LEMN General

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2014
McGraw-Hill Construction - Continuing Education Center
Rethinking Wood as a Material of Choice

Costs less, delivers more
Septem ber 2 01 2
Sponsored by reT hink Wood

Layne Evans Designers today are finding new possibilities in one of the oldest building m aterials on earth. Wood has alway s been v alued for its beauty , abundance and practicality , but m any of wood's inherent characteristics are rising to v ery current challenges. Wood's traditional v alues and newest technologies m eet in the projects presented in this course, illustrating the adv antages of wood in four areas: cost-effectiv eness in a wide range of projects; adaptability for use in challenging, v isionary new designs; lower env ironm ental costs throughout its life cy cle, from its source in renewable, carefully m anaged forests, through an energy -efficient serv ice life, and often on to a new, recy cled and reim agined use; and a unique hum an-nature connection that has alway s been intuitiv e, but is now being docum ented in research. Cost Conscious As a m aterial grown throughout North Am erica, wood can be locally sourced and is usually less expensiv e than alternativ e building m aterials (see Cost Calculator box on the next page). Wood building sy stem s also ty pically cost less to install when construction is v iewed as a whole, for a num ber of reasons. Wood is readily av ailable and tends to be deliv ered quickly , and m ost com m unities hav e a large pool of qualified tradespeople with wood fram ing experience, which m inim izes construction delay s and keeps labor costs com petitiv e. Wood's adaptability and ease of use also translate into faster construction schedules, while a sm aller foundation m ay be needed because of its light weight.
Con t in u in g Edu ca t ion Use t h e follow in g lea r n in g object iv es t o focu s y ou r st u dy w h ile r ea din g t h is m on t h s Con t in u in g Edu ca t ion a r t icle. Lea r n i n g Object i v es - A ft er r ea din g t h is a r t icle, y ou w ill be a ble t o: 1 . Com pa r e t h e m a t er ia l, pr oject a n d en v ir on m en t a l cost s of w ood t o ot h er bu ildin g m a t er ia ls. 2 . Ex pla in in n ov a t iv e w ood t ech n olog ies a n d h ow t h ey a r e con t r ibu t in g t o a w ide r a n g e of su st a in a ble desig n s. 3 . Discu ss t h e en v ir on m en t a l im pa ct of w ood t h r ou g h ou t it s life cy cle, in clu din g it s r en ew a bilit y , cer t ifica t ion opt ion s, im pa ct s on en er g y efficien cy , low ca r bon foot pr in t , a n d en d-of-life r ecy clin g a n d r eu se. 4 . Ex a m in e r esea r ch a n d ex a m ples dem on st r a t in g t h e posit iv e im pa ct of ex posed w ood on a bu ildin g s occu pa n t s.
For the Carroll Sm ith Elem entary School in Osceola, Arkansas, wood's light weight indirectly led to sav ings. The project was originally designed in concrete block. This would hav e required expensiv e piers to address soft soil conditions. The project team also looked at using steel construction elem ents, which were found to concentrate the load in unacceptably sm all areas. Ultim ately , the project team selected wood thus reducing both the need for piers and the cost of the structural sy stem . According to Ferran Espin of PKM Architects, lead designer for the project, using wood for the walls, floor and roof deck sav ed approxim ately $1 0 per square foot com pared to a steel structure with light m etal gauge fram ing. John Warriner of John Warriner and Associates, also part of the architectural team , said wood was the natural choice for this project giv en its econom ic v alue and design flexibility . Designing the building using wood allowed the team to m eet all of the project requirem ents in the m ost financially responsible way .
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Cathedral of Christ The Light, Oakland, CA. Design architect: Skidm ore, Owings & Merrill. Photo by Tim othy Hursley
In addition to m aterial costs, an aggressiv e construction schedule was one of the m ain driv ers for the choice of wood in Em ory Point, a m ixed-use project near Em ory Univ ersity in Atlanta, Georgia. Designed by Cooper Carry and The Preston Partnership, the 4 4 2 -unit project includes one fiv e-story wood-fram e building ov er slab-on-grade and three four-story wood-fram e buildings ov er one-story concrete podium s. According to Brad Ellinwood, PE, of Ellinwood + Machado Consulting Structural Engineers, a num ber of sy stem s were considered but wood was by far the m ost econom ical. For the structural fram e portion only , the wood design cost approxim ately $1 4 /square foot com pared to $2 2 /square foot for a 7 -inch post-tensioned concrete slab and fram e. Despite the need for significant site preparation, wood's ease of use allowed the entire project to be com pleted in just ov er a y ear.
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Env ironm ental recognition with local green building program s was a plus for the Marselle Condom inium s in Seattle, WA, designed by PB Architects, but cost was the driv ing factor in the decision to use wood construction. Photo by Matt Todd, courtesy of WoodWorks
COST CALCULATOR A cost calculator is now av ailable to dem onstrate woods cost adv antage. Users sim ply select a building ty pe and U.S. av erage or state/city , and the calculator draws on current construction cost data to prov ide a com parison of wood and nonwood m aterials (aggregate of steel and concrete) for the shell or whole building. Each calculation is accom panied by graphs showing cost index and price v ariation of m aterials to dem onstrate perform ance ov er tim e. Source: www.woodworks.org
Often, ev en when wood is chosen to m eet other goals, cost is still the deciding factor. For the Marselle Condom inium project in Seattle, Washington (see the case study 1 at the end of this article), wood construction helped the building m eet requirem ents of the local Master Builders Association Built Green program . But while the env ironm ental recognition was an added benefit, the dev eloper considered the decision to use wood fram ing purely financial. If the project had been built using all concrete, for instance, it would hav e cost about 3 0 percent m ore, according to Kory Knudson, v ice president of Norcon, NW, Inc. If we had built the entire project out of steel, it would hav e taken m uch
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longer and we would hav e had to m ake m any energy m odifications. Innovat ive Uses for a Tradit ional Building Mat erial Building codes recognize wood's structural perform ance capabilities in a broad range of applicationsfrom the lightduty repetitiv e fram ing com m on in sm all structures to the larger and heav ier fram ing sy stem s used to build arenas, schools and other large buildings. Howev er, around the world, architects and structural engineers are extending the boundaries of wood design, while innov ativ e technologies and building sy stem s continue to expand opportunities for wood use in construction. It's a sy m biotic relationship that has also influenced the ev olution of building codes and standards. For exam ple, the Cathedral of Christ The Light in Oakland, California, is an extraordinary tim ber cathedral designed to last 3 00 y ears using a unique structural sy stem . Designed by Skidm ore, Owings and Merrill LLP (SOM), the soaring 3 6 ,000-square-foot, 1 ,500-seat structure replaces another cathedral destroy ed during a 1 9 89 earthquake. Architecturally stunning, the new building features a space-fram e structure com prised of a glulam and steel-rod skeleton v eiled with a glass skin. Giv en the close proxim ity of fault lines and non-conform ance of the design to a standard California Building Code lateral sy stem , the City of Oakland hired a peer rev iew com m ittee to rev iew SOM's design for toughness and ductility . Through the use of adv anced seism ic engineering, including base isolation, the structure has been designed to withstand a 1 ,000-y ear earthquake. Engineers were able to achiev e the appropriate structural strength and toughness by carefully defining ductility requirem ents for the structure, using threedim ensional com puter m odels that sim ulate the entire structure's nonlinear behav ior, testing of critical com ponents relied on for seism ic base isolation and superstructure ductility , and v erify ing their installation.
Speed record: Taking speed of construction to an entirely new lev el, the two-story Long Hall in Whitefish, Montana, designed by Datum Design Drafting and engineered by CLT Solutions, took just fiv e day s to erect and gav e the owner a sustainable, energy efficient building. It was the first com m ercial building in the U.S. m ade from CLT. Photo by grav ity shots.com
THE TREND TOWARD TALLER WOOD BUILDINGS Multi-fam ily housing was one of the first m arket segm ents to
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rebound from the recession, because its m ore affordable than single-fam ily housing while offering adv antages such as less upkeep and closer proxim ity to am enities. Wood construction is attractiv e for m ulti-fam ily projects because it offers high density at a relativ ely low cost, as well as adaptability on site, faster construction, and reduced carbon footprint. The IBC allows woodfram e construction for fiv e stories and m ore (e.g., with the use of m ezzanines and terraces) in building occupancies that range from business and m ercantile to m ulti-fam ily , m ilitary , senior, student and affordable housing. Howev er, there are indications that this m ay increase as new products continue to enhance woods ability to add v alue in m ulti-story applications. For exam ple, cross lam inated tim ber (CLT) is widely used in Europe and is gaining ground in North Am erica. In the UK, there are eight- and ninestory exam ples of CLT buildings and a ten-story CLT project is near com pletion in Australia.
An exam ple with farther-reaching im plications is the Long Hall in Whitefish, Montana, the first com m ercial building in the U.S. to be built from cross lam inated tim ber (CLT). Although the Ty pe VB structure was built to 2 009 International Building Code (IBC) requirem ents, CLT was com pletely new to code officials. Darry l By le, PE, of CLT Solutions worked with the local building departm ent m ore than six m onths in adv ance to address concerns and keep the project on schedule. Am ong the challenges, the team needed approv al of the CLT sy stem as a stand-alone, onehour rated assem bly in order to feature exposed CLT on the interior. By le used data on fire design from sources such as the National Design Specification (NDS) for Wood Construction and experim ental CLT fire test data from m anufacturers and independent sources to dem onstrate that CLT panels could be expected to perform well in a fire ev ent.
Galleria Italia at the Art Gallery of Ontario. (See case study on page 5.)
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Photo by Sean Weav er
In addition to CLT, parallel strand lum ber (PSL), glued lam inated tim ber (glulam ) and prefabricated paneling sy stem s are am ong the products contributing to a wider range of wood buildings. They hav e m ade wood a v iable choice for applications such as arenas, gy m nasium s and lobbies, which require tall walls and large open spaces with m inim al, interm ediate supports. For exam ple, glulam can be m anufactured to achiev e spans as long as 1 00 feet and walls up to 2 0 feet. (See the case study at the end of this article of the Art Gallery of Ontario renov ation designed by Frank Gehry .) Wood and t he Environment Wood grows naturally and is renewable. Life cy cle assessm ent (LCA) studies also show that wood y ields clear env ironm ental adv antages ov er other com m on building m aterials in term s of em bodied energy , air and water pollution, and greenhouse gas em issions. In the past, the green building m ov em ent has taken a prescriptiv e approach to choosing building m aterials. This approach assum es that certain prescribed practicessuch as using local m aterials or specify ing products with recy cled contentare better for the env ironm ent regardless of the product's m anufacturing process or disposal. Today , howev er, it is being replaced by the scientific ev aluation of actual im pacts through LCA. LCA is an internationally recognized m ethod for m easuring the env ironm ental im pacts of m aterials, assem blies or whole buildings ov er their entire liv esfrom extraction or harv est of raw m aterials through m anufacturing, transportation, installation, use, m aintenance and disposal or recy cling. When integrated into green building codes, standards and rating sy stem s, LCA encourages design professionals to com pare different building designs based on their env ironm ental im pacts and m ake inform ed choices about the m aterials they use. LCA IN CODES, STANDARDS AND RATING SYSTEMS LCA is m ore com m on in Europe than North Am erica, but its use is increasing in both m arkets because of its holistic approach and power as an ev aluativ e tool. For exam ple: The UK-based Building Research Establishm ents Env ironm ental Assessm ent Method (BREEAM) is the worlds m ost widely used green building rating sy stem and the basis for m any others, including the Leadership in Energy and Env ironm ental Design (LEED) sy stem and Green Globes. The BREEAM m odules for offices, m ulti-fam ily buildings and ecoHom es include calculations based on LCA. In the U.S., LCA is encouraged in the Green Globes rating sy stem , and included in the Am erican National Standard based on Green Globes, ANSI/GBI 01 -2 01 0: Green Building Assessm ent Protocol for Com m ercial Buildings. It is also included as a pilot credit in LEED. LCA is incorporated in the draft California Green Building Standards Code, Am erican Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE) Standard 1 89 .1 , National Green Building Standard (ICC 7 00), and International Green Construction Code (IGCC).
A com prehensiv e 2 007 rev iew of scientific literature2 looked at research done in Europe, North Am erica and Australia pertaining to life cy cle assessm ent of wood products. It applied LCA criteria in accordance with ISO 1 4 04 04 2 and concluded, am ong other things, that: Fossil fuel consum ption, the potential contributions to the greenhouse effect and the quantities of solid waste tend to be m inor for wood products com pared to com peting products. Wood products that hav e been installed and are used in an appropriate way tend to hav e a fav orable
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env ironm ental profile com pared to functionally equiv alent products m ade from other m aterials. It's worth taking a closer look at som e of the im portant aspects that contribute to this fav orable env ironm ental profile. COST-EFFECTIVE GREEN SCHOOLS Bethel School District (BSD) is prov ing that building green doesnt hav e to cost a lot. While the District reports an 81 percent ENERGY STAR rating ov erall, sev eral of their 1 7 elem entary and six junior high schools hav e a rating ranging from 9 5 to 9 8 percent. While size, configuration and age of the 2 3 facilities v aries, one thing rem ains constant: each is wood-fram e. Wood-fram e schools can be easily designed to m eet and exceed the dem anding energy efficiency requirem ents of env ironm entally -m inded school districts. And, they can do so cost effectiv ely . One of BSDs new elem entary schools, com pleted in 2 01 1 , had a total construction cost of $1 9 7 .7 0 per square foota significant sav ings com pared to the av erage construction cost of an elem entary school in western Washington, which is $2 50.07 . BSD credits sev eral factors in their success. In western Washington, wood studs cost alm ost half as m uch as m etal; $0.53 per lineal foot for wood v ersus $0.9 8 for m etal studs. Also, wood studs dont transfer heat and cold the way m etal studs do, so wood helps im prov e the energy efficiency of the exterior env elope. Finally , wood-fram e walls, floors and roofs easily accom m odate inexpensiv e batt insulation, m aking it sim ple and cost-effectiv e to ov er-insulate. Of their 2 3 schools and one learning center, 1 8 hav e earned the ENERGY STAR label, and the BSD has receiv ed national recognition from the U.S. Env ironm ental Protection Agency as an ENERGY STAR Leader.
Spanaway Junior High School, Bethel School District, Spanaway , Washington Photo by Bethel School District
Sustainable Source Sustainable forest m anagem ent inv olv es m eeting society 's need for forest products and other benefits, while
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respecting the v alues people attach to forests and preserv ing forest health and div ersity for the future. In North Am erica, responsible forest m anagem ent ensures that forests are legally harv ested and m anaged to m eet society 's long-term dem and for forest products and other sustainability goals. In the U.S. and Canada, this has resulted in m ore than 50 consecutiv e y ears of net forest growth that exceeds annual forest harv ests. 3 The rate of deforestation in the U.S. and Canada is v irtually zero. 4 Wood is also the only building m aterial that has third-party certification program s in place to dem onstrate that products being sold hav e com e from a sustainably m anaged resource. Sustainable forest certification allows forest com panies to dem onstrate the effectiv eness of their practices by hav ing them independently assessed against a stringent standard that considers env ironm ental, econom ic and social v alues. As of August 2 01 2 , approxim ately 500 m illion acres of forest in the U.S. and Canada were certified under one of the four internationally recognized program s used in North Am erica: the Sustainable Forestry Initiativ e (SFI), Forest Stewardship Council (FSC), Canadian Standards Association's Sustainable Forest Managem ent Standard (CSA), and Am erican Tree Farm Sy stem (ATFS). This represents m ore than half of the world's certified forests.
A study by the Consortium for Research on Renewable Industrial Materials (CORRIM) exam ined the im pacts of com parable wood v s. concrete hom es in Atlanta and wood v s. steel-fram e hom es in Minneapolis (the m aterials m ost com m on in each city ). In both com parisons, wood was shown to be better for the env ironm ent in term s of em bodied energy , air and water pollution, and global warm ing potential. In term s of solid waste, the wood hom e outperform ed the concrete hom e, but resulted in slightly m ore waste (0.9 percent) than the steel-fram e hom e. This table shows the results applied to wall assem blies.
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Carbon Footprint As trees grow, they absorb carbon dioxide from the atm osphere. They release the oxy gen and incorporate the carbon into their wood, roots, leav es or needles, and surrounding soil. One of three things then happens: As trees m ature and then die, they start to decay and slowly release the stored carbon back into the atm osphere. The forest succum bs to wildfire, insects or disease and releases the stored carbon quickly . The trees are harv ested and m anufactured into forest products, which continue to store m uch of the carbon. In the case of wood buildings, the carbon is kept out of the atm osphere for the lifetim e of the structureor longer if the wood is reclaim ed and m anufactured into other products. Wood stores m ore carbon than is em itted during its harv est, production, transport and installation.
According to the U.S. EPA Greenhouse Gas Equiv alencies Calculator, estim ated carbon benefits for the fiv e-story Av alon Anaheim Stadium equate to a y ears worth of em issions from 2 ,3 7 0 cars or the energy to operate an av erage hom e for 1 ,050 y ears. Photo by Arden Photography , courtesy VanDorpe Chou Associates
CARBON CALCULATOR A new calculator estim ates the carbon benefits of wood buildings. Users input the v olum e of wood products, and the calculator estim ates the am ount of carbon stored in the wood and the greenhouse gas em issions av oided by using wood. If v olum e inform ation isnt known, users m ay select from ty pical building ty pes. Source: www.woodworks.org
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In all of these cases, the cy cle begins again as the forest regenerates and trees once again begin absorbing and storing carbon. Putting these benefits into perspectiv e, a new carbon calculator 5 (see box on the right) found that the Av alon Anaheim Stadium , a fiv e-story building constructed of wood (Withee Malcolm Architects, engineering by VanDorpe Chou Associates Inc.) in Anaheim , California, stored 3 ,9 7 0 m etric tons of carbon dioxide equiv alent (CO2 e) in its lum ber and sheathing, while the em issions av oided by not using steel or concrete increased the carbon benefit by another 8,4 4 0 m etric tons of CO2 e. According to the U.S. Env ironm ental Protection Agency 's Greenhouse Gas Equiv alencies Calculator, this equates to the annual em issions from 2 ,3 7 0 cars or the energy to operate an av erage hom e for 1 ,050 y ears. Energy Efficiency In term s of operating energy , wood has the adv antage of low therm al conductiv ity com pared to steel and concrete. As a result, wood is easy to insulate to high standards while steel and concrete m ust ov ercom e problem s from therm al bridging and the possible consequence of m oisture condensation on cold surfaces. Howev er, because there are m any factors that hav e a greater influence on a building's energy efficiency (such as insulation and air tightness), the m ore relev ant point for m any designers is that wood building sy stem s lend them selv es to structures that are highly energy efficientwith less im pact on the env ironm ent in term s of em bodied energy , air and water pollution, and carbon footprint. Any wood structural sy stem can be designed to achiev e a tight building env elope. Howev er, with new sy stem s such as CLT, precise m anufacturing results in tight tolerances and exceptional air tightness. The added aspect of dim ensional stability also ensures that the building rem ains airtight ov er tim e. Wood is also prov ing to be a good choice for designers who want to m eet the Passiv e House (Passiv haus) standard or create a net-zero energy or net-zero carbon building.
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Thunder Bay Regional Health Sciences Center in Ontario, designed by Salter Farrow Pilon Architects Inc., was the first hospital in Canada to gain approv al for the use of wood as a prim ary structural elem ent. Photo by www.naturally wood.com
Recy cle/Reuse One of the m ost im portant sustainability factors for a building m aterial is often underestim ated or ov erlooked com pletely : what will happen to the m aterial at the end of the building's working life? A Surv ey on Actual Serv ice Liv es of North Am erican Buildings showed that buildings in the U.S. often hav e a serv ice life of less than 50 y ears, regardless of m aterial, because of changing needs or increasing land v alues as opposed to perform ance issues. When one considers the em bodied energy in these structures and issues related to disposal, the adaptability of wood structures and building sy stem s, either through renov ation or deconstruction and reuse, is a significant adv antage. (See Adaptiv e Reuse case study on the Barn at Fallingwater at the end of this article.)
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Bringing Nat ure t o t he Int erior Environment As buildings becom e increasingly dependent on and designed for technology , the hum an need to connect with nature doesn't change, but it can get harder to accom m odate. Wood has unique characteristics that m ost people respond to intuitiv ely . This positiv e connection is now being docum ented by a growing body of research, and can be a v aluable asset in spaces filled with electronic dev ices and screens, sy nthetic m aterials and artificial lighting. People feel an instinctiv e connection and attraction to natural m aterials, and m any building designers cite the warm attributes of wood as a reason for its use. Ev idence also suggests that exposed wood can contribute to an indiv idual's sense of well-being. In an office or school, wood is thought to im prov e perform ance and productiv ity ; in a hospital, it m ay hav e a positiv e im pact on patient recov ery . A study 6 at the Univ ersity of British Colum bia and FPInnov ations found that the presence of v isual wood surfaces in a room lowered activ ation of the sy m pathetic nerv ous sy stem (SNS). The SNS is responsible for phy siological stress responses in hum ans such as increased blood pressure and heart rate while inhibiting the parasy m pathetic sy stem responsible for digestion, recov ery and repair functions in the body . The study im m ersed 1 1 9 univ ersity students in one of four different office env ironm ents, som e with wood surfaces and others without. Stress as m easured by SNS activ ation was lower in the wood room s in all periods of the study . The study concluded that wood is one way to create a healthier built env ironm ent. Study author Dav id Fell say s that research on wood and schools is underway , but the results of the office study apply to any interior env ironm ent. The stress-reducing effects we found for wood in office env ironm ents are in theory transferable to any building ty pe as these are innate reactions to natural m aterials. Another exam ple is the Herrington Recov ery Center in Oconom owoc, Wisconsin, a 2 1 ,000-square-foot, 2 0-bed treatm ent center for executiv es and business professionals. Cedar and stained wood were used inside and out. Wood ceilings and soffits in the recreation room and entrances to sleeping room s brought warm th to the space, while exposed glulam beam s allowed for soaring ceilings and clerestory windows prov ided am ple natural light. Patient room s had shorter spans, so the div iding walls between patient room s were designed as bearing walls. This allowed the use of cost-effectiv e 2 x lum ber for ceiling joists. Certainly from a cost standpoint, it m ade a lot of sense to do the whole thing on a wood fram e, said architect John Curran, ALA, senior v ice president for TWP Architecture. And by using wood in what som e m ight consider an institutional setting, we were able to create a warm and fam iliar env ironm ent to m ake patients feel m ore com fortable and m ore at hom e. Designed by Salter Farrow Pilon Architects, the Thunder Bay Regional Health Sciences Center in Ontario was the first hospital in Canada to gain approv al for the use of wood as a prim ary structural elem ent. Featuring a dram atic three-story wood and glass walkway , the structure incorporates ov er 1 ,1 00 glulam m em bers, som e m ore than 6 5 feet long. The use of wood extensiv ely throughout the structure prov ides a bright and optim istic atm osphere for patients, staff, and the com m unity . Conclusion With growing pressure to reduce the carbon footprint of the built env ironm ent, building designers are increasingly being called upon to balance functionality and cost objectiv es with reduced env ironm ental im pact. Wood can ty pically help to achiev e that balance. Wood costs lesseconom ically and env ironm entally while deliv ering m ore in term s of its beauty , v ersatility and perform ance. It m eets code requirem ents in a wide range of low- and m id-rise building ty pes, and innov ativ e new technologies continue to expand the possibilities for wood use in construction. Wood can also deliv er a deep connection to nature that will only becom e m ore v aluable in our built env ironm ent as hum ans continue to adv ance, and to stay the sam e. Case St udies GALLERY RENOVATION Art Gallery of Ont ario, Toront o, Ont ario (Canada) Architect: Frank Gehry Com pleted: 2 008
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Galleria Italia at the Art Gallery of Ontario Photo by Sean Weav er
After the renov ation of the existing gallery and addition of 9 2 ,000 square feet of new floor space, the Art Gallery of Ontario (AGO) has been called the m ost com plex wood structure in North Am erica. The Dundas Street facade includes 1 ,800 glulam m em bers, each of which is unique, as are the 2 ,500 glulam connectors. The designers dev eloped three-dim ensional solid m odels and wirefram e m odels for each glulam application, com plete with calculated loads and m em ber sizing. A wirefram e of the m odels was sent to the subcontractor responsible for the connection engineering, detail drafting, m anufacturing, deliv ery , and installation of the glulam . This inform ation was used to dev elop a working solid m odel that included the glulam m em bers, connections and hardware. The m odel was used to create shop drawings for approv al and ev entually for data input to the CNC equipm ent used to m achine each glulam m em ber to exacting tolerances and to shape the com plex fram ing for each connector. In addition to the im pressiv e structural applications, wood was used decorativ ely to prov ide v isual highlights throughout the interior.
ADAPTIVE REUSE The Barn at Fallingwat er, Mill Run, PA Architect: Bohlin Cy winski Jackson
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Photos by www.naturally wood.com
Adjacent to Frank Lloy d Wrights Fallingwater, the Barn at Fallingwater is a renov ated 1 9 th century barn built into a hillside with a 1 9 4 0s dairy barn addition. The 1 2 ,000-square-foot adaptiv e reuse project is the first phase of a conference com plex for the Western Pennsy lv ania Conserv ancy . The Barns interior is rich with recy cled and salv aged m aterials that celebrate the regions agrarian heritage. A lattice screen was m ade of site-recy cled tongue-and groov e fir from an old ceiling. Contrasting the barns existing heav y -tim ber structure are new parallel strand lum ber (PSL) m em bers used as beam s and colum ns in the lower barn. The existing heav y -tim ber structure of the bank barn was cleaned and left natural. A m aple gy m floor salv aged from a conv ent serv es as the new therm al and m oisture barrier between the two lev els. Just ov er 81 percent of the construction debris was recy cled. This project was com pleted by Bohlin Cy winski Jackson, a firm known for its innov ativ e use of wood. It is featured in the U.S. Departm ent of Energy s High Perform ance Building Database.
CONDO EXPANSION Marselle Condominiums, Seat t le, Washingt on Architect: PB Architects Com pleted: 2 009
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Photo by Matt Todd Photography
Wood-fram e podium construction is nothing new, particularly for Seattle. But when dev elopers built the Marselle Condom inium s, they did som ething new by literally taking wood to the next lev el. By designing the 1 6 0,000-square-foot condo com plex to m eet Ty pe III-A construction requirem ents, they were able to build fiv e and one-half floors of wood ov er a two-story concrete podium deck. The com bination of "fiv e and one-half ov er two" m ade Marselle the tallest m odern woodfram e structure in Seattle. The extra half-story m ezzanine added about $2 50,000 to the construction cost of the building, but the architect and builder estim ated that the added height and space increased the v alue of the com plex by $1 m illion. From the outside, the Marselle looks like a ty pical 1 3 2 -unit condom inium structure. But on closer inspection, wood fram ing added v alue in a num ber of way s. Located just north of the city s downtown core, not far from Seattle's fam ous Space Needle, Marselle was certified Built Sm artSM by Seattle City Light and constructed to m eet the Master Builders Association Built Green program in part by utilizing wood as an earth-friendly , energy -efficient building m aterial. Construction began in August 2 007 and was com pleted in April 2 009 . Joe Hanley , president of Norcon, NW, Inc., said the use of wood contributed substantially to the speed with which the building was constructed. "The concrete and steel hotel right behind Marselle had a sim ilarly -sized footprint, but floor-by -floor, our fram ing went up m uch faster. They had a lot of on-site welding but by using wood, we were able to work through all ty pes of weather."
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THE ENVIRONMENT There are m any rem arkable exam ples of wood buildings that hav e been designed to blend with their env ironm ent, and giv e occupants a deep connection to nature inside and out. Two shown here closely com bine the traditional v alues of wood with new techniques for sustainable building. Robert Paine Scripps Forum for Science, Societ y and t he Environment La Jolla, California Architect: Safdie Rabines Architects San Diego, California Tamarack Ski Lodge Heavenly Lake Tahoe Ski Resort South Lake Tahoe, California Architect: Collaborativ e Design Studio Reno, Nev ada
Photo by Dav id Hewitt/Anne Garrison Architectural Photography
Photo by Carrie Com pton
This LEED-certified 3 00-person flexible auditorium space includes four ocean-front m eeting room s, a graduate student lounge, and a catering kitchen and restaurant. Roof fram ing is com prised of exposed Douglas fir beam s. Certified plantation teak was used to accentuate interior and exterior elem ents. The design objectiv e was to create a state-ofthe-art conference center that felt casual, warm and inv iting.
The wood m aterials used in this 500-seat restaurant with bar area, restroom facilities and support spaces include Douglas fir exterior and interior wall studs, structural ply wood roof sheathing, resawn Douglas fir glulam roof beam s, and Douglas fir 3 x wood structural m em bers. The intent of the building aesthetics was to create an appealing structure that blended into the dom inant beauty of the surrounding m ountain env ironm ent. This was accom plished by keeping the buildings m assing sim ple in nature, exposing the naturally com patible wood structure, utilizing cedar wood siding as an exterior skin and incorporating wood detailing throughout the interior of the facility .
ENDNOTES 1 woodworks.org/wp-content/uploads/Marselle.pdf Source: Werner, F. and Richter, K. 2 007 . Wooden building products in 2 com parativ e LCA: A literature rev iew. http://continuingeducation.construction.com/article_print.php?L=312&C=931 International Journal of Life Cy cle
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com parativ e LCA: A literature rev iew. International Journal of Life Cy cle Assessm ent, 1 2 (7 ): 4 7 0-4 7 9 Calculated by Dov etail Partners Inc. based on data from Natural Resources Canada and the USDA Forest Serv ice. Deforestation in Canada - What are the Facts, Natural Resources Canada; State of the World's Forests, 2 01 1 , United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization U.S. WoodWorks Carbon Calculator, www.woodworks.org www.solutionsforwood.com /_docs/reports/Wood_Hum an_Health_final-single.pdf
3 4 5 6
The reThink Wood initiativ e is a coalition of interests representing North Am ericas wood products industry and related stakeholders. The coalition shares a passion for wood and the forests they com e from . Innov ativ e new technologies and building sy stem s hav e enabled longer wood spans, taller walls and higher buildings, and continue to expand the possibilities for wood use in construction. www.rethinkwood.com
Originally published in the Septem ber/October 2 01 2 issue of GreenSource
17/17

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22.2.

McGraw-Hill Construction - Continuing Education Center

Rethinking Wood as a Material of Choice

Sponsored by reT hink Wood

McGraw-Hill Construction - Continuing Education Center

McGraw-Hill Construction - Continuing Education Center

McGraw-Hill Construction - Continuing Education Center

McGraw-Hill Construction - Continuing Education Center

McGraw-Hill Construction - Continuing Education Center

Photo by Sean Weav er

McGraw-Hill Construction - Continuing Education Center

McGraw-Hill Construction - Continuing Education Center

McGraw-Hill Construction - Continuing Education Center

McGraw-Hill Construction - Continuing Education Center

McGraw-Hill Construction - Continuing Education Center

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McGraw-Hill Construction - Continuing Education Center

Galleria Italia at the Art Gallery of Ontario Photo by Sean Weav er

McGraw-Hill Construction - Continuing Education Center

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McGraw-Hill Construction - Continuing Education Center

Photo by Dav id Hewitt/Anne Garrison Architectural Photography

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McGraw-Hill Construction - Continuing Education Center

Originally published in the Septem ber/October 2 01 2 issue of GreenSource

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