n (ndia! the #ulf of =uchchh! provides ideal conditions for utilising tidal energy. 23.#eothermal energy refers to the heat and electricity produced by using the heat from the interior of the Farth. Questions and Answers ,.-" .ifferentiate bet een conventional and non)conventional sources of energy. Ans. Fnergy resources can be classified as conventional and non)conventional sources. a. 2onventional sources of energy are in use form the past hereas the non) conventional sources are in use from recent times. b. 2onventional sources are mostly polluting in nature hereas non) conventional sources are eco)friendly. c. 2onventional sources include/ fire ood! cattle dung cake! coal! petroleum! natural gas and electricity 3both hydel and thermal4 hereas non) conventional sources include solar! ind! tidal! geothermal! biogas and atomic energy. "onventional )ources of *nergy "oal2 ,.-9 Ans. a. b. c. d. ,.-& Ans. a. b. Bhat is the importance of coal in (ndiaC 2oal is an important fossil fuel of (ndia. (t provides about &:I of the nations energy needs. (t is used for po er generation. (t is used to supply energy to industry as ell as for domestic needs. (ndia is highly dependent on coal for meeting its commercial energy re7uirements. .escribe the four different types of coal found in (ndia. 2oal is found in a variety of forms. 3eat/ .ecaying plants in s amps produce peat. (t has a lo carbon and high moisture contents and lo heating capacity. .ignite is a lo grade bro n coal! hich is soft ith high moisture content. The principal lignite reserves are in Eeyveli in Tamil Eadu and are used for generation of electricity. #ituminous coal is buried deep and sub0ected to increased temperatures. (t is the most popular coal in commercial use. Metallurgical coal is high grade bituminous coal hich has a special value for smelting iron in blast furnaces. Anthracite is the highest 7uality hard coal.

c. d. e.

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,.-' Ans.

Mention t o types of coal reserves found in (ndia. 2oal in (ndia is found in t o geological structures/ i. /ondwana coal/ hich are metallurgical coal! are located in .amodar valley 3Best 5engal)<harkhand4. <haria! +anigan0! 5okaro coalfields. ii. -ertiary coal/ occur in the north eastern states of Meghalaya! Assam! Arunachal ?radesh and Eagaland.

3etroleum ,.2: Ans. i. ii. iii. iv. ,.2Ans. i. ii. iii. Bhat are the uses of petroleum in (ndiaC ?etroleum is the next ma0or energy source in (ndia after coal. (t provides fuel for heat and lighting! (t is used as lubricants for machinery (t is ra materials for a number of manufacturing industries. ?etroleum refineries act as a $nodal industry% for synthetic textile! fertiliser and numerous chemical industries. Eame important oil fields of (ndia. Mineral oil is produced from/ About "3 per cent of (ndias petroleum production is from Mumbai 'igh! -& per cent comes from #u0arat and Ankeleshwar is the most important field of #u0arat. -" per cent from Assam. .igboi! Eaharkatiya and Moran);ugri0an are the important oil fields in the state.

atural /as ,.22 Ans. i. ii. iii. Eame the natural gas fields of (ndia. Eatural gas is found in/ @arge reserves of natural gas have been discovered in the 4rishna! /odavari basin. Mumbai ;igh and the #ulf of 2ambay. Andaman and Eicobar islands are also important areas having large reserves of natural gas.

on!"onventional )ources of *nergy ,.23 6tate hy the use of rene able especially non)conventional sources of energy is becoming necessary in our countryC Ans. The use of non)conventional sources of energy is becoming necessary because/ i. The gro ing consumption of energy in the country has made us dependent on fossil fuels such as coal! oil and gas. ii. +ising prices of oil and gas has eroded our foreign currency reserves. iii. 6hortages in the supply of oil. #as and coal have increased uncertainties about the security of energy supply in future! iv. The gro th of the national economy is getting hampered by it. v. Moreover! increasing use of fossil fuels also causes serious environmental problems.

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)olar *nergy ,.2A Bhy our country has large potential of using solar energyC Ans. (ndia is a tropical country. (t receives abundant sunshine through out the year ith little cloud cover. Therefore! it has enormous possibilities of tapping solar energy. ,.2D Ans. i. ii. iii. iv. Bhat are the immediate benefits of using solar energy in our countryC The benefits are/ 6olar energy is fast becoming popular in rural and remote areas. 6olar energy is used to sterlise milk cans. Gse of solar energy ill be able to minimise the dependence of rural households on fire ood and dung cakes! 6olar energy thus ill contribute to environmental conservation and ade7uate supply of manure in agriculture.

#iogas ,.2" Ans. Bhat is biogas energyC 5io gas is produced from shrubs! farm aste! animal and human astes. (t is mostly used for domestic consumption in rural areas. .ecomposition of organic matter yields gas! hich has higher thermal efficiency in comparison to kerosene! dung cake and charcoal. Bhat are the benefits of using biogas in rural areas of our countryC #obargas and biogas provide many benefits to the farmer/ They provide energy to household. They provide good 7uality of manure. 5iogas is by far the most efficient use of cattle dung. (t also prevents the loss of trees and manure due to burning of fuel co dung cakes.

,.29 Ans. i. ii. iii. iv.

ood and

"onservation of *nergy +esources ,.2& Ans. Fxplain hy there is urgent need to conserve energy resources in (ndia. Fnergy resources are very essential for the economic development of (ndia. a. Fvery sector of the national economy J agriculture! industry! transport! commercial and domestic J needs inputs of energy. b. The success of economic development plans depend on energy resources. c. 2onsumption of energy in all forms has been steadily rising all over the country. d. (ndia is presently one of the least energy efficient countries in the orld. Mention steps to conserve energy resources in (ndia. Fnergy resources must be 0udiciously used because our energy resources are limited. a. Be must use public transport systems instead of individual vehiclesH b. 6 itching off electricity hen not in use! c. Gsing po er)saving devices and d. Gsing non)conventional sources of energy.

,.2' Ans.

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