FC Rad Diag(SA) Part I

THE COLLEGES OF MEDICINE OF SOUTH AFRICA

Incorporated Association not for gain Reg No 1955/000003/08

Part I Examination for the Fellowship of the College of Diagnostic Radiologists of South Africa

29 March 2011 Paper 1 Physics (3 hours)

All questions are to be answered. Each question to be answered in a separate book (or books if more than one is required for the one answer) Al die vrae moet beantwoord word. Elke vraag moet in n aparte boek (of boeke indien meer as een nodig is vir n vraag) geskryf word

a) b) c) d)

What is meant by dose area product? How is this quantity measured? (5) Explain under what circumstances deterministic effects may occur in diagnostic radiology? (8) How can a receiver operator characteristic curve be constructed for a diagnostic test? (5) How does image magnification influence geometric blurring? (7) [25] Wat beteken dosis area produk? Hoe word dit gemeet? (5) Verduidelik onder watter omstandighede deterministiese effekte mag voorkom in diagnostiese radiologie? (8) Hoe kan n waarnemer keuringskarakteristiekekromme (ROC) gekonstrueer word vir n diagnostiese toets? (5) Hoe benvloed beeld vergroting geometriese vervaging? (7) [25] What is meant by detective quantum efficiency? (8) Explain how digital subtraction angiography is done. (7) Explain why the half value layer is important for minimising radiation doses to patients. (5) Define (or briefly explain) the following terms i) Linear energy transfer. (1) ii) Linear attenuation coefficient. (1) iii) Line focus principle. (1) iv) Line spread function. (1) v) Linear non threshold model. (1) [25] Wat beteken detektor kwantum doeltreffendheid? (8) Verduidelik hoe digitale subtraksie angiografie gedoen word. (7) Verduidelik hoekom die halfwaardelaag belangrik is om pasinte dosis te verlaag. (5) Definieer (of verduidelik kortliks) die volgende terme i) Linere energie oordrag. (1) ii) Linere attenuasie koeffisint. (1) iii) Lyn fokus beginsel. (1) iv) Lyn verspreiding funksie. (1) v) Linere geendrumpel model. (1)

a) b) c) d)

a) b) c) d)

a) b) c) d)

[25] 3.1 Discuss how contrast can be manipulated in a) T1 weighted b) Inversion recovery sequences when imaging of the brain is performed in MRI.

(9)

3.2

Artefacts can obscure or mimic pathologies that can limit the diagnostic potential of an exam. Discuss a) Chemical shift artefact in MRI. (5) b) Reverberation artefact in ultrasound. (3) Intensifying screens are used in x-ray cassettes. Discuss intensifying screens in terms of function, detection efficiency and spatial resolution. (8) [25] Bespreek hoe die kontras gemanipuleer kan word in a) T1 geweegde. b) Inversie herstel sekwensies. wanneer MRI van die brein gedoen word.

3.3

3.1

(9)

3.2

Artefakte kan patologie vertroebel of naboots en sodoende die diagnostiese potensiaal van ondersoek beperk. Bespreek a) Chemiese verskuiwing artefak in MRI. (5) b) Weergalming artefak in ultraklank. (3) Intensifeer skerms word in x-straal kassette gebruik. Bespreek hierdie intensifeer skerms in terme van funksie, deteksie doeltreffendheid en ruimtelike oplosvermo. (8) [25] In the design of an ultrasound transducer, the following components/parameters must be considered. Discuss a) Damping block. b) Matching layer. c) Crystal thickness. (9) Discuss the factors that affect the quality and quantity of x-ray emission from an x-ray tube. (10) There are different technologies available to store images digitally in picture archiving systems (PACS). Discuss the different types of storage devices available. (6) [25] In die ontwerp van n ultraklank omsetter moet die volgende komponente/parameters in oorweging geneem word. Bespreek a) Dempingsblok. b) Aanpassingslaag. c) Kristaldikte. (9) Bespreek die faktore wat die kwaliteit en kwantiteitvan die x-straalemissie vanaf xstraal buis benvloed. (10) Verskillende tegnologi is beskikbaar om beelde digitaal in beeld argivering stelsel (PACS) te berg. Bespreek die verskillende soorte bergtoestelle wat beskikbaar is. (6) [25]

3.3

4.1

4.2 4.3

4.1

4.2 4.3