UNIVERZA V LJUBLJANI

FAKULTETA ZA GRADBENITVO IN GEODEZIJO

MATJA ETINA


HIDROMEHANIKA

ZBIRKA REENIH NALOG






















LJUBLJANA 1999



prof. dr. Matja etina, dipl. ing. gradb.

HIDROMEHANIKA
Zbirka reenih nalog

Recenzent:

Izdala in zaloila: Fakulteta za gradbenitvo in geodezijo (FGG)

Univerza v Ljubljani

Tehnino urejanje: Matja etina, Primo Duhovnik

Natisnila:







Fakulteta za gradbenitvo in geodezijo
Brez soglasja zalonika je prepovedano vsakrno reproduciranje ali prepis v katerikoli obliki.







CIP - Kataloni zapis o publikaciji
Narodna in univerzitetna knjinica, Ljubljana

532(075.8)

ETINA, Matja
Hidromehanika - zbirka reenih nalog. tudijsko gradivo / Matja etina. - Ljubljana :
Fakulteta za gradbenitvo in geodezijo, 1999

ISBN



V S E B I N A



stran

1. HIDROSTATIKA 4

1.1 Sila hidrostatinega pritiska na ravne in krive ploskve in njeno prijemalie 5

1.2 Vzgon in plavanje 76


2. KINEMATIKA IDEALNE NESTISLJIVE TEKOINE 96

2.1 Potencialni (nevrtinni) tok 97


3. DINAMIKA IDEALNE NESTISLJIVE TEKOINE 114

3.1 Primeri uporabe Bernoullijeve in energijske enabe za stalni tok v cevovodih 115

3.2 Uporaba teorije potencialnega toka za tok podtalnice (filtracija) 166

3.3 Teorem o gibalni koliini za stalni tok 206


4. TOK REALNE TEKOINE 240

4.1 Dinamina podobnost 241

4.2 Upor teles v toku 244

4















1. HIDROSTATIKA

5















1.1 Sila hidrostatinega pritiska na ravne in krive ploskve in njeno prijemalie
6
1.1.1 Zapornica podane oblike, ki je vrtljiva okrog teaja A, louje olje in vodo viine H in zapira
odprtino v tleh. Doloi potrebno teo zapornice G, da ostane zaprta !. irina odprtine in
zapornice na papir je L.

v
= 1000 kg/m
3

o
= 800 kg/m
3

H = 3 m
a = 0.5 m
L = 2 m


Reitev:

a) Sile (po konponentah):



b) Doloitev tee zapornice

= = = = m
a
M
A
25 . 0
2
5 . 0
2
r ; 0
G

= + + + 0 * * * * *
vH vH G vV vV oV oV oH oH
r F r G r F r F r F
=

=
G
vV vV oV oV oH oH vH vH
r
r F r F r F r F
G
* * * *

N 5 . 56407
25 . 0
4166 . 0 * 5 . 7357 0833 . 0 * 5886 1 * 70632 1 * 88290
= =


7
1.1.2 Loputa podane oblike in irine L ( na papir), ki je vrtljiva okrog teaja A, zapira odprtino v
steni. Doloi potrebno teo lopute, da pri podani viini vode ostane zaprta!


a = 2 m
b = 1 m
c = 3 m
L = 2.5 m
l = 5.2 m

v
= 1000 kg/m
3





Reitev:

a) Sile



N S h g F
T
5 . 61312 5 . 2 * 5 . 2 * 81 . 9 * 1000 * * *
1 1 1
= = =
m
b
a h
T
5 . 2
2
1
2
2
1
= + = + =
3
2
1
5 . 2 5 . 2 * 1 * S m L b S = = = =
m
h S
J
h h
T
T
T S
5333 . 2
5 . 2 * 5 . 2
2083 . 0
5 . 2
*
1 1
1
1 1
= + = + =
3
4
3 3
1
2083 . 0
12
1 * 5 . 2
12
*
T T
J m
b L
J = = = =
m h b a r
S
4667 . 0 5333 . 2 1 2
1 1
= + = + =
N S h g F
T
662175 15 * 5 . 4 * 81 . 9 * 1000 * * *
2 2 2
= = =
m
c
b a h
T
5 . 4
2
3
1 2
2
2
= + + = + + =
2
2
15 5 . 2 * 6 `* m L c S = == =
m
c
c 6
30 sin
3
sin
` =

= =
o

8
~ = = = 30 29.98 = 5769 . 0
2 . 5
3
o o
l
c
tg
m
h S
J
h h
T
T
T S
3333 . 9
9 * 15
45
9
` *
` `
2 2
2
2 2
= + = + =
m
h
h
T
T
9
30 sin
5 . 4
sin
`
2
2
=

= =
o

( )
4
3 3
2
45
12
6 * 5 . 2
12
` *
m
c L
J
T
= = =
m
b a
h r
S
3333 . 3
30 sin
1 2
3333 . 9
sin
`
2 2
=

+
=
+
=
o

N S h g F
T
5 . 159412 5 . 2 * 5 . 6 * 81 . 9 * 1000 * * *
3 3 3
= = =
m
b
c b a h
T
5 . 6
2
1
3 1 2
2
3
= + + + = + + + =
m
h S
J
h h
T
T
T S
5128 . 6
5 . 6 * 5 . 2
2083 . 0
5 . 6
*
3 3
3
3 3
= + = + =
( ) ( ) m b a h r
S
5128 . 3 1 2 5128 . 6
3 3
= + = + =


b) Tea lopute

= 0
A
M
0 * * * *
3 3 2 2 1 1
= + r F r F r F r G
G

m
l
r
G
6 . 2
2
2 . 5
2
= = =
N 1053317.31 =
6 . 2
4667 . 0 * 5 . 61312 5128 . 3 * 5 . 159412 3333 . 3 * 662175 * * *
1 1 3 3 2 2
=
+
=
+
=
G
r
r F r F r F
G

9
1.1.3 Bazen irine l ( na papir) je potisnjen ez rob ravne strehe kot kae skica. Pri kateri viini
vode H se bazen prevrne s strehe?


L
1
= 7 m
L
2
= 3 m
l = 5 m
o= 45

v
= 1000 kg/m
3




Reitev:

a) Doloitev viine vode H


2
r ; * * * *
1
1 1 1
L
L l H g F = =
2
r ; * * * *
2
2 2 2
L
L l H g F = =
3
r ; *
2
* *
2 3
2
3
H
L l
H
g F + = =

= 0
A
M

3 3 2 2 1 1
* * * r F r F r F + =
|
.
|

\
|
+ + =
3
* *
2
* *
2
* * * * *
2
* * * * *
2
2
2
2
1
1
H
L l
H
g
L
L l H g
L
L l H g
|
.
|

\
|
+ + =
3
*
2 2 2
2
2
2
2
1
H
L
H L L

|
.
|

\
|
+ + =
3
*
2
2
2
2
1
H
L H L L
2
2
2
1
2
2
3
* L L
H
H L = +
( ) 0 * 3 * * 3
2
2
2
1 2
2
= + L L H L H

10
( ) ( )


=
+
=
+
=
2
68 . 23 9
2
3 7 * 12 3 * 9 3 * 3
2
* 12 * 9 * 3
2 2 2 2
2
2
1
2
2 2
2 , 1
L L L L
H

m 3427 . 7
2
685 . 14
H
1
= = Reitev problema
m H 3427 . 16
2
685 . 32
2
= = Fizikalno nemogo rezultat
11
1.1.4 Stoec tee G pokriva okroglo odprtino na dnu posode. Ugotovi:
a) Ali se pri dani viini vode H stoec dvigne?
b) Minimalno potrebno viino vode H
min
, pri kateri odprtina ravno e ostane odprta!


b = 1 m
D = 2 m
h = 1 m
d = 1 m
G = 4 kN
H= 3 m

v
= 1000 kg/m
3




Reitev:




a) Sili, ki delujeta navzdol

N G 4000 =
m
D
d h
h D d h h 5 . 0
2
1 * 1 *
' : : ' = = = =
m h h h 5 . 0 5 . 0 1 ' ' ' = = =
( ) ( ) N h b H
d
g F 13 . 11557 5 . 0 1 3 *
4
1 *
* 81 . 9 * 1000 ' ' *
4
*
* *
2 2
1
= = =
t t



b) Sila, ki deluje navzgor

F
D h d h d
h g
N
2
2 2 2
2 2 2
4 3 4 3 4
2
4
1
3
1
4
05
3
05
4
05 981 1000 513650
=

(
=

(
=
t t t

t t t
*
*
*
*
` *
* * *
*
*
*
*
. * .
* . * . * .
"
=


Pri dani viini se stoec ne dvigne, ker je:

12
F G N F N
1 2
1155713 4000 1655713 513650 + = + = > = . . .

c) Minimalna viina vode H
min


G F F F G F = = +
2 1 2 1

( ) G F h b H g
d
=
2
"
min
2
* * *
4
*

t

( ) ( )
m h b
g d
G F
H 6475 . 1
1000 * 81 . 9 * 1 *
4 * 4000 50 . 5136
* * * *
4 *
2
"
2
2
min
=

= + +

=
t t

13
1.1.5 Trikotna zapornica tee G, ki je vrtljiva okrog teaja A, zapira odprtino v steni. Pri kateri
viini vode H se zapornica odpre?


a = 1 m
b = 0.5 m
o = 60

v
= 1000 kg/m
3

G = 3000 N



Reitev:




a) Sila vode
F g h S g h
a b
h h
v T v T T T
= = = = * * * * * *
*
* . * *
* .
. *
2
1000 981
1 05
2
24525


b) Prijemalie sile vode

h h
J
h S
h b a
a b h
h a
h
h
h
S T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
' '
' * sin
* * *sin
* * * sin
*sin
*
. *
.
= + = + =

+ = +
o
o o
3 2
2
36 60 18
11547
00481



c) Viina vode, da se zapornica odpre

0 =
A
M
0 * cos *
3
* =
F
r F
a
G o
0 3333 . 0
0481 . 0
* * 5 . 2452 cos *
3
* =
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
T
T
h
h
a
G o
14
3333 . 0
0481 . 0
3333 . 0 * 1547 . 1
0481 . 0
* 1547 . 1 ' ' + = + + = =
T
T
T
T S F
h
h
h
h x h r
3333 . 0 * 1547 . 1
3
1
* 1547 . 1 cos *
3
' ' = = =
T T T
h h
a
h x o
996 . 117 60 cos *
3
1
* 3000 * 5 . 817 =
T
h
004 . 382 * 5 . 817 =
T
h
m h
T
4673 . 0 =
m a h H
T
0446 . 1 60 sin * 1 *
3
2
4673 . 0 sin * *
3
2
= + = + = o
15
1.1.6 Zapornica tee G zapira trikotno odprtino v steni. Kolikna sila F je potrebna za dvig
zapornice, ki je vrtljiva okrog teaja A?


a = 3 m
b = 2 m
H = 10 m
o = 30
G = 100 kN



Reitev:






a) Hidrostatina sila

N S h g F
T
264870 3 * 9 * 981 . * 1000 * * *
1
= = =

m a H h
T
9 30 sin * 3 *
3
2
10 sin * *
3
2
= = = o

2
3
2
2 * 3
2
*
m
b a
S = = =

16
m
h S
J
h h
T
T
T S
0278 . 18
18 * 3
5 . 1
18
*
'
' '
= + = + =

m
h
h
T
T
18
30 sin
9
sin
'
=

= =
o


4
3 3
5 . 1
36
3 * 2
36
*
m
a b
J
T
= = =


b) Sila za odpiranje

= 0
A
M

0 * * *
1 1
= +
F G
r F r F r G

N
r
r F r G
F
F
G
75 . 138113
5981 . 2
0278 . 1 * 264870 866 . 0 * 100000 * *
1 1
=
+
=
+
=
m
a
r
G
866 . 0 30 cos *
3
3
cos *
3
= = = o
m a
H
h r
S
0278 . 1 3
30 sin
10
0278 . 18
sin
'
1
= |
.
|

\
|

= |
.
|

\
|
=
o


m a r
F
5981 . 2 30 cos * 3 cos * = = = o

17
1.1.7 Krona odprtina v poevni steni je zaprta z zapornico v obliki krone ploe, tee G
z
, ki ima
vrtie v toki A. Zapornica je z vrvjo povezana s plavaem valjaste oblike doline L.
Doloi gostoto plavaa tako, da se bo zapornica odprla ravno takrat, ko bo valj potopljen do
polovice.


d = 1 m
D = 1 m
L = 2 m
c = 1.6 m
o = 30
G
z
= 1200 N




Reitev:

a) Gostota plavaa




N S h g F
T
99 . 8089 7854 . 0 * 05 . 1 * 81 . 9 * 1000 * * * = = =
m
D
c h
T
05 . 1 30 sin *
2
1
6 . 1 sin *
2
= |
.
|

\
|
+ = |
.
|

\
|
+ = o
2
2 2
7854 . 0
4
1 *
4
*
m
D
S = = =
t t

m
h S
J
h h
T
T
T S
1298 . 2
1 . 2 * 7854 . 0
04909 . 0
1 . 2
*
'
' '
= + = + =
m
D
c h
T
1 . 2
2
1
6 . 1
2
'
= + = + =
18
4
4 4
04909 . 0
64
1 *
64
*
m
D
J
T
= = =
t t

m c h r
S F
5298 . 0 6 . 1 1298 . 2
'
= = =

N L
d
g F
W
75 . 7704
2
1
* 2 *
4
1 *
* 81 . 9 * 1000
2
1
* *
4
*
* *
2 2
= = =
t t

m D r
W
866 . 0 30 cos * 1 cos * = = = o
m
D
r
G
433 . 0 30 cos *
2
1
cos *
2
= = = o

P P W
F G F =

+ = * * *
G z F W P
r G r F r F

N
r
r G r F
F
W
G z F
P
78 . 5548
866 . 0
433 . 0 * 1200 5298 . 0 * 99 . 8089 * *
=
+
=
+
=

N F F G
P W P
97 . 2155 78 . 5548 75 . 7704 = = =

3
2 2
2
/ 9119 . 139
2 * 1 * * 81 . 9
97 . 2155 * 4
* * *
* 4
*
4
*
* * m kg
L d g
G
L
d
g G
P
P P P
= = = =
t t

t

19
1.1.8 Krona odprtina je zaprta z zapornico, ki je povezana s kroglastim plavaem. Doloi gostoto
krogle tako, da se bo zapornica odprla ravno takrat, ko je krogla potopljena do polovice!


o = 30
d = 1 m
c = 1.6 m
D = 1.6 m



Reitev:

a) Velikost in prijemalie sile na ploskev





N S h g F
T Z
99 . 8089 7854 . 0 * 05 . 1 * 81 . 9 * 1000 * * * = = =
m
d
c h
T
05 . 1 30 sin *
2
1
6 . 1 sin *
2
= |
.
|

\
|
+ = |
.
|

\
|
+ = o
2
2 2
7854 . 0
4
1 *
4
*
m
d
S = = =
t t

m
h S
J
h h
T
T S
1298 . 2
7854 . 0 * 1 . 2
0491 . 0
1 . 2
` *
` ` = + = + =
m
d
c h
T
1 . 2
2
1
6 . 1
2
` = + = + =
20
4
4 4
0491 . 0
64
1 *
64
*
m
d
J = = =
t t



b) Gostota krogle

VZ G V
F F F + =
K K K K G
r
g V g F
t

t
* 0391 . 21
3
8 . 0 * * 4
* 81 . 9 *
3
* * 4
* * * *
3 3
= = = =
N
r
g
V
g F
V V VZ
56 . 10519
3
8 . 0 * * 2
* 81 . 9 * 1000
2 * 3
* * 4
* *
2
* *
3 3
= = = =
t t

K V
F * 0391 . 21 56 . 10519 =

0 =

M

( ) c h F d F
S Z V
= ` * cos * * o

( ) ( ) 6 . 1 1298 . 2 * 99 . 8089 30 cos * 1 * * 0391 . 21 56 . 10519 =
K


( )
3
/ 7819 . 264
30 cos * 0391 . 21
6 . 1 1298 . 2 * 99 . 8089 30 cos * 56 . 10519
m kg
K
=

=
21
1.1.9 Zapornica podane oblike in tee G, ki je vrtljiva okrog teaja A, zapira varnostno odprtino v
stranski steni bazena. Doloi gostoto plavaa
p
e je plava valjaste oblike premera D ter
viine a in se pri dani viini vode H in dolini vrvi y zapornica ravno zane odpirati!


a = 1.0 m
D = 3 m
b = 0.6 m
y = 3.6 m
H = 5 m
c = 0.8 m
d = 0.4 m
l = 1 m
o = 60
G = 5000 N

v
= 1000 kg/m
3



Reitev:

a) Globina potopitve plavaa

h H b y m = = = 5 0 6 36 08 . . .


b) Sila vode na zapornico F
1
in njeno prijemalie h
S
'

N S h g F
T v
25 . 41602 2 . 1 * 534 . 3 * 81 . 9 * 1000 * *
1
= = + =
m
d
c b H h
T
534 . 3 sin *
2
4 . 0
8 . 0 6 . 0 5 sin *
2
= |
.
|

\
|
+ = |
.
|

\
|
+ = o o
2
2 . 1 8 . 0 * 1 1 * 4 . 0
2
*
* 2 * m
c l
l d S = + = + =
m
h S
J
h h
T
T
T S
084 . 4
080 . 4 * 2 . 1
8 . 20 . 0
080 . 4
' *
' ' = + = + =
m
h
h
T
T
080 . 4
60 sin
534 . 3
sin
' =

= =
o


4
2
3 3
2
3 3
0.208m =
2
1 * 8 . 0
*
3
8 . 0
2
4 . 0
36
8 . 0 * 1
12
4 . 0 * 1
2
*
*
3 2 36
*
* 2
12
*
=
(
(

|
.
|

\
|
+ + + =
(
(

|
.
|

\
|
+ + + =
l c c d c l d l
J
T



22
c) Ravnoteni pogoj

N
r
r G r
r F r G r M
P
G
P P G A
66 . 44268
1
5 . 0 * 5000 004 . 1 * 25 . 41602
=
* * F
F 0 * * * F : 0
1 1
P 1 1
=
+
=
+
= = + = E

m
d
c h h r
T S
004 . 1
2
4 . 0
8 . 0 080 . 4 084 . 4
2
' '
1
= + + = + + =
m c
d
r
G
5 . 0 60 cos * 8 . 0
2
4 . 0
cos *
2
=
|
.
|

\
|
+ =
|
.
|

\
|
+ = o
( ) ( )
r d c m
P
= + = + = 2 04 2 08 60 1 * *cos . * . *cos o


d) gostota plavaa

( )
3
2
2
2
60 . 161
1
8 . 0
* 1000
1 * 81 . 9 * 3 *
4 * 44268 -
=
*
* * *
4 *
* * *
4
*
m kg
a
h
a g D
F
a h
D
F
v
p
P P v P
= +
= +

= =
t

t

t

23
1.1.10 Zapornica v obliki krone ploskve, tee G
Z
, zapira odprtino v poevni steni in se lahko vrti
okrog teaja A. V toki B je povezana z vertikalno vrvjo z valjastim plavaem s premerom
osnovne ploskve D, viino a in teo G
P
. Doloi dolino vrvi y, da so bo pri dani viini vode c
zapornica ravno odprla!


d = 1 m
a = 2 m
D = 2.25 m
c = 0.433 m
o = 60
G
Z
= 3000 N
G
P
= 2000 N

v
= 1000 kg/m
3




Reitev:

a) doloitev sile vode na zapornico





N S h g F
T
51 . 6672 7854 . 0 * 866 . 0 * 81 . 9 * 1000 * * * = = =
m
d
c h
T
866 . 0 60 sin *
2
1
433 . 0 sin *
2
= + = + = o
2
2 2
7854 . 0
4
1 *
4
*
m
d
S = = =
t t



b) Prijemalie sile

m
S h
J
h h
T
T S
0625 . 1
7854 . 0 * 1
0491 . 0
1
* `
` ` = + = + =
24
m
d c
h
T
1 99998 . 0
2
1
60 sin
433 . 0
2 sin
` ~ = +

= + =
o

4
4 4
0491 . 0
64
1 *
64
m
d
J = =
+
=
t t



c) Globina potopitve

0 =
A
M
o
t
o
o
cos * *
`
* * *
4
*
cos *
2
*
sin
` *
2
d
F
g x
D
G
d
G
c
h F
v P Z S

|
|
.
|

\
|
+ = +
|
.
|

\
|

N
d
G
c
h F
d
F
Z S
58 . 9006 60 cos *
2
1
* 3000
60 sin
433 . 0
0625 . 1 * 51 . 6672 *
60 cos * 1
1
=
cos *
2
*
sin
` * *
cos *
1
`
=
(

+
|
.
|

\
|

=
(

+
|
.
|

\
|
= o
o o



d) Dolina vrvi y

y d c x m = + = + = *sin *sin . . . o 1 60 0433 02822 10168

25
1.1.11 Zapornica trikotne oblike je preko roice povezana s plavaem valjaste oblike, tee G in
irine L. Sistem je vrtljiv okrog osi A. Izraunaj, e se pri podanih razmerah zapornica
odpre.


a = 0.5 m
b = 1 m
c = 0.5 m
d = 1.5 m
L = 1 m
D = 1 m
o = 60
G = 2350 N



Reitev:

a) Sila na trikotno ploskev





N S h g F
T
94 . 1769 25 . 0 * 7217 . 0 * 81 . 9 * 1000 * * * = = =
m
b
c h
T
7217 . 0 60 sin *
3
1
5 . 0 sin *
3
= |
.
|

\
|
+ = |
.
|

\
|
+ = o
2
25 . 0
2
1 * 5 . 0
2
*
m
b a
S = = =
m
S h
J
h h
T
T
S S
9 . 0
25 . 0 * 8333 . 0
0139 . 0
8333 . 0
* `
` ` = + = + =
m
b
c h
T
8333 . 0
3
5 . 0
5 . 0
3
` = + = + =
4
3 3
0139 . 0
36
1 * 5 . 0
36
*
m
b a
J
T
= = =

b) Sila vzgona

26
N L g
D
W 38 . 3852 1 * 81 . 9 * 1000 *
2 * 4
1 *
* * *
2 * 4
*
2 2
= = =
t

t

N G W V 38 . 1502 2350 38 . 3582 = = =


c) Monost odprtja zapornice

Nm d
D
V M
zap
76 . 3004 5 . 1
2
1
* 38 . 1502
2
* = |
.
|

\
|
+ = |
.
|

\
|
+ =
Nm h F M
S odp
95 . 1592 9 . 0 * 94 . 1769 ` * = = =
odp zap
M M )

odpre ne se zapornica

27
1.1.12 Doloi, e se pri podanih razmerah zapornica odpre. Zapornica je vrtljiva okrog teaja A.
Plava (kocka) je preko teaja B vezan z drogom. Teo plavaa zanemari. irina zapornice
je L ( na papir).


h = 2 m
a = 0.5 m
b = 0.3 m
G
zap
= 10
4
N
l = 2 m
v = 1 m
L = 1 m



Reitev:

a) Sile, ki odpirajo zapornico





N
h
v
l F
F
vzg
pl
25 . 1226
2
2
1
2 * 25 . 1226
2
*
=
+
=
+
=
N a g F
vzg
25 . 1226 5 . 0 * 81 . 9 * 1000 * *
3 3
= = =
N L
b h
g F
v
2943 1 *
2
3 . 0 * 2
* 81 . 9 * 1000 *
2
*
* * = = =
Nm
b
F
h
F M
v pl
A
odp
55 . 1520
3
3 . 0
* 2943
2
2
* 25 . 1226
3
*
2
* = + = + =


28
b) Sile, ki zapirajo zapornico

N L
h
h F
H
19620 1 *
2
2
* 81 . 9 * 1000 *
2
* *
2 2
= = =
Nm
b
h F M
H
A
zap
27160
3
3 . 0
* 10000 2 *
3
2
* 19620
3
* 10 *
3
2
*
4
= + = + =

M
zap
> M
odp
zapornica ostane zaprta
29
1.1.13 Kvadrasta zapornica (h*b*L, kjer je L irina na ravnino papirja) mase m zapira
pravokotno odprtino v bonem zidu, ki je nagnjen za kot o proti horizontali. Zapornico
lahko z ico pomikamo vzdol vodil, nameenih v zidu rezervoarja. Kolikna je najmanja
sila F, potrebna za dvig zapornice iz zaetnega poloaja (ko je odprtina zaprta), e je
koeficient med zapornico in vodili k?


h = 1.8 m
b = 0.4 m
L = 2.4 m
H = 10 m
m = 2000 kg
k = 0.35
o = 60



Reitev:

a) Sila v ici




( ) 0 *
3 2 1 1 2
= + = P G k G P P F

N g m G 42 . 16991 60 sin * 81 . 9 * 2000 sin * *
1
= = = o

N g m G 9810 60 cos * 81 . 9 * 2000 cos * *
2
= = = o

N S h g P
T
65 . 78553 96 . 0 * 4412 . 8 * 81 . 9 * 1000 * * *
1 1 1
= = =

m
b
h H h
T
3412 . 8 60 cos *
2
4 . 0
60 sin * 8 . 1 10 cos *
2
sin *
1
= = = o o

30
2
1
96 . 0 4 . 2 * 4 . 0 * m L b S = = =

N S h g P
T
24 . 93234 96 . 0 * 9 . 9 * 81 . 9 * 1000 * * *
1 2 2
= = =

m
b
H h
T
9 . 9 60 cos *
2
4 . 0
10 cos *
2
2
= = = o

N S h g P
T
84 . 382284 32 . 4 * 0206 . 9 * 81 . 9 * 1000 * * *
3 3
= = =

m
h
b H h
T
0206 . 9 60 sin *
2
8 . 1
60 cos * 4 . 0 10 sin *
2
cos *
3
= = = o o

2
2
32 . 4 4 . 2 * 8 . 1 * m L h S = = =

( )
( ) N
P G k G P P F
03 . 139544 84 . 382284 9810 * 35 . 0 42 . 16991 24 . 93234 65 . 78553
*
3 2 1 2 1
= + + + =
= + + + =


31
1.1.14 Zapornica krone oblike premera D, ki je vrtljiva okrog teaja A, louje bazena z alkoholom
in glicerinom. Kolikna mora biti tea zapornice G, da pri podanih viinah alkohola (H
1
) in
glicerina (H
2
) ravno e ostane zaprta?


D = 2 m
H
1
= 6 m
H
2
= 4 m
o = 60

a
= 790 kg/m
3
(alkohol)

g
= 1250 kg/m
3
(glicerin)



Reitev:

a) Sila alkohola in nejno prijemalie




N S h g F
T a
03 . 124997 1416 . 3 * 134 . 5 * 81 . 9 * 790 * * *
1 1 1
= = =
m
D
H h
T
134 . 5 60 sin *
2
2
6 sin *
2
1 1
= = = o
2
2 2
1
1416 . 3
4
2 *
4
*
m
D
S = = =
t t

m
S h
J
h h
T
T
T S
9704 . 5
1416 . 3 * 9292 . 5
7854 . 0
9282 . 5
* '
' '
1 1
1
1 1
= + = + =
m
h
h
T
T
9282 . 5
60 sin
134 . 5
sin
'
1
1
=

= =
o

32
4
4 4
1
7854 . 0
64
2 *
64
*
m
D
J
T
= = =
t t

m D
H
h r
S
0422 . 1 2
60 sin
6
9704 . 5
sin
'
1
1 1
=
|
.
|

\
|

=
|
.
|

\
|
=
o



b) Sila glicerina in njeno prijemalie

N S h g F
T g
55 . 120732 1416 . 3 * 134 . 3 * 81 . 9 * 1250 * * *
2 2 2
= = =
m
D
H h
T
134 . 3 60 sin *
2
2
4 sin *
2
2 2
= = = o
2
2 2
2
1416 . 3
4
2 *
4
*
m
D
S = = =
t t

m
S h
J
h h
T
T
T S
6879 . 3
1416 . 3 * 6188 . 3
7854 . 0
6188 . 3
* '
' '
2 2
2
2 2
= + = + =
m
h
h
T
T
6188 . 3
60 sin
134 . 3
sin
'
2
2
=

= =
o

4
4 4
2
7854 . 0
64
2 *
64
*
m
D
J
T
= = =
t t

m D
H
h r
S
0691 . 1 2
60 sin
4
6879 . 3
sin
'
2
2 2
=
|
.
|

\
|

=
|
.
|

\
|
=
o



c) Tea zapornice

0 =
A
M
0 * * *
2 2 1 1
=
G
r G r F r F
N
r
r F r F
G
G
25 . 2390
5 . 0
0691 . 1 * 55 . 120732 0422 . 1 * 03 . 124997 * *
2 2 1 1
=

=
m
D
r
G
5 . 0 60 cos *
2
2
cos *
2
= = = o
33
1.1.15 Polkrona zapornica AB irine L ( na papir) in tee G je vrtljiva okrog taeja A. e jo
podpremo s silo F, zapornica ravno ostane e zaprta. Doloi teo zapornice G!


R = 2 m
L = 2.5 m
F = 35000 N



Reitev:

a) Horizontalna sila na zapornico




N L R
R
g S h g F
T H
49050 5 . 2 *
2
2 * 2
* 81 . 9 * 1000 * *
2
* * * * * = = = =
m
R
h
SH
3333 . 1
3
2 * 2
3
* 2
= = =
m
R
r
H
6667 . 0
3
2
3
= = =


b) Vertikalna sila na zapornico

N
R
L g P g F
V
56 . 77047
4
* 2
* 5 . 2 * 81 . 9 * 1000
4
*
* * * * *
2 2
= = = =
t t

m
R
r
V
8488 . 0
* 3
2 * 4
* 3
* 4
= = =
t t




34

c) Doloitev tee zapornice

0 =
A
M

0 * *
* 2
* * = |
.
|

\
|
+
V V H H
r F r F
R
R G R F
t


N
R
R
R F r F r F
G
V V H H
85 . 20783
2 * 2
2
2 * 13500 4467 . 0 * 44 . 21052 6667 . 0 * 49050
* 2
* * *
=

+
=

+
=
t t

35
1.1.16 Polkrona zapornica AB irine L ( na papir) in tee G je vrtljiva okrog teaja A. e jo
obremenimo s silo F, zapornica ravno ostane zaprta. Doloi teo zapornice G!


R = 2 m
L = 2.5 m
F = 13500 N



Reitev:

a) Horizontalna sila na zapornico




N L R
R
g S h g F
T H
49050 5 . 2 *
2
2 * 2
* 81 . 9 * 1000 * *
2
* * * * * = = = =
m
R
h
SH
3333 . 1
3
2 * 2
3
* 2
= = =
m
R
r
H
6667 . 0
3
2
3
= = =


b) Vertikalna sila na zapornico

N
R
R L g P g F
V
44 . 21052
4
* 2
2 * 5 . 2 * 81 . 9 * 1000
4
*
* * * * *
2
2
2
2
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
= =
t t

2 2 1 1
* * * S r S r S r
V V
=
m
R R
R
R R
R R
R
S
S r S r
r
V
V
4467 . 0
4
*
2
4
* 2
*
* 3
2 * 4
2 2 *
2
2
4
*
4
*
*
* 3
* 4
*
2 * *
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2 2 1 1
=

|
.
|

\
|

=

|
.
|

\
|

=

=
t
t
t
t
t
t


36
c) Doloitev tee zapornice





0 =
A
M

0 * *
* 2
* * = |
.
|

\
|
+
V V H H
r F r F
R
R G R F
t


N
R
R
R F r F r F
G
V V H H
85 . 20783
2 * 2
2
2 * 13500 4467 . 0 * 44 . 21052 6667 . 0 * 49050
* 2
* * *
=

+
=

+
=
t t

37
1.1.17 Doloi horizontalno in vertikalno silo HS pritiska na zapornico, ki ima vrtie v toki A.
Zapornica ima obliko etrtine plaa valja; dolina je L. Doloi tudi prijemalie obeh delnih
sil glede na os A.

H = 10 m
R = 2 m
L = 1 m



Reitev:




a) Horizontalna sila

N S h g F
H TH V H
215820 2 * 11 * 81 . 9 * 1000 * * * = = =
m
R
H h
TH
11
2
2
10
2
= + = + =
2
2 1 * 2 * m L R S
H
= = =
m
h S
J
h h
TH
TH
TH SH
0303 . 11
11 * 2
6667 . 0
11
*
= + = + =
4
3 3
6667 . 0
12
2 * 1
12
*
m
R L
J
TH
= = =
m H h r
SH H
0303 . 1 10 0303 . 11 = = =


38
b) Vertikalna sila

N P g F
V V V
02 . 227019 1416 . 23 * 81 . 9 * 1000 * * = = =
3
2 2
1416 . 23 1 *
4
* 2
2 * 10 *
4
*
* m L
R
R H P
V
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ =
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ =
t t

2 2 1 1
* * * S r S r S r
V
+ =
m
R
R H
R R
R H
R
S
S r S r
r
V
9795 . 0
4
* 2
2 * 10
4 * * 3
* 2 * 2 * 4
2 * 10 *
2
2
4
*
*
4
*
*
* 3
* 4
* *
2
* *
2
2
2
2
2 2 1 1
=
+
+
=
+
+
=
+
=
t
t
t
t
t
t


c) Skupna sila

F F F N
H V
= + = + =
2 2 2 2
215820 22701902 31323459 . .
39
1.1.18 Zapornica tee G v obliki polovice plaa valja je vrtljiva okrog teaja A. S kolikno silo F
jo moramo podpreti, da se pri dani viini vode H ne odpre?


H = 10 m
R = 2 m
L = 1 m ( na papir)
G = 10 kN



Reitev:

a) Sili in prijemalia







N S h g F
T H
313920 1 * 4 * 8 * 81 . 9 * 1000 * * * = = =
m
S h
J
h h
T
T
T S
1667 . 8
4 * 8
3333 . 5
8
*
= + = + =
( ) ( )
4
3 3
3333 . 5
12
2 * 2 * 1
12
* 2 *
m
R L
J
T
= = =
m R H h
T
8 2 10 = = =
2
4 1 * 2 * 2 * * 2 m L R S = = =
( ) ( ) m R H h r
S H
1667 . 2 2 * 2 10 1667 . 8 * 2 = = =
N L g
R
F
V
05 . 61638 1 * 81 . 9 * 1000 *
2
2 *
* * *
2
*
2 2
= = =
t

t

m
R
r
V
8488 . 0
* 3
2 * 4
* 3
* 4
= = =
t t

m
R
r
G
2733 . 1
2 * 2 * 2
= = =
t t

40
b) Doloitev sile F

0 =
A
M

0 * 2 * * * * = + R F r F r G r F
V V G H H


N
R
r F r G r F
F
V V G H H
1 . 160143
2 * 2
8488 . 0 * 05 . 61638 2733 . 1 * 10000 1667 . 2 * 313920
* 2
* * *
=
+
=
+
=

41
1.1.19 Ugotovi, ali se zapornica v danih pogojih odpre (okrog teaja A v protiurni smeri)! Raunaj
na 1m irine, teo zapornice zanemari!


a = 2 m
d = 1 m
L = 1 m



Reitev:

a) Sile na zapornico



N S h g F
T
19620 2 * 1 * 81 . 9 * 100 * * *
1
= = =
m
a
h
T
1
2
2
2
= = =
2
2 1 * 2 * m L a S = = =
N L d a
d
g F 38 . 23472 1 * 1 * 2
8
1 *
* 81 . 9 * 1000 * *
2 * 4
*
* *
2 2
2
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ =
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ =
t t


3
F se medsebojno uniita




42
b) Monost zasuka zapornice

odpre se zapornica
m
d
r
Nm r F M
m
a
r
Nm r F M
z

5 . 0
2
19 . 11736 5 . 0 * 38 . 23472 *
6667 . 0
3
2
3
13080 6667 . 0 * 19620 *
2
2 2
1
1 1 0

= =
= = =
= = =
= = =

43
1.1.20 Zapornica v obliki polovice cilindra s irino L ( na papir) in teo G zapira pravokotno
odprtino v zidu. Kolikna je najmanja sila F, potrebna za dvig zapornice, ki je vrtljiva okrog
teeja A?


D = 2 m
L = 3 m
H = 10 m
G = 200 kN



Reitev:

a) Sile in prijemalia




N S h g F
T H
529740 6 * 9 * 81 . 9 * 1000 * * * = = =
m
D
H h
T
9
2
2
10
2
= = =
2
6 3 * 2 * m L D S = = =
m
S h
J
h h
T
T
T S
037 . 9
6 * 9
2
9
*
= + = + =
4
3 3
2
12
2 * 3
12
*
m
D L
J
T
= = =
44
N L
D
g V g F
V
54 . 46228 3 *
2 * 4
2 *
* 81 . 9 * 1000 *
2 * 4
*
* * * *
2 2
= = = =
t t

m
R
r
V
4244 . 0
* 3
1 * 4
* 3
* 4
= = =
t t



b) Potrebna sila za odprtje zapornice

= 0
A
M
( )
2
* * * *
D
F r F r G D h h F
V V V S H
= + +
( ) | |
( ) | |
N
D
r F r G D h h F
F
V V V S H
98 . 614600
2
4244 . 0 * 54 . 46228 4244 . 0 * 200000 2 10 037 . 9 * 529740 * 2

* * * * 2
=
+ +
=
=
+ +
=

45
1.1.21 Polkrona zapornica polmera R in irine L ( na papir), tee G
Z
, se lahko vrti okrog teaja
A. V toki B je povezana z vertikalno vrvjo s plavaem v obliki kocke tee G
P
. Doloi
dolino vrvi y, da se bo pri dani viini vode c zapornica ravno odprla!


A = 3 m
R = 1.5 m
C = 2 m
G
Z
= 55000 N
G
P
= 800 N

v
= 10
3
kg/m
3

L = 1 m



Reitev:

a) Sili na zapornico




N h S g F
T H
103005 5 . 3 * 3 * 81 . 9 * 1000 * * * = = =
2
3 1 * 5 . 1 * 2 * * 2 m L R S = = =
m R c h
T
5 . 3 5 . 1 2 = + = + =
m c h r
SH H
7143 . 1 2 7143 . 3 = = =
m
S h
J
h h
T
T
T SH
7143 . 3
3 * 5 . 3
25 . 2
5 . 3
*
= + = + =
46
( ) ( )
4
3 3
25 . 2
12
5 . 1 * 2 * 1
12
* 2 *
m
R L
J
T
= = =
N P g F
V
4 . 34671 5343 . 3 * 81 . 9 * 1000 * * = = =
3
2 2
5343 . 3 1 *
2
* 5 . 1
*
2
*
m L
R
P = = =
t t

m
R
r
V
6366 . 0
* 3
5 . 1 * 4
* 3
* 4
= = =
t t



b) Globina potopitve plavaa

= 0
A
M
0 * * * * * = +
H H V Z P P V V
r F r G r G r F R W
N
R
r F r G r G r F
W
H H V Z P P V V
73 . 127147
1.5
7143 . 1 * 103005 6366 . 0 * 55000 5 . 1 * 800 6366 . 0 * 4 . 34671

* * * *
=
+ + +
=
=
+ + +
=

m
a g
W
h h a g W 44 . 1
3 * 81 . 9 * 1000
73 . 127147
* *
* * *
2 2
2
= = = =

c) Dolina vrvi

y c R h m = + = + = 2 15 144 20599 . . .
47
1.1.22 Polkrona zapornica irine L je preko roice, vrtljive okrog osi A, povezana s plavaem
kvadrataste oblike s stranico a in teo G
P
. Doloi globino potopitve plavaa h, pri kateri se
zapornica ravno zane odpirati!


a = 2 m
d = 2.5 m
c = 1 m
R = 2 m
G = 2000 N
L = 1 m



Reitev:

a) Globina potopitve plavaa




Z O
M M =

S H W P V V W W
h F r G r F r F * * * * + = +

h h h a g F
W
* 39240 * 2 * 81 . 9 * 100 * * * *
2 2
= =
N L
R
g F
V
51 . 15409 1 *
2
1 *
* 81 . 9 * 1000 *
2
*
* *
2 2
= = =
t t


48
N S h g F
T H
39240 2 * 2 * 81 . 9 * 1000 * * * = = =

m R c h
T
2 1 1 * = + = =

2
2 1 * 1 * 2 * * 2 m L R S = = =

m
S h
J
h h
T
T
T S
1667 . 2
2 * 2
6667 . 0
2
*
= + = + =

( ) ( )
4
3 3
6667 . 0
12
* 1 * 2
12
* * 2
m
a L R
J
T
= = =

m
a
d r
W
5 . 3
2
2
5 . 2
2
= + = + =

m
R
r
V
4244 . 0
* 3
1 * 4
* 3
* 4
= = =
t t


m
r
r F h F r G
h
W
V V S H W P
6224 . 0
5 . 3 * 39240
4244 . 0 * 51 . 15409 1667 . 2 * 39240 5 . 3 * 2000
* 39240
* * *
=
+
=
+
=
49
1.1.23 Doloi maksimalno dopustno globino potopitve h valjastega plavaa tee G
pl
, da bo
polkrona zapornica tee G
zap
, ki se vrti okrog teaja A, ravno e ostala zaprta. Plava-valj je
preko teaja B vezan z drogom d.


R = 1 m
L = 1 m ( na papir)
V = 1 m
G
zap
= 10
4
N
l = 4 m
D = 2 m
c = 1 m
G
pl
= 2.5*10
3
N



Reitev:

a) Sile, ki odpirajo zapornico





N L
R
g F
V
51 . 15409 1 *
2
1 *
* 81 . 9 * 1000 *
2
*
* *
2 2
= = =
t t

pl vpl
G F F =
1

( )
R V
l F
F R V l F
d
+
= + =
*
F * *
1
d 1



b) Sile, ki zapirajo zapornico

F g
R
L N
H
= = = * *
*
* * . *
*1
*1
4
2
1000 981
4
2
19620
2 2




50
c) Globina potopitve plavaa

= 0
A
M
( ) ( ) 0 *
* 3
* 4
* * 2 *
3
2
* = + R F
R
F G R F
d V zap H
t


( ) 0
*
* 3
4
*
3
4
*
1
=
+
+
R V
l F
F G F
V zap H
t

( )
( ) N
l
R V
F G F F
V zap H
07 . 11932
4
1 1
*
* 3
4
* 51 . 15409 10000
3
4
* 19620
*
* 3
4
*
3
4
*
1
=
+
(

+ =
=
+
(

+ =
t
t


pl vpl
G F F + =
1


pl
G F h
D
g + =
1
2
*
4
*
* *
t


( )

+
=
* * *
* 4
2
1
D g
G F
h
pl
t


( )
( )
m
D g
G F
h
pl
4683 . 0
2 * * 81 . 9 * 1000
2500 07 . 11932 * 4
* * *
* 4
2 2
1
=
+
=
+
=
t t

51
1.1.24 Betonska pregrada dane oblike ima irino L ( na papir). Doloi faktor varnosti pregrade
proti zdrsu K
1
in proti prevrnitvi K
2
okrog toke A. Koeficient trenja med podlago in
pregrado je k.


R = 3 m
a = 2 m
b = 1 m
c = 2 m
d = 0.5 m
L = 5 m
k = 0.75

b
= 2800 kg/m
3

v
= 1000k g/m
3

r
T
= 4*R / (3*t)



Reitev:

a) Sile na pregrado




( ) ( )
N L
a d
g F
v H
25 . 153281 5 *
2
2 5 . 0
* 81 . 9 * 1000 *
2
* *
2 2
1
=
+
=
+
=
m
d a
r
H
8333 . 0
3
2 5 . 0
3
1
=
+
=
+
=
( ) ( )
N L
a R
g F
v H
613125 5 *
2
2 3
* 81 . 9 * 1000 *
2
* *
2 2
2
=
+
=
+
=
m
R a
r
H
6667 . 1
3
3 2
3
2
=
+
=
+
=
N L
d c
g F
v V
24525 5 *
2
5 . 0 * 2
* 81 . 9 * 1000 *
2
*
* *
1
= = =
m
c
r
V
6667 . 0
3
2
3
1
= = =
52
N L
R
g F
v V
02 . 346714 5 *
4
3 *
* 81 . 9 * 1000 *
4
*
* *
2 2
2
= = =
t t

( ) m
R
c b R r
V
7268 . 4
* 3
3 * 4
2 1 3
* 3
* 4
2
= + + = + + =
t t

N L
d c
g G
b
68670 5 *
2
5 . 0 * 2
* 81 . 9 * 2800 *
2
*
* *
1
= = =
m c r
G
3333 . 1 2 *
3
2
*
3
2
1
= = =
N L R b g G
b
412020 5 * 3 * 1 * 81 . 9 * 2800 * * * *
2
= = =
m
b
c r
G
5 . 2
2
1
2
2
2
= + = + =
N L
R
R g G
b
75 . 265260 5 *
4
* 3
3 * 81 . 9 * 2800 *
4
*
* *
2
2
2
2
3
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
t t


m r b c r
G G
6701 . 3 6701 . 0 1 2 `
3 3
= + + = + + =
m
R
R
R
R
R R
R
r
G
6701 . 0
4
3 *
3
* 3
3 * 4
3 *
4
3 *
2
3
* 3
4
*
* 3
* 4
*
4
*
2
*
`
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
3
=

|
.
|

\
|

=

|
.
|

\
|

=
t
t
t
t
t
t

( ) ( ) N L c b R a g G
b
1648080 5 * 2 1 3 * 2 * 81 . 9 * 2800 * * * *
4
= + + = + + =
m
c b R
r
G
3
2
2 1 3
2
4
=
+ +
=
+ +
=


b) Koeficient proti zdrsu


( ) ( )
4 3 2 1 2 1 1 2 1
* * G G G G F F k F F K
V V H H
+ + + + + =

( )
( )
5101 . 4
25 . 153281 613125
1648080 75 . 265260 412020 68670 02 . 346714 24525 * 75 . 0
=
*
1 2
4 3 2 1 2 1
1
=

+ + + + +
=

+ + + + +
=
H H
V V
F F
G G G G F F k
K



c) Koeficient proti prevrnitvi

4 4 3 3 2 2 1 1 1 1 2 2 1 1 2 2 2
* * * * * * * * *
G G G G H H V V V V H H
r G r G r G r G r F r F r F r F K + + + + + + =
6345 . 8
1021875
967 . 8822302
=
*
* * * * * * *
2 2
4 4 3 3 2 2 1 1 1 1 2 2 1 1
2
=
=
+ + + + + +
=
H H
G G G G H H V V V V
r F
r G r G r G r G r F r F r F
K


53
1.1.25 Doloi, s koliknim faktorjem varnosti proti zdrsu (K
1
) in prevrnitvi (K
2
) je zgrajena
betonska pregrada podane oblike in dimenzij. Raunaj na irinski meter L ( na papir).


H = 140 m
b = 30 m
a = 60 m

b
= 2.8 kg/dm
3

v
= 1 kg/dm
3

k = 0.7 (koeficient
trenja)
L= 1m




Reitev:

a) Monost zdrsa




( ) ( ) N L
H
b a g G
b
57682800 1 *
2
140
* 30 60 * 81 . 9 * 2800 *
2
* * *
1
= = =
( ) ( ) m b a r 20 30 60 *
3
2
*
3
2
1
= = =
( ) ( ) N L b H b g G
b
90644400 1 * 30 140 * 30 * 81 . 9 * 2800 * * * *
2
= = =
m
b
a r 45
2
30
60
2
2
= = =
54
N L
b b
g G
b
12360600 1 *
2
30 * 30
* 81 . 9 * 2800 *
2
*
* *
3
= = =
m
b
a r 40
3
30 * 2
60
3
* 2
3
= = =
N L
H H
g F
v H
96138000 1 *
2
140 * 140
* 81 . 9 * 1000 *
2
*
* * = = =
m
H
r
H
6667 . 46
3
140
3
= = =
N L
b b
g F
v V
4414500 1 *
2
30 * 30
* 81 . 9 * 1000 *
2
*
* * = = =
m
b
a r
V
50
3
30
60
3
= = =
( ) * *
3 2 1 1
+ + + = k G G G F K F
V H

( ) ( )
2021 . 1
96138000
7 . 0 * 12360600 90644400 57682800 4414500 *
3 2 1
1
=
+ + +
=
+ + +
=
H
V
F
k G G G F
K


b) Monost prevrnitve


+ + + = * * * * * *
3 3 2 2 1 1 2 V V H H
r F r G r G r G K r F
3257 . 1
6667 . 46 * 96138000
50 * 4414500 40 * 12360600 45 * 90644400 20 * 57682800
=
*
* * * *
3 3 2 2 1 1
2
=
+ + +
=
+ + +
=
H H
V V
r F
r F r G r G r G
K

55
1.1.26 V steni med dvema bazenoma je vgrajena pravokotna loputa, ki lahko prosto niha okrog
teaja T. S kolikno silo in s katere strani jo moramo podpreti na njenem spodnjem robu, da
se ne bo premaknila iz vertikalnega poloaja?


b = 2 m
H
1
= 3.5 m
H
2
= 4 m
s = 1 m

olj a
= 0.7*10
3
kg/m
3

glic
= 1.26 kg/m
3




Reitev:




a) Sila in prijemalie glicerina (s pomojo obtenega diagrama)

( ) ( )
N s
H b
g F
glic
68 . 13905 1 *
2
5 . 0 2
* 81 . 9 * 10 * 26 . 1 *
2
* *
2
3
2
1
=

=
A
=
m H H H 5 . 0 5 . 3 4
1 2
= = = A
( ) ( ) m H b H r 5 . 1 5 . 0 2 *
3
2
5 . 0 *
3
2
1
= + = A + A =


b) Sila in prijemalie olja

N s
b
g F
olja
13734 1 *
2
2
* 81 . 9 * 10 * 7 . 0 *
2
* *
2
3
2
2
= = =
56
m b r 3334 . 1 2 *
3
2
*
3
2
2
= = =

c) Sila, s katero pritiskamo

0 =

T
M
0 * * *
3 2 2 1 1
= + b F r F r F
N
b
r F r F
F 26 . 1273
2
5 . 1 * 68 . 13905 334 . 1 * 13734 * *
1 2 2
3
=

=

Loputo moramo podpreti s silo 1273.26N s strani olja.
57
1.1.27 Doloi, s koliknim faktorjem varnosti proti zdrsu (K
1
) in prevrnitvi (K
2
) je zgrajena
betonska pregrada podane oblike in dimenzij. Raunaj na irinski meter!


H = 140 m
R = 30 m
a = 60 m

b
= 2.8 kg/m
3

v
= 1 kg/m
3

k = 0.7
L = 1 m




Reitev:

a) Sile




( ) ( )
N L
H R a
g G
b
57682800 1 *
2
140 * 30 60
* 81 . 9 * 2800 *
2
*
* *
1
=

=
( ) ( ) m R a r 20 30 60 *
3
2
*
3
2
1
= = =
( ) ( ) N L R R H g G
b
90644400 1 * 30 * 30 140 * 81 . 9 * 2800 * * * *
2
= = =
m
R
a r 45
2
30
60
2
2
= = =
N L
R
g G
b
08 . 19415985 1 *
4
30 *
* 81 . 9 * 2800 *
4
*
* *
2 2
3
= = =
t t

58
m
R
R a r 7324 . 42
* 3
30 * 4
30 60
* 3
* 4
3
= + = + =
t t

N L
H
g F
v H
96138000 1 *
2
140
* 81 . 9 * 1000 *
2
* *
2 2
= = =
m
H
r
H
6667 . 46
3
140
3
= = =
N L
R
R g F
v V
62 . 1894719 1 *
4
30 *
30 * 81 . 9 * 1000 *
4
*
* *
2
2
2
2
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
t t

m r R a r
V V
299 . 53 299 . 23 30 60 ' = + = + =
4
*
3 2
'
4
*
'*
* 3
* 4
*
4
*
2
*
2
2
3 3
2
2
2 2
R
R
R R
r
R
R r
R R R R
V V
t
t
t
t

=
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
m
R
r
V
299 . 23
4
1 * 6
30
4
1 * 6
' =
|
.
|

\
|

=
|
.
|

\
|

=
t t



b) Zdrs

( ) + + + = * *
3 2 1 1 V H
F G G G k K F
( ) ( )
2352 . 1
96138000
62 . 1894719 08 . 19415985 90644400 57682800 * 7 . 0 *
K
3 2 1
1
=
+ + +
=
+ + +
=
H
V
F
F G G G k

c) Prevrnitev

V V H H
F r G r G r G r F r K * * * * * *
3 3 2 2 1 1 2
+ + + =
3777 . 1
96138000 * 6667 . 46
62 . 1894719 * 299 . 53 08 . 19415985 * 7324 . 42 90644400 * 45 57682800 * 20

*
* * * *
3 3 2 2 1 1
2
=
+ + +
=
=
+ + +
=
H H
V V
F r
F r G r G r G r
K

59
1.1.28 Zapornica v obliki valja premera D in doline L ( na papir) je vrtljiva okrog teaja A. Pri
kateri viini vode H
2
je zapornica zaprta oz v simetrinem poloaju (glej sliko), tako da loi
olje od vode?


H
1
= 6 m

o
= 0.8 kg/m
3

v
= 1 kg/m
3

D = 1.5 m
L = 3 m
r
T
= 4*R / (3*t) (teie
polkroga)




Reitev

a) Sile na zapornico

N L
D
g F
o V
84 . 20802 3 *
2 * 4
5 . 1 *
* 81 . 9 * 800 *
2 * 4
*
* *
2 2
1
= = =
t t

V V
r m
D
r
2 1
3183 . 0
* 2 * 3
5 . 1 * 4
* 3 * 2
* 4
= = = =
t t

N S h g F
T o H
185409 5 . 4 * 25 . 5 * 81 . 9 * 800 * * *
1 1 1
= = =
m
D
H h
T
25 . 5
2
5 . 1
6
2
1 1
= = =
2
2
1
5 . 4 3 * 5 . 1 * S m L D S = = = =
m
S h
J
h h
T
T
T S
2857 . 5
5 . 4 * 25 . 5
84375 . 0
25 . 5
*
1 1
1
1 1
= + = + =
2
4
3 3
1
84375 . 0
12
5 . 1 * 3
12
*
T T
J m
D L
J = = = =
( ) ( ) m D H h r
S H
7857 . 0 5 . 1 6 2857 . 5
1 1 1
= = =
2 2 2 2 2
* 44145 * 5 . 4 * 81 . 9 * 1000 * * *
T T T v H
h h S h g F = = =
2
2
2
2
2 2
2
2 2
1875 . 0
* 5 . 4
84375 . 0
*
T
T
T
T
T
T
T S
h
h
h
h
S h
J
h h + = + = + =
( ) 75 . 0
1875 . 0
2
5 . 1 1875 . 0
2
1875 . 0
2 2
2
2
2 2 2 2
+ = + = + + = =
T T
T
T
T S H
h h
D
h
h
h D H h r
N L
D
g F
V V
55 . 26003 3 *
2 * 4
5 . 1 *
* 81 . 9 * 1000 *
2 * 4
*
* *
2 2
2
= = =
t t




60



b) Viina vode H
2

V V V V H H H H
r F r F r F r F
1 1 2 2 1 1 2 2
* * * * + =
3183 . 0 * 84 . 20802 3183 . 0 * 55 . 26003 7875 . 0 * 185409 75 . 0
1875 . 0
* * 44145
2
2
+ =
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
T
T
h
h
m h
T
2 . 4
75 . 0 * 444145
1875 . 0 * 44145 3183 . 0 * 84 . 20802 3183 . 0 * 55 . 26003 7875 . 0 * 185409
2
=
+
=
m
d
h H
T
95 . 4
2
5 . 1
2 . 4
2
2 2
= + = + =
61
1.1.29 V vertikalni steni med dvema rezervoarjema z vodo je nameena elezna zapornica
podanega prereza, ki je vrtljiva okrog teaja A. Kolikna je minimalna sila F v jekleni vrvi, s
katero lahko dvigujemo zapornico? irina zapornice ( na papir) je L.


a = 4 m
b = 2 m
c = 3 m
o = 30
L = 5 m

v
= 1000 kg/m
3

j
= 7800 kg/m
3





Reitev:

a) Sile in prijemalia na zapornico



N L
c
g F
v H
220725 5 *
2
3
* 81 . 9 * 1000 *
2
* *
2 2
1
= = =
m c b r
H
4 3 *
3
2
2 *
3
2
1
= + = + =
N S h g F
T v H
1594125 25 * 5 . 6 * 81 . 9 * 1000 * * *
2 2 2
= = =
m
c b
a h
T
5 . 6
2
3 2
4
2
2
=
+
+ =
+
+ =
( ) ( )
2
2
25 5 * 3 2 * m L c b S = + = + =
62
N L
c
g F
v V
01 . 173357 5 *
4 * 2
3 *
* 81 . 9 * 1000 *
2 * 4
*
* *
2 2
1
= = =
t t

N L
c
g G
j
68 . 1352184 5 *
8
3 *
* 81 . 9 * 7800 *
2 * 4
*
* *
2 2
1
= = =
t t

m
c
r 6366 . 0
2 * * 3
3 * 4
2 * * 3
* 4
1
= = =
t t

( ) ( )
N L
c c b
g F
v V
367875 5 *
2
3 * 3 2
* 81 . 9 * 1000 *
2
*
* *
2
=
+
=
+
=
( ) ( )
N L
c c b
g G
j
2869425 5 *
2
3 * 3 2
* 81 . 9 * 7800 *
2
*
* *
2
=
+
=
+
=
m
c
r 1
3
3
3
2
= = =
m
h S
J
h h
T
T
T SH
8205 . 6
25 * 5 . 6
0833 . 52
5 . 6
*
2 2
2
2 2
= + = + =
( ) ( )
4
3 3
2
0833 . 52
12
3 2 * 5
12
*
m
c b L
J
T
=
+
=
+
=
N G G 68 . 4221609 2869425 68 . 1352184
2 1
= + = +
m
G G
r G r G
r
G
4758 . 0
* *
2 1
2 2 1 1
=
+

=
m a h r
SH H
8205 . 2 4 8205 . 6
2 2
= = =

b) Sila za dvigovanje zapornice

= 0
A
M
0 * * * * * * *
2 2 2 2 1 1 2 2 1 1 1 1
= + + +
H H V V H H F
r F r G r F r F r G r F r F
m d r
F
9155 . 2 30 sin * 8309 . 5 sin * = = = o
( ) ( ) m c c b d 8309 . 5 3 3 2
2 2 2 2
= + + = + + =
=
+ +
=
F
V H H H H V
r
r F r G r F r F r G r F
F
2 2 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 1 1
* * * * * *

N 17 . 1839986
9155 . 2
1
*
1 * 367875 6366 . 0 * 68 . 1352184 4 * 220725
805 . 2 * 1594125 1 * 2869425 6366 . 0 * 01 . 173357
=
|
|
.
|

\
|

+ +
=

63
1.1.30 Zapornica v obliki etrtinke plaa valja (irine L na papir) in tee G je na zgornjem koncu
vrtljiva okrog teaja A, na spodnjem pa s pomojo sidra pripeta na zid. Doloi vertikalno
silo, ki pri viini vode H deluje na sidro!


a = 1 m
R = 2 m
L = 2 m
G = 10000 N
H = 4.7 m

v
= 1000 kg/m
3




Reitev:







a) Horizontalna sila na zapornico in njeno prijemalie

N S h g F
H TH v H
105948 4 * 7 . 2 * 81 . 9 * 1000 * * * = = =
m
R
a H h
TH
7 . 2
2
2
1 7 . 4
2
= = =
2
4 2 * 2 * m L R S
H
= = =
m
h s
J
h h
TH H
TH
TH SH
8235 . 2
7 . 2 * 4
3334 . 1
7 . 2
*
= + = + =
64
4
3 3
3334 . 1
12
2 * 2
12
*
m
R L
J
TH
= = =
( ) ( ) m a R H h r
SH H
1235 . 1 1 2 7 . 4 8235 . 2 = = =



b) Vertikalna sila in njeno prijemalie

N P g F
V v V
05 . 128346 0832 . 13 * 81 . 9 * 1000 * * = = =
( ) ( )
3
2 2
0832 . 13 2 * 1 2 7 . 4
4
* 2
* 2 *
4
*
* m R a R H
R
L P
V
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ =
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ =
t t

( )
( )
( )
( )
m
R a R H
R
R a R H
R R R
r
v
9274 . 0
2 * 1 2 7 . 4
4
* 2
1 2 7 . 4 *
2
2
3
2
*
4
*
*
2 4
*
*
* 3
* 4
'
2
2 3
2
2
=
+
+
=
+
+
=
t t
t
t

m r R r
v V
0726 . 1 9274 . 0 2 ' = = =


c) Vertikalna sila v sidru

0 =
A
M
0 * * * * = + R F r G r F r F
G V V H H

N
R
r G r F r F
F
G V V H H
25 . 124712
2
7268 . 0 * 10000 9274 . 0 * 05 . 128346 1235 . 1 * 105948 * * *
=
+
=
+
=
m
R
r
G
2732 . 1
2 * 2 * 2
' = = =
t t

m r R r
G G
7268 . 0 2732 . 1 2 ' = = =
65
1.1.31 Zapornica tee G, ki zapira talni izpust, ima obliko polkronega loka premera D in irino s
( na papir). Vrtljiva je okrog osi A in preko roice doline L povezana z utejo mase m.
Doloi maso m tako, da se bo zapornica odprla pri viini vode H (lastno teo roice lahko
zanemari)!


D = 2 m
L = 3 m
s = 1.5 m
G = 10000 N
H = 2.5 m

v
= 1000 kg/m
3




Reitev:





a) Horizontalna komponenta sile hidrostatskega pritiska in njeno prijemalie

N S h g F
H TH v H
103005 3 * 5 . 3 * 81 . 9 * 1000 * * * = = =
m
D
H h
TH
5 . 3
2
2
5 . 2
2
= + = + =
2
3 5 . 1 * 2 * m s D S
H
= = =
m
S h
J
h h
H TH
TH
TH SH
5952 . 3
3 * 5 . 3
1
5 . 3
*
= + = + =
4
3 3
1
12
2 * 5 . 1
12
*
m
D s
J
TH
= = =
m H h r
SH H
0952 . 1 5 . 2 5952 . 3 = = =

66


b) Vertikalna komponenta sile hidrostatskega pritiska in njeno prijemalie

N P g F
V v V
27 . 23114 3562 . 2 * 81 . 9 * 1000 * * * = =
3
2 2
3562 . 2 5 . 1 *
2 * 4
2 *
*
2 * 4
*
m s
D
P
V
= = =
t t

m
D
r
V
4244 . 0
* 3
2
2
* 4
* 3
2
* 4
= = =
t t



c) Teie tee zapornice

r
D
m
G
= = =
2
2
2
2
2
0 6366
* *
.
t t



d) Masa utei

0 =
A
M
0 * * * * * = + L g m r F r G r F
V V G H H

kg
L g
r F r G r F
m
V V G H H
32 . 3716
3 * 81 . 9
4244 . 0 * 27 . 23114 6366 . 0 * 10000 0952 . 1 * 103005
*
* * *
=
+
=
+
=

67
1.1.32 S kolikno silo moramo podpreti v toki C okroglo loputo, ki ima vrtie v toki A, da ne bo
prilo do iztekanja vode iz posode?


F
0
= 10
2
N
S
0
= 100 cm
2

D = 1 m
H = 2 m
o = 60



Reitev:

a) Doloitev sile, ki prepreuje odprtje zapornice

bar m N
S
F
p 1 . 0 / 10000
01 . 0
100
2
0
0
= = = =
m
g
p
H h 0194 . 3
81 . 9 * 1000
10000
2
*
*
= + = + =

N S h g F
T v
75 . 26599 7854 . 0 * 4524 . 3 * 81 . 9 * 1000 * * * = = =
m
D
h h
T
4524 . 3
2
60 sin * 1
0194 . 3
2
sin *
*
=

+ = + =
o

2
2 2
7854 . 0
4
1 *
4
*
m
D
S = = =
t t

m
h S
J
h h
T
T
T S
0021 . 4
9865 . 3 * 7854 . 0
0491 . 0
9865 . 3
*
'
' '
= + = + =
m
h
h
T
T
9865 . 3
60 sin
4524 . 3
sin
'
=

= =
o

4
4 4
0491 . 0
64
1 *
64
*
m
D
J
T
= = =
t t

m
h
h r
S
5157 . 0
60 sin
0194 . 3
0021 . 4
sin
*
'
=

= =
o

N
D
r F
F D F r F
v
C C v
91 . 13716
1
5157 . 0 * 75 . 26599 *
* * = = = =
68
1.1.33 Valjasta posoda, ki je na irem delu zaprta, je s svojim ojim delom, ki je brez osnovne
ploskve, nameena v odprti krak rezervoarja, ki je napolnjen z vodo in zrakom pod tlakom
p
A
. Kolikna mora biti tea posode, da miruje v narisanem poloaju (se ne dviga oz.
spua)?

p
A
= -0.3 bar
D = 1.5 m
d = 1 m
H = 5 m
h = 1 m

v
= 10
3
kg/m
3




Reitev:

a) Izraun navidezne gladine

H H
p
g
m
A
v
1
5
3
5
03 10
10 981
19419 = + = +

=
*
. *
* .
.



b) Razlika sil hidrostatinega pritiska, ki deluje navzgor: F
1

N
d
H g F
v
84 . 14961
4
1 *
* 9419 . 1 * 81 . 9 * 100
4
*
* * *
2 2
1
1 1
= = =
t t

69
c) Razlika sil hidrostatinega pritiska, ki delujejo navzdol: F
2

( ) ( ) N d D h g F
v
95 . 9630 1 5 . 1 *
4
* 1 * 81 . 9 * 1000 *
4
* * *
2 2 2 2
2
= = =
t t



d) Ravnoteje sil

= +
1 2
F G F
N F F G 89 . 5330 95 . 9630 84 . 14961
2 1
= = =

70
1.1.34 Zapornica trikotne oblike zapira odprtino v vertikalni steni. V bazenu je sloj olja na sloju
vode. Doloi silo hidrostatinega pritiska na zapornico in njeno prijemalie!


h = 4 m
a = 2 m

v
= 10
3
kg/m
3

o
= 0.8*10
3
kg/m
3




Reitev:

a) Teia in vztrajnostni momenti likov

- trapeza
c a
c c a a H
J
c a
c a H
h
T T
+
+ +
=
+
+
=
2 2 3
* * 4
*
36
;
* 2
*
3

- trikotnika
36
*
;
3
3
H c
J
H
h
T T
= =


b) Velikost sile in njeno prijemalie na zgornji polovici zapornice

N S h g F
T o
20928 3 * 8889 . 0 * 81 . 9 * 800 * * *
1 1 1
= = =
m
c a
c a h
h
T
8889 . 0
1 2
1 * 2 2
*
6
4 * 2
*
3 * 2
1
=
+
+
=
+
+
=
2
1
3
2
4
*
2
1 2
2
*
2
m
h c a
S =
+
=
+
=
m
S h
J
h h
T
T
T S
934 . 0
3 * 8889 . 0
1204 . 0
8889 . 0
*
1 1
1 1
= + = + =
4
2
2
3
2
2
3
1
1204 . 0
2
2
2
4
2
2
2
* 2 * 4 2
*
288
2
2
4 2
* * 4
*
36 * 8
m
a
a
a a
a a
h
J
T
=
+
+ +
=
+
+ +
=


c) Velikost sile in njeno prijemalie na spodnji polovici zapornice

N S h g F
T v
22236 1 * 2667 . 2 * 81 . 9 * 1000 * * *
2 2 2
= = =
m
h
h
v
o
6 . 1
1000
800
*
2
4
*
2
'
= = =

71
m h
h
n 4 . 0 6 . 1
2
4
2
'
= = =
m
h
n
h
h
T
2667 . 2
6
4
4 . 0
2
4
3 * 2 2
2
= + = + =
2
2
1
8
4 * 2
2 * 2 * 2
*
m
h a
S = = =
m
S h
J
h h
T
T
T S
3647 . 2
1 * 2667 . 2
2222 . 0
2667 . 2
*
2 2
2 2
= + = + =
4
3 3 3
2
2222 . 0
36 * 8 * 2
4 * 2
36 * 8 * 2
*
36
*
m
h a H c
J
T
= = = =
m n h h
S dej S
7647 . 2 4 . 0 3647 . 2
2 2
= + = + =


c) Velikost sile in njeno prijemalie

N F F F 43164 22236 20928
2 1
= + = + =
= + * * *
2 2 1 1 S dej S S
h F h F h F
1.8771m =
43164
2.747 * 22236 + 0.934 * 20928
=
* *
=
2 2 1 1
F
h F h F
h
dej S S
S
+

72
1.1.35 Zapornica podane oblike zapira odprtino v vertikalni steni. V bazenu je sloj olja na sloju
vode. Skolikno vertikalno silo F moramo zapornico podpirati, da jo zadrimo v vertikalnem
poloaju, e je vrtljiva okrog teaja A?


h = 6 m
a = 3 m

v
= 10
3
kg/m
3

o
= 0.8*10
3
kg/m
3





Reitev:




a) Sila na zgornjo polovico zapornice

N S h g F
T o
70632 5 . 4 * 2 * 81 . 9 * 800 * * *
1 1 1
= = =
m
h
h
T
2
2
6
*
3
2
2
*
3
2
1
= = =
2
2 1
5 . 4
2 * 2
6 * 3
2 * 2
*
m
h a
S S = = = =
m
S h
J
h h
T
T
T S
25 . 2
5 . 4 * 2
25 . 2
2
*
1 1
1
1 1
= + = + =
4
2 2
2 1
25 . 2
36
2
6
* 3
36
2
*
m
h
a
J J
T T
=
|
.
|

\
|
=
|
.
|

\
|
= =



73
b) Sila na spodnjo polovico zapornice (navidezna gladina)

m
h
h h g
h
g
v
o
v o
4 . 2
1000
8 . 0
*
2
6
*
2
* *
2
* *
*
1
*
1
= = = =

m h
h
h 6 . 0 4 . 2
2
6
2
*
1
= = = A
N S h g F
T v
150093 5 . 4 * 4 . 3 * 81 . 9 * 1000 * * *
2 2 2
= = =
m
h
h
h
h
T
4 . 3
3
1
*
2
6
6 . 0
2
6
3
1
*
2 2
*
2
= + = + A =
m
S h
J
h h
T
T
T S
5471 . 3
5 . 4 * 4 . 3
25 . 2
4 . 3
*
2
*
2
2 *
2
*
2
= + = + =
m h h h
S S
1471 . 4 6 . 0 5471 . 3
*
2 2
= + = A + =


c) Sila F

= 0
A
M

( ) ( )
2 2 1 1
* * *
S S
h h F h h F h F + =

( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
N
h
h h F h h F
F
S S
25 . 90497
6
1471 . 4 6 * 150093 25 . 2 6 * 70632 * *
2 2 1 1
=
+
=
+
=
74
1.1.36 Zapornica podane oblike zapira odprtino temeljnega izpusta v pregradi. V bazenu je sloj olja
na sloju vode. Doloi, s kolikno silo pritiska zapornica na podlago v toki B, e je vrtljiva
okrog toke A. Tea zapornice je G.


o = 60
a = 3 m
b = 4 m
c = 2 m
G = 20 kN

v
= 1000 kg/m
3

o
= 800 kg/m
3





Reitev:





a) Sila na zgornjo polovico zapornice

N S h g F
T o
58 . 58903 2 * 7528 . 3 * 81 . 9 * 800 * * *
1 1 1
= = =
m
b
a h
T
7528 . 3 60 sin *
2
4
*
3
2
3 sin *
2
*
3
2
1
= |
.
|

\
|
+ = |
.
|

\
|
+ = o
2
1
2
2 * 2
2 * 4
2 * 2
*
m
c b
S = = =
m
h S
J
h h
T
T
T S
3846 . 4
3333 . 4 * 2
4444 . 0
3333 . 4
*
'
1 1
1 '
1
'
1
= + = + =
m
b
a h
T
3333 . 4
2
4
*
3
2
3
2
*
3
2
'
1
= + = + =
4
2 2
1
4444 . 0
36
2
4
* 2
36
2
*
m
b
c
J
T
=
|
.
|

\
|
=
|
.
|

\
|
=

75
b) Sila na spodnjo polovico zapornice (navidezna gladina)

* * sin *
2
* *
*
1
= |
.
|

\
|
+ h g
b
a g
v o
o
m
b
a h
v
o
4641 . 3 60 sin *
2
4
3 *
1000
800
sin *
2
*
*
1
=
|
.
|

\
|
+ =
|
.
|

\
|
+ = o

N S h g F
T v
29 . 79283 2 * 0415 . 4 * 81 . 9 * 1000 * * *
2
*
2 2
= = =
m
b
h h
T
0415 . 4 60 sin *
3 * 2
1 * 4
4641 . 3 sin *
3
1
*
2
*
1
*
2
= + = + = o
2
1 2
2m S S = =
m
S h
J
h h
T
T
T S
7143 . 4
2 * 6667 . 4
4444 . 0
6667 . 4
*
2
* '
2
2 * '
2
* '
2
= + = + =
4
1 2
4444 . 0 m J J
T T
= =
m
h
h
T
T
6667 . 4
60 sin
0415 . 4
sin
*
2 * '
2
=

= =
o

m h
b
a h h h 866 . 0 4641 . 3 60 sin *
2
4
3 ' sin *
2
'
1 1 1
= |
.
|

\
|
+ = |
.
|

\
|
+ = = A o
m
h
h h
S S
7143 . 5
60 sin
866 . 0
7143 . 4
sin
'
' '
2 2
=

+ =
A
+ =
o



c) Sila na podlago v toki B

( ) ( )
2
* cos * * * * F 0
'
2 2
'
1 1
b
G b F a h F a h M
B S S A
o + = + =

( ) ( )
( ) ( )
N
b
b
G a h F a h
F
S S
B
86 . 69195
4
2
4
* 60 cos * 20000 3 7143 . 5 * 29 . 79293 3 3846 . 4 * 58 . 58903

2
* cos * * * F
'
2 2
'
1 1
=
+
=
=
+
=
o

76















1.2 Vzgon in plavanje
77
1.2.1 Prizmatina lesena palica gostote
p
, kvadratnega preseka (stranica a) ter doline L plava v
vodi v horizontalnem poloaju tako, da je ena diagonala prenega preseka vertikalna. Doloi
globino potopitve h in preveri, e je palvanje stabilno. S kolikno horizontalno silo F
moramo palico obremeniti, da se nagne za kot u?

p
= 0.7 kg/m
3

a = 0.1 m
L = 1 m ( na papir)
u = 5



Reitev:



a) Globina potopitve

W G =
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
2
* 2
* * * * *
2
1 2 2
h
a g g L a
v P

2
1
2 2
* * * h a a
v v P
=
2 2 2 2
1
003 . 0
1
7 . 0
1 * 1 . 0 1 * m a h
v
p
= |
.
|

\
|
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
=

m h 0548 . 0
1
=
m h a h 0866 . 0 0548 . 0 2 * 1 . 0 2 *
1
= = =


b) Stabilnost plavanja

( )
( ) ( ) ( )
m
h a
h
h a L
h L
P
J
M C
W
0156 . 0
0548 . 0 1 . 0 * 3
0548 . 0 * 2
* 12
* 8
* * 12
* 2 *
2 2
3
2
1
2
3
1
2
1
2
3
1
=

= =
( )
12
* 2 *
3
1
h L
J =
78
x
a
C C
G W
=
2
2 *

( )
2
1
2 1 1 1
2
*
2
* 2 *
*
3 2
2 * *
h a x
h h h
h
a a
=
|
.
|

\
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
m
h a
h
h
h
a
x 0561 . 0
0548 . 0 1 . 0
0548 . 0 *
3
0548 . 0
0866 . 0
2
2 * 1 . 0
*
3 2
2 *
2 2
2
3
2
1
2
2
1
1
3
=

|
.
|

\
|
+
=

|
.
|

\
|
+
=
m x
a
C C
G W
0147 . 0 0561 . 0
2
2 * 1 . 0
2
2 *
= = =
stabilno je plavanje ...
G W W
C C M C )


c) Kot nagiba

N a L G M C r F
G H
67 . 68 81 . 9 * 1 . 0 * 1 * 700 * * * g = G * sin * *
2 2
= = = u
m x a m C C M C M C
G W W G
0854 . 0 056 . 0 2 * 1 . 0 2 * r ; 0009 . 0 0147 . 0 0156 . 0
H
= = = = = =
N G
M C
F
G
0698 . 0 67 . 68 * 5 sin *
0854 . 0
0009 . 0
* sin *
r
H
= = = u
79
1.2.2 Stoec gostote
s
je obremenjen s silo F. Preveri stabilnost plavanja in kot nagiba.

s
= 0.6 kg/dm
3

v
= 1 kg/dm
3

H = 3 m
R = 2 m
F = 1000 N





Reitev:

a) Globina potopitve

W G F = +
= = +
3
1
* * * * *
3
* * * *
3
2
2
2
h
H
R
g
h
r g G F
v v
t t
( ) ( )
m
R g
G F H
h
v
5417 . 2
2 * * 81 . 9 * 1000
66 . 73965 1000 * 3 * 3
* * *
* * 3
3
2
2
3
2
2
=
+
=
+
=
t t

N
H
R g G
s
66 . 73965
3
3
* 2 * * 81 . 9 * 600
3
* * * *
2 2
= = = t t
m
H
R
h r
H
R
h r
R
H
r
h
6944 . 1
3
2
* 5417 . 2 * ; * = = = = =


b) Stabilnost plavanja

m
P
J
MC
W
8472 . 0
6418 . 7
4742 . 6
= = =
( ) ( )
4
4 4
4742 . 6
64
6944 . 1 * 2 *
64
* 2 *
m
r
J = = =
t t

3 2 2
6418 . 7
3
5417 . 2
* 6944 . 1 *
3
* * m
h
r P = = = t t
80
m
h H
C C
G W
3438 . 0
4
5417 . 2 * 3
4
3 * 3
4
* 3
4
* 3
= = =
stabilno je Plavanje 0 5035 . 0 3438 . 0 8472 . 0 ) = = = m C C MC MC
G W W G



c) Kot nagiba

u sin * * *
G
MC G R F =
= = = = 0787 . 3 0537 . 0
5035 . 0 * 66 . 73965
2 * 1000
*
*
sin u u
G
MC G
R F

81
1.2.3 Splav je sestavljen iz treh lesenih nosilcev doline l ( na papir), ki so zgoraj povezani z
deskami, katerih teo lahko zanemarimo. Preveri stabilnost plavanja, e je splav centrino
obremenjen s silo F!

l
= 600 kg/m
3

v =
1000 kg/m
3

a = 1 m
b = 2 m
c = 0.5 m
d = 1.5 m
l = 10 m
F = 10000 N



Reitev:

a) Globina potopitve

F G W + =
( ) ( ) + + = + * 2 * * * * * 2 * * * * F c a d l g c a h l g
l v

( )
( )
( )
( )
m
c a l g
F c a d l g
v
l
9408 . 0
5 . 0 1 * 2 * 10 * 81 . 9 * 1000
10000 5 . 0 1 * 2 * 5 . 1 * 10 * 81 . 9 * 600
* 2 * * *
* 2 * * * *
= h =
+
+ +
=
+
+ +

b) Stabilnost plavanja

m
h
y
CW
4704 . 0
2
9408 . 0
2
= = =
m
d
y
CG
75 . 0
2
5 . 1
2
= = =
m
P
J
MC
W
5062 . 6
5194 . 23
0208 . 153
= = =
( ) ( )
3
5194 . 23 5 . 0 1 * 2 * 10 * 9408 . 0 * 2 * * m c a l h P = + = + =
4
2
3 3
2
3 3
0208 . 153
2
1
2
5 . 0
2 * 10 * 1
12
1 * 10
* 2
12
5 . 0 * 10
=
2 2
* *
12
*
* 2
12
*
m
a c
b l a
a l c l
J
=
(
(

|
.
|

\
|
+ + + +
=
(
(

|
.
|

\
|
+ + + + =

o stabi je plavanje C C MC MC
W G W G
ln 0 2265 . 6 2796 . 0 5062 . 6 ) = = =
m y y C C
CW CG W G
2796 . 0 4704 . 0 75 . 0 = = =
82
1.2.4 Plava iz homogenega materiala, katerega prerez kae slika, doline L ( na papir),
obremenimo s silo F. Doloi teo plavaa in gostoto materiala ter preveri stabilnost
plavanja! Za koliken kot bi se splav nagnil, e bi sila F delovala na robu splava?


a = 0.2 m
b = 0.8 m
h = 0.5 m
y = 0.4 m
L = 3 m
F = 800 N



Reitev:

a) Tea in gostota plavaa

W G F = +
N F y L a g F W G 8 . 3908 800 4 . 0 * 3 * 2 . 0 * 2 * 81 . 9 * 1000 * * * 2 * * = = = =
3
/ 417 . 255
56 . 1 * 81 . 9
8 . 3908
P * g
G
= * * m kg P g G
P P
= = =
3
56 . 1 3 * 5 . 0 * 2 . 0 * 2 3 * 2 . 0 * 8 . 0 * 2 * * * 2 * * * 2 m L h a L a b P = + = + =


b) Stabilnost plavanja
( )
2
* * * 2
2
* * * 2 * * 2 * * 2 *
h
h a h
a
a b h a a b y
G
+ |
.
|

\
|
+ = +
m
h a a b
h
h a h
a
a b
y
G
4654 . 0
5 . 0 * 2 . 0 * 2 2 . 0 * 8 . 0 * 2
2
5 . 0
* 5 . 0 * 2 . 0 * 2 5 . 0
2
2 . 0
* 2 . 0 * 8 . 0 * 2
* * 2 * * 2
2
* * * 2
2
* * * 2
=
+
+ |
.
|

\
|
+
=
+
+ |
.
|

\
|
+
=
m
y
y
W
2 . 0
2
4 . 0
2
= = =
m y y C C
W G G W
2654 . 0 2 . 0 4654 . 0 = = =
m
P
J
MC
P
W
2333 . 1
48 . 0
592 . 0
= = =
4
2
3
2
3
592 . 0
2
2 . 0
8 . 0 * 2 . 0 * 3
12
2 . 0 * 3
* 2
2
* *
12
*
* 2 m
a
b a L
a L
J =
(
(

|
.
|

\
|
+ =
(
(

|
.
|

\
|
+ =
48 . 0 3 * 4 . 0 * 2 . 0 * 2 * * * 2
3
m L y a P
P
= = =
0 968 . 0 2654 . 0 2333 . 1 ) = = = m C C MC MC
G W W G




83
c) Kot nagiba

u sin * * *
G
MC G b F =
= = = = 7387 . 9 1692 . 0
968 . 0 * 8 . 3908
8 . 0 * 800
*
*
sin u u
G
MC G
b F

84
1.2.5 Lesen splav, sestavljen iz dveh zabojnikov in krova (preni prerez je podan na skici), doline
L, plava na vodi. Za koliken kot se nagne, e na njegov skrajni rob stopi lovek z maso M.
Pri raunu teo krova zanemarimo!


d = 0.05 m
a = 0.5 m
b = 0.4 m
L = 5 m
s = 3 m
M = 90 kg

lesa
= 900 kg/m
3




Reitev:

a) Globina potopitve splava (brez loveka)

( ) | | { }
( ) | | { } kg
L d a d b V m
lesa lesa lesa lesa
720 5 * 05 . 0 * 5 . 0 * 2 05 . 0 * 2 4 . 0 * 2 * 2 * 900
* * * 2 * 2 * 2 * 2 * *
= + =
= + = =

g m L h a g
lesa
* 2 * * * * * =
m
L a
m
h 144 . 0
2 * 5 * 5 . 0 * 1000
720
2 * * *
= = =

b) Globina potopitve splava (s lovekom)

g m g m L h a g
lesa
* * 2 * * * * * + =
m
L a
m m
h
lesa
162 . 0
2 * 5 * 5 . 0 * 1000
90 720
2 * * *
=
+
=
+
=

c) Metacentrina razdalja

m C C M C M C
G W W G
8985 . 13 119 . 0 0175 . 14 = = =
m
h b
C C
G W
119 . 0
2
162 . 0
2
4 . 0
2 2
1
= = =
m
P
J
M C
W
0175 . 14
81 . 0
3542 . 11
= = =
4
2
3
2
3
3542 . 11 5 * 5 . 0 *
2
3
12
5 . 0 * 5
* 2 * *
2 12
*
* 2 m L a
s a L
J =
(
(

|
.
|

\
|
+ =
(
(

|
.
|

\
|
+ =
3
1
81 . 0 5 * 162 . 0 * 5 . 0 * 2 * * * 2 m L h a P = = =


85
d) Kot nagiba

N
a s
g M M
N
08 . 1545
2
5 . 0 3
* 81 . 9 * 90
2
* * =
+
=
+
=
N g m G
lesa
2 . 7063 81 . 9 * 720 * = = =
u sin * * M C G M
G N
=
= = = 0.9018 = 0157 . 0
8985 . 13 * 2 . 7063
08 . 1545
*
sin u u
M C G
M
G
N

86
2.2.6 Plava iz homogenega materiala gostote
p
, katerega prerez kae slika, doline l ( na
papir), obremenimo s silo F. Doloi globino potopitve in kot nagiba!

a = 0.2 m
b = 0.8 m
c = 0.7 m
l = 1 m
F = 40 N

p
= 300 kg/m
3

v
= 1000 kg/m
3



Reitev:
a) Globina potopitve
F G W + =
+ = 2 * * * * * F G l a h g
v

m
l a g
F G
v
4602 . 0
2 * 1 * 2 . 0 * 81 . 9 * 1000
40 8 . 1765
2 * * * *
= h =
+
=
+

( ) ( ) N c a a b l g G
p
8 . 1765 7 . 0 * 2 . 0 * 2 2 . 0 * 8 . 0 * 2 * 1 * 81 . 9 * 300 * * 2 * * 2 * * * = + = + =

b) Kot nagiba

= sin * * * u
G
MC G b F
= = = = 4582 . 1 0255 . 0
7121 . 0 * 8 . 1765
8 . 0 * 40
*
*
sin u u
G
MC G
b F

m C C MC MC
W G W G
7121 . 0 3599 . 0 072 . 1 = = =
m
P
J
MC
W
072 . 1
1841 . 0
1973 . 0
= = =
4
2
3
2
3
1973 . 0 1 * 2 . 0 *
2
2 . 0
8 . 0 * 2
12
2 . 0
* 1 * 2 * *
2
* 2
12
* * 2 m l a
a
b
a
l J = |
.
|

\
|
+ = |
.
|

\
|
+ =
3
1841 . 0 4602 . 0 * 1 * 2 . 0 * 2 * * * 2 m h l a P = = =
m y y C C
CG CW W G
3599 . 0 2301 . 0 59 . 0 = = =
m
h
y
CW
2301 . 0
2
4602 . 0
2
= = =
m
a b c a
a
c a b
c
c a
S S
a
c S
c
S
y
CG
59 . 0
2 . 0 * 8 . 0 * 2 7 . 0 * 2 . 0 * 2
2
2 . 0
7 . 0 * 2 . 0 * 8 . 0 * 2 7 . 0 * 2 . 0
* * 2 * * 2
2
* * * 2
2
* * * 2
* 2
2
*
2
* * 2
2
2 1
2 1
=
=
+
|
.
|

\
|
+ +
=
+
|
.
|

\
|
+ +
=
+
|
.
|

\
|
+ +
=

87
1.2.7 Splav je sestavljen iz treh lesenih nosilcev dimenzij a*a*L, ki so zgoraj povezani z deskami
(teo desk lahko zanemarimo). Za koliken kot se splav nagne, e ga obremenimo s silo F?

l
= 0.6 kg/dm
3

v
= 1 kg/dm
3

a = 0.5 m
b = 2 m
L = 3 m ( na papir)
F = 3000 N



Reitev:

a) Globina potopitve

F G W + =
N g L a G
l
5 . 13243 81 . 9 * 600 * 3 * 5 . 0 * 3 * * * * 3
2 2
= = =
F G l h a g
v
+ = * * * * * 3
m
l a g
F G
h
v
368 . 0
3 * 5 . 0 * 81 . 9 * 1000 * 3
3000 5 . 13243
* * * * 3
=
+
=
+
=

b) Metacentrina razdalja

m
h a
C C
G W
066 . 0
2
368 . 0
2
5 . 0
2 2
= = =
m
P
J
M C
W
3804 . 11
6558 . 1
8438 . 18
= = =
( ) ( )
( ) ( ) | |
4 3 3 3
3 3 3
8438 . 18 5 . 0 2 * 2 5 . 0 2 * 2 5 . 0 * 3 *
12
3

12 12
* 2
12
* 2 * 3
*
m
a b a b a
L J
= + + + =
=
(

+
+

+
=

3
6558 . 1 3 * 368 . 0 * 5 . 0 * 3 * * * 3 m l h a P = = =
m C C M C MC
G W W G
3144 . 11 066 . 0 3804 . 11 = = =


c) Kot nagiba
u sin * * *
2
*
G
MC G b
a
F = |
.
|

\
|

=
|
.
|

\
|
+
=
|
.
|

\
|
= 2.5819 = 045 . 0
3144 . 11 * 5 . 13243
2
2
5 . 0
* 3000
*
*
2
*
sin u u
G
MC G
b
a
F

88
1.2.8 Splav je sestavljen iz treh lesenih nosilcev trikotnega prereza in doline L ( na papir).
Nosilci so zgoraj povezani z deskami, katerih teo lahko zanemarimo. Za koliken kot se
splav nagne, e na njegov rob stopi lovek mase M? Preveri tudi stabilnost plavanja!

l
=0.6kg/dm
3
(gostota lesa)

v
= 1 g/dm
3
(gostota vode)
a = 0.5 m
b = 2 m
L = 3 m
M = 120 kg


Reitev:

a) Globina potopitve

g L
h h
g L
a a
g M
v l
* * *
2
*
* 3 * * *
2
*
* 3 * = +
m L
a
M
L
h
l
v
4203 . 0 600 * 3 *
2
5 . 0
* 3 120 *
3 * 1000 * 3
2
* *
2
* 3 *
* * 3
2
2 2
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ =
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ =

b) Metacentrina razdalja

( ) m h a C C
G W
0531 . 0 4203 . 0 5 . 0 *
3
2
*
3
2
*
3
2
= = =
m
P
J
MC
W
8963 . 19
795 . 0
8176 . 15
= = =
m C C MC MC
G W W G
8432 . 19 0531 . 0 8963 . 19 = = =
( ) ( )
4 2
3
2
3
8176 . 15 3 * 4203 . 0 * 2 5 . 0 * 2
12
3 * 4203 . 0 * 3
* * * 2
12
*
* 3 m L h b a
L h
J = + + = + + =
2
2 2
795 . 0 3 *
2
4203 . 0
* 3 *
2
* 3 m L
h
P = = =


c) Stabilnost plavanja

G MC
a
b a g M
G
* sin *
2
* * u = |
.
|

\
|
+ +
=
|
.
|

\
|
+ +
=
|
.
|

\
|
+ +
= 1.4118 = 0246 . 0
75 . 6621 * 8432 . 19
2
5 . 0
2 5 . 0 * 81 . 9 * 120
*
2
* *
sin u u
G MC
a
b a g M
G

N g L
a
G
l
75 . 6621 81 . 9 * 3 *
2
5 . 0
* 600 * 3 * *
2
* * 3
2 2
= = =
89
1.2.9 Splav je sestavljen iz treh lesenih nosilcev doline l ( na papir). Dva sta trikotnega, eden pa
pravokotnega prereza. Nosilci so zgoraj povezani z deskami, katerih teo lahko zanemarimo.
Za koliken kot se splav nagne, e na njem na narisanem mestu stoji lovek z maso M?.
Preveri stabilnost plavanja!

l
= 600 kg/m
3

v
= 1000 kg/m
3

a = 0.8 m
b = 1.5 m
c = 1 m
l = 4 m
M = 100 kg




Reitev:

a) Globina potopitve

g M G W * + =
g M a c
a
l g h c
h
l g
l v
* *
2
* 2 * * * *
2
* 2 * * *
2 2
+
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ =
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
( ) ( ) 100 1 * 8 . 0 8 . 0 * 4 * 600 1 * * 4 * 1000
2 2
+ + = + h h
889 . 0 1 *
2
= + h h
2
134 . 2 1
2
899 . 0 * 4 1 1
h 0 889 . 0 1 *
1,2
2

=
+
= = + h h
m h 5672 . 0
1
=
m h 5673 . 1
2
= fizikalno nerealen rezultat


b) Stabilnost palvanja

stabilno je Plavanje 0 337 . 7 1414 . 0 4785 . 7 ) = = = m C C MC MC
G W G G

m
P
J
MC
W
4785 . 7
556 . 3
5934 . 26
= = =
4
2
3 3
2
3 3
5934 . 26
2
1
5 . 1
2
8 . 0
4 * 5672 . 0
12
5672 . 0 * 4
* 2
12
1 * 4
=
2 2
* *
12
*
* 2
12
*
m
a
b
c
l h
h l c l
J
=
(
(

|
.
|

\
|
+ + + + +
=
(
(

|
.
|

\
|
+ + + + =

3
2 2
556 . 3 1 * 5672 . 0 * 4
2
5672 . 0
* 4 * 2 * *
2
* * 2 m c h l
h
l P = + = + =
90
h c
h h
h h c
h
y
W
* *
2 2
* *
3
2
* 2 *
2
* 2 *
2 2
+ =
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
( ) ( )
m
c h h
h c
h h
y
W
3178 . 0
1 5672 . 0 * 5672 . 0
2
5672 . 0 * 1
5672 . 0 *
3
2
* 5672 . 0
*
2
*
*
3
2
*
2 2
=
+
|
.
|

\
|
+
=
+
|
.
|

\
|
+
=
a c
a a
a a c
a
y
G
* *
2 2
* *
3
2
* 2 *
2
* 2 *
2 2
+ =
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
( ) ( )
m
c a a
a c
a a
y
G
4593 . 0
1 8 . 0 * 8 . 0
2
8 . 0 * 1
8 . 0 *
3
2
*
2
*
*
3
2
*
2 2
=
+
|
.
|

\
|
+
=
+
|
.
|

\
|
+
=
m y y C C
W G G W
1414 . 0 3178 . 0 4593 . 0 = = =

c) Kot nagiba

u sin * *
2
* * G MC b
c
g M
G
= |
.
|

\
|
+
( ) N l c a
a
g G
l
36 . 33903 4 * 1 * 8 . 0 8 . 0 * 81 . 9 * 600 * *
2
* 2 * *
2
2
= + =
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ =
=
|
.
|

\
|
+
=
|
.
|

\
|
+
=

0.452 = 10 * 887 . 7
36 . 33903 * 337 . 7
5 . 1
2
1
* 81 . 9 * 100
*
2
* *
sin
3
u u
G MC
b
c
g M
G

91
1.2.10 Splav je sestavljen iz tirih lesenih nosilcev pravokotnega prereza in doline L ( na papir),
ki so zgoraj povazani s prenimi deskami (teo desk lahko zanemarimo). Doloi globino
potopitve in kot nagiba, e splav obremenimo s silo F!


a = 0.4 m
b = 0.2 m
c = 0.3 m
d = 1 m
L = 5 m

l
= 600 kg/m
3

v
= 1000 kg/m
3

F = 1000 N




Reitev:

a) Globina potopitve

F G W + =
F G h b L g
v
+ = * * * 4 * *
m
b L g
F G
h
v
2655 . 0
2 . 0 * 5 * 4 * 81 . 9 * 1000
1000 6 . 9417
* * 4 * *
=
+
=
+
=

N b a L g G
l
6 . 9417 2 . 0 * 4 . 0 * 5 * 81 . 9 * 600 * 4 * * * * * 4 = = =


b) Kot nagiba

= sin * * * u
G F
MC G r F
= = = 1.4676 = 0256 . 0
9022 . 2 * 6 . 9417
7 . 0 * 1000
*
*
sin u u
G
F
MC G
r F

m b
d
r
F
7 . 0 2 . 0
2
1
2
= + = + =
m C C MC MC
G W W G
9022 . 2 067 . 0 9694 . 2 = = =
m
P
J
MC
W
9694 . 2
0619 . 1
1533 . 3
= = =
4
2 2
3
2 2
3
1533 . 3
2
2 . 0
2
1
2
2 . 0
3 . 0 2 . 0
2
1
* 5 * 2 . 0
12
5 * 2 . 0
* 2 * 2 =
2 2 2 2
* *
12
*
* 2 * 2
m
b d b
c b
d
L b
L b
J
=

(
(

|
.
|

\
|
+ + |
.
|

\
|
+ + + +
=

(
(

|
.
|

\
|
+ + |
.
|

\
|
+ + + + =

3
0619 . 1 5 * 2655 . 0 * 2 . 0 * 4 * * * 4 m L h b P = = =
92
m
a
y
CG
2 . 0
2
4 . 0
2
= = =
m
h
y
CW
1327 . 0
2
2655 . 0
2
= = =
m C C
G W
067 . 0 1327 . 0 2 . 0 = =



93
1.2.11 Splav je sestavljen iz treh lesenih nosilcev in prenih desk (teo desk lahko zanemarimo).
Doloi kot nagiba, e splav obremenimo s silo F! irina splava ( na papir) je L.


a = 0.5 m
b = 0.8 m
c = 3 m
d = 0.25 m
F = 1000 N
L = 8 m

l
= 0.6 kg/dm
3

v
= 1 kg/dm
3





Reitev:

a) Globina potopitve


F G G W + + =
2 1
* 2
( ) | | F G G L b h d a h g
v
+ + = + +
2 1
* 2 * * * * 2 * *
b d
L g
F G G
h d a h
v
*
* *
* 2
* * * 2
2 1

+ +
= +

N L a g G
l
11772 8 * 5 . 0 * 81 . 9 * 600 * * *
2 2
1
= = =
( ) ( ) N L d b a g G
l
6 . 15303 8 * 25 . 0 * 8 . 0 5 . 0 * 81 . 9 * 600 * * * *
2
= + = + =
( ) ( )
m
d a
b d
d a L g
F G G
h
v
2462 . 0
25 . 0 5 . 0 * 2
8 * 25 . 0
25 . 0 5 . 0 * 2 89 * 81 . 9 * 1000
1000 6 . 15303 11772 * 2
* 2
*
* 2 * * *
* 2
2 1
=
+

+
+ +
=
+

+
+ +
=

b) Stabilnost plavanja

m
G G
b h
G
a
b G
y
CG
8424 . 0
6 . 15303 11772 * 2
2
8 . 0 2462 . 0
* 6 . 15303
2
5 . 0
8 . 0 * 11772 * 2
* 2
2
*
2
* * 2
2 1
2 1
+
|
.
|

\
| +
+ |
.
|

\
|
+
=
+
|
.
|

\
| +
+ |
.
|

\
|
+
=
( )
( )
( )
( )
m
d b h a h
b h
d b h b
h
a h
y
CW
717 . 0
25 . 0 * 8 . 0 2462 . 0 5 . 0 * 2462 . 0 * 2
2
8 . 0 2462 . 0
* 25 . 0 * 8 . 0 2462 . 0 8 . 0
2
2462 . 0
* 5 . 0 * 2462 . 0 * 2
=
* * * 2
2
* *
2
* * * 2
=
+ +
|
.
|

\
| +
+ + |
.
|

\
|
+
=
+ +
|
.
|

\
| +
+ + |
.
|

\
|
+
=

m
P
J
MC
W
4775 . 22
0619 . 4
3021 . 91
= = =
94
4
2
3 3
2
3 3
91.3021m =
2
5 . 0
3
2
25 . 0
* 5 . 0 * 8
12
5 . 0 * 8
* 2
12
25 . 0 * 8
2 2
* *
12
*
* 2
12
*
=
(
(

|
.
|

\
|
+ + + + =
(
(

|
.
|

\
|
+ + + + =
a
c
d
a L
a L d L
J
( ) ( ) ( ) | |
3
0619 . 4 8 * 25 . 0 * 8 . 0 2462 . 0 5 . 0 * 2462 . 0 * 2 * * * * 2 m L d b h a h P = + + = + + =
m C C MC MC
G W W G
3521 . 22 1254 . 0 4775 . 22 = = =
m y y C C
CW CG G W
1254 . 0 717 . 0 8424 . 0 = = =

c) Kot nagiba

= |
.
|

\
|
+ + sin * *
2
* u G MC a c
d
F
G

=
+
|
.
|

\
|
+ +
=
|
.
|

\
|
+ +
=

0.2396 = 10 * 1777 . 4
) 6 . 15303 11772 * 2 ( * 3521 . 22
5 . 0 3
2
25 . 0
* 1000
*
2
*
sin
3
u u
G MC
a c
d
F
G


95
1.2.12 Splav je sestavljen iz prenih desk in dveh votlih nosilcev doline l ( na papir), ki sta do
viine y napolnjena z nafto. Doloi kot nagiba splava, e ga obremenimo s silo F! Lastno
teo splava (praznih nosilcev in prenih desk) lahko zanemari!

a = 1 m
b = 5 m
l = 10 m
y = 0.8 m
F = 1000 N

n
= 860 kg/m
3
(nafta)

v
= 1000 kg/m
3
(voda)



Reitev:

a) Globina potopitve h

F G W + =
+ = * * 2 * *
2
* * 2 * *
2
2 2
F g l
y
g l
h
n v

m
g l
F g l y
v
n
7487 . 0
81 . 9 * 1000 * 10
1000 81 . 9 * 860 * 10 * 8 . 0
* *
* * * *
= h
2 2
=
+
=
+

N g l
y
G
n
24 . 53994 81 . 9 * 860 * 10 * 8 . 0 * * 2 * *
2
2
2
= = =


b) Kot nagiba

= sin * *
2
* u
G
MC G
b
F
= = =

0.23 = 10 * 0141 . 4
5345 . 11 * 24 . 53994 * 2
5 * 1000
* * 2
*
sin
3
u u
G
MC G
b F

m C C MC MC
G W W G
5345 . 11 0342 . 0 5687 . 11 = = =
m h y y y C C
CW CG G W
0342 . 0 7487 . 0 *
3
2
8 . 0 *
3
2
*
3
2
*
3
2
= = = =
m
P
J
MC
W
5687 . 11
6059 . 5
8533 . 64
= = =
4
2
3
2
3
8533 . 64
2
1
2
5
* 10 * 8 . 0 * 2
12
10 * 8 . 0
* 2
2 2
* * * 2
12
*
* 2 m
a b
l h
l h
J = |
.
|

\
|
+ = |
.
|

\
|
+ =
3 2
2
6059 . 5 10 * 7487 . 0 *
2
* 2 m l
h
P = = =
96















2. KINEMATIKA IDEALNE NESTISLJIVE
TEKOINE

97















2.1 Potencialni (nevrtinni) tok
98
2.1.1 V kotu, katerega kraka oklepata kot o, imamo tokast izvor jakosti q (debelina toka na
papir je 1 cm). Na razdalji r
1
od izvora je hitrost v
r1
.
a) Doloi jakost izvora
b) Doloi enabi tokovne funkcije in potenciala toka |, e poznamo:
pri u= 0 je = 0
pri r= r
0
je |= 0
c) Izrii tokovnice = 0, 1, 2 in 3 cm
2
/s ter ekvipotencialne rte |= 0, 1, 2, 3 in 4 cm
2
/s!


o= 60
r
1
= 3cm
v
r1
= 0.955cm/s
r
0
= 1cm




Reitev:

a) Jakost izvora

v
q
r
q
v r
cm s
r
r
=

=
*
* * *
* * * * . * * * *
/
360
2
2
360
0955 2 3 60
360
3
1 2
t o
t o t
=

b) Enabi tokovnic in ekvipotencialnih rt
r r r
q
v
r
c
c|
cu
c
o t
= =

=
* * * * 2
360 *

cu
c|
c
c
u
*
0
r r
v = = =
dr
r
q
d dr
r
d
*
* 3
t
u
cu
c|
c
c|
| = + =
1
ln *
* 3
c r
q
+ =
t
|
0 1 0
ln *
* 3
c 0 r
q
r r
t
| = = =
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
0
ln *
* 3
r
r q
t
|
q
e r r
* 3
*
0
*
t |
=
99
| r [cm]
0 1
1 1.4177
2 2.01
3 2.8497
4 4.0401




u
o t
u
cu
c
c
c
d
q
d dr
r
d
*
180 *
= + =
2
*
3 *
c
q
+ = u
t

0 0 0
2
= = = c u
u
t
*
3 * q
=
t

u
*
* 3
q
=


u [rad] u ||
0 0 0
1 t/9 20
2 2*t/9 40
3 t/3 60




100
2.1.2 V horizontalni ravnini ( debeline 1cm na papir) imamo potencialni tik, kjer se voda iz
izvora jakosti q iri simetrino na obe strani med krakom , ki tvorita kot o.
a) Doloi enabi tokovnice in ekvipotencialnih rt |, e je:
pri u = 0 je = 0
pri r
0
= 2 cm je | = 0.
b) Izrii tokovnice = 0, 1, 2, 3 ter 12, 13, 14 in 15 cm
2
/s (oznai tudi smer toka)
c) Izrii ekvipotencialne rte |= 0, 1, 2 in 3 cm
2
/s!


o= 45
q= 6 cm
2
/s



Reitev:

a) Enabe tokovnic in ekvipotencialnih rt

r r r
q
r
q
r
q
v
r
c
c|
cu
c
t t o t
= = =

=
* *
* 2
45 * 2 * * * 2
360 *
* 2 * * * 2
360 *

cu
c|
c
c
u
*
0
r r
v = = =
= + =
* 2
u
t
u
cu
c
c
c
d
q
d dr
r
d
1
*
* 2
= c
q
+ u
t

u
t
u *
* 2
= 0 0
q
= =
q * 2
* t
u =





101
u [rad] u []
0 0 0
1 t/12 15
2 2*t/12 30
3 3*t/12 45
12 t 180
13 13*t/12 195
14 14*t/12 210
15 15*t/12 225


dr
r
q
d dr
r
d
*
* 2
t
u
cu
c|
c
c|
| = + =
2
ln *
* 2
c r
q
+ =
t
|
0 2 2 0 0
ln *
* 2
ln *
* 2
= 0 2 r pri 0 r
q
c c r
q
cm
t t
| = + = =
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
0
ln *
* 2
r
r q
t
|
q
e r r
* 2
*
0
*
t |
=


| r [cm]
0 2
1 2.5985
2 3.3762
3 4.3866



102
2.1.3 V kotu horizontalnega kolena, katerega kraka oklepata kot o, imamo tokast izvor vode
jakosti q.
a) Doloi enabo tokovnic in ekvipotencialnih rt, e poznamo robne pogoje ( oznai e
smer toka):
pri u = 0 je r = r
0

pri r = 1 m je | = 0.
b) Narii tokovnice = 0, 1, 2 in 3 [m
2
/s], ter ekvipotencialne rte |= 0, 1, 2 in 3 [m
2
/s].
c) Doloi hitrost
v
v v tokah A(x= 2m, y= 2m) ter B(x= 4m, y= 1m).
d) Doloi tlak v toki B, e je tlak v toki A p
A
.


o= 60
q= 3m
2
/s
p
A
= 0.1bar



Reitev:

a) Enaba tokovnic in ekvipotencialnih rt

r r r
q
r
q
v
r
c
c|
cu
c
t
t
= = = =
* *
* 3
*
3

cu
c|
c
c

*
0
r r
v = = =
u
t
u
cu
c
c
c
d
q
d dr
r
d
* 3
= + =
u
t

u
u
t

*
* 3

0 = 0
*
* 3
1
q c
q
=

=
+ =


dr
r
q
d dr
r
d
*
* 3
t
u
cu
c|
c
c|
| = + =
} }
=
r
r
r
dr q
d
0 0
*
* 3
t
|
|
|

103
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
0
0
ln *
* 3
r
r q
t
| |
0 0
r = r 0 = |
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
0
ln *
* 3
r
r q
t
|

Vrednost tokovnic Vrednost ekvipotencialnih rt
u [| u [rad| | r |m|
0 0 0 0 1
1 20 t/9 1 1.4177
2 40 2*t/9 2 2.01
3 60 t/3 3 2.8497




c) Hitrost v tokah A in B
m y x r
A A A
8284 . 2 8 2 2
2 2 2 2
= = + = + =
s m
r
q
v
A
rA
/ 0129 . 1
8284 . 2 *
3 * 3
*
* 3
= = =
t t


m y x r
B B B
1231 . 4 17 1 4
2 2 2 2
= = + = + =
s m
r
q
v
B
rB
/ 6948 . 0
1231 . 4 *
3 * 3
*
* 3
= = =
t t

d) Tlak v toki B
+ = +
2
*
2
*
2 2
B
B
A
A
v
p
v
p
( ) ( ) bar m N v v p p
B A A B
10271 . 0 / 56 . 10271 6948 . 0 0129 . 1 *
2
1000
10 * 1 . 0 *
2
2 2 2 5 2 2
= = + = + =


104
2.1.4 V kotu kolena, katerega kraka oklepata kot 120, imamo tokast ponor jakosti q. Debelina
toka na papir je 1 cm.
a) Doloi enabi tokovnic in ekvipotencialnih rt |, e poznamo:
pri u = 0 je = 0 ter pri
r
0
= 1 cm je | = 0.
b) Narii tokovnice = -1, -2 in -3 cm
2
/s (oznai smer toka) ter ekvipotencialne rte | = -1, -
2 in -3 cm
2
/s.
c) Doloi hitrost v v tokah A(r= 1cm, u= 0) ter B(r= 2cm, u= 0).
d) Na kakni razdalji od ponora je tlak enak p= 0.1 N/m
2
, e je tlak v toki A enak p
A
= 0?


o = 120
q = 4 cm
2
/s




Reitev:

a) Enabi tokovnic

r r r
q
v
r
c
c|
cu
c
t
= = =
* * * 2
3 *

cu
c|
c
c
u
*
0
r r
v = = =
u
t
u
cu
c
c
c
d
q
d dr
r
d
* 2
3 *
= + =
u
t

u
u
t

*
* 2
3 *

0 = , 0
*
* 2
3 *
q c
q
=

=
+ =

dr
r
q
d dr
r
d
* * 2
3 *
t
u
cu
c|
c
c|
| = + =
|
|
.
|

\
|

=
+ =
0
0
ln *
* 2
3 *
=
0 = , 1
ln *
* 2
3 *
r
r q
r
c r
q
t
|
|
t
|






105
b) Vrednosti pri = -1, -2 in -3 cm
2
/s ter | = -1, -2 in -3 cm
2
/s


u [] | r |cm|
-1 30 -1 1.6881
-2 60 -2 2.8497
-3 90 -3 4.8105





c) Hitrost v tokah A in B

r
q
v
r
* * 2
3 *
t
=
s cm
r
q
v
A
A
/ 9099 . 1
1 * * 2
3 * 4
* 2
3 *
= = =
t t

s cm
r
q
v
B
B
/ 9549 . 0
2 * * 2
3 * 4
* * 2
3 *
= = =
t t



d) Tlak v toki C

g
p
g
v
g
p
g
v
C C A A
* * 2 * * 2
2 2

+ = +
g
p
g
v
g
v
C C A
* * 2
0
* 2
2 2

+ = +
m
g
p
g
v
g
v
C A C 6
2 2 2
10 * 3974 . 8
81 . 9 * 1000
1 . 0
81 . 9 * 2
0191 . 0
* * 2 * 2

= = =

s m g v
C
/ 0128 . 0 81 . 9 * 2 * 10 * 3974 . 8 * 2 * 10 * 3974 . 8
6 6
= = =


cm
v
q
r
r
q
v
C
C
C
C
4879 . 1
28 . 1 * * 2
4 * 3
* * 2
3 *

* * 2
3 *
= = = =
t t t

106
2.1.5 V kotu pravokotnega kolena imamo tokast ponor jakosti q.
a) Doloi enabo tokovnic in ekvipotencialnih rt, e poznamo robne pogoje:
pri u = 0 je = 0 ter
pri r = 1cm je | = 0.
b) Narii tokovnici z vrednostima = -1 in -2 cm
2
/s ter ekvipotencialni rti | = -1 in -2
cm
2
/s. Na tokovnicah oznai tudi smer toka.
c) Doloi hitrost
v
v v tokah A(x = 0, y = 2cm) ter B(x = 0, y = 4cm).
d) Doloi tlak v tokah A(x = 0, y = 2 cm) ter B(x = 0, y = 4 cm), e je tlak v toki C(x = 0,
y = 1 cm) enak p
0
.


q = 3 cm
2
/s
p
0
= 0



Reitev:

a) Enabi tokovnic

r r r
q
r
q
v
r
c
c|
cu
c
t
t
= = = =
* *
2 *
4
* * 2

cu
c|
c
c
u
*
0
r r
v = = =
u
t
u
cu
c
c
c
d
q
d dr
r
d
2 *
= + =
u
t

u
u
t

*
2 *

0 = , 0
*
2 *
q c
q
=

=
+ =

dr
r
q
d dr
r
d
t
u
cu
c|
c
c|
|
*
2 *
= + =
r
q
r
c r
q
ln *
2 *

0 = , 1
ln *
2 *
t
|
|
t
|
=

=
+ =


107

b) Vrednosti pri = -1 in -2 cm
2
/s ter | = -1 in -2 cm
2
/s

u [] | r |cm|
-1 30 -1 1.6881
-2 60 -2 2.8497




c) Hitrost v tokah A in B
r
q
v
r
*
2 *
t
=
s cm
r
q
v
A
A
/ 9549 . 0
2 *
2 * 3
*
2 *
= = =
t t

s cm
r
q
v
B
B
/ 4775 . 0
4 *
2 * 3
*
2 *
= = =
t t



d) Tlak v toki C

g
p
g
v
g
p
g
v
C C A A
* * 2 * * 2
2 2

+ = +
0
* 2 * * 2
2 2
+ = +
g
v
g
p
g
v
C A A

s cm
r
q
v
C
C
/ 9099 . 1
1 *
2 * 3
*
2 *
= = =
t t

m
g
v
g
v
g
p
A C A 6
2 2 2 2
10 * 9433 . 13
81 . 9 * 2
9549 . 0
81 . 9 * 2
9099 . 1
* 2 * 2 *

= = =

2 6 6
/ 1368 . 0 81 . 9 * 1000 * 10 * 9433 . 13 * * 10 * 9433 . 13 m N g p
A
= = =


m
g
v
g
v
g
p
B C B 6
2 2 2 2
10 * 4291 . 17
81 . 9 * 2
004775 . 0
81 . 9 * 2
019099 . 0
* 2 * 2 *

= = =

2 6 6
/ 17098 . 0 81 . 9 * 1000 * 10 * 4291 . 17 * * 10 * 4291 . 17 m N g p
B
= = =



108
2.1.6 Doloi enabo funkcije toka za:
a) Paralelni tok v smeri osi (-x): v
1
= 2 cm/s (v koordinatnem izhodiu je
1
= 0).
b) Paralelni tok pod kotom 45 glede na x-os: v
2
= 1 cm/s (smer SV; v koordinatnem
izhodiu je
2
=0).
c) Vsoto obeh tokov.
Narii tokovnice za vse tri primere in oznai smer sestavljenega toka!


Reitev:

a) paralelni tok v smeri osi (-x): v
1
= 2 cm/s

s cm
x y
u
P
/ 2
1 1
= = =
c
c|
c
c

0
1 1
= = =
y x
v
P
c
c|
c
c

dy dy
y
dx
x
d 2 0
1 1
1
+ = + =
c
c
c
c

y c
y x
c y
* 2 0
0 je 0
* 2
1 1
1
1 1
= =
)
`

= = =
+ =

b) Paralelni tok pod kotom 45 glede na x-os: v
2
= 1cm/s
x y
u s cm v u
D D
c
c|
c
c
o
2 2
2
/ 707 . 0 45 cos * 1 cos * = = = = =
y x
v s cm v v
D D
c
c|
c
c
o
2 2
2
/ 707 . 0 45 sin * 1 sin * = = = = =
y x
je y x
c dy dx dy
y
dx
x
d
* 707 . 0 * 707 . 0
0 0
707 . 0 707 . 0
2
2
2
2 2
2
+ =

= = =
+ + = + =

c
c
c
c

c) Vsota obeh tokov

3
=
1
+
2
=-0.707*x - 1.2929*y

1)
1
= -2*y 2)
2
= -0.707*x + 0.707*y
y
1

2
x y
-0.5 1 1 1 2.41
-1 2 2 2 4.83
-1.5 3 3 3 7.24
-2 4
0.5 -1 -1 -1 0.41
1 -2 -2 -2 0.83
1.5 -3 -3 -3 1.24
2 -4

109

110
2.1.7 Doloi potek tokovnic za superpozicijo ponora ob steni in paralelnega toka v negativni smeri
osi X. Doloi tokovnico, ki razmejuje pretok iz ponora od paralelnega toka (= -8). Narii e
tokovnice = -10, = -9, = -7 in = -6. Ugotovi in oznai tudi razmejitveno toko na
abscisni osi (zastojna toka).


Paralelni tok: u= -1 cm/s,
pri y = 0 je
1
= 0
Ponor: q= 8 cm
2
/s, pri u= 0 je
2
= 0



Reitev:


a) Paralelni tok

x
u
y c
c|
c
c
1 1
= =
y
v
x c
c|
c
c
1 1
= =
dy u dy
y
dx
x
d *
1 1
1
= + =
c
c
c
c

} }
= dy u d *
1

y y u
y
c y u
= =
)
`

= =
+ =
*
0 0
*
1
1
1 1

1
0 -1 -2 -3 -4 -5 -6 -7
Y 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 -7


b) Ponor

r
q
r
v
r
r
* *
2 2
t c
c|
cu
c
= = =
cu
c|
c
c
u
*
2 2
r
v
r
= =
u
t
u
cu
c
c
c
d
q
d dr
r
d = + =
2 2
2

u
t
u
t

u
u
t

*
8
*
0 0
*
2
2
2 2
= =

= =
+ = q c
q


111

2
0 -1 -2 -3 -4 -5 -6 -7 -8
u 0
1
8
* t

2
8
*t

3
8
*t

4
8
*t

5
8
*t

6
8
*t

7
8
*t

8
8
*t





112
2.1.8 Doloi potek tokovnic za superpozicijo ponora v toki x = -2 cm, y = 0 in paralelnega toka v
negativni smeri y-osi. Doloi tokovnico, ki razmejuje pretok iz ponora od paralelnega toka
( = 0). Ugotovi in oznai tudi razmejitveno toko na ordinatni osi (zastojna toka). Narii
e tokovnice = -2, -1, 1 in 2.

Paralelni tok: v = -1 cm/s,
pri x = 0 je
1
= 2.
Ponor: q = 16 cm
2
/s; pri u = 0 je
2
= -4


Reitev:
a) Paralelni tok
x
u
y c
c|
c
c
1 1
= =
y
v
x c
c|
c
c
1 1
= =
dx v dy
y
dx
x
d *
1 1
1
= + =
c
c
c
c

} }
= dx v d *
1

2 2 *
2 0
*
1
1
1 1
+ = + =
)
`

= =
+ =
x x v
x
c x v

1
-8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
x -10 -9 -8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

b) Ponor
r
q
r
v
r
r
* * 2 *
2 2
t c
c|
cu
c
= = =
cu
c|
c
c
u
*
2 2
r
v
r
= =
u
t
u
cu
c
c
c
d
q
d dr
r
d
* 2
2 2
2
= + =
4 *
8
4 *
* 2

4 0
*
* 2
2
2
2 2
= =

= =
+ =
u
t
u
t

u
u
t
q c
q

2
8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 -1 -2 -3 -4 -5 -6 -7 -8
u

12
8
*t

11
8
*t

10
8
*t

9
8
*t

t

7
8
*t

6
8
*t

5
8
*t

t
2

3
8
*t

2
8
*t

t
8
0
t
8

t
4

3
8
*t

2
t
113

114















3. DINAMIKA IDEALNE NESTISLJIVE
TEKOINE

115















3.1 Primeri uporabe Bernoullijeve enabe
116
3.1.1 Po cevi tee voda iz bazena. V toki B vzdrujemo z ventilom stalni tlak. Doloi, pri kateri
viini H
1
nastopi kavitacija. Narii tlano in energijsko rto (upotevaj idealno tekoino)!


y = 2 m
H
B
= 2.5 m
d
1
= 10 cm
d
2
= 20 cm




Reitev:


g
v
H y
g
p
g
v
H
B
* 2 * * 2
2
2 1
2
1
1
+ + = + =

2
1
2
2
2 1
*
d
d
v v =
v.s. 10
*
: kavitacije nastop za pogoj
1
m
g
p
=

B
H y
g
v
g
d
d
v
+ + =
|
|
.
|

\
|
* 2
10
* 2
*
2
2
2
2
1
2
2
2

10 5 . 2 2
* 2
* 16
2
2
2
2
+ + =

g
v v

5 . 14 * * 2 * 15
2
2
g v =
s m v / 355 . 4 966 . 18
15
5 . 14 * 81 . 9 * 2
2
= = =
s m
d
d
v v / 42 . 17
10
20
* 355 . 4 *
2
2
1
2
2 1
= |
.
|

\
|
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
m H 4667 . 5 5 . 2 2
81 . 9 * 2
355 . 4
2
1
= + + =
117

118
3.1.2 Iz rezervoarja tee voda po cevovodu premera d. Pri B lahko z ventilom spreminjamo
pretok. Doloi, v kaknih mejah se lahko giblje pretok (Q
max
in Q
min
), e sta pogoja:
a) Pri A voda ne sme iztekati.
b) Pri C ne sme vdirati zrak v cevovod.
Zrii tlano in energijsko rto za oba primera (idealna tekoina). Doloi e maksimalno
moen iztok iz sistema, e cev v toki A zapremo, ventil v toki B pa je popolnoma odprt
(iztok na prosto)!


d = 20 cm
a = 2 m
b = 0.6 m
H = 3 m




Reitev:

a) Voda ne izteka

( ) ( ) | | ( ) | | s m b a H
g
v
/ 8014 . 2 6 . 0 2 3 * 81 . 9 * 2 b + a - H * g * 2 = v
* 2
2
= + = + =
s l s m
d
v Q / 88 / 088 . 0
4
2 . 0 *
* 8014 . 2
4
*
*
3
2 2
min
= = = =
t t


b) Zrak se ne vsrkava

| | | | s m a H
g
v
/ 4294 . 4 2 3 * 81 . 9 * 2 a - H * g * 2 = v
* 2
2
= = =
s l s m
d
v Q / 2 . 139 / 1392 . 0
4
2 . 0 *
* 4294 . 4
4
*
*
3
2 2
max
= = = =
t t


c) Maksimalen moen iztok

s m H
g
v
/ 672 . 7 3 * 81 . 9 * 2 H * g * 2 = v
* 2
2
= = =
s l s m
d
v Q / 241 / 241 . 0
4
2 . 0 *
* 672 . 7
4
*
*
3
2 2
max
= = = =
t t

119
3.1.3 Voda (idealna tekoina) izteka iz rezervoarja po sistemu cevi s premeri d
1
, d
2
in d
3
. V toki
A imamo iztok na prosto. Doloi:
a) Energijsko in tlano rto.
b) Pretok, ki izteka.
c) Minimalen dopusten premer d
2
, da ne pride do kavitacije!


d
1
= 8 cm
d
3
= 10 cm
o = 60
L = 2 m
H = 8 m



Reitev:

a) Energijska in tlana rta



b) Pretok, ki izteka

Prerez 0-0 in 3-3
g
v
g
p
z
g
v
g
p
z
* 2 * * 2 *
2
3 3
3
2
0 0
0
+ + = + +


120
g
v
z H
* 2
0 0 0
2
3
3
+ + = + +
( ) ( ) s m z H g
g
v
z H / 417 . 7 1962 . 5 8 * 81 . 9 * 2 * * 2 v
* 2
3 3
2
3
3
= = = + =
m L z 1962 . 5 60 sin * 2 * 3 sin * * 3
3
= = = o
s l s m
d
Q / 825 . 5 / 05825 . 0
4
1 . 0 *
* 417 . 7
4
*
* v
3
2 2
3
3
= = = =
t t


c) Doloitev premera d
2


Prerez 0-0 in 2-2

g
v
g
p
z
g
v
g
p
z
* 2 * * 2 *
2
2 2
2
2
0 0
0
+ + = + +


g
v
z H
* 2
10 0 0
2
2
2
+ = + +
( ) ( ) s m z H g
g
v
z H / 8877 . 16 10 4641 . 3 8 * 81 . 9 * 2 10 * * 2 v
* 2
10
2 2
2
2
2
= + = + = + =
m L z 4641 . 3 60 sin * 2 * 2 sin * * 2
2
= = = o
m
v
Q d
v Q 06627 . 0
8877 . 16 *
05825 . 0 * 4
*
* 4
d
4
*
*
2
2
2
2
2
= = = =
t t
t


121
3.1.4 Kolikna najve sme biti viina vode v posodi, da ne pride do kavitacije? Koliken je
maksimalni pretok pri mejnem stanju? Narii tlano in energijsko rto! Koliken bi bil
pretok v primeru, e bi vzeli d
1
=d
3
= 4 cm in d
2
= 10 cm. Narii tlano rto tudi za ta primer!
(V toki A je iztok na prosto. Upotevaj, da je tekoina idealna.)

a = 6 m
d
1
= 10 cm
d
2
= 4 cm
d
1
= d
3



Reitev:
a) Pretok skozi cevovod
g
v
g
p
z
g
v
g
p
z
* 2 * * 2 *
2
3 3
3
2
2 2
2
+ + = + +


g
v
z
g
v
z
* 2
0
* 2
10
2
3
3
2
2
2
+ + = +
m a z 4 6 *
3
2
*
3
2
2
= = =
m a z 6
3
= =
25 . 6 *
4
10
* *
3
2
3
2
2
3
3 2
v v
d
d
v v = |
.
|

\
|
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
( )
s m
g
v
g
v
/ 4871 . 2
0625 . 38
12 * 81 . 9 * 2
0625 . 38
12 * * 2
4 10 6
* 2
* 1 25 . 6
3
2
3
2
= = = + =

s m
d
v Q / 0195 . 0
4
1 . 0 *
* 4871 . 2
4
*
*
3
2 2
3
3
= = =
t t


g
v
g
p
z
g
v
g
p
z
* 2 * * 2 *
2
3 3
3
2
0 0
0
+ + = + +


g
v
a H
* 2
0 0 0
2
3
+ + = + +
m
g
v
a H 3153 . 6
81 . 9 * 2
4871 . 2
6
* 2
3 2
3
= + = + =
122



b) Pretok pri d
3
= 4 cm

Q v
d
m s l s
B
a
= = = =
3
3
2 2
3
4
24871
004
4
0003125 3125 *
*
. *
* .
. / . /
t t



123
3.1.5 V horizontalno cev premera d
1
je vgrajen venturimeter, na katerega je prikljuen ivosrebrni
manometer. Kolikno razliko viin Ah manometer pokae, e tee po cevi pretok Q vode?
Doloi tudi tlak v toki 2 (p
2
), e poznamo tlak v toki 1 (p
1
) ter izrii tlano in energijsko
rto!


d
1
= 20 cm
d
2
= 7 cm
Q = 30 l/s

v
= 1 kg/dm
3

Hg
= 13.6 kg/dm
3

p
1
= 3 bar



Reitev:




a) Bernoulijeva enaba za prerez 1 in 2

2
*
* *
2
*
* *
2
2
2 2
2
1
1 1
v
p g z
v
p g z
v
v
v
v

+ + = + +
2
*
0
2
*
0
2
2
2
2
1
1
v
p
v
p
v v

+ + = + +
g
v v
g
p p
v
* 2 *
2
2
2
1 2 1

=

b) Kontinuitetna enaba

s m
d
Q
v / 9549 . 0
2 . 0 *
4 * 03 . 0
*
4 *
2 2
1
1
= = =
t t

s m
d
Q
v / 7953 . 7
07 . 0 *
4 * 03 . 0
*
4 *
2 2
2
2
= = =
t t


124

c) Razlike tlakov

( ) g h h z g p g z p
Hg v v
* * * * * *
1 2 1 1
A + A + = +
|
|
.
|

\
|
A = A + A =

1 * *
*
2 1
v
Hg
v
Hg
v
h h h
g
p p

Enabo (c) vstavimo v (a) in dobimo:

m
g
v v
h
g
v v
h
v
Hg v
Hg
2421 . 0
1
1
6 . 13
* 81 . 9 * 2
9549 . 0 7953 . 7
1 * 2

* 2
1 *
2 2 2
1
2
2
2
1
2
2
=
|
.
|

\
|

=
|
|
.
|

\
|

= A

=
|
|
.
|

\
|
A

d) Doloitev tlaka v toki 2 (npr. iz enabe (a)):

|
|
.
|

\
|
=
* 2
* *
2
1
2
2
2 1
g
v v
g p p
v

bar m N
g
v v
g p p
v
7 . 2 / 25 . 270072
2
9549 . 0 7953 . 7
* 1000 10 * 3
* 2
* *
2
2 2
5
2
1
2
2
1 2
= =
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
=

125
3.1.6 Voda (obravnavaj jo kot idealno tekoino) izteka iz rezervoarja v toki A na prosto. Doloi:
a) Pretok, ki izteka iz rezervoarja (izrii tudi energijsko in tlano rto)
b) Za koliko lahko pretok poveamo, e v toki B namestimo rpalko neomejene moi (izrii
energijsko in tlano rto)
c) Kolikna je potrebna mo rpalke pri maksimalnem monem pretoku iz primera b)?
Izkoristek rpalke je q.


H = 6 m
a = 1 m
d
1
= 0.18 m
d
2
= 0.20 m

v
= 1000kg/m
3

q = 0.85



Reitev:

a) Prerez 0-0 in 2-2


g
v
g
p
z
g
v
g
p
z
* 2 * * 2 *
2
2 2
2
2
0 0
0
+ + = + +


g
v
a H
* 2
0 0 0
2
2
+ + = + +
( ) ( ) s m a H g v / 9045 . 9 1 6 * 81 . 9 * 2 * * 2
2
= = =
s l s m
d
v Q / 2 . 311 / 3112 . 0
4
2 . 0 *
* 9045 . 9
4
*
*
3
2 2
2
2
~ = = =
t t

b) rpalka, prerez 0-0 in 1-1
126



g
v
g
p
z
g
v
g
p
z
* 2 * * 2 *
2
1 1
1
2
0 0
0
+ + = + +


g
v
a H
* 2
10 * 2 0 0
2
1
+ = + +
( ) ( ) s m a H g v / 5735 . 16 10 1 * 2 6 * 81 . 9 * 2 10 * 2 * * 2
1
= + = + =
s l s m
d
v Q / 7 . 421 / 4217 . 0
4
18 . 0 *
* 5735 . 16
4
*
*
3
2 2
1
1 max
~ = = =
t t

s l s m Q Q Q / 6 . 110 / 1106 , 0 3112 . 0 4217 . 0
3
max
~ = = = A


c) Mo rpalke
kW W
E Q g
P
v
372 . 20 08 . 20372
85 . 0
1854 . 4 * 4217 . 0 * 81 . 9 * 1000 * * *
max
max
~ = =
A
=
q

m E E E 1854 . 4 6 1854 . 10
1 2
= = = A
m H E 6
1
= =
m
g
v
a
g
v
g
p
z E 1854 . 10
81 . 9 * 2
4245 . 13
1
* 2
0
* 2 *
2 2
2
2
2 2
2 2
= + = + + = + + =

s m
d
d
v v / 4245 . 13
20 . 0
18 . 0
* 5735 . 16 *
2
2
2
1
1 2
=
|
.
|

\
|
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
127
3.1.7 Pri kaknem d
2
bi prilo do kavitacije? Raunaj za idealno tekoino! Narii tlano in
energijsko rto!

H
1
= 20 m
H
2
= 5 m
d
1
= 5 cm



Reitev:

a) Premer cevi 2

( ) ( ) s m H H g H g v / 1552 . 17 5 20 * 81 . 9 * 2 * * 2 * * 2
2 1 1
= = = A =
m E
g
v
g
p
z 20
* 2 *
2
1 1
1
= = + +

m
g
v
g
p
20
* 2 *
0
2
1 1
= + +

m
g
v
g
p
5
81 . 9 * 2
1552 . 17
20
* 2
20
*
2 2
1 1
= = =

g
v
g
p
z
g
v
g
p
z
* 2 * * 2 *
2
2 2
2
2
1 1
1
+ + = + +


g
v
g
v
g
p
* 2
10 0
* 2 *
0
2
2
2
1 1
+ = + +

m
g
v
g
p
g
v
30 10 20 10
* 2 * * 2
2
1 1
2
2
= + = + + =

s m g v / 2611 . 24 30 * 81 . 9 * 2 30 * * 2
2
= = =
cm
v
v
d d 2045 . 4
2611 . 24
1552 . 17
* 5 *
2
1
1 2
= = =









128
b) Tlana in energijska rta


129
3.1.8 a) Kolikna mora biti viina H
C
, da v sistemu ne pride do kavitacije?
b) Kaken pretok bi tekel po sistemu, e bi obdrali izraunano lego kolena C (za mejno
stanje), zamenjali pa bi premera cevi?
Raunaj, kot da je tekoina idealna! Narii tlano in energijsko rto za oba primera!


H = 3 m
a = 2 m
d
1
= 1.4 m
d
2
= 2 m



Reitev:


a) Doloite viine H
C

E a H
g
v
g
p
z
g
v
g
p
z
B C
= + = + + = + +
* 2 * * 2 *
2
2 2
2
1 1


C C
H H a z + =
10
*
1
=
g
p

a
g
p
=
*
2

s m H g v a H
g
v
a / 672 . 7 3 * 81 . 9 * 2 * * 2
* 2
0
2
2
2
= = = + = + +
s m
d
d
v v / 6572 . 15
4 . 1
2
* 672 . 7 *
2
2
1
2
2 1
= |
.
|

\
|
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
a H
g
v
H H a
C
+ = + +
* 2
10
2
1

m
g
v
H
C
4948 . 2 10
81 . 9 * 2
6572 . 15
10
* 2
2 2
1
= = =


b) Pretok skozi sistem, e zamenjamo premera cevi

s m
d
d
v v v / 7593 . 3
2
4 . 1
* 672 . 7 * ; 672 . 7
2
2
1
2
2 1 2
= |
.
|

\
|
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
= =
130
s m
d
v Q / 8102 . 11
4
2 *
* 7593 . 3
4
*
*
3
2 2
1
1
= = =
t t

m
g
v
H
g
p
C
7745 . 1
81 . 9 * 2
7593 . 3
4948 . 2
* 2 *
2 2
1 1
= = =

c) Tlana in energijska rta



131
3.1.9 Doloi potrebni tlak v hidroforju, da bo iz njega odtekal pretok Q. Koliken je maksimalni
moni pretok, e ustrezno poveamo tlak v hidroforju? Koliko ta znaa? Narii tlano in
energijsko rto za oba primera!


d
1
= 3 cm
d
2
= 2 cm
H = 2 m
Q = 3 l/s
a = 1.5 m





Reitev:

a) Potrebni tlak v hidroforju

g
v
g
p
z
g
v
g
p
z
g
v
g
p
z H
g
p
* 2 * * 2 * * 2 * *
2
3 3
3
2
2 2
2
2
1 1
1
+ + = + + = + + = +


s m
d
Q
v / 2444 . 4
03 . 0 *
003 . 0 * 4
*
* 4
2 2
3
3
= = =
t t

= + = + = 418 . 0 2
* 2
2444 . 4
5 . 1
* 2 *
2 2
3
m
g
H
g
v
a
g
p

0.041bar = 9.81 * 1000 * 0.418 = g * * 0.418 = p

b) Maksimalen tlak v hidroforju

g
v
a H
g
p
* 2
10
*
2
2 max
+ = +

g
v
g
p
z
g
v
g
p
z
* 2 * * 2 *
2
3 3
3
2
2 2
2
+ + = + +


g
v
a
g
v
a
* 2
0
* 2
10
2
3
2
2
+ + = +
25 . 2 *
2
3
* *
3
2
3
2
2
3
3 2
v v
d
d
v v = |
.
|

\
|
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
( )
s m
g
g
v
g
v
/ 9495 . 6
0625 . 4
10 * 81 . 9 * 2
1 25 . 2
10 * * 2
v
* 2
10
* 2
25 . 2 *
2
3
2
3
2
3
=

= =
s m v v / 6363 . 15 25 . 2 * 9495 . 6 25 . 2 *
3 2
= = =
bar m N
g
v
H a g p
1924 . 0 / 11 . 19243
81 . 9 * 2
6363 . 15
2 10 5 . 1 * 81 . 9 * 1000
* 2
10 * *
2
2 2
2
max
= =
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ =
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ =

132
3.1.10 Voda izteka iz posode po ceveh s premeroma d
1
in d
2
. V toki A imamo iztok na prosto, v
posodi pa vlada nadtlak p
1
.
a) Izrii energijsko in tlano rto
b) Doloi pretok iz sistema in kontroliraj mone podtlake
c) Za koliko lahko poveamo iztok iz sistema, e v toki B namestimo rpalko z izkoristkom
q in neomejeno mojo? Izrii energijsko in tlano rto tudi za ta primer
d) Doloi maksimalno mo rpalke iz primera c).


p
1
= 0.1 bar
H = 2 m
z
B
= 3 m
d
1
= 0.17 m
d
2
= 0.2 m
q = 0.85

v
= 1000 kg/m
3




Reitev:

a) Energijska in tlana rta


b) Pretok iz sistema in kontrola podtlakov, prerez 0-0 in A-A
g
v
g
p
z
g
v
g
p
H z
v
A
A
v
* 2 * * 2 *
2
2
2
0 1
0
+ + = + + +


g
v
g
p
H
v
* 2
0 0
*
0
2
2 1
+ + = + + +

s m
g
p
H g v
v
/ 6968 . 7
81 . 9 * 1000
10 * 1 . 0
2 * 81 . 9 * 2
*
* * 2
5
1
2
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ =
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ =

133
s m
d
v Q / 2418 . 0
4
2 . 0 *
* 6968 . 7
4
*
*
3
2 2
2
2
= = =
t t


Kontrola tlaka (kritina je toka B):
v v
d
d
m s
1 2
2
1
2
2
7 6968
0 2
017
10 6529 =
|
\

|
.
|
=
|
\

|
.
| = * . *
.
.
. /

Prerez 0-0 in B-B
g
v
g
p
z
g
v
g
p
H z
v
B
B
v
* 2 * * 2 *
2
1
2
0 1
0
+ + = + + +


+ + = +
* 2 * *
2
1 1
g
v
g
p
z
g
p
H
v
B
B
v


m m
g
v
z
g
p
H
g
p
B
v v
B
10 - > 7648 . 5
81 . 9 * 2
6529 . 10
3
81 . 9 * 1000
10 * 1 . 0
2
* 2 * *
2 5 2
1 1
= + = + =




c) Pretok iz sistema s pomojo rpalke



g
v
g
p
z
g
v
g
p
H z
B
v
B
B
v
* 2 * * 2 *
2
min
2
0 1
0
+ + = + + +


g
v
z
g
p
H
B
B
v
* 2
10 0
*
0
2
1
+ = + + +

s m z
g
p
H g v
B
v
B
/ 0207 . 14 10 3
81 . 9 * 1000
10 * 1 . 0
2 * 81 . 9 * 2 10
*
* * 2
5
1
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ + =
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ + =

s m
d
v Q
B
/ 3182 . 0
4
17 . 0 *
* 0207 . 14
4
*
*
3
2 2
1
max
= = =
t t

134
s l s m Q Q Q / 4 . 76 / 0764 . 0 2418 . 0 3182 . 0
3
max
~ = = = A


d) Mo rpalke

W
E Q g
P
v
03 . 8120
85 . 0
2108 . 2 * 3182 . 0 * 81 . 9 * 1000 * * *
max
max
= =
A
=
q

m
g
p
H
g
v
E
v
2108 . 2
81 . 9 * 1000
10 * 1 . 0
2
81 . 9 * 2
1299 . 10
* * 2
5 2
1
2
2
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ =
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ = A

s m
d
Q
v / 1299 . 10
2 . 0 *
4 * 3182 . 0
*
4 *
2 2
2
max
2
= = =
t t


135
3.1.11 Iz pokritega rezervoarja A, v katerem vlada nadtlak p
n
, je speljana cev podane oblike. V
toki B je iztok na prosto.
a) Izrii energijsko in tlano rto,
b) Doloi pretok Q iz sistema,
c) Doloi minimalni premer cevi d
1
, da je pretok iz sistema e moen!


a = 3 m
b = 2 m
c = 0.5 m
d
2
= 0.2 m
p
n
= 0.1 bar




Reitev:

a) Izris energijske in tlane rte



b) Doloitev pretoka iz sistema
g
v
g
p
z
g
v
g
p
z
* 2 * * 2 *
2
2 2
2
2
0 0
0
+ + = + +


g
v
g
p
b a
* 2
0 0 0
*
2
2 0
+ + = + + +

s m a
g
p
b g v a
g
p
b
g
v
/ 8674 . 10 3
81 . 9 * 1000
10000
2 * 81 . 9 * 2
*
* * 2
* * 2
0
2
0
2
2
= |
.
|

\
|
+ + =
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ + = + + =

s m
d
v Q
3
2 2
2
2
3414 . 0
4
2 . 0 *
* 8764 . 10
4
*
* = = =
t t


136
c) Doloitev minimalnega premera cevi d
1
, da je pretok iz sistema e moen
Prerez 0-0 in 1-1

g
v
g
p
z
g
v
g
p
z
* 2 * * 2 *
2
1 1
1
2
0 0
0
+ + = + +


g
v
c b a b
g
p
a
* 2
10
*
2
1 0
+ + = + +

+ + + + = 10
* * 2
0
2
1
c b a b
g
p
a
g
v

s m c
g
p
g v / 0336 . 15 10 5 . 0
81 . 9 * 1000
10000
* 81 . 9 * 2 10
*
* * 2
0
1
= |
.
|

\
|
+ + =
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ + =

4
*
*
2
1
1
d
v Q
t
=
m
v
Q
d 17 . 0
* 0336 . 15
4 * 3414 . 0
*
4 *
1
1
= = =
t t

137
3.1.12 Izraunaj maksimalni moni dotok v zgornjo posodo in potreben podtlak v posodi (idealna
tekoina).


a = 1 m
H = 5 m
d
1
= 2 cm
d
2
= 4 cm


Reitev:

a) Maksimalni moni dotok



z
g
v
g
p
z
g
v
g
p
z
g
v
g
p
z
g
v
g
p
E + + = + + = + + = + + =
* 2 * * 2 * * 2 * * 2 *
2
2
2
2 2
1
2
1 1
0
2
0 0


2 * 2
10
2
1
H
g
v
a + + =
m
H
a
g
v
5 . 8
2
5
1 10
2
10
* 2
2
1
= + = + =
s m g v / 9139 . 12 81 . 9 * 2 * 5 . 8 * 2 * 5 . 8
1
= = =
s l s m
d
v Q / 057 . 4 / 004057 . 0
4
02 . 0 *
* 9139 . 12
4
*
*
3
2 2
1
1
= = = =
t t


138
b) Podtlak v posodi

2
2
2 2
* 2 *
z
g
v
g
p
a + + =

m z
g
v
a
g
p
5313 . 4 5
81 . 9 * 2
2285 . 3
1
* 2 *
2
2
2
2 2
= = =

s m
d
d
v v / 2285 . 3
4
2
* 9139 . 12 *
2
2
2
1
1 2
= |
.
|

\
|
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
m a
g
p
g
p
g
p
a
g
p
5313 . 5 1 5313 . 4
* *

* *
2 2
= = = + =


2
/ 5625 . 54261 81 . 9 * 1000 * 5313 . 5 * * 5313 . 5 m N g p = = =


139
3.1.13 Voda izteka iz rezervoarja v tokah 2 in 3 na prosto.
a) Izrii energijsko in tlano rto in oznai vrednosti.
b) Doloi polmer cevi d
3
tako, da bo v tokah 2 in 3 iztekal enak pretok.
c) Preveri, e je iztok iz sistema pod pogoji iz t. b) moen!


H = 6 m
d
1
= 0.25 m
d
2
= 0.2 m
a = 1.5 m
b = 1 m



Reitev:

a) Energijska in tlana rta in pomembne vrednosti




b) Iztok v toki 2: presek 0-0 in 2-2

g
v
g
p
z
g
v
g
p
z
* 2 * * 2 *
2
2 2
2
2
0 0
0
+ + = + +


s m a H g v
g
v
a H 40 . 9 ) 5 . 1 6 ( * 81 . 9 * 2 ) ( * * 2
* 2
0 0 0
2
2
2
= = = + + = + +
s l s m
d
v Q 295 295 . 0
4
2 . 0 *
* 4 . 9
4
*
*
3
2 2
2
2 2
= = = =
t t



140
Iztok v toki 3: presek 0-0 in 3-3

g
v
g
p
z
g
v
g
p
z
* 2 * * 2 *
2
3 3
3
2
0 0
0
+ + = + +


s m b H g v
g
v
b H 72 . 11 ) 1 6 ( * 81 . 9 * 2 ) ( * * 2
* 2
0 0 0
3
2
3
= + = + = + + = + +
m
v
Q
d
d
v Q Q 179 . 0
72 . 11 *
4 * 295 . 0
*
4 *

4
*
*
3
2
3
2
3
3 3 3
= = = = =
t t
t



c) preveriti moramo podtlak v cevi 1: presek 0-0 in 1-1

g
v
g
p
z
g
v
g
p
z
* 2 * * 2 *
2
1 1
1
2
0 0
0
+ + = + +


V.S. 10m - 36 . 1
81 . 9 * 2
02 . 12
6
* 2 *

* 2 *
0 0 0
2 2
1 1
2
1 1
) = = = + + = + + m
g
v
H
g
p
g
v
g
p
H


s m
3
2 3 2 1
590 . 0 295 . 0 * 2 Q * 2 Q Q Q = = = + =
s m
d
v 02 . 12
25 . 0 *
4 * 590 . 0
*
4 * Q
2 2
1
1
1
= = =
t t


Iztok iz sistema je moen

141
3.1.14 Iz posode A odteka Q vode po cevi 1, ki se nato v toki D razcepi v dva kraka. V tokah B in
C voda izteka na prosto. Doloi:
a) Koliken je minimlno dopusten premer cevi d
1
?
b) Koliko vode izteka pri B, koliko pri C in kolikna je viina b?
c) Narii potek energijske in tlane rte in oznai vrednsoti!


H = 3 m
d
2
= 12 cm
d
3
= 5 cm
Q = 100 l/s
c = 2 m



Reitev:

a) Minimalen premer cevi d
1


g
v
g
p
z
g
v
g
p
z
* 2 * * 2 *
2
1 1
1
2
0 0
0
+ + = + +


g
v
H
* 2
10 0 0 0
2
1
+ = + +
( ) ( ) s m H g v H
g
v
/ 9706 . 15 10 3 * 81 . 9 * 2 10 * * 2 10
* 2
1
2
1
= + = + = + =
m
v
Q
d
d
v Q 08929 . 0
9706 . 15 *
1 . 0 * 4
*
* 4

4
*
*
1
1
2
1
1
= = = =
t t
t



b) Iztok v toki C in viina iztoka B

g
v
g
p
z
g
v
g
p
z
* 2 * * 2 *
2
3 3
3
2
0 0
0
+ + = + +


g
v
c H
* 2
0 0 0
2
3
+ + = + +
( ) ( ) s m c H g v c H
g
v
/ 9045 . 9 2 3 * 81 . 9 * 2 * * 2
* 2
3
2
3
= + = + = + =
142
s m
d
v Q
C C
/ 0194 . 0
4
05 . 0 *
* 9045 . 9
4
*
*
3
2 2
3
t t
= =
s m Q Q Q
C B
/ 0806 . 0 0194 . 0 1 . 0
3
= = =
s m
d
Q
v
B
/ 1224 . 7
12 . 0 *
4 * 0806 . 0
*
4 *
2 2
2
2
= = =
t t

m
g
v
H b
B
4144 . 0
81 . 9 * 2
1224 . 7
3
* 2
2 2
= = =


c) Energijska in tlana rta



143
3.1.15 Kolikna najve sme biti mo rpalke , da je rpanje iz bazena B do vijeleee toke A e
mono? Izraunaj maksimalni pretok za ta primer ter narii energijsko in tlano rto. Vodo
obravnavaj kot idealno tekoino.


H
1
= 2 m
H
2
= 5 m
d
1
= d
2
= d
4
= 12 cm
d
3
= 5 cm
q = 0.8 (izkoristek rpalke)




Reitev:

a) Energijska in tlana rta





b) Maksimalni pretok

g
v
g
p
z
g
v
g
p
z
* 2 * * 2 *
2
4 4
4
2
3 3
3
+ + = + +


g
v
H
g
v
H
* 2
0
* 2
10 *
3
2
2
4
2
2
3
2
+ + = +
144
s m v v
d
d
v v / 3627 . 15 6671 . 2 * 76 . 5 * 76 . 5
5
12
* *
4
2
4
2
3
2
4
4 3
= = = |
.
|

\
|
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
( )
+ =

10 *
3
2
* 2
* 1 76 . 5
2 2
2
4
2
H H
g
v

s m
H
g v / 6671 . 2
) 1 76 . 5 (
1
* 10
3
5
* 81 . 9 * 2
) 1 76 . 5 (
1
* 10
3
* * 2
2 2
2
4
=

|
.
|

\
|
+ =

|
.
|

\
|
+ =
s m
d
v Q / 03016 . 0
4
12 . 0 *
* 1136 . 7
4
*
*
3
2 2
4
4 max
= = =
t t



c) Mo rpalke

kW W
E Q g
P 723 . 2 37 . 2723
8 . 0
3626 . 7 * 03016 . 0 * 81 . 9 * 1000 * * *
= = =
A
=
q

m
g
v
H H E 3626 . 7
81 . 9 * 2
6671 . 2
5 2
* 2
2 2
4
2 1
= + + = + + = A

145
3.1.16 Iz nijeleeega bazena A rpalka , nameena na razdalji L

od spodnjega bazena, rpa

vodo v vijeleei bazen B. Ob predpostavki vode kot idealne tekoine doloi:
a) Maksimalni pretok Q
max
, ki ga rpalka lahko rpa v zgornji bazen.
b) Izrii potek tlane in energijske rte in oznai vrednosti.
c) Kolikna je je potrebna mo rpalke, e je njen izkoristek q?


H
1
= 1 m
H
2
= 2 m
L
1
= 11 m
L
2
= 2 m
L

= 9.82 m
o = 60
d
1
= 0.1 m
d
2
= 0.2 m
q = 0.8



Reitev:

a) Maksimalni pretok Q
max


g
v
g
p
z
g
v
g
p
z

* 2 * * 2 *
2 2
2 1
1
+ + = + +


g
v
L H

* 2
10 sin * 0 0
2
1
+ = + + o
o sin * 10
* 2
1
2

L H
g
v
+ =
( ) ( ) s m L H g v

/ 9974 . 6 60 sin * 81 . 9 10 1 * 81 . 9 * 2 sin * 10 * * 2
1
= + = + = o
s m
d
v Q / 055 . 0
4
1 . 0 *
* 997 . 6
4
*
*
3
2 2
1
max
= = =
t t

s m
d
d
v v / 7494 . 1
2 . 0
1 . 0
* 9974 . 6 *
2
2
2
1
1 2
= |
.
|

\
|
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
=



146
b) Tlana in energijska rta






c) Mo rpalke

( ) ( ) m
g
v
H H L L E

4143 . 12
81 . 9 * 2
7494 . 1
2 1 60 sin * 2 11
* 2
sin *
2 2
2
2 1 2 1
= + + + = + + + = A o
W
E Q g
P

25 . 8366
8 . 0
4143 . 12 * 055 . 0 * 81 . 9 * 1000 * * *
max
= =
A
=
q

147
3.1.17 Izraunaj maksimalni moni dotok vode (obravnavaj jo kot idealno tekoino) v zgornjo
posodo in doloi potrebno mo rpalke . Izrii tudi potek tlane in energijske rte.
Izkoristek rpalke je q!


a = 1 m
H = 5 m
d
1
= 2 cm
d
2
= 4 cm
q = 0.80



Reitev:

a) Maksimalni pretok (prereza 0-0 in 1-1)




2
10
* 2
2
1
H
g
v
a + =
s m
H
a g v
H
a
g
v
/ 9139 . 12
2
5
1 10 * 81 . 9 * 2
2
10 * * 2
2
10
* 2
1
2
1
= |
.
|

\
|
+ = |
.
|

\
|
+ = + =
s l s m
d
v Q / 057 . 4 / 004057 . 0
4
02 . 0 *
* 9139 . 12
4
*
*
3
2 2
1
1
= = = =
t t

148
s m
d
d
v v / 2285 . 3
4
2
* 9139 . 12 *
2
2
2
1
1 2
=
|
.
|

\
|
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
=


b) Mo rpalke


W
H g Q E g Q
P 17 . 275
8 . 0
5313 . 5 * 81 . 9 * 1000 * 004057 . 0 * * * * * *
= = =
A
=
q

m
g
v
H E 5313 . 5
81 . 9 * 2
2285 . 3
5
* 2
2
2
= + = + = A

149
3.1.18 Iz pokritega spodnjega bazena A, kjer vlada relativni podtlak p
A
, rpalka rpa pretok Q
vode v vijeleei bazen B. Ob predpostavki vode kot idealne tekoine doloi:
a) Minimalni premer cevi d
1
, da bo rpanje e mono,
b) Izrii potek tlane in energijske rte in oznai vrednosti,
c) Kolikna je potrebna mo rpalke, e je njen izkoristek q?


H
1
= 1 m
H
2
= 2 m
L
1
= 11 m
L
2
= 2 m
L

= 8 m
p
A
= -0.3 bar
o = 60
d
2
= 0.2 m
Q = 35 l/s
q = 0.8



Reitev:

a) Minimalni premer cevi d
1


g
v
g
p
z
g
v
g
p
z

* 2 * * 2 *
2
1
2
0 0
0
+ + = + +


g
v
L
g
p
H

A
* 2
10 sin * 0
*
0
2
1
1
+ = + + + o

+ + = o

sin * 10
* * 2
1
2
1

A
L
g
p
H
g
v

s m
L
g
p
H g v

A
/ 4597 . 4 60 sin * 8 10
81 . 9 * 1000
30000
1 * 81 . 9 * 2
sin * 10
*
* * 2
1 1
=
|
.
|

\
|
+ =
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ + =

o

m
v
Q
d
d
v Q 09996 . 0
* 4597 . 4
035 . 0 * 4
*
* 4

4
*
*
1
1
2
1
1
= = = =
t t
t




150
b) Tlana in energijska rta





c) Mo rpalke

W
E Q g
P 77 . 6600
8 . 0
3797 . 15 * 035 . 0 * 81 . 9 * 1000 * * *
= =
A
=
q

m E E E 3797 . 15 0581 . 2 3216 . 13
1 2
= + = = A
( ) ( ) m
g
v
H L L E 3216 . 13
81 . 9 * 2
1141 . 1
2 60 sin * 2 11
* 2
sin *
2 2
2
2 2 1 2
= + + + = + + + = o
m
g
p
H E
A
0581 . 2
81 . 9 * 1000
30000
1
*
1 1
=

+ = + =

s m
d
d
v v / 1141 . 1
2 . 0
0999 . 0
* 4597 . 4 *
2
2
2
1
1 2
=
|
.
|

\
|
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
151
3.1.19 Iz pokritega spodnjega bazena A, kjer vlada relativni podtlak p
A
, rpalka rpa pretok Q
vode v vijeleei bazen B. Ob predpostavki vode kot idealne tekoine doloi:
a) Minimalni premer cevi d
1
, da bo rpanje e mono.
b) Izrii potek tlane in energijske rte in oznai vrednosti.
c) Kolikna je potrebna mo rpalke, e je njen izkoristek q?


H
1
= 1 m
H
2
= 2 m
L
1
= 11 m
L
2
= 2 m
L

= 8 m
p
A
= -0.3 bar
o = 60
d
2
= 0.2 m
Q = 35 l/s
q = 0.8



Reitev:

a) Minimalni premer cevi d
1

g
v
g
p
z
g
v
g
p
z

* 2 * * 2 *
2
1
2
0 0
0
+ + = + +


g
v
L
g
p
H

A
* 2
10 sin * 0
*
0
2
1
1
+ = + + + o

+ + = o

sin * 10
* * 2
1
2
1

A
L
g
p
H
g
v

s m
L
g
p
H g v

A
/ 4597 . 4 60 sin * 8 10
81 . 9 * 1000
30000
1 * 81 . 9 * 2
sin * 10
*
* * 2
1 1
=
|
.
|

\
|
+ =
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ + =

o

m
v
Q
d
d
v Q 09996 . 0
* 4597 . 4
035 . 0 * 4
*
* 4

4
*
*
1
1
2
1
1
= = = =
t t
t





152

b) Tlana in energijska rta





c) Mo rpalke

W
E Q g
P 77 . 6600
8 . 0
3797 . 15 * 035 . 0 * 81 . 9 * 1000 * * *
= =
A
=
q

m E E E 3797 . 15 0581 . 2 3216 . 13
1 2
= + = = A
( ) ( ) m
g
v
H L L E 3216 . 13
81 . 9 * 2
1141 . 1
2 60 sin * 2 11
* 2
sin *
2 2
2
2 2 1 2
= + + + = + + + = o
m
g
p
H E
A
0581 . 2
81 . 9 * 1000
30000
1
*
1 1
=

+ = + =

s m
d
d
v v / 1141 . 1
2 . 0
0999 . 0
* 4597 . 4 *
2
2
2
1
1 2
=
|
.
|

\
|
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
153
3.1.20 Iz nijeleeega bazena A rpa rpalka pretok Q vode v pokrit vijeleei bazen B. Pod
pokrovom vlada nadtlak p
B
(relativni sistem). Ob predpostavki vode kot idealne tekoine
doloi:
a) Maksimalni pretok Q, ki ga e lahko rpamo.
b) Izrii tlano in energijsko rto in oznai vrednosti.
c) Kolikna je potrebna mo rpalke, e je njen izkoristek q?


H
1
= 1 m
H
2
= 1 m
p
B
= 0.2 bar
L
1
= 11 m
L
2
= 2 m
o = 60
d
1
= 0.1 m
d
2
= 0.2 m
L = 9.8 m
q = 0.8



Reitev:

a) Doloitev pretoka Q

g
p
g
v
L H
* * 2
sin *
2
2
1
1

o + + =
10
* 2
sin *
2
1
1
+ =
g
v
L H o
o sin * 10
* 2
1
2
1
L H
g
v
+ =
( ) ( ) s m L H g v / 0217 . 7 60 sin * 8 . 9 10 1 * 81 . 9 * 2 sin * 10 * * 2
1 1
= + = + = o
s m
d
v Q / 0551 . 0
4
1 . 0 *
* 0217 . 7
4
*
*
3
2 2
1
1
= = =
t t






154
b) Tlana in energijska rta




c) Mo rpalke

W
E g Q
P 381 . 9090
8 . 0
4540 . 13 * 81 . 9 * 0551 . 0 * 1000 * * *
= =
A
=
q

m
g
v
H H H z E 4540 . 13
81 . 9 * 2
7554 . 1
2583 . 11 1 1 0387 . 2
* 2
`
2 2
2
2 2 1
= + + + = + + + A = A
( ) ( ) m L L z 2583 . 11 60 sin * 2 11 sin *
2 1
= + = + = A o
m
g
p
H
B
0387 . 2
81 . 9 * 1000
10 * 2 . 0
*
`
5
2
= = =

s m
d
d
v v / 7554 . 1
2 . 0
1 . 0
* 0217 . 7 *
2
2
2
1
1 2
=
|
.
|

\
|
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
155
3.1.21 Voda (obravnavaj jo kot idealno tekoino) doteka iz spodnje v zgornjo zaprto posodo, kjer
vlada nadtlak p
rel
(relativni sistem). rpalka je nameena na odseku cevi 1 na razdalji L

od
spodnjega rezervoarja. Doloi:
a) Maksimalni moni pretok Q.
b) Izrii potek energijske in tlane rte in oznai vrednosti.
c) Kolikna je potrebna mo rpalke, e je njen izkoristek q?


L = 6 m
L

= 1 m
a = 1.5 m
H = 6 m
d
1
= 5 cm
d
2
= 10 cm
p
rel
= 0.3 bar
q = 0.8



Reitev:

a) Maksimalni moni pretok

g
v
g
p
z
g
v
g
p
z
* 2 * * 2 *
2
1 1
1
2
0 0
0
+ + = + +


g
v
L a

* 2
10 sin * 0 0
2
1
+ = + + o
= =
+
= 30 = 5 . 0
12
6
* 2
sin o o
L
a H a

+ = o sin * 10
* 2
2
1

L a
g
v

( ) ( ) s m a L a g v

/ 6908 . 14 30 sin * 1 10 5 . 1 * 81 . 9 * 2 sin * 10 * * 2
1
= + = + =
s l s m
d
v Q / 8 . 28 / 0288 . 0
4
05 . 0 *
* 6908 . 14
4
*
*
3
2 2
1
1 max
= = = =
t t

s m
d
d
v v / 6727 . 3
10
5
* 6908 . 14 *
2
2
2
1
1 2
=
|
.
|

\
|
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
=






156
b) Tlana in energijska rta





c) Mo rpalke

- brez upotevanja izgube na vtoku v zgornji rezervoar

m
g
p
H E
rel
0581 . 9
81 . 9 * 1000
30000
6
*
= + = + = A

W
g Q E
P 3204
8 . 0
1000 * 81 . 9 * 0288 . 0 * 0581 . 9 * * *
= =
A
=
q



- z upotevanjem izgube na vtoku v zgornji rezervoar

m
g
v
g
p
H E
rel
7456 . 9
81 . 9 * 2
6727 . 3
81 . 9 * 1000
30000
6
* 2 *
2 2
2
= + + = + + = A

W
g Q E
P 18 . 3447
8 . 0
1000 * 81 . 9 * 0288 . 0 * 7456 . 9 * * *
= =
A
=
q


157
3.1.22 Vodo rpamo s pomojo rpalke iz odprtega bazena A v zaprt bazen B, kjer ivosrebrni
manometer kae razliko Ah.
a) Izrii energijsko in tlano rto.
b) Doloi maksimalen moen pretok Q
max
.
c) Doloi potrebno mo rpalke pri Q
max.

d) Doloi tlak p

na sesalni strani rpalke pri Q

max
!


a = 2 m
b = 3 m
d
1
= 0.1 m
d
2
= 0.2 m
Ah = 0.2 m

Hg
= 13.6 kg/dm
3

c = 8 m
d = 2.5 m
q = 0.8 (izkoristek rpalke)




Reitev:

a) Izris energijske in tlane rte


158

b) Doloitev maksimalnega monega pretoka Q
max


Prerez 0-0 in 1-1

g
v
g
p
z
g
v
g
p
z
* 2 * * 2 *
2
1 1
1
2
0 0
0
+ + = + +


10
* 2

* 2
10 0 0 0
2
1
2
1
+ = + = + + b
g
v
g
v
b
( ) ( ) s m b g v / 9706 . 15 10 3 * 81 . 9 * 2 10 * * 2
1
= + = + =
l/s 4 . 125 1254 . 0
4
1 . 0 *
* 9706 . 15
4
*
*
3
2
1
1 max
= = = = s m
d
v Q
t t



c) Doloitev moi rpalke

m
g
v
g
p
d c m b E 0325 . 14
81 . 9 * 2
9926 . 3
81 . 9 * 1000
2 . 6683 . 2
5 . 2 8
* 2 *
E ; 3
2 2
2 2
2 1
= + + + = + + + = = =

s m
d
d
v v / 9926 . 3
2 . 0
1 . 0
* 9706 . 15 *
2
2
2
1
1 2
= |
.
|

\
|
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
2
2
2 . 26683 2 . 0 * 81 . 9 * 13600 * * m N h g p
Hg
= = A =
m E E E 0325 . 11 3 0325 . 14
1 2
= = = A
kW W
E Q g
N 9693 . 16 3034 . 16969
8 . 0
0325 . 11 * 1254 . 0 * 81 . 9 * 1000 * * *
max
= = =
A
=
q

d) Doloitev tlaka na sesalni strani rpalke

Prerez 0-0 in -
g
v
g
p
z
g
v
g
p
z

* 2 * * 2 *
2 2
0 0
0
+ + = + +


m
g
v
a b
g
p
g
v
g
p
a b

8
81 . 9 * 2
7906 . 15
2 3
* 2 * * 2 *
2 2
1
2
1
= + = + = + + =


bar m N g p

7848 . 0 78480 81 . 9 * 1000 * 8 * * 8

2
= = = =

159
3.1.23 Koliken maksimalni pretok lahko rpamo iz bazena A v bazen B? Kolikna je potrebna
mo rpalke? Kakna je razlika v potrebni moi rpalke, e cev v toki C odreemo? Narii
tlano in energijsko rto!


h
1
= 7 m
h
2
= 0.5 m
h
3
= 1.5 m
d = 0.2 m
q = 0.8



Reitev:

a) Pretok in mo rpalke

= =

= + + = + + =
=
+ + = =
m
g
v
m h h h z
m
g
p
g
v
g
p
z E

S
S
S
1 9 10
* 2
9 5 . 1 5 . 0 7
10
*
* 2 *
0
2
3 2 1
2

s m g v / 4294 . 4 1 * 81 . 9 * 2 1 * * 2 = = =
s m
d
v Q / 1392 . 0
4
2 . 0 *
* 4294 . 4
4
*
*
3
2 2
= = =
t t

m
g
v
h h h h
g
v
g
p
z E


5 . 8
81 . 9 * 2
4294 . 4
5 . 0 7
* 2 * 2 *
2 2
3 3 2 1
2
= + + = + + + = + + =

m E E E
S
5 . 8 0 5 . 8 = = = A
W
E Q g
P 32 . 14504
8 . 0
5 . 8 * 1392 . 0 * 81 . 9 * 1000 * * *
= =
A
=
q

160
b) Mo rpalke e cev odreemo

m
g
v
h h h E 10 1 2 7
* 2
2
3 2 1 1
= + + = + + + = A
W
E Q g
P 9 . 17063
8 . 0
10 * 1392 . 0 * 81 . 9 * 1000 * * *
1
= =
A
=



c) Tlana in energijska rta



161
3.1.24 Doloi Q
max
pri neomejeni moi rpalke. Zrii tlano in energijsko rto ter oznai posamezne
vrednosti.

H = 2 m
d
1
= 0.8 m
d
2
= 1 m



Reitev:

a) Maksimalni moni pretok




2
2
2
2
1
1
2
1
* * 2 * * 2
z
g
p
g
v
z
g
p
g
v
+ + = + +


0 0
* 2
0 10
* 2
2
2
2
1
+ + = +
g
v
g
v

5625 . 1 *
8 . 0
1
* *
2
2
2
2
2
1
2 1
v v
d
d
v v = |
.
|

\
|
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
10
* 2
* 5625 . 1
2
2
2
2
2
=

g
v v

s m v v / 6669 . 11
4414 . 1
10 * 81 . 9 * 2
10 * 81 . 9 * 2 * 4414 . 1
2
2
2
= = =
s m
d
v Q / 1632 . 9
4
1 *
* 6669 . 11
4
*
*
3
2 2
2
2
= = =
t t

162
3.1.25 S rpalko poskuamo poveati gravitacijski iztok iz bazena. V tokah B in C izteka voda
(idealna tekoina) na prosto.
a) Izrii tlano in energijsko rto.
b) Doloi maksimalen pretok Q
max
, ki lahko izteka iz bazena.
c) Pri Q
max
doloi iztoka Q
c
in Q
B
ter potrebno mo rpalke!


H = 5 m
a = 1 m
b = 2 m
d = 0.1 m
q = 0.85 (izkoristek rpalke)

v
= 1 kg/dm
3





Reitev:

a) Tlana in energijska rta










163

b) Doloitev maksimalnega pretoka iz bazena

g
v
g
p
z
g
v
g
p
z
A A
A
* 2 * * 2 *
2 2
0 0
0
+ + = + +


g
v
a H
A
* 2
10 0 0
2
+ = + +
( ) ( ) s m a H g v a H
g
v
A
A
/ 5735 . 16 10 1 5 * 81 . 9 * 2 10 * * 2 10
* 2
2
= + = + = + =
l/s 2 . 130 1302 . 0
4
1 . 0 *
* 5735 . 16
4
*
*
3
2 2
max
= = = = s m
d
v Q
A
t t

( ) ( ) s m a H g v a H
g
v
B
B
/ 8589 . 8 1 5 * 81 . 9 * 2 * * 2
* 2
2
= = = =
l/s 9 . 69 0696 . 0
4
1 . 0 *
* 8589 . 8
4
*
*
3
2 2
= = = = s m
d
v Q
B B
t t


( ) s m v v v
d
v v
d
v
B A C C B A
/ 7146 . 7 8589 . 8 5735 . 16
4
*
*
4
*
*
2 2
= = = + =
t t

s l s m
p d
v Q
C C
/ 6 . 60 0606 . 0
4
1 . 0 *
* 7146 . 7
4
*
*
3
2 2
= = = =
t


Preverba tlaka na sesalni strani rpalke
H
g
v
g
p
b

= +
* 2
2

*
+ + a

v.s. 10m - 1.0334m
*
) = = =
81 . 9 * 2
7146 . 7
2 1 5
* 2
2
2

g
v
b a H
g
p

c) Mo rpalke

W
E Q g
N 62 . 722
85 . 0
0334 . 1 * 0606 . 0 * 81 . 9 * 1000 * * *
= =
A
=
q

( ) ( ) m b a H
g
v
E

0334 . 1 2 1 5
81 . 9 * 2
7146 . 7
* 2
2
2
= = = A
164
3.1.26 V kanalu pravokotnega preseka tee pretok Q z globino H
1
. V prerezu 2 se kanal zoi na
irino B
2
, dno pa ostane horizontalno. Doloi globino H
2
in hitrost v
2
v prerezu 2.


B
1
= 2 m
B
2
= 1.5 m
H
1
= 1.5 m
Q = 5 m
3
/s



Reitev:

a) Uporaba Bernoulijeve enebe

g
v
g
p
z
g
v
g
p
z
* 2 * * 2 *
2
2 2
2
2
1 1
1
+ + = + +


g
v
H
g
v
H
* 2
0
* 2
0
2
2
2
2
1
1
+ + = + +
g
v
H
g
v
H
* 2 * 2
2
2
2
2
1
1
+ = +

b) Uporaba kontinuitetne enabe

Q Q Q = =
2 1

2 2
2
1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
*
in v
*
v * * * *
B H
Q
B H
Q
Q B H v B H v = = = =

c) Doloitev viine H
2

2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
1
2
1
2
1
*

* 2 * * * 2 * *
H
g B H
Q
H
g B H
Q
H + = +
0
* 2 *
*
* 2 * *
2
2
2
2
2
2
1
2
1
2
1
3
2
= +
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
g B
Q
H
g B H
Q
H H
0
81 . 9 * 2 * 5 . 1
5
*
81 . 9 * 2 * 2 * 5 . 1
5
5 . 1
2
2
2
2
2 2
2
3
2
= +
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ H H
0 5663 . 0 * 6416 . 1
2
2
3
2
= + H H

165

H
2
f(H
2
) H
2
f(H
2
)
2 2 0.4 0.36
2.5 5.93 0.5 0.28
1.8 1.080 0.6 0.19
1.6 0.45897 0.7 0.10
1.4 0.0928 0.8 0.027
1.35 0.0349 0.9 -0.0343
1.33 0.0151 0.86 -0.01
1.32 0.006 0.85 -0.005
1.31 -0.0027 0.84 0.000725

166















3.2 Uporaba teorije potencialnega toka za tok podtalnice (filtracija)
167
3.2.1 Preko treh slojev doline l, irine b in debeline d ( na papir) ter razline propustnosti k
1
, k
2

in k
3
pronica voda. Gladino H
0
vzdrujemo konstantno in izmerimo e globino vode v
spodnjem piezometru H
3
.
a) Doloi pretok Q,
b) Doloi viino vode H
1
in H
2
v vmesnih piezometrih!


H
0
= 20 cm
H
3
= 15 cm
b = 30 cm
d = 1 m
l = 50 cm
k
1
= 0.4*10
-3
m/s
k
2
= 0.3*10
-3
m/s
k
3
= 0.1*10
-3
m/s




Reitev:

a) Doloitev pretoka
s
* -k = v 1D... ; *
A
AH
H = grad k v
3 2 1
v v v v = = =
1
1
1
1 1
* - = *
k
l
v
l
k v v AH
A
AH
= =
2
2
2
2 2
l
* - = *
k
v
l
k v v AH
A
AH
= =
3
3
3
3 3
* - = *
k
l
v
l
k v v AH
A
AH
= =
( )
0 3 3 2 1
* 3 H l H + = AH + AH + AH = AH
l H H
k
l
k
l
k
l
v * 3 *
0 3
3 2 1
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ +
168
s m
k
l
k
l
k
l
H H l
v / 10 * 9579 . 1
0001 . 0
5 . 0
0003 . 0
5 . 0
0004 . 0
5 . 0
2 . 0 15 . 0 5 . 0 * 3 * 3
4
3 2 1
0 3
=
|
.
|

\
|
+ +
+
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ +
+
=
l/s 0587 . 0 10 * 8737 . 5 1 * 3 . 0 * 10 * 9579 . 1 * *
3 5 4
= = = =

s m d b v Q


b) Doloitev viine vode v vmesnih piezometrih

1
1 0
0 1 1
1
1
1
1
* H
* 3 * 2
*
*
k
l
v H l
H l H l
k
l
v
l
k v = +

+ = AH
= AH

AH
=
m
k
l
v l H H 4553 . 0
0004 . 0
5 . 0
* 10 * 9579 . 1 5 . 0 2 . 0 *
4
1
0 1
= + = + =


2
2 1
1 2 2
2
2
2
2
* H
* 2
*
*
k
l
v H l
H l H l
k
l
v
l
k v = +

+ = AH
= AH

AH
=
m
k
l
v l H H 6289 . 0
0003 . 0
5 . 0
* 10 * 9579 . 1 5 . 0 4553 . 0 *
4
2
1 2
= + = + =


169
3.2.2 V navpini okrogli cevi premera D imamo na dolini L
1
pesek prepustnosti k
1
, na dolini L
2

pa pesek pepustnosti k
2
. Na vrhu s stalnim dotokom vzdrujemo konstantno gladino vode
H
1
, v piezometru pri dnu pa izmerimo viino vode H
2
. V koliknem asu se prazno vedro
prostornine V napolni do vrha, ko je pretok skozi sistem e ustaljen?


H
1
= 50 cm
H
2
= 80 cm
D = 20 cm
V = 10 l
L
1
= 1 m
L
2
= 1.5 m
k
1
= 0.4 mm/s
k
2
= 0.2 mm/s




Reitev:


a) as polnjenja vedra

v v v = =
2 1

H = grad k v *
1
1
1
1
1
1 1 1 1
* H * *
k
L
v v
L
H
k grad k v = A =
A
= H =
2
2
2
2
2
2 2 2 2
* H * *
k
L
v v
L
H
k grad k v = A =
A
= H =
2 1
H H H A + A = A
m H H L L H 2 . 2 8 . 0 5 . 0 5 . 1 1
2 1 2 1
= + + = + + = A
s m
k
L
k
L
H
k
L
k
L
v H / 00022 . 0
0002 . 0
5 . 1
0004 . 0
1
2 . 2
= v *
2
2
1
1
2
2
1
1
=
+
=
+
A

|
|
.
|

\
|
+ = A
s l s m
D
v Q / 00691 . 0 / 10 * 91 . 6
4
2 . 0 *
* 00022 . 0
4
*
*
3 6
2 2
= = = =

t t

s s V t Q 86 . 6 min 24 86 . 1446
00691 . 0
10
Q
V
= t * = = = =
170
3.2.3 Skozi prepusten sloj debeline h pronica voda. Merjena je globina vode G
1
in G
2
v dveh
vodnjakih (ni rpanja!). Sloj ima na dolini L
1
koeficient k
1
in dalje k
2
. Doloi pretok Q na
1m irine ( na papir).


L
1
= 100 m
L
2
= 60 m
G
1
= 1 m
G
2
= 4 m
h = 2 m
k
1
= 2 mm/s
k
2
= 1 mm/s




Reitev:

a) Pretok skozi prepustno plast (Darcy-jev zakon)

H = grad k v *

1 D tok
1
1
1
1
1
1 1
*
*
k
L v
v
L
k v = AH =
AH
=
2
2
2
2
2
2 2
*
*
k
L v
v
L
k v = AH =
AH
=
v v v = =
2 1

1 2
H H = AH
2 2 1 1
, G a G a = H = H
2 1
AH + AH = AH
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ = H H
2
2
1
1
1 2
*
k
L
k
L
v
( )
s m
k
L
k
L
G G
k
L
k
L
G a G a
v / 10 * 2727 . 27
001 . 0
60
002 . 0
100
1 4
6
2
2
1
1
1 2
2
2
1
1
1 2
=
+

=
+

=
+
+
=
s l s m v h Q / 0545 . 0 / 10 * 5455 . 54 10 * 2727 . 27 * 1 * 2 * 1 *
3 6 6
~ = = =


171
3.2.4 Skozi prepusten sloj debeline h pronica voda. Merjena je globina vode G
1
in G
2
v dveh
piezometrih. Sloj ima na dolini L
1
koeficient prepustnosti k
1
, na dolini L
2
- k
2
, in na
dolini L
3
- k
3
. Doloi pretok na 1m irine!


L
1
= 100 m
L
2
= 60 m
L
3
= 80 m
G
1
= 1 m
G
2
= 4 m
h = 2 m
k
1
= 2 cm/s
k
2
= 1 cm/s
k
3
= 1.5 cm/s



Reitev:

a) Pretok skozi plasti

1 2 3 2 1
G G = AH + AH + AH
3
3
3
2
2
2
1
1
1
* * *
L
k
L
k
L
k konst v
AH
=
AH
=
AH
= =

*
;
*
;
*
3
3
3
2
2
2
1
1
1
k
L v
k
L v
k
L v
= AH = AH = AH
m G G 3 1 4
k
L
k
L
k
L
* v
1 2 3 2 1
3
3
2
2
1
1
= = = AH + AH + AH =
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ +
s m v / 10 * 8367 . 1
015 . 0
80
01 . 0
60
02 . 0
100
3
k
L
k
L
k
L
3
4
3
3
2
2
1
1

=
+ +
=
+ +
=
s l s m v m h Q / 3675 . 0 / 10 * 6735 . 3 10 * 8367 . 1 * 1 * 2 * 1 *
3 4 4
= = = =


172
3.2.5 Iz vodnjaka A rpamo pretok Q. Doloi, v kakni razdalji od njega moramo izkopati vodnjak
B ( brez rpanja), da bo v njem gladina vode v globini H
1
. Izraunaj, v koliknem asu bo
barvilo iz vodnjaka B doseglo vodnjak A!

T
1
= 10 m
T
2
= 8 m
H = 6 m
H
1
= 3 m
Q = 4 l/s
k = 0.12 mm/s
r
0
= 0.3 m



Reitev:

a) Izpeljava enabe in izraun oddaljenosti vodnjaka B

cu
c
c
c|
t * * * 2 *
2
r r r T
Q
v
r
= = =
r r
v
c
c
cu
c|
u
= = =
*
0
0
* * 2 *
2
+ = + = dr
r T
Q
d dr
r
d
t
u
cu
c|
c
c|
|
} }
=
r
r
r
dr
T
Q
d
0 0
*
* 2 *
2
t
|
|
|

|
|
.
|

\
|
=
0 2
0
ln *
* 2 * r
r
T
Q
t
| |
H = = H = H = * ) * ( * k grad k grad v grad k v | |
1 1
H T
B
= H
H T
B
= H
1

( )
|
|
.
|

\
|
= +
0 2
1 1 1
ln *
* 2 *
*
r
r
T
Q
H T H T k
AB
t

( )
5239 . 4
10 * 4
* 2 * 8 * ) 3 6 ( * 10 * 12 . 0 * 2 * * *
ln
3
3
2 1
0
=

=
|
|
.
|

\
|

t t
Q
T H H k
r
r
AB

m e e r r
AB
6582 . 27 * 3 . 0 *
5239 . 4 5239 . 4
0
= = =







173
b) as zaznanja onesnaenja

dt
dr
r T
Q
v
r
= =
* * 2 *
2
t

} }
=
0
*
* 2 *
2
0
r
r
T
AB
rdr
Q
T
dt
t

( ) ( )
s ur dni s
r r
Q
T r
Q
T
T
AB
r
r
AB
25 min 58 14 55 48059045
6582 . 27 3 . 0 *
10 * 4
* 8
*
2 *
* 2 *
2
*
* 2 *
2 2
3
2 2
0
2
2
2
0
= =
= = = =

t t t

174
3.2.6 V vodnjaku naletimo na vodo v globini G
1
. Koeficient propustnosti vodonosnika je K.
a) Doloi globino rpanja G
2
pri pretoku Q. Nivo podtalnice je pri tem na razdalji R od
vodnjaka znian za As glede na nivo pred rpanjem,
b) Na razdalji R
1
je prilo do onesnaenja podtalnice. Po koliknem asu onesnaenje
zaznamo v vodnjaku?


G
1
= 1.2 m
As = 0.1 m
a = 9 m
b = 10 m
k = 10
-4
m/s
r
0
= 0.5 m
R = 200 m
R
1
= 30 m
Q = 6 l/s




Reitev:

Enaba rpanja

r b r
Q
v
r
c
c|
t
= =
* * * 2

cu
c|
u
*
0
r
v = =
0
* * * 2
+ = + = dr
b r
Q
dr dr
r
d
t cu
c|
c
c|
|
dr
r b
Q
d
r
r
1
*
* * 2
0 0
} }
= =
t
| |
|
|

|
|
.
|

\
|
=
0
0
ln *
* * 2 r
r
b
Q
t
| |
s G a k A = H H =
1
; * |
2 0 0 0
; * G a k = H H = |
( )
|
|
.
|

\
|
= + A
0
2 1
ln *
* * * 2 r
R
b k
Q
G s G
t

( )
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ A
=
0
2 1
ln
* * * * 2
r
R
G s G b k
Q
t




175
a) Globina rpanja
( )
|
|
.
|

\
|
= + A + A
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
* * 2 *
ln *
*
ln
* * * * 2
0
2 1 2 1
0
b k
r
R
Q
G s G G s G
r
R
b k
Q
t
t

m
b k
r
R
Q
s G G 0214 . 7
10 * * 2 * 10
5 . 0
200
ln * 006 . 0
1 . 0 2 . 1
* * 2 *
ln *
4
0
1 2
=
|
.
|

\
|
+ + =
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ A + =

t t



b) as gibanja onesnaenja

=
2 2
*
* * 2
2
0
2
1
r R
T
b
Q
t

min 38 12 54 4711080
2
5 . 0
2
30
*
006 . 0
10 * * 2
2 2
*
* * 2
=
2 2 2
0
2
1
ur dni s
r R
Q
b
T = =
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
|
|
.
|

\
|

t t

176
3.2.7 V vodnjaku naletimo na vodo v gladini G
1
. Koeficient prepustnosti vodnjaka je k.
a) Doloi maksimalni moni pretok, e je s rpalko mono rpati vodo iz globine najve G
2

pod terenom. Nivo podtalnice je pri tem na razdalji R od vodnjaka znian za As glede na
nivo pred rpanjem,
b) Nekje v okolici je prilo do razlitja onesnaenja v podtalnico, ki smo ga pri
nezmanjanem rpanju po asu T zaznali v vodnjaku. Na kolikni oddaljenosti od vodnjaka
je prilo do razlitja?


G
1
= 1.2 m
G
2
= 7 m
As = 0.1 m
a = 9 m
b = 10 m
k = 10
-4
m/s
r
0
= 0.5 m
R = 200 m
T = 50 dni



Reitev:

a) Izpeljava enabe

cu
c
c
c|
t * * * 2 * r r r b
Q
v
r
= = =
r r
v
c
c
cu
c|
u
= = =
*
0
0
* * 2 *
+ = + = dr
r b
Q
d dr
r
d
t
u
cu
c|
c
c|
|
} }
=
r
r
r
dr
b
Q
d
0 0
*
* 2 * t
|
|
|

|
|
.
|

\
|
=
0
0
ln *
* 2 * r
r
b
Q
t
| |
H = = H = H = * ) * ( * k grad k grad v grad k v | |
( ) ( )
|
|
.
|

\
|
= + A
0
2 1
ln *
* 2 *
* *
r
R
b
Q
G a k s G a k
t

( ) s l s m G s G
r
R
b k
Q / 6 / 005978 . 0 ) 01 2 . 1 7 ( *
5 . 0
200
ln
* 2 * 10 * 0001 . 0
*
ln
* 2 * *
3
2 1
0
~ =
|
.
|

\
|
= + A
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
t t

177
b) Mesto razlitja

dt
dr
v
r
=
dt
dr
r b
Q
=
* * 2 * t

rdr dt
b
Q
=
t * 2 *

} }
=
0
0
* 2 *
r
r
T
x
rdr dt
b
Q
t

2 2
*
* 2 *
2
0
2
r r
T
b
Q
x
=
t

m r T
b
Q
r
x
6744 . 28 5 . 0 3600 * 24 * 50 *
* 10
00597 . 0
*
*
2 2
0
= + = + =
t t

178
3.2.8 V vodnjak A nalivamo Q vode. Pri tem je voda v vodnjaku A na globini G
1
, v piezometru B
pa na globini G
2
.
a) Doloi koeficient prepustnosti vodonosnika k.
b) Za koliko lahko poveamo pretok nalivanja. e ohranimo enaki globini vode G
1
in G
2
,
poveamo pa premer vodnjaka A na r
o
'
?


Q = 10 l/s
r
0
=0.5 m
G
1
= 1 m
G
2
= 3 m
R
1
= 100 m
a = 10 m
b = 15 m
r
0
'
= 1 m




Reitev:

a) Izpeljava enabe, koeficient propustnosti

cu
c|
c
c|
t
u
*
0 ;
* * * 2 r
v
r b r
Q
v
r
= = = =
dr
b r
Q
d dr
r
d
* * * 2 t
u
cu
c|
c
c|
| = + =
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
= = =
} }
0
0
0
0
ln *
* * 2
ln *
* * 2
*
* * 2
0
0
r
R
b
Q
r
R
b
Q
r
r
dr
b
Q
d
R
t
| |
t
|
t
| | |
|

H = * k |
2 1 0
; G b a G b a
B
+ = H + = H
2 1 0
G b a G b a
B
+ + = H H
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
0
1
0
ln *
* * 2 r
R
b
Q
B
t
| |
( )
( ) ( )
s m
G G
r
R
r
R
r
R
b
Q
k
B
B
4
1 2
0
1
0
0
1
0
1
0
10 * 8108 . 2
) 1 3 ( * 15 * * 2
0.5
100
ln * 0.010
=
* b * * 2
ln * Q
* b * * 2
ln * Q
= k ln *
* * 2
*

|
.
|

\
|
=

|
|
.
|

\
|
=
H H
|
|
.
|

\
|

|
|
.
|

\
|
= H H
t
t t t




179
b) Doloitev poveanja pretoka e sta globini vode enaki in poveamo premer vodnjaka A

( ) ( )
s
r
R
G G b k
Q
3
4
'
0
1
1 2
m 0115 . 0
1
100
ln
1 3 * 15 * * 2 * 10 * 8108 . 2
ln
* * * 2 *
' =
|
.
|

\
|

=
|
|
.
|

\
|

=

t t

s Q Q Q l 5 . 1 10 5 . 11 ' = = = A
180
3.2.9 V zaprtem vodonosniku rpamo Q vode iz vodnjaka 1. Pred rpanjem je nivo vode G
0
pod
terenom, po rpanju pa G
1
v vodnjaku 1 in G
2
v piezometru 2.
a) Kolikna je debelina propustnega sloja T
2
?
b) Doloi globino G
3
v piezometru 3!


Q = 15 l/s
T
1
= 10 m
G
0
= 3 m
G
1
= 6 m
G
2
= 4.5 m
r
1
= 0.4 m
r
12
= 50 m
r
13
= 80 m
k = 0.15 mm/s




Reitev:

a) Debelina propustnega sloja
( )
( ) ( )
m
H H k
r
r
Q
H H
r
r
T k
Q 23 . 51
4 5 . 5 * 00015 . 0 * * 2
4 . 0
50
ln * 015 . 0
* * * 2
ln *
T *
ln
* * * 2
1 2
1
12
2 1 2
1
12
2
=

|
.
|

\
|
=

|
|
.
|

\
|
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
t t
t
m T G T T H 23 . 55 23 . 51 4 6 10
2 1 2 1 1
= + = + = + =
m T G T T H 73 . 56 23 . 51 5 . 5 5 . 4 10
2 2 2 1 2
= + = + = + =
b) Globina G
3
v piezometru 3

( )
|
|
.
|

\
|
= *
ln
* * * 2
1 3
1
13
2
H H
r
r
T k
Q
t

m
T k
r
r
Q
876 . 56
23 . 51 * 00015 . 0 * * 2
4 . 0
80
ln * 015 . 0
23 . 55
* * * 2
ln *
H H
2
1
13
1 3
=
|
.
|

\
|
+ =
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ =
t t

m 354 . 4 875 . 56 23 . 51 10 H T T G G T T H
3 2 1 3 3 2 1 3
= + = + = + =

181
3.2.10 Iz vodnjaka A rpamo pretok Q. Kolikna je denivelacija H
0
v vodnjaku e izmerimo v
piezometrih B in C denivelaciji H
1
in H
2
?


T
1
= 12 m
T
2
= 5 m
Q = 25 l/s
R
1
= 30 m
R
2
= 50 m
r
0
= 0.5 m
H
1
= 2 m
H
2
= 1 m



Reitev:

a) Koeficient propustnosti

H = * - = ;
2
k
T
Q
q |
r r
q
v
r
c
c|
t
= =
*

c
c|

*
0
r
v = =
dr
r
q
d dr
r
d
* t

c
c|
c
c|
| = + =
c r
q
+ = ln *
t
|
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
0
0
ln *
r
r q
t
| |
( )
|
|
.
|

\
|
= H H
0
0
ln * *
r
r q
k
t

( )
|
|
.
|

\
|
= H H ln * *
1
2
1 2
r
r q
k
t

( ) ( )
s m
r
r
/ 10 * 13 . 8
30
50
ln *
1 2 * * 5
025 . 0
ln *
*
q
= k
4
1
2
1 2

=
|
.
|

\
|

=
|
|
.
|

\
|
H H t t







182
b) Denivelacija v vodnjku A

ln *
*
0
2
0 2

|
|
.
|

\
|
= H H
r
r
k
q
t

m
r
r
k
q
9848 . 1
5 . 0
50
ln *
000813 . 0 * * 5
025 . 0
11 ln *
*
0
2
2 0
= |
.
|

\
|
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
H = H
t t

m T H 0152 . 10 9848 . 1 12
0 1 0
= = H =

183
3.2.11 V vodnjak A nalivamo Q vode. S pomojo barvila ugotovimo, da pride voda do piezometra
B v asu t. Poii Q in doloi, v kolikni razdalji R
2
moramo izkopati vodnjak C, da bo voda
v njem H
2
pod terenom?


a
1
= 10 m
a
2
= 6 m
R
1
= 40 m
R
0
= 0.6 m
H
0
= 1.5 m
t = 50 dni
H
2
= 6.5 m
k = 2*10
-4
m/s


Reitev:

a) Doloitev Q

} }
= = = =
1
0
* *
*
* *
*

* *
0 2 2 2
R
R
t
r
dr r dt
a
Q
dr r dt
a
Q
dt
dr
a r
Q
v
t t t

( ) = *
2
1
*
*
2
0
2
1
2
R R t
a
Q
t

( ) ( ) s l s m R R
t
/ 489 . 3 / 00348 . 0 6 . 0 40 *
3600 * 24 * 50 * 2
* 6
*
* 2
* a
= Q
3 2 2 2
0
2
1
2
= = =
t t


b) Doloitev globine H
2

cu
c
c
c|
t * * r r r
q
v
r
= = =
r r
v
c
c
cu
c|

= = =
*
0
dr
r
q
d dr
r
d
* t
u
cu
c|
c
c|
| = + =
( )
|
|
.
|

\
|
= H H
|
|
.
|

\
|
= =
} }
0
2
* 2
0 2
0
2
0 2
ln * * k - ln * *
2
0
2
0
R
R
a
Q
R
R q
d
r
dr q
R
R
t t
| | |
t
|
|

|
|
.
|

\
|
= H H
0
2
2
2 0
ln *
* * R
R
a k
Q
t

m H a 5 . 8 5 . 1 10
0 1 0
= = = H
m H a 5 . 3 5 . 6 10
2 1 2
= = = H
( )
( )
( )
m e e R
Q
a k
R
R
Q
a k
0054 . 133 * 6 . 0 * R *
* *
ln
5 . 3 5 . 8 *
003489 . 0
* * 6 * 0002 . 0
*
* *
0 2 2 0
2
0
2
2 0
2
= = = H H =
|
|
.
|

\
|
H H
t
t
t

184
3.2.12 Podtalnico bogatimo z dolivanjem Q vode v vodnjak A. V kolikni globini H
2
naletimo na
vodo v vodnjaku C, e poznamo denivelaciji H
0
in H
1
v vodnjakih A in B?


T
1
= 12 m
T
2
= 5 m
Q = 5 l/s
R
1
= 10 m
R
2
= 50 m
r
0
= 0.5 m
H
0
= 1 m
H
1
= 2 m



Reitev:

a) Doloitev koeficienta propustnosti

r r T
Q
grad k v
r
c
c|
t
= = H =
* *
2 *
*
2

( )
1 0
0
1
2
* ln *
*
2 *
H H =
|
|
.
|

\
|
k
R
R
T
Q
t

m H T T 16 1 5 12
0 2 1 0
= + = + = H
m H T T 15 2 5 12
1 2 1 1
= + = + = H
s mm s m
R
R
T
Q
k / 9071 . 1 / 9071 . 1
15 16
1
*
5 . 0
10
ln *
* 5
2 * 005 . 0 1
* ln *
*
2 *
1 0 0
1
2
= =

|
.
|

\
|
=
H H
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
t t



b) Globina vode v vodnjaku C

( )
2 0
0
2
2
* ln *
*
2 *
H H =
|
|
.
|

\
|
k
R
R
T
Q
t

m
R
R
k T
Q
4628 . 14
5 . 0
50
ln *
9071 . 1 * * 5
2 * 005 . 0
16 ln *
* *
2 *
0
2
2
0 2
= |
.
|

\
|
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
H = H
t t

m T T H H T T 5372 . 2 4628 . 14 17
2 2 1 2 2 2 1 2
= = H + = + = H
185
3.2.13 Iz vodnjaka A rpamo pretok Q in pri tem izmerimo denivelaciji H
1
in H
2
v piezometrih B in
C. Doloi:
a) Debelino propustnega sloja,
b) Denivelacijo H
0
v vodnjaku A,
c) V koliknem asu bi morebitno onesnaenje v piezometru C deseglo vodnjak A!


Q = 5 l/s
T
1
= 9 m
H
1
=2.5 m
H
2
= 1.5 m
R
0
= 0.6 m
R
1
= 15 m
R
2
= 35 m
o = 150
k = 1.5*10
-4
m/s




Reitev:

Izpeljava enabe rpanja

cu
c|
c
c|
o t
u
*
0 v ;
* * * 2 *
360 *
2
r r r T
Q
v
r
= = =

=
dr
r T
Q
d dr
r
d
* * * 2 *
360 *
2
o t
u
cu
c|
c
c|
|

= + =
} }

=
1
2
1
2
*
* * 2 *
360 *
2
R
R
r
dr
T
Q
d
o t
|
|
|

|
|
.
|

\
|
=

2
1
2
2 1
ln *
* * 2 *
360 *
R
R
T
Q
o t
| |
( )
|
|
.
|

\
|
= H H
2
1
2
2 1
ln *
* * 2 *
360 *
*
R
R
T
Q
k
o t

( ) H H H = * -k = grad = * k - grad = v * | | grad k v
1 1 1
H T = H
2 2 2
H T = H





a) Debelina prepustnega sloja T
2
186

( )
|
|
.
|

\
|
= ln *
* * 2 *
360 *
*
2
1
2
1 2
R
R
T
Q
H H k
o t

( ) ( )
m
R
R
H H k
Q
T 7881 . 10
35
15
ln *
5 . 2 5 . 1 * 00015 . 0 * 150 * * 2
360 * 005 . 0
ln *
* * * * 2
360 *
2
1
1 2
2
=
|
.
|

\
|


=
|
|
.
|

\
|

=
t o t



b) Denivelacija H
0
v vodnjaku A

( )
|
|
.
|

\
|
= ln *
* * 2 *
360 *
*
2
0
2
0 2
R
R
T
Q
H H k
o t

m
R
R
T k
Q
H H 299 . 6
35
6 . 0
ln *
150 * * 2 * 7881 . 10 * 00015 . 0
360 * 005 . 0
5 . 1 ln *
* * 2 * *
360 *
2
0
2
2 0
=
|
.
|

\
|

=
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
t o t



c) as onesnaenja

} }
=

=
0
2
0 2 2
*
* * 2 *
360 *

* * * 2 *
360 *
R
R
t
r
rdr dt
T
Q
dt
dr
r T
Q
v
o t o t

| | | |
s dni s
R R
Q
T
t
84 . 22 min 46 40 84 . 3458782 =
35 6 . 0 *
2 * 360 * 005 . 0
150 * * 2 * 7881 . 10
*
2 * 360 *
* * 2 *
2 2 2
2
2
0
2
=
=

=
t o t

187
3.2.14 V zaprtem vodonosniku rpamo iz vodnjaka A Q vode, pri emer je voda v piezometru B za
G
B
pod terenom.
a) Izpelji enabo rpanja.
b) Doloi globino vode G
A
pod terenom v vodnjaku A.
c) V koliknem asu onesnaenje iz piezometra C dosee vodnjak A?


o = 60
| = 30
T
1
= 6 m
T
2
= 10 m
r
0
= 0.5 m
r
AB
= 100 m
r
AC
= 50 m
Q = 8 l/s
G
B
= 2 m
k = 8*10
-4
m/s




Reitev:
a) Enaba rpanja
r
T r
Q
v
r
c
c|
| o
t
=

+
=
2
*
360
* * * 2

cu
c|
u
*
0
r
v = =
dr
T r
Q
dr dr
r
d
2
* * * 2
4 *
t cu
c|
c
c|
| = + =
} }
= =
r
r
dr
r T
Q
d
0 0
1
*
*
* 2
2
t
| |
|
|

|
|
.
|

\
|
=
0 2
0
ln *
*
* 2
r
r
T
Q
t
| |
G T T k + = H H =
1 2
; * |
0 1 2 0 0 0
; * G T T k + = H H = |
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
0 2
0
ln *
* *
* 2
r
r
T k
Q
G G
t

( )
|
|
.
|

\
|

=
0
0 2
ln * 2
* * *
r
r
G G T k
Q
t

b) Doloitev globine vode pod terenom v vodnjaku A
188

( )

|
|
.
|

\
|

=
ln * 2
* * *
0
2
r
r
G G T k
Q
AB
B A
t

m G
T k
r
r
Q
B
AB
373 . 5 2
10 * * 0008 . 0
5 . 0
100
ln * 008 . 0 * 2
* *
ln * * 2
G
2
0
A
= +
|
.
|

\
|
= +
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
t t



c) as gibanja onesnaenja iz vodnjaka C v vodnjak A

dt
dr
T r
Q
T r
Q
v
r
= =

+
=
2
2
* *
* 2
*
360
* * * 2
t
| o
t

rdr dt
T
Q
=
2
*
* 2
t

} }
=
0
0 2
*
*
* 2
r
r
T
AB
rdr dt
T
Q
t

( )
2
0
2
2
2
*
2
1
2
*
*
* 2
0
r r
r
T
T
Q
AB
r
r
AB
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
t

( ) ( ) 3.8s 42min 9ur 28 8 . 2454123 5 . 0 50 *
2 * 008 . 0 * 2
10 *
*
2 * * 2
1 * *
2 2 2
0
2 2
dni s r r
Q
T
T
AB
= = = =
t t

189
3.2.15 Koliken kot o oklepata neprepustni plasti, e barvilo iz vodnjaka B dosee vodnjak A, iz
katerega rpamo Q vode, v asu t
AB
? Doloi tudi, kolikna je denivelacija H
B
v vodnjaku B!


T
1
= 15 m
T
2
= 10 m
H
A
= 8 m
Q = 5 l/s
k = 2*10
-4
m/s
r
0
= 0.3 m
t
AB
= 60 dni
r
AB
= 50 m



Reitev:

a) Doloitev kota o

o t * * * 2 *
360 *
2
r T
Q
dt
dr
v
r

= =

=
} }
*
* * 2 *
360 *
2
*
* * 2 *
360 *
dr * r
2
2
0
2
0 2
r
0
AB
AB
t
r
t
T
Q r r
dt
T
Q
AB
AB
o t o t

( ) ( )
=

8128 . 118
3 . 0 50 * * 10
3600 * 24 * 60 * 360 * 005 . 0
* *
* 360 *
=
2 2 2
0
2
2
t t
o
r r T
t Q
AB
AB



b) Doloitev H
B

cu
c
c
c|
o t * * * * 2 *
360 *
2
r r r T
Q
v
r
= =

=
r r
v
c
c
cu
c|

= = =
*
0
dr
r T
Q
d dr
r
d
o t
u
cu
c|
c
c|
|
* * * 2 *
360 *
2

= + =
} }

=
AB B
A
r
r
r
dr
T
Q
d
0
*
* * 2 *
360 *
2
o t
|
|
|

|
|
.
|

\
|
=
0 2
ln *
* * 2 *
360 *
r
r
T
Q
AB
B A
o t
| |
H = * k v
( )
|
|
.
|

\
|
= H H
0 2
ln *
* * 2 *
360 *
*
r
r
T
Q
k
AB
A B
o t

190
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ H = H
0 2
ln *
* * * 2 *
360 *
r
r
k T
Q
AB
A B
o t

m H T
A A
7 8 15
1
= = = H
m T H H T
B B B B
8322 . 1 1678 . 13 15
1 1
= = H = = H
m
B
1678 . 13
3 . 0
50
ln *
0002 . 0 * 8128 . 118 * * 2 * 10
360 * 005 . 0
7 =
|
.
|

\
|
+ = H
t

191
3.2.16 Podtalnico bogatimo z dolivanjem vode Q v vodnjak A. Doloi kot o, e poznamo
denivalaciji H
0
in H
2
v vodnjakih A in C. Kolikna je denivelacija H
1
v vodnjaku B?


T
1
= 15 m
T
2
= 7 m
Q = 6 l/s
R
1
= 15 m
R
2
= 60 m
r
0
= 0.5 m
H
0
= 1 m
H
2
= 9 m
k =2*10
-4
m/s


Reitev:

a) Izpeljava enab

r T r
Q
v
r
c
c|
o t
=

=
* * * * 2
360 *
2

cu
c|
u
*
0
r
v = =
dr
r
q
d dr
r
d
o t
u
cu
c|
c
c|
|
* * * 2
360 *
= + =
} }

=
2
0
2
0

r


*
* * 2
360 *
R
r
dr q
d
o t
|
|
|

|
|
.
|

\
|
=
0
2
0 2
ln *
* * 2
360 *
r
R q
o t
| |
|
|
.
|

\
|
= H + H
0
2
0 2
ln *
* * 2
360 *
* *
r
R q
k k
o t

( )
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
0
2
0 2
ln *
* * 2
360 *
*
r
R q
H H k
o t


b) Doloitev kota o

( )
( )
o
t
t
=
Q
T k H H
R
r
*
* * * *
*ln
. *
* * * * *
*ln
.
.
360
2
0006 360
2 7 2 10 9 1
60
05
1469481
2 2 0
2
0
4

|
\

|
.
|
=

|
\

|
.
| =

c) Doloitev H
1

m
r
R
k T
Q
H H 6835 . 5
5 . 0
15
ln *
9481 . 146 * 10 * 2 * 7 * * 2
360 * 006 . 0
1 ln *
* * * * 2
360 *
4
0
1
2
0 1
= |
.
|

\
|

+ =
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ =

t o t

192
3.2.17 V vodnjaku ob neprepustnem sloju (glej sliko) naletimo na vodo v globini G
1
. Doloi
maksimalni moni pretok, e s rpalko lahko rpamo vodo iz globine najve G
2
pod
terenom. Nivo podtalnice je pri tem na razdalji 200 m od vodnjaka znian za As glede na
nivo pred rpanjem. Koeficient prepustnosti vodonosnika je k!


G
1
= 1.2 m
G
2
= 7 m
As = 0.1 m
a = 9 m
b = 10 m
k = 10
-4
m/s
r
0
= 0.5 m



Reitev:

a) Izpeljava enabe
r
r
q
v
r
c
c|
t
= =
3
2
* * * 2

c0
c|
0
*
0
r
v = =
0
c0
c|
c
c|
| d dr
r
d + =
} }
=
r
r
dr
r
q
d
0 0
* * 4
* 3
t
|
|
|

|
|
.
|

\
|
=
0
0
ln *
* 4
* 3
r
r q
t
| |
( )
|
|
.
|

\
|
= H H
0
0
ln *
* 4
* 3
*
r
r q
k
t

( )
|
|
.
|

\
|
= H H
0
0
ln *
* 4
* 3
*
r
r q
k
t

( ) ( )
s m
r
r
k
q / 10 * 985 . 3
5 . 0
200
ln * 3
* 4 * 2 7 . 7 * 10
ln * 3
* 4 * *
2 4
4
0
0

=
|
.
|

\
|

=
|
|
.
|

\
|
H H
=
t t

m G a 2 7 9
2 0
= = = H
m s G a 7 . 7 1 . 0 2 . 1 9
1
= = A = H
s l s m b q Q / 985 . 3 / 10 * 985 . 3 10 * 10 * 985 . 3 *
3 3 4
= = = =


193
3.2.18 V vodnjaku ob neprepustnem sloju (glej sliko) naletimo na vodo v globini G
1
. Doloi
maksimalni moni pretok, e s rpalko lahko rpamo vodo iz globine najve G
2
pod
terenom. Nivo podtalnice je pri tem na razdalji 200 m od vodnjaka znian za As glede na
nivo pred rpanjem. Koeficient prepustnosti vodonosnika je k!


G
1
= 1.2 m
G
2
= 7 m
As = 0.1 m
a = 9 m
b = 10 m
k = 10
-4
m/s
r
0
= 0.5 m
o = 90



Reitev:

a) Izpeljava enabe


r r
q
r
q
v
r
c
c|
t
t
= = =
3 * *
* 2
4
3
* * * 2

c0
c|
0
*
0
r
v = =
0
c0
c|
c
c|
| d dr
r
d + =
} }
=
r
r
dr
r
q
d
0 0
* * 3
* 2
t
|
|
|

|
|
.
|

\
|
=
0
0
ln *
* 3
* 2
r
r q
t
| |
( )
|
|
.
|

\
|
= H H
0
0
ln *
* 3
* 2
*
r
r q
k
t

( )
|
|
.
|

\
|
= H H
0
0
ln *
* 3
* 2
*
r
r q
k
t

( ) ( )
s m
r
r
k
q / 10 * 4831 . 4
5 . 0
200
ln * 3
* 2 * 2 7 . 7 * 10
ln * 3
* 2 * *
2 4
4
0
0

=
|
.
|

\
|

=
|
|
.
|

\
|
H H
=
t t

m G a 2 7 9
2 0
= = = H
m s G a 7 . 7 1 . 0 2 . 1 9
1
= = A = H
s l s m b q Q / 4831 . 4 / 10 * 4831 . 4 10 * 10 * 4831 . 4 *
3 3 4
= = = =


194
3.2.19 Med dvema neprepustnima plastema tee podtalnica. Doloi globino vode v piezometru G
3

in pretok Q! (Prepustni sloj ima dva razlina koeficienta prepustnosti.) Merilo 1:200.

G
1
= 1 m
G
2
= 2 m
k
1
= 0.2 mm/s
k
2
= 0.1 mm/



Reitev:

a) Globina vode v piezometru

m G G H 1 1 2
1 2 2 1
= = = A


m
H
1667 . 0
6
1
6
2 1
1
= =
A
= AH


2 3 3 2
G G H = A


3 2 2 1
5 . 5 * 8 . 2 *

A = AH + AH H
2 2 1 1
* * AH = AH = k k q
m
k
k
3333 . 0 1667 . 0 *
1 . 0
2 . 0 *
2
1 1
2
= =
AH
= AH
m G G 3 . 4 3333 . 0 * 5 . 5 1 * 1667 . 0 2 5 . 5 * 8 . 2 *
2 1 2 3
= + + = AH + AH + =


b) Pretok

m n v q 1 * *A =
s
k grad k v
A
AH
= H =
1
1 1 1
* *
s m k q / 10 * 3333 . 3 1667 . 0 * 10 * 2 . 0 *
3 5 3
1 1

= = AH =
s l s m q Q / 1333 . 0 / 10 * 3333 . 1 10 * 3333 . 3 * 4 * 4
3 4 5
= = = =


195

196
3.2.20 Podtalnica tee skozi prepustno plast. Podan je nivo vode v dveh vodnjakih. Doloi pretok in
silo precejnega pritiska na ploskev AB. Skica je narisana v merilu 1:200. irina plasti je L.


H
1
= 1 m
H
2
= 1.2 m
k = 0.3 mm/s
L = 1 m


Reitev:

a) Doloitev pretoka

m
n
H
1059 . 0
17
8 . 1
= =
A
= AH
m H H H 8 . 1 2 . 1 2 1 2
2 1
= + = + = A
s l s m L k m Q / 1271 . 0 / 10 * 2706 . 1 1 * 10 * 3 . 0 * 1059 . 0 * 4 * * *
3 4 3
= = = AH =



b) Sila na ploskev AB

toka n
i
H
I

|m|
z
i
|m| p
g
i
*
[m]
L
i
[m] F
i
[N]
A 3.5 2.6 2 0.63
0.75 5.7*10
3

4 4 2.58 1.66 0.92
1 10.6*10
3

5 5 2.47 1.22 1.25
0.8 10.8*10
3

6 6 2.36 0.86 1.5
0.7 11.0*10
3

7 7 2.26 0.55 1.71
0.62 10.9*10
3

8 8 2.15 0.27 1.88
0.5 9.5*10
3

9 9 2.05 0.046 2
0.1 2.0*10
3

B 9.3 2.015 0 2.015
SF 60.5*10
3
197
3.2.21 Pregrada AB zadruje vodo, ki pronica skozi prepustno plast pod neprepustnimi zagatnicami
B-C-D-E-F. Podan je tlak v toki E. Doloi H
1
ter pretok , ki pronica pod zagatnicami v
podroju prvih tirih tokovnic (po sliki). (Raunajte na 1 irinski meter). Merilo 1:40.


m 0.6
m 1
m 0.8
=
=
=
DE
CD
BC

H
2
= 1 m
k = 0.2 cm/s
P
E
= 26 kN/m
2

= 10
3
kg/m
3


Reitev:

a) Viina H
1

2 . 13 = n
1 2
* H H n = AH
m z
g
p
E
E
E
6504 . 1 1
81 . 9 * 1000
10 * 26
*
3
= = + = H

E
H H = AH + * 9
1

E
H H
H
n
H H
H H =

+ =

+
2 . 13
* 9 * 9
1 2
1
1 2
1

E
H H H H = + * 2 . 13 * 9 * 9 * 2 . 13
1 2 1

m
H
H
E
044 . 3
2 . 4
1 * 9 6504 . 1 * 2 . 13
2 . 4
* 9 * 2 . 13
2
1
=

=
H
=


b) Doloitev pretoka

198
s l s m
n
H H
k k n
s
k q / 3097 . 0 / 10 * 0969 . 3
2 . 13
044 . 3 1
* 10 * 2 . 0 * * * *
3 4 2 1 2
= =

= AH = A
A
AH
=

s l q Q / 9291 . 0 3097 . 0 * 3 * 3 = = =

199
3.2.22 Pregrada AB zadruje vodo, ki pronica skozi prepustno zemljino pod neprepustnimi
zagatnicami B-C-D-E-F. Doloi sili na ploskvi B-C in C-D ter pretok, ki pronica pod
zagatnicami v podroju prvih tirih tokovnic (slika). Sile in pretok raunajte na irinski
meter. Merilo 1:40.



m 0.6
m 1
m 0.8
=
=
=
DE
CD
BC

H
2
= 1 m
k = 0.2 cm/s
P
E
= 26 kN/m
2

= 10
3
kg/m
3



Reitev:

a) Pretok pod pregrado

m H H H 2 1 3
2 1
= = = A
2 . 13 = n
m
n
H
1515 . 0
2 . 13
2
= =
A
= AH
m n
s
k m n v S v q 1 * * * 1 * * * A
A
AH
= A = A = A
s m m k q / 10 * 303 . 0 1 * *
3
= AH = A
s l s m q Q / 909 . 0 / 10 * 0909 . 9 10 * 303 . 0 * 3 * 3
4 3
7 1
= = = A =

200
3.2.23 Doloi horizontalno silo vodnega pritiska na zagatno ceno, ki je zabita v prepustno plast.
Doloi pretok, ki pronica pod zagatnico! (Vse na irinski meter L.). Merilo 1:200.


H
1
= 5 m
H
2
= 1 m
y = 4 m
d = 3 m
k = 0.1 mm/s
L = 1 m


Reitev:

a) Pretok pod zagatnico

m H H H 4 1 5
2 1
= = = A
12 = n
m
n
H
3333 . 0
12
4
= =
A
= AH
s l s m k m Q / 1667 . 0 / 167 . 0 10 * 1 . 0 * 3333 . 0 * 5 * *
3 3
= = = AH =



b) Horizontalna sila vodnega pritiska na zagatnico in njeno prijemalie
F
L
...sila z leve strani; F
D
...sila z desne strani (glej sliko)
i i i
i i
i i
h z
g
p
g
p
z = H = + = H
*

*

i
i
h
g
p
=
*

201
m n H n H
n
H H
n H
n
n n
i i i i i i i i
3333 . 0 * 5 * * * *
1
2 1
1
0 12
0 0
= A

=
H H
+ H = AH + H = H
m H m H 1 ; 5
2 12 1 0
= = H = = H
1
= A
i i i
z z s (vertikalna povrina)
m
n
H H
konst H
i i
3333 . 0
12
1 5
2 1
=

= = AH = A

A
+
=
5
1
1
*
2
* * *
i
i
i i
L
s
h h
L g F

A
+
=
12
8
1
*
2
* * *
i
i
i i
D
s
h h
L g F
D L
F F F =

Prijemalie
5) do 1 (i
* 2
*
3
1
1
1
=
+
+ A
+ =

i i
i i i
i i
h h
h h s
z r ; 12) do 8 (i
* 2
*
3
1
1
1
=
+
+ A
=

i i
i i i
i i
h h
h h s
z r
L
i
i i
L
F
r F
r

=
=
5
1
*
;
D
i
i i
D
F
r F
r

=
=
12
8
*
;
F
r F r F
r
D D L L
F
* *
=

Oditamo in nato izraunane vrednosti zapiemo v tabeli:
Slika Slika
n
i
z
i
p
i h
i
Ds
i F
i
r
i
F
L
,
F
D
r
L
,
r
D
F r
F
[m] [m] [m] [m] [N] [m] [N] [m] [N] [m]
0 0 5 5.000
1.10 58087.9 0.563
F
L
=
2
4
7
4
9
2
.
3

r
L
=
2
.
1
2
9

F
=
1
0
2
4
4
7
.
6

r
F

=
1
.
6
0
1

1 -1.10 4.667 5.767
0.99 59189.2 1.604
2 -2.09 4.333 6.423
0.81 52932.9 2.500
3 -2.90 4.000 6.900
0.70 48638.9 3.253
4 -3.60 3.667 7.267
0.40 28643.2 3.800
5 -4.00 3.333 7.333
0 0
6 -4.00 3.000 7.000
0 0
7 -4.00 2.667 6.667
0.45 27698.8 3.779
F
D
=
1
4
5
0
4
4
.
6

r
D
=
2
.
5
0
2

8 -3.55 2.333 5.883
0.65 34378.9 3.235
9 -2.90 2.000 4.900
0.81 34390.7 2.513
10 -2.09 1.667 3.756
0.99 30053.5 1.630
11 -1.10 1.333 2.433
1.10 18522.8 0.627
12 0 1.000 1.000


202

Merilo 1:100
203
3.2.24 Skozi prepustno plast tee pretok Q na 1m irine ( na papir). Doloi viino vode v
piezometru 1 (H
1
), e pozna viino vode v piezometru 2 (H
2
)! Merilo 1:200


Q= 0.169 l/s
H
2
= 1.2m
k= 0.4mm/s
L= 1m ( na papir)


Reitev:

a) Viina vode v piezometru 1

k L m
n Q
H k L
n
H
m Q
* *
*
* * * = A
A
=
slike iz
4
17
)
`

=
=
m
n

m H 7956 . 1
0004 . 0 * 1 * 4
17 * 10 * 169 . 0
3
= = A


m H z z H H H z H z H 9956 . 0 2 . 1 2 4 7956 . 1
2 2 1 1 2 2 1 1
= + + = + + A = + = A

204
3.2.25 Podtalnica tee od leve proti desni med dvema neprepustnima plastema. Na podlagi podanih
tokovnic izrii ekvipotencialne rte in doloi:
a) Pretok skozi prepustno plast na 1m irine ( na papir).
b) Vertikalno komponento sile na ploskev AB.


H
1
= 1 m
H
2
= 1.3 m
k = 0.3 mm/s
L = 1 m




Reitev:

a) Pretok
v n q * A = A ; q m Q A = *
s mm v
C
/ 03 . 0 = ;
2
4 1 * 4 m S
C
= =
s l s m S v Q
C C
/ 12 . 0 / 10 * 12 . 0 4 * 10 * 03 . 0 *
3 3 3
= = = =



b) H
2


H H H A =
1 2

( ) AH + = +
2 1
H z z H
D C

s
k grad k v
A
AH
= H =
'
* * ;
n
AH
= AH
'

17 = n
na zaetku
s mm v s
A
/ 03 . 0 * 1 = = A
cm m
k
s v
10 1 . 0
10 * 3 . 0
1 * 10 * 03 . 0 *
3
3
'
= = =
A
= AH

H m n
C D
A = = = AH = AH = H H 7 . 1 1 . 0 * 17 *
'

m H z z H H
D C
3 . 1 7 . 1 2 0 1
1 2
= + + = A + =
s l s m L H
n
m
k Q / 12 . 0 / 12 . 0 1 * 7 . 1 *
17
4
* 10 * 3 . 0 * * *
3 3
= = = A =


c) F
V


B A V
F F F F F F F F
, 9 9 , 8 8 , 7 7 , 6 6 , 5 5 , 4 4 ,
+ + + + + + =
2
* cos *
4
4 , 4 ,
p p
n F
A
A A
+
= o
m
A
65 . 0 1 . 0 * 5 . 3 1 * 5 . 3
'
0
= = AH H = H
m
A
6 . 0 * 5 . 0
'
4
= AH H = H
0 =
A
z
m z 34 . 0
4
=
205
2
* cos *
5 4
5 , 4 5 , 4
p p
n F
+
= o
2
* cos *
6 5
6 , 5 6 , 5
p p
n F
+
= o
2
* cos *
7 6
7 , 6 7 , 6
p p
n F
+
= o
2
* cos *
8 7
8 , 7 8 , 7
p p
n F
+
= o
2
* cos *
9 8
9 , 8 9 , 8
p p
n F
+
= o
2
* cos *
9
, 9 , 9
B
B B
p p
n F
+
= o
m 5 . 0
5
= H
m 4 . 0
6
= H
m 3 . 0
7
= H
m 2 . 0
8
= H
m 1 . 0
9
= H
m
D
07 . 0 1 . 0 * 3 . 0 1 . 0 * 3 . 0
'
9
= = AH H = H
m z 8 . 0
5
=
m z 15 . 1
6
=
m z 5 . 1
7
=
m z 75 . 1
8
=
m z 95 . 1
9
=
m z
B
2 =

m n
A
75 . 0
4 ,
=
m n 05 . 1
5 , 4
=
m n 8 . 0
6 , 5
=
m n 7 . 0
7 , 6
=
m n 6 . 0
8 , 7
=
m n 56 . 0
9 , 8
=
m n
B
01 . 0
, 9
=
m AB L 47 . 4 = =






m z h
g
p
A A A
A
65 . 0 0 65 . 0
*
= + = H = =

m z h
g
p
94 . 0 34 . 0 6 . 0
*
4 4 4
4
= + = H = =

m z h
g
p
3 . 1 8 . 0 5 . 0
*
5 5 5
5
= + = H = =

m z h
g
p
55 . 1 15 . 1 4 . 0
*
6 6 6
6
= + = H = =

m z h
g
p
8 . 1 5 . 1 3 . 0
*
7 7 7
7
= + = H = =

m z h
g
p
95 . 1 75 . 1 2 . 0
*
8 8 8
8
= + = H = =

m z h
g
p
05 . 2 95 . 1 1 . 0
*
9 9 9
9
= + = H = =

m z h
g
p
B B B
B
07 . 2 2 07 . 0
*
= + = H = =

(
(
(
(

+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
=
2
*
2
*
2
*
2
*
2
*
2
*
2
*
* cos * *
9
, 9
9 8
9 , 8
8 7
8 , 7
7 6
7 , 6
6 5
6 , 5
5 4
5 , 4
4
4 ,
B
B
A
A
V
h h
n
h h
n
h h
n
h h
n
h h
n
h h
n
h h
n
g F o
(
(
(
(

+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
=
2
07 . 2 05 . 2
* 01 . 0
2
05 . 2 95 . 1
* 56 . 0
2
95 . 1 8 . 1
* 6 . 0
2
8 . 1 55 . 1
* 7 . 0
2
55 . 1 3 . 1
* 8 . 0
2
3 . 1 94 . 0
* 05 . 1
2
94 . 0 65 . 0
* 75 . 0
* 984 . 0 * 81 . 9 * 10
3
V
F
N F
V
57 . 55692 =

206















3.3 Teorem o gibalni koliini za stalni tok
207
3.3.1 Doloi, s kolikno silo (velikost in smer) moramo sidrati horizontalno koleno. Cev se v
tokah 1 in 2 nadaljuje.


Q = 100 l/s
d
1
= 30 cm
d
2
= 15 cm
o = 30
p
2
= 0.2 bar




Reitev:

a) Velikost in smer sile




( ) ( ) ( )
N
S p S p v v Q F
x x x x rx
07 . 1820 7496 . 2474 0786 . 306 ) 4147 . 1 9007 . 4 ( * 1 . 0 * 1000 =
* * * *
1 1 2 2 1 2
= +
= + =

( ) ( ) ( )
( ) N
S p S p v v Q F
y y y y ry
66 . 459 0 7146 . 176 0 8294 . 2 * 1 . 0 * 1000 =
* * * *
1 1 2 2 1 2
= +
= + =

s m
d
Q
v / 4147 . 1
3 . 0 *
4 * 1 . 0
*
4 *
2 2
1
1
= = =
t t

0 ; / 4147 . 1
1 1 1
= = =
y x
v s m v v
s m
d
Q
v / 6588 . 5
15 . 0 *
4 * 1 . 0
*
4 *
2 2
2
2
= = =
t t

208
s m v v
x
/ 9007 . 4 30 cos * 6588 . 5 cos *
2 2
= = = o
s m v v
y
/ 8294 . 2 30 sin * 6588 . 5 sin *
2 2
= = = o
+ = +
2
2
2
1
2
1
2
*
2
* p
v
p
v

( ) ( ) bar m N v v p p 3501 . 0 / 54 . 35010 4147 . 1 6588 . 5 *
2
1000
10 * 2 . 0 *
2
2 2 2 5 2
1
2
2 2 1
= = + = + =


N
d
p S p P 7496 . 2474
4
3 . 0 *
* 54 . 35010
4
*
* *
2 2
1
1 1 1 1
= = = =
t t

0 ; 7496 . 2474
1 1 1
= = =
y x
P N P P
N S p P 4292 . 353
4
15 . 0 *
* 10 * 2 . 0 *
2
5
2 2 2
= = =
t

N P P
x
0786 . 306 30 cos * 4292 . 353 cos *
2 2
= = = o
N P P
y
7146 . 176 30 sin * 4292 . 353 sin *
2 2
= = = o
N F F F
ry rx r
22 . 1877 66 . 459 07 . 1820
2 2 2 2
= + = + =
= = = = 1736 . 14 2525 . 0
07 . 1820
66 . 459

rx
ry
F
F
tg
209
3.3.2 Doloi smer in velikost sile, s katero moramo sidrati horizontalno koleno cevi, po kateri tee
Q vode. V toki B imamo iztok na prosto.


Q = 100 l/s
d
1
= 30 cm
d
2
= 15 cm
o = 75





Reitev:

a) Smer in velikost sile

( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
N
S p S p v v Q F
x x x x xr
0432 . 1056
03 . 1061 4147 . 1 4646 . 1 * 1 . 0 * 1000 * * * *
1 1 2 2 1 2
=
= = + =

( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) N S p S p v v Q F
y y y y yr
6 . 546 0 466 . 5 * 1 . 0 * 1000 * * * *
1 1 2 2 1 2
= = + =
s m
d
Q
v
x
/ 4147 . 1
3 . 0 *
4 * 1 . 0
*
4 *
2 2
1
1
= = =
t t

0
1
=
y
v
s m
d
Q
v / 6588 . 5
15 . 0 *
4 * 1 . 0
*
4 *
2 2
2
2
= = =
t t

s m v v
x
/ 4646 . 1 75 cos * 6588 . 5 cos *
2 2
= = = o
s m v v
y
/ 466 . 5 75 sin * 6588 . 5 sin *
2 2
= = = o
( ) ( )
2 2 2 2
1
2
2 1 2
2
2
1
2
1
55 . 15010 4147 . 1 659 . 5 *
2
1000
*
2 2
*
2
* m N v v p p
v
p
v
= = = + = +


x
P N
d
p S p P
1
2 2
1
1 1 1 1
0332 . 1061
4
3 . 0 *
* 55 . 15010
4
*
* * = = = = =
t t

0
1
=
y
P
N F F F
yr xr r
11 . 1189 6 . 546 04 . 1056
2 2 2 2
= + = + =
= = = = 3658 . 27 51759 . 0
04 . 1056
6 . 546

xr
yr
F
F
tg
210

211
3.3.3 Doloi silo vode na koleno cevi!


Q = 50 l/s
d
1
= 20 cm
d
2
= 10 cm
o = 60
p
1
= 0.4077 bar



Reitev:

a) Sila na koleno


( ) ( ) ( )
x x x x ax
S p S p v v Q F
2 2 1 1 2 1
* * * * + =
( ) ( ) ( )
y y y y ay
S p S p v v Q F
2 2 1 1 2 1
* * * * + =
s m
d
Q
v / 5915 . 1
2 . 0 *
05 . 0 * 4
*
* 4
2 2
1
1
= = =
t t

s m
d
d
v v / 3662 . 6
1 . 0
2 . 0
* 5915 . 1 *
2
2
2
1
1 2
= |
.
|

\
|
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
212
g
v
g
p
g
v
g
p
* 2 * * 2 *
2
2 2
2
1 1
+ = +


( ) ( )
2
2 2
5
2
2
2
1
1 2
/ 28 . 21772
2
3662 . 6 5915 . 1 * 1000
10 * 4077 . 0
2
*
m N
v v
p p =

+ =

+ =


2
2 2
1
1
0314 . 0
4
2 . 0 *
4
*
m
d
S = = =
t t

2 3
2 2
1
1
10 * 854 . 7
4
1 . 0 *
4
*
m
d
S

= = =
t t

s m v v
x
/ 5915 . 1
1 1
= =
0
1
=
y
v
s m v v
x
/ 1831 . 3 60 cos * 3662 . 6 cos *
2 2
= = = o
s m v v
y
/ 5133 . 5 60 sin * 3662 . 6 sin *
2 2
= = = o
( ) N S p S p
x
83 . 1280 0314 . 0 * 40770 * *
1 1 1 1
= = =
( ) 0 *
1 1
=
y
S p
( ) ( ) ( ) N S p S p
x
5 . 85 60 cos * 10 * 854 . 7 * 28 . 21772 cos * * *
3
2 2 2 2
= = =

o
( ) ( ) ( ) N S p S p
y
09 . 148 60 sin * 10 * 854 . 7 * 28 . 21772 sin * * *
3
2 2 2 2
= = =

o
( ) N F
ax
06 . 1605 5 . 85 83 . 1280 1831 . 3 5915 . 1 * 05 . 0 * 1000 = + + + =
( ) N F
ay
75 . 423 09 . 148 0 5133 . 5 0 * 05 . 0 * 1000 = + =
N F F F
ay ax a
06 . 1660 75 . 423 06 . 1605
2 2 2 2
= + = + =
= = = = 7893 . 14 264 . 0
06 . 1605
75 . 423

ax
ay
F
F
tg

213
3.3.4 Curek premera d in hitrosti v pada na lopatico, ki je ukrivljena za kot o proti horizontali in
pripeta na voziek mase m. Doloi silo vozika na podlago, e:
a) Voziek miruje.
b) Voziek se oddaljuje od curka s hitrostjo v
voz
.
c) Voziek se pribliuje curku s hitrostjo v
voz
.
V vseh treh primerih doloi tudi absolutno hitrost vode (smer in velikost), ki odteka z
lopatice.


d = 10 cm
v = 6 m/s
m = 70 kg
o = 60
v
voz
= 4 m/s



Reitev:

a) Voziek miruje




( ) ( ) N v v Q F
y y ay
86 . 244 1962 . 5 0 * 0471 . 0 * 1000 * *
2 1
= = =
s m v
d
Q / 0471 . 0 6 *
4
1 . 0 *
*
4
*
3
2 2
= = =
t t

0
1
=
y
v
s m v v
y
/ 1962 . 5 60 sin * 6 sin *
2
= = = o
N g m F G F F
ay ay P
56 . 931 81 . 9 * 70 86 . 244 * = = = + =
= = = 60 ; / 6
2
o s m v v



214
b) Voziek se oddaljuje od curka

( ) ( ) s m v v
d
Q
voz
/ 0157 . 0 4 6 *
4
1 . 0 *
*
4
*
3
2 2
= = =
t t

s m v v v
voz
/ 2 4 6
1
= = =
0
1
=
y
v
s m v v v
voz
/ 2 4 6
2
= = =
( ) ( ) s m v v v v
voz ya y
/ 7321 . 1 60 sin * 4 6 sin *
2 2
= = = = o
( ) ( ) N v v Q F
y y ay
21 . 27 7321 . 1 0 * 0157 . 0 * 1000 * *
2 1
= = =
N g m F G F F
ay ay P
91 . 713 81 . 9 * 70 21 . 27 * = = = + =
( ) ( ) s m v v v v
voz voz xa
/ 5 4 60 cos * 4 6 cos *
2
= + = + = o
s m v v v
ya xa
/ 2915 . 5 7321 . 1 5
2 2 2
2
2
2 21
= + = + =
= = = 19.1066 = 3464 . 0
5
7321 . 1
2
2

xa
ya
v
v
tg

c) Voziek se pribliuje curku

( ) ( ) s m v v
d
Q
voz
/ 0785 . 0 4 6 *
4
1 . 0 *
*
4
*
3
2 2
= + = + =
t t

s m v v v
voz
/ 10 4 6
1
= + = + =
0
1
=
y
v
s m v v v
voz
/ 10 4 6
2
= + = + =
( ) ( ) s m v v v v
voz ya y
/ 6603 . 8 60 sin * 4 6 sin *
2 2
= + = + = = o
( ) ( ) N v v Q F
y y ay
17 . 680 6603 . 8 0 * 0785 . 0 * 1000 * *
2 1
= = =
N g m F G F F
ay ay P
87 . 1366 81 . 9 * 70 17 . 680 * = = = + =
( ) ( ) s m v v v v
voz voz xa
/ 1 4 60 cos * 4 6 cos *
2
= + = + = o
s m v v v
ya xa
/ 7178 . 8 6603 . 8 1
2 2 2
2
2
2 21
= + = + =
= = = 83.4132 = 6603 . 8
1
6603 . 8
2
2

xa
ya
v
v
tg
215
3.3.5 Dva curka padata na ravno ploo, ki je vrtljiva krog teaja A. Na kolikni razdalji l
2
mora
delovati curek 2, da ploa miruje v navpini legi?


d
1
= 0.1 m
v
1
= 6 m/s
d
2
= 0.2 m
v
2
= 4 m/s
l
1
= 1.2 m



Reitev:

a) Sila curka na ploo

( ) N v Q F 74 . 282 6 * 0471 . 0 * 1000 0 * *
1 1 1
= = =
s m
d
v Q / 0471 . 0
4
1 . 0 *
* 6
4
*
*
3
2 2
1
1 1
= = =
t t

( ) N v Q F 65 . 502 4 * 1257 . 0 * 1000 0 * *
2 2 2
= = =
s m
d
v Q / 1257 . 0
4
2 . 0 *
* 4
4
*
*
3
2 2
2
2 2
= = =
t t

b) Oddaljenost curka 2

0 =
A
M
m
F
l F
l l F l F 675 . 0
65 . 502
2 . 1 * 74 . 282 *
* *
2
1 1
2 2 2 1 1
= = =
216
3.3.6 Na kvadratno ploo z robom a in maso m, ki je obeena na teaju O, udarja horizontalni
curek hitrosti v
0
na razdalji l pod teajem. Doloi:
a) Potreben pretok Q, ki zadruje ploo v poloaju, nagnjenem za kot o proti vertikali.
b) Velikost in smer sile na teaj O!


a = 1 m
m = 30 kg
d = 0.05 m
o = 30
l = 0.6 m
= 1000 kg/m
3




Reitev:

a) Doloitev pretoka Q





( )
q q q

2 1
* * v v Q F
a
=
o
q
cos *
1
v v =
0
2
=
q
v
0 =

M
2
* sin * * `*
a
g m F l
a
o
q
=
2
* sin * * cos * * * *
cos
a
g m v Q
l
o o
o
=
2
* sin * *
*
4 *
* * *
2
a
g m
d
Q
Q l o
t
=
217
s m
l
d a g m
Q / 0155 . 0
4 * 1000 * 6 . 0 * 2
05 . 0 * * 1 * 30 sin * 981 * 30
4 * * * 2
* * * sin * *
3
2 2
=

= =
t

t o



b) Smer in velikost sile na teaj O

0 =
O
M
o
o
cos
*
2
* sin * *
l
N
a
g m =
N
l
a g m
N 2 . 106
6 . 0 * 2
30 cos * 1 * 30 sin * 81 . 9 * 30
* 2
cos * * sin * *
=

= =
o o

N N F
Ox
97 . 91 30 cos * 2 . 106 cos * = = = o
N g m N F
Oy
2 . 241 81 . 9 * 30 30 sin * 2 . 106 * sin * = = = o

218
3.3.7 Gasilska cev je pritrjena na vrhu masivnega lesenega stebra viine H in irine l ( na papir),
ki nepritrjen stoji na tleh. Doloi potrebno dolino strebra pri dnu L, da se steber pri
maksimalnem priakovanem iztoku iz cevi Q
max
ne bo prevrnil! Preveri tudi monost zdrsa!
Os cevi je na razdalji H
1
od tal, v toki 2 je iztok na prosto!


d
1
= 0.1 m
d
2
= 0.03 m
H = 3 m
l = 0.5 m
H
1
= 3.2 m
Q
max
= 20 l\s

l
= 800 kg\m
3
(gostota lesa)
k = 0.8 (koeficient trenja med stebrom in telmi)




Reitev:

a) Doloitev reakcijske sile na cev in s tem na steber

( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2601.89N = 0.00785 * 397029.96 +
29 . 28 55 . 2 * 02 . 0 * 1000 * * * *
2 2 1 1 2 1 max
+ = + =
x x x x ax
S p S p v v Q F

s m
p d p
Q
v
x
55 . 2
1 . 0 *
24 * 02 . 0
*
4 *
2 2
1
max
1
= = =
s m
d
Q
v
x
29 . 28
03 . 0 *
4 * 02 . 0
*
4 *
2 2
2
max
2
= = =
t t

0
2
= p
( ) ( )
2 2 2 2
1
2
2 1 2
2
2
1
2
1
96 . 397029 55 . 2 29 . 28 *
2
1000
*
2

2
*
2
*
m N v v p p
v
p
v
= = = + = +


2
2 2
1
1
00785 . 0
4
1 . 0 *
4
*
m
d
S = = =
t t


b) Monost prevrnitve

= = = E *
3
2
* * *
2
*
* F 0 * * F 0
1 ax 1 ax
L g l
L H
H r G H M
G A l
*
m
g l H
H
457 . 1
800 * 81 . 9 * 5 . 0 * 3
3 * 2 . 3 * 89 . 2601
2 * * * *
3 * 2 * * F
= L
1 ax
= =
l

g l
L H
G * *
2
*
l
* =
*
3
2
L r
G
=
219
c) Preverimo e monost zdrsa

F k G k
H l
l g N
H l
= = = = ) * *
*
* * * . *
* .
* . * * . .
2
08
3 1457
2
05 800 981 686072 F
ax


Zdrs ni kritien.
220
3.3.8 Voda, ki tee po cevi, ima energijsko viino E
C
. Curek, ki brizga iz nje, pada na ploo, ki se
pomika proti cevi s konstantno hitrostjo v
pl
. Doloi silo (velikost in smer) curka na ploo!
Doloi absolutno hitrost vode, ki odteka s ploe!


E
C
= 1.835 m
v
pl
= 3 m/s
d = 10 cm
o = 30


Reitev:

a) Hitrost curka
E
v
g
v g E m s
C C
= = = =
2
2
2 2 981 835 6
*
* * * . *1. /
b) Sila curka na ploo


( ) ( ) N v v Q F
x x ax
23 . 85 7942 . 4 6 * 0707 . 0 * 1000 * *
2 1
= = =
( ) ( ) N v v Q F
y y ay
09 . 318 5 . 4 0 * 0707 . 0 * 1000 * *
2 1
= + = =
( ) ( ) s m
d
v v Q
pl
/ 0707 . 0
4
1 . 0 *
* 3 6
4
*
*
3
2 2
= + = + =
t t

s m v v
x
/ 6
1
= =
0
1
=
y
v
( ) ( ) s m v v v v
pl pl x
/ 7942 . 4 3 30 cos * 3 6 cos *
2
= + = + = o
( ) ( ) s m v v v
pl y
/ 5 . 4 30 sin * 3 6 sin *
2
= + = + = o
N F F F
ay ax
31 . 329 09 . 318 23 . 85
2 2 2 2
= + = + =
= = = 75 = 7321 . 3
23 . 85
09 . 318

ax
ay
F
F
tg

c) Absolutna hitrost vode, ki odteka s ploe
s m v v v
y x
/ 5753 . 6 5 . 4 7942 . 4
2 2 2
2
2
2 2
= + = + =
= = = 43.1868 = 9386 . 0
7942 . 4
5 . 4
2
2

x
y
v
v
tg
221
3.3.9 Voda, ki tee po cevi, pritrjena na obali, ima energijsko viino E
C
. Curek, ki brizga iz nje,
pada na lopatico, ki je pritrjena na lesenem plavau valjaste oblike. Doloi silo F na lopatico
ter izraunaj, za kaken kot se plava nagne (teo lopatice lahko zanemari) !


d = 3 cm
E
C
= 2 m
a = 1 m
D = 1.7 m
b = 0.3 m

l
= 600 kg/m
3
(les)

v
= 1000 kg/m
3
(voda)



Reitev:

a) Hitrost in pretok iz cevi

s m E g v
g
v
E
C C
/ 2642 . 6 2 * 81 . 9 * 2 * * 2
* 2
1
2
1
= = = =
s m
d
v Q / 10 * 4278 . 4
4
03 . 0 *
* 2642 . 6
4
*
*
3 3
2 2
1

= = =
t t





b) Sila na lopatico

( ) ( ) | | N v v Q F
x x ax
47 . 55 2642 . 6 2642 . 6 * 81 . 9 * 1000 * *
2 1
= = =
s m v
x
/ 2542 . 6
1
=
s m v
x
/ 2642 . 6
2
=


c) Globina potopitve

G W =
m a h g h
D
g h
D
v
l
l v
6 . 0
1000
600
* 1 * * * *
4
*
* * *
4
*
2 2
= = = =

t


222
d) Kot nagiba

( ) u sin * * *
G CW
MC G y a b F = +
( ) ( )
= =
+
=
+
= 3552 . 2 04109 . 0
101 . 0 * 05 . 13360
3 . 0 1 3 . 0 * 4742 . 55
*
*
sin u u
G
CW
MC G
y a b F

m C C MC MC
G W W G
101 . 0 2 . 0 301 . 0 = = =
m
P
J
MC
W
301 . 0
3619 . 1
41 . 0
= = =
4
4 4
41 . 0
64
7 . 1 *
64
*
m
D
J = = =
t t

3
2 2
3619 . 1 6 . 0 *
4
7 . 1 *
*
4
*
m h
D
P = = =
t t

m y y C C
CW CG G W
2 . 0 3 . 0 5 . 0 = = =
m
a
y
CG
5 . 0
2
1
2
= = =
m
h
y
CW
3 . 0
2
6 . 0
2
= = =
N a
D
g G
l
05 . 13360 1 *
4
7 . 1 *
* 81 . 9 * 600 *
4
*
* *
2 2
= = =
t t

223
3.3.10 Voda izteka po cevi z odsekoma razlinimi premeri na prosto. Curek pada na horizontalno
ploo, ki se premika proti cevi s konstantno hitrostjo v
pl
.
a) Doloi maksimalno mono viino H, pir kateri voda e izteka iz posode in izrii tlano in
energijsko rto,
b) Doloi silo (smer in velikost) curka na ploo,
c) Doloi absolutno hitrost (smer in velikost vode, ki odteka iz ploe!


v
pl
= 3 m/s
d
1
= 0.1 m
d
2
= 0.3 m
d
3
= 0.2 m
o = 30



Reitev:

a) Maksimalna viina

g
v
g
p
z
g
v
g
p
z
* 2 * * 2 *
2
1 1
1
2
0 0
0
+ + = + +


g
v
H
* 2
10 0 0 0
2
1
+ = + +
10
* 2
2
1
+ = H
g
v

g
v
g
p
z
g
v
g
p
z
* 2 * * 2 *
2
3 3
3
2
0 0
0
+ + = + +


g
v
H
* 2
0 0 0 0
2
3
+ + = + +
H
g
v
=
* 2
2
3

3
2
3
2
1
3
3 1
2
3
2
1
2
3
2
1
* 4
1 . 0
2 . 0
* * 10
* 2 * 2

* 2
10
* 2
v v
d
d
v v
g
v
g
v
H
g
v
H
g
v
= |
.
|

\
|
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
= + =

=
+ =

( ) s m
g
v
g
v
/ 6166 . 3
15
81 . 9 * 2 * 10
15
* 2 * 10
10 16 1 *
* 2
3
2
3
= = = =
m
g
v
H 6667 . 0
81 . 9 * 2
6166 . 3
* 2
2 2
3
max
= = =
224



b) Sila curka

( ) ( ) N v v Q F
x x xa
27 . 184 7302 . 5 6166 . 6 * 2079 . 0 * 1000 * *
2 1
= = =
( ) ( ) N v v Q F
y y ya
69 . 687 3083 . 3 0 * 2079 . 0 * 1000 * *
2 1
= + = =
( ) ( ) s m
d
v v Q
pl
/ 2079 . 0
4
2 . 0 *
* 3 6166 . 3
4
*
*
3
2 2
3
3
= + = + =
t t

s m v v v
pl x
/ 6166 . 6 3 6166 . 3
3 1
= + = + =
0
1
=
y
v
( ) ( ) s m v v v
pl x
/ 7302 . 5 30 cos * 3 6166 . 3 cos *
3 2
= + = + = o
( ) ( ) s m v v v
pl y
/ 3083 . 3 30 sin * 3 6166 . 3 sin *
3 2
= + = + = o
N F F F
ya xa a
95 . 711 69 . 687 27 . 184
2 2 2 2
= + = + =
= = = = 75 7321 . 3
27 . 184
69 . 687
0 0
xa
ya
F
F
tg


c) Absolutna hitrost curka vode

s m v
ya
/ 3083 . 3
2
=
s m v v v
pl x xa
/ 7302 . 2 3 7302 . 5
2 2
= = =
s m v v v
ya xa a
/ 2894 . 4 7302 . 2 3083 . 3
2 2 2
2
2
2 2
= + = + =
= = = = 469 . 50 2112 . 1
7302 . 2
3083 . 3
2
2

xa
ya
v
v
tg
225
3.3.11 Vodo iz rezervoarja preko natege dovajamo na horizontalno ploo, ki se odmika s hitrostjo
v
pl
. Doloi:
a) Iztok iz rezervoarja Q in minimalni dopustni premer d
1
, da e ne pride do kavitacije (izrii
tudi potek tlane in energijske rte).
b) Velikost in smer curka na ploo!


a = 1 m
b = 2 m
d
2
= 0.2 m
o = 20
v
pl
= 1.5 m/s




Reitev:

a) Iztok iz rezervoarja in doloitev dopustnega premera d
1



g
v
g
p
z
g
v
g
p
z
* 2 * * 2 *
2
2 2
2
2
0 0
0
+ + = + +


g
v
b
* 2
0 0 0 0
2
2
+ + = + +
s m b g
g
v
b / 2642 . 6 2 * 81 . 9 * 2 * * 2 v
* 2
2
2
2
= = = =
s l s m
d
v Q / 8 . 196 / 1968 . 0
4
2 . 0 *
* 2642 . 6
4
*
*
3
2 2
2
2
= = = =
t t

g
v
g
p
z
g
v
g
p
z
* 2 * * 2 *
2
1 1
1
2
0 0
0
+ + = + +


g
v
a
* 2
10 0 0 0
2
1
+ = + +
226
( ) ( ) s m a g a
g
v
/ 2883 . 13 1 10 * 81 . 9 * 2 10 * * 2 v 10
* 2
1
2
1
= = = =
m
v
Q d
v Q 1373 . 0
* 2883 . 13
1968 . 0 * 4
*
* 4
d
4
*
*
1
1
2
1
1
= = = =
t t
t


b) Sila curka

( ) ( ) s m
d
v v Q
pl pl
/ 1497 . 0
4
2 . 0 *
* 5 . 1 2642 . 6
4
*
*
3
2 2
2
2
= = =
t t

( ) ( ) N v v Q F
x x pl ax
00 . 43 4769 . 4 7642 . 4 * 1497 . 0 * 1000 * *
2 1
= = =
( ) ( ) N v v Q F
y y pl ay
88 . 243 6294 . 1 0 * 1497 . 0 * 1000 * *
2 1
= = =
s m v v v
pl x
/ 7642 . 4 5 . 1 2642 . 6
2 1
= = =
( ) ( ) s m v v v
pl x
/ 4769 . 4 20 cos * 5 . 1 2642 . 6 cos *
2 2
= = = o
0
1
=
y
v
( ) ( ) s m v v v
pl y
/ 6294 . 1 20 sin * 5 . 1 2642 . 6 sin *
2 2
= = = o
N F F F
ay ax a
64 . 247 88 . 243 00 . 43
2 2 2 2
= + = + =
= = = = 80 6713 . 5
00 . 43
88 . 243

ax
ay
F
F
tg
227
3.3.12 Z hidravlini sistem na sliki doloi (vodo upotevanj kot idealno tekoino):
a) Narii tlano in energijsko rto in oznai vrednosti,
b) Pretok ter maksimalno dopustno viino kolena z
1
, ki ta pretok e omogoa,
c) Velikost in smer sile curka na ploo, ki se pribliuje cevi s hitrostjo v
pl
!


H = 4 m
z
2
= 1 m
d
1
= 0.14 m
d
2
= 0.2 m
v
pl
= 2 m/s
o = 30



Reitev:

a) Tlana in energijska rta





b) Pretok, ter viina kolena

g
v
g
p
z
g
v
g
p
z
* 2 * * 2 *
2
2 2
2
2
0 0
0
+ + = + +


g
v
z H
* 2
0 0 0
2
2
2
+ + = + +
( ) ( ) s m z H g v z H
g
v
/ 672 . 7 1 4 * 81 . 9 * 2 * * 2
* 2
2 2 2
2
2
= = = =
s m
d
v Q / 241 . 0
4
2 . 0 *
* 762 . 7
4
*
*
3
2 2
2
2
= = =
t t

228

g
v
g
p
z
g
v
g
p
z
* 2 * * 2 *
2
1 1
1
2
0 0
0
+ + = + +


g
v
z H
* 2
10 0 0
2
2
1
+ = + +
s m
d
d
v v / 6572 . 15
14 . 0
2 . 0
* 762 . 7 *
2
2
1
2
2 1
= |
.
|

\
|
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
m
g
v
H z
g
v
z H 5052 . 1
81 . 9 * 2
6572 . 15
4 10
* 2
10
* 2
10
2 2
2
1
2
2
1
= + = + = + =

c) Velikost in smer sile curka na ploo

( ) ( ) N v v Q F
x x xa
74 . 393 3762 . 8 672 . 9 * 3039 . 0 * 1000 * *
2 1 1
= = =
( ) ( ) N v v Q F
y y ya
45 . 1469 836 . 4 0 * 3039 . 0 * 1000 * *
2 1 1
= = =
( ) ( ) s m
d
v v Q
pl
/ 3039 . 0
4
2 . 0 *
* 2 672 . 7
4
*
*
3
2 2
2
2 1
= + = + =
t t

( ) ( ) s m v v v
pl x
/ 672 . 9 2 672 . 7
2 1
= + = + =
( ) ( ) s m v v v
pl x
/ 3762 . 8 30 cos * 2 672 . 7 cos *
2 2
= + = + = o
( ) ( ) s m v v v
pl y
/ 836 . 4 30 sin * 2 672 . 7 sin *
2 2
= + = + = o
N F F F
ay ax a
29 . 1521 45 . 1469 74 . 393
2 2 2 2
= + = + =
= = = = 75 7321 . 3
74 . 393
45 . 1469

ax
ay
F
F
tg
229
3.3.13 Pretok Q vode (idelana tekoina) izteka po cevi z odsekoma razlinimi premeri na prosto, pri
emer curek pada na ploo, ki se pribliuje s hitrostjo v
pl
. Na cev 2 prikljuen piezometer
kae viino vode h
S
. Doloi:
a) Viino vode v rezervoarju.
b) Premer cevi d
2
in minimalni premer d
1
, da je Q e moen.
c) Izrii tlano in energijsko rto.
d) Doloi silo (smer in velikost ) curka na ploo!


d
3
= 0.2 m
Q = 114 l/s
h
S
= 0.54 m
o = 30
v
pl
= 2 m/s



Reitev:

a) Viina vode v rezervoarju





s m
d
Q
v / 6287 . 3
2 . 0 *
4 * 114 . 0
*
4 *
2 2
3
3
= = =
t t

g
v
g
p
z
g
v
g
p
z
* 2 * * 2 *
2
3 3
3
2
0 0
0
+ + = + +


g
v
H
* 2
0 0 0 0
2
3
+ + = + +
m
g
v
H 6711 . 0
81 . 9 * 2
6287 . 3
* 2
2 2
3
= = =
230
b) Premer cevi 2 in 1

( ) ( ) s m g h H v
g
v
h H
S S
/ 604 . 1 81 * . 9 * 2 * 54 . 0 6711 . 0 * 2 *
* 2
2
2
2
= = = + =
m
v
Q
d 3008 . 0
604 . 1 *
4 * 114 . 0
*
4 *
2
2
= = =
t t

10
* 2
2
1
+ = H
g
v

( ) ( ) s m H g v / 4695 . 14 10 6711 . 0 * 81 . 9 * 2 10 * * 2
1
= + = + =
m
v
Q
d 1002 . 0
4695 . 14 *
4 * 114 . 0
*
4 *
1
1
= = =
t t



c) Sila curka na ploo

( ) ( ) N v v Q F
x x ax
35 . 133 8746 . 4 6329 . 5 * 1768 . 0 * 1000 * *
2 1
= = =
( ) ( ) N v v Q F
y y ay
67 . 497 8144 . 2 0 * 1768 . 0 * 1000 * *
2 1
= = =
( ) ( ) s m v v
d
Q
pl
/ 1768 . 0 2 6329 . 3 *
4
2 . 0 *
*
4
*
3
2
3
2
3
= + = + =
t t

s m v v v
pl x
/ 6329 . 5 2 6329 . 3
3 1
= + = + =
( ) ( ) s m v v v
pl x
/ 8746 . 4 30 cos * 2 6329 . 3 cos *
3 2
= + = + = o
0
1
=
y
v
( ) ( ) s m v v v
pl y
/ 8144 . 2 sin * 2 6329 . 3 sin *
3 2
= + = + = o o
N F F F
ay ax
23 . 515 67 . 497 35 . 133
2 2 2 2
= + = + =
= = = 75 = 7321 . 3
35 . 133
67 . 497

ax
ay
F
F
tg
231
3.3.14 Voda izteka pri A na prosto. Iztekajoi curek pada na horizontalni zid, katerega kraka
oklepata kot o.
a) Izrii energijsko in tlano rto ter oznai vrednosti.
b) Doloi pretok iz sistema.
c) Doloi maksimalno dopusten dvig cevi od horizontalne lege (H
1
).
d) Doloi velikost in smer sile curka na zid!


H = 5 m
d
1
= 0.2 m
d
2
= 0.3 m
d
3
= 0.25 m
o = 120




Reitev:

a) Izris energijske in tlane rte ter oznaitev vrednosti




b) Pretok iz sistema
prerez 0-0 in A-A
g
v
g
p
z
g
v
g
p
z
A
A
* 2 * * 2 *
2
3
2
0 0
0
+ + = + +


s m H g v
g
v
H 9045 . 9 5 * 81 . 9 * 2 * * 2
* 2
0 0 0 0
3
2
3
= = = + + = + +
s l s m
d
v Q 2 . 486 4862 . 0
4
25 . 0 *
* 9045 . 9
4
*
*
3
2 2
3
3
= = = =
t t

232
c) Maksimalno dopusten dvig cevi od horizontalne lege (H
1
)
prerez 0-0 in B-B, upotevamo kavitacijo:
p
g
m
B
*
= 10

s m
d
Q
v
d
v Q 4759 . 15
2 . 0 *
4 * 4862 . 0
*
4 *

4
*
*
2 2
1
1
2
1
1
= = = =
t t
t

g
v
g
p
z
g
v
g
p
z
B
B
* 2 * * 2 *
2
1
2
0 0
0
+ + = + +


g
v
H H
* 2
10 0 0
2
1
1
+ = + +
m
g
v
H H 793 . 2
81 . 9 * 2
4759 . 15
10 5
* 2
10
2 2
1
1
= + = + =


d) Velikost in smer sile curka na zid

N v v Q F
x x ax
8 . 2407 ) 9523 . 4 9045 . 9 ( * 4862 . 0 * 1000 ) ( * *
2 1
= = =
N v v Q F
y y ay
3 . 4170 ) 776 . 8 0 ( * 4862 . 0 * 1000 ) ( * *
2 1
= = =
0 v ; 9045 . 9
1y 3 1
= = = s m v v
x

s m v v
x
9523 . 4 60 cos * 9045 . 9 ) 180 cos( *
3 2
= = = o
s m v v
y
5776 . 8 60 sin * 9045 . 9 ) 180 sin( *
3 2
= = = o
5 . 4815 3 . 4170 8 . 2407
2 2 2 2
N F F F
ay ax a
= + = + =
= = 60 = 7321 . 1
8 . 2407
3 . 4170
= tg
ax
ay
F
F

233
3.1.15 Voda izteka iz cevi 3 na prosto. Curek pada na ploo, ki se oddaljuje s hitrosrjo v
pl
. Doloi:
a) Potrtebni tlak v hidroforju, da bo iz njega tekel pretok Q.
b) Maksimalen moen pretok, e ustreno poveamo tlak v hidroforju. Koliko ta znaa?
c) Narii tlano in energijsko rto za oba primera.
d) Doloi smer in velikost sile curka na ploo pri pretoku Q iz sistema!


d
1
=d
2
= 3 cm
d
2
= 2 cm
H = 2 m
Q = 3 l/s
a = 1.5 m
o = 60
v
pl
= 1.5 m/s



Reitev:

a) Prerez 0-0 in 3-3





g
v
g
p
z
g
v
g
p
z
* 2 * * 2 *
2
3 3
3
2
0 0
0
+ + = + +


g
v
a
g
p
H
n
* 2
0 0
*
0
2
3
+ + = + + +

* 2 *
2
3
+ = +
g
v
a
g
p
H
n

bar m N g
g
v
H a 4101 . 0 / 33 . 4101 81 . 9 * 1000 *
81 . 9 * 2
2441 . 4
2 5 . 1 * *
* 2
p
2
2 2
3
n
= =
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ =
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ =
s m
d
Q
v / 2441 . 4
03 . 0 *
4 * 003 . 0
*
4 *
2 2
3
3
= = =
t t


Kontrola podtlaka (prerez 0-0 in 2-2)
234

s m
d
Q
v / 5493 . 9
02 . 0 *
4 * 003 . 0
*
4 *
2 2
2
2
= = =
t t

g
v
g
p
a
g
p
H
n
* 2 * *
2
2 2
+ + = +


m
g
v
g
p
a H
g
p
n
7297 . 3
81 . 9 * 2
5493 . 9
81 . 9 * 1000
33 . 4101
15 2
* 2 * *
2 2
2 2
= + = + =




b) Maksimalni moni pretok


g * 2
v
10
g * 2
v
;
*
10
* 2
2
3
2
2 max
2
2
= + =
g
p
a H
g
v

( )
s m v
v
/ 9495 . 6 81 . 9 * 2 * 10 v * 4.0625 10 =
g * 2
v
g * 2
* 25 . 2
3
2
3
2
3
2
3
= =
s m v
d
d
v v / 6363 . 15 9495 . 6 * 25 . 2
02 . 0
03 . 0
* *
2
3
2
2
3
3 2
= = |
.
|

\
|
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
m H a
g
v
g
p
9615 . 1 2 15
81 . 9 * 2
9495 . 6
* 2 *
2 2
3 max
= + = + =

bar m N g p 1924 . 0 / 69 . 19242 81 . 9 * 1000 * 9615 . 1 * * 9615 . 1
2
max
= = = =


c) Smer in velikost sile curka na ploo

( ) ( ) N v v Q F
x x ax
66 . 2 3721 . 1 7441 . 2 * 00194 . 0 * 1000 * *
2 1
= = =
( ) ( ) N v v Q F
y y ay
61 . 4 3765 . 2 0 * 00194 . 0 * 1000 * *
2 1
= = =
( ) ( ) s m
d
v v Q
pl
/ 00194 . 0
4
03 . 0 *
* 5 . 1 2441 . 4
4
*
*
3
2 2
3
3
= = =
t t

s m v v v
pl x
/ 7441 . 2 5 . 1 2441 . 4
3 1
= = =
( ) ( ) s m v v v
pl x
/ 3721 . 1 60 cos * 5 . 1 2441 . 4 cos *
3 2
= = = o
0
1
=
y
v
( ) ( ) s m v v v
pl y
/ 3765 . 2 60 sin * 5 . 1 2441 . 4 sin *
3 2
= = = o
N F F F
ay ax
32 . 5 61 . 4 66 . 2
2 2 2 2
= + = + =
= = = 60 = 7321 . 1
66 . 2
61 . 4
o o
ax
ay
F
F
tg
235
3.3.16 Vodo (obravnavaj jo kot idealno tekoino) s pomojo rpalke dovajamo na horizontalno
lopatico, ki miruje.
a) Izrii tlano in energijsko rto.
b) Doloi maksimalen pretok, ki ga lahko rpamo in mo rpalke.
c) Pri Q
max
doloi silo curka (velikost in smer) na lopatico!


H = 6 m
d = 0.2 m
o = 60
q = 0.85 (izkoristek rpalke)




Reitev:

a) Tlana in energijska rta




b) Maksimalni pretok in mo rpalke

g
v
g
p
z
g
v
g
p
z

* 2 * * 2 *
2 2
0 0
0
+ + = + +


g
v
H
* 2
10 0 0 0
2
+ = + +
236
( ) ( ) s m H
g
v
/ 8589 . 8 6 10 * 81 . 9 * 2 H - 10 * g * 2 = v 10
* 2
2
= = =
kW W
E Q g
P 1203 . 32 29 . 32120
85 . 0
10 * 2783 . 0 * 81 . 9 * 1000 * * *
= = =
A
=
q

m
g
v
H E 10
81 . 9 * 2
8589 . 8
6
* 2
2 2
= + = + = A
l/s 3 . 278 2783 . 0
4
2 . 0 *
* 8589 . 8
4
*
*
3
2 2
max
= = = = s m
d
v Q
t t



c) Smer in velikost sile na lopatico

( ) ( ) | | N v v Q F
x x ax
28 . 3698 4294 . 4 8589 . 8 * 2783 . 0 * 1000 * *
2 1
= = =
( ) ( ) N v v Q F
z z az
2 . 2135 672 . 7 0 * 2783 . 0 * 1000 * *
2 1
= = =
0 ; / 8589 . 8
1 1
= = =
z x
v s m v v
s m v v
x
/ 4294 . 4 60 cos * 8589 . 8 cos *
2
= = = o
s m v v
z
/ 672 . 7 60 sin * 8589 . 8 sin *
2
= = = o
N F F F
az ax a
41 . 4270 2 . 2135 28 . 3698
2 2 2 2
= + = + =
= = = 30 = 5774 . 0
28 . 3698
2 . 2135

ax
az
F
F
tg
237
3.3.17 Vodo s rpalko izkoristka q dovajamo na lopatico podane oblike, ki se odmika s hitrostjo
v
L
. Doloi:
a) Energijsko in tlano rto.
b) Maksimalni pretok, ki ga lahko zagotavlja rpalka in njeno potrebno mo pri tem.
c) Silo curka na lopatico in absolutno hitrost vode, ki z lopatice odteka!


H = 7 m
a = 2 m
d
1
= 0.1 m
d
2
= 0.08 m
v
L
= 10 m/s
q = 0.8




Reitev:

a) Energijska in tlana rta





b) Doloitev pretoka in moi rpalke

g
v
g
p
z
g
v
g
p
z
* 2 * * 2 *
2
1 1
1
2
0 0
0
+ + = + +


g
v
a H
* 2
10 0 0
2
1
+ = + +
238
( ) ( ) s m a H g
g
v
a H / 1552 . 17 10 2 7 * 81 . 9 * 2 10 * * 2 v
* 2
10
1
2
1
= + = + = + =
s m
d
v Q / 1347 . 0
4
1 . 0 *
* 1552 . 17
4
*
*
3
2 2
1
1 max
= = =
t t

s m
d
d
v v / 805 . 26
08 . 0
1 . 0
* 1552 . 17 *
2
2
2
1
1 2
= |
.
|

\
|
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
kW W
E Q g
P 245 . 52 54 . 52244
8 . 0
6211 . 31 * 1347 . 0 * 81 . 9 * 1000 * * *
~ = =
A
=
q

m E E E
m H E
m
g
v
a E
6211 . 31 7 6221 . 38
7
6211 . 38
81 . 9 * 2
805 . 26
2
* 2
1 2
1
2 2
2
2
= = = A

= =
= + = + =



b) Sile curka in absolutna hitrost odtekajoe vode

( ) ( ) N v v Q F
x x a
06 . 2839 805 . 16 805 . 16 * 08447 . 0 * 1000 * *
2 1
= + = =
( ) ( ) s m v v
d
Q
l
/ 08447 . 0 10 805 . 26 *
4
08 . 0 *
*
4
*
3
2
2
2
2
= = =
t t

s m v v v
L x
/ 805 . 16 10 805 . 26
2 1
= = =
s m v v
x x
/ 805 . 16
1 2
= =
s m v v v
l x xa
/ 805 . 6 10 805 . 16
1 2
= + = + =
239
3.3.18 V pravokotnem kanalu irine b ( na papir) tee pretok Q. S pomojo impulznega stavka
doloi silo na zapornico, e je globina vode pred zapornco H
1
, za zapornico pa H
2
.


b = 20 cm
H
1
= 60 cm
H
2
= 5 cm
Q = 34 l/s




Reitev:

a) Doloitev sile na zapornico

( ) ( )

= + =
x x x x x
v v Q P P v v Q F
1 2 2 1 x 1 2
* * F - ; * *
( )
2 1 1 2 a
* * F : silo aktivno za P P v v Q
x x
+ =
s m
b H
Q
v
x
/ 2833 . 0
2 . 0 * 6 . 0
034 . 0
*
1
1
= = =
s m
b H
Q
v
x
/ 4 . 3
2 . 0 * 05 . 0
034 . 0
*
2
2
= = =
N
H
b g P 16 . 353
2
6 . 0
* 2 . 0 * 81 . 9 * 1000
2
* * *
2 2
1
1
= = =
N
H
b g P 4525 . 2
2
05 . 0
* 2 . 0 * 81 . 9 * 1000
2
* * *
2 2
2
2
= = =
( ) N F
a
74 . 244 4525 . 2 16 . 353 4 . 3 2833 . 0 * 034 . 0 * 1000 = + =

240















4. TOK REALNE TEKOINE

241















4.1 Dinamina podobnost
242
4.1.1 Parametre vala, ki bi nastal po poruitvi pregrade, raziskujemo na hidravljinem modelu v
laboratoriju. Pregrada je v naravi L
N
gorvodno od mesta, na modelu pa je ta razdalja L
M
. Na
modelu poruimo pregrado in izmerimo parametre v mestu: viino vode H
M
, hitrost v
M
,
pretok Q
M
in as potovanja vala od pregrade do mesta T
M
. Doloi parametre za naravo(H
N
,
v
N
, Q
N
in T
N
) in izraunaj potrebno viino pregrade na modelu, e je v naravi visoka H
prN
.
Upotevaj Froudovo modelno podobnost!


L
N
= 3 km
v
M
= 0.5 m/s
H
prN
= 60 m
Q
M
= 4 l/s
L
M
= 10 m
T
M
= 25 s
H
M
= 2 cm



Reitev:

a) Modelno merilo

= = =
L
L
N
M
3000
10
300

b) Froudova modelna podobnost

F F
rN rM
=

- Hitrost:

v
g L
v
g L
v
v
L
L
N
N
M
M
N
M
N
M
2 2
* *
= = =

- as

L
T
L
T
L T
L T
T
T
N
N
M
M
N M
M N
N
M
= = = =

*
*


- Pretok

Q
S
Q
S
Q
L
Q
L
Q
Q
L
L
Q
Q
N
N
M
M
N
N
M
M
N
M
M
N
N
M
= = = = =
2
2
2
2
* *
2
5
2

243

tevilne vrednsoti

cm m
H
H
H
H
prN
prM
prM
prN
20 2 . 0
300
60
= = = = =

s m v v
v
v
M N
M
N
/ 6603 . 8 300 * 5 . 0 *
2
1
= = = =
s m Q Q
Q
Q
M N
M
N
/ 3829 . 6235 300 * 004 . 0 *
3
2
5
2
5
2
5
= = = =
s s T T
T
T
M N
M
N
13 min 7 013 . 433 300 * 25 *
2
1
= = = = =
m H H
H
H
M N
M
N
6 02 . 0 * 300 * = = = =



244















4.2 Upor teles v toku
245
4.2.1 Kolikna je sila vetra hitrosti v na steber viine L ter kvadratnega prereza s stranico a
(koeficient upora oditaj iz tabel)? Doloi dimenzije stebra ter potrebno hitrost vode na
modelu, e bi eleli koeficient upora stebra c doloiti na fizinem modelu z vodo v merilu
1:5 (=5)! Upotevaj Reynoldsovo modelno podobnost! (dinamien koeficient
viskoznosti).


v = 10 m/s
L = 10 m
a = 1.5 m

z
= 1.27 kg/m
3
(zrak)

v
= 1000 kg/m
3
(voda)

z
= 1.778*10
-5
kg/ms (zrak)

v
= 1*10
-3
kg/ms (voda)



Reitev:

a) Sila upora za zrak
N
v
S C F
z
1905
2
10 * 27 . 1
* 15 * 0 . 2
2
*
* *
2 2
= = =


4
10 ) 36 6 , ( 0 . 2 > =
e
R tabela Rajar Skripta C
OK
a v
R
z
z
e
10 10 * 0714 . 1
10 * 778 . 1
27 . 1 * 5 . 1 * 10 * *
4 6
5
> = = =

2
15 10 * 5 . 1 * m L a S = = =


b) Hitrost vode na modelu

= =
* * * *

z
z N N
v
v M M
eN eM
a v a v
R R

s m
a
a v
v
v M z
v z N N
M
/ 5714 . 3
1000 * 3 . 0 * 10 * 778 . 1
10 * 1 * 27 . 1 * 5 . 1 * 10
* *
* * *
5
3
= = =

m
a
a
a
a
N
M
M
N
3 . 0
5
5 . 1
= = = =

m
L
L
L
L
N
M
M
N
2
5
10
= = = =