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Advanced Computational Techniques in Electromagnetics Volume 2012, Year 2012, Article ID acte-00115, 5 Pages
doi: 10.5899/2012/acte-00115
Research Article

COMPUTATIONAL
ELECTROMAGNETICS

ADVANCED

TECHNIQUESIN

A High Gain Rectangular Microstrip Patch Antenna Using Dierent C Patterns Metamaterial Design in L-Band
P.K. Singhal, Bimal Garg , Nitin Agrawal
Department of Electronics Engineering, Madhav Institute of Technology and Science, Gwalior-474005, India
Copyright c 2012 P.K. Singhal, Bimal Garg, and Nitin Agrawal. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

ABSTRACT Design of rectangular microstrip patch antenna loaded with dierent C patterns left-handed metamaterial structure has been proposed. The proposed metamaterial structure is designed at a height of 3.2 mm from the ground plane for L-band (1 GHz-2 GHz) applications. The most interesting feature of the design is the ability of enhancing the gain and total eciency of the antenna without eecting the other important parameters like bandwidth and directivity. The double negative (DNG) properties of metamaterial ( and ) have been proved by simulated S parameters. By using the dierent C patterns metamaterial structure, the return loss of the rectangular microstrip patch antenna is signicantly reduced by 24 dB at a resonating frequency of 2 GHz. The proposed antenna is most suitable for wireless local area network (WLAN) application operating at 2 GHz. Keywords: Rectangular microstrip patch antenna; Double negative; Left-handed metamaterial; Dierent C patterns.

1.

Introduction

patch antenna [13] is a low-prole antenna consisting of A a metal layer over a dielectric substrate and ground plane. Typically, a patch antenna is fed by a microstrip transmission line, but other feed lines such as coaxial can be used. The advantages of patch antennas are that they radiate with moderately high gain in a direction perpendicular to the substrate and can be fabricated in a low cost PCB. The basic operating principle of a patch antenna is that the space between the patch and ground plane acts like a section of parallel plate waveguide. Neglecting radiation loss, the edge of the patch is an open circuit, so that energy reects and remains below the patch. One disadvantage of a high-Q system is narrow bandwidth, so patch antennas have limited bandwidth, meaning that the input impedance of the antenna only remains near the desired value for a small range around the designed center frequency. Metamaterials [4, 5] were rst introduced by Victor Veselago in 1967. Metamaterials are periodic materials that derive their properties from their structures rather than their components. In principle, metamatrials can be synthesized by embedding various constituents with novel geometric shapes and forms. For metamaterials with negative permittivity () and permeability () [6, 7] several names and terminologies have
Corresponding

been suggested, such as left-handed media with negative refractive index, backward wave media, and double negative (DNG) [8, 9] metamaterials. Some of the applications of the metamaterial antennas are wireless communication, mobile communication, space communications, global positioning system (GPS), satellites, space vehicle navigation, and airplanes. The simulation is done using CST-MWS (computer simulation technology) software.

2.

Design methodology and simulation of proposed antenna structure

author E-mail addresses: pks 65@yahoo.com (P.K. Singhal), bimalgarg@yahoo.com (B. Garg), contact nitinagrawal@yahoo.co.in (N. Agrawal)

The designing parameters [10, 11] of rectangular microstrip patch antenna are L=34.30 mm, W =44.20 mm, cut width=5 mm, cut depth=10 mm, length of transmission line feed=32.82175 mm, with width of the feed=3.009 mm; shown in Fig. 1. The rectangular microstrip patch antenna is designed on FR-4 (Lossy) substrate with r = 4.3 and height from the ground plane d=1.6 mm. Several metamaterial structures like SRR, Spiral, Rod, Omega, S, Symmetric Rings etc. has already been introduced by previous researchers. This paper introduces a new and distinct metamaterial structure named dierent C patterns as shown in Fig. 2. Two waveguide ports [12] were dened at the left and right of the x-axis in order to calculate the S 11 and S 21 parameters

P.K. Singhal et al. / A High Gain Rectangular Microstrip Patch Antenna.

as shown in Fig. 3. The obtained S parameters are exported to MathCAD-15 software for nding the value of the permittivity and permeability of the proposed metamaterial structure, using the Nicolson-Ross-Weir (NRW ) approach [13, 14]. Equations used for calculating permittivity and permeability using NRW approach [15, 16] are r = and r = r + 2S 11 ci , d (2) 2c(1 v2 ) , di(1 + v2 ) (1)

Table 1: Parameters of RMPA. Parameter Dielectric constant (r ) Loss tangent (tan) Thickness (h) Operating frequency Length (L) Width (W ) Cut width Cut depth Path length Width of feed Matching impedance Dimension 4.3 0.025 1.6 2 34.30 44.20 5 10 32.82175 3.009 50 Unit mm GHz mm mm mm mm mm mm

where v2 = S 21 S 11 , = frequency in Radian, d = thickness of the substrate, c = velocity of light, v2 = voltage minima. RMPA parametric analysis Calculation of width (W ) [1] W= 1 2 fr 0 0 2 C = r + 1 2 fr 2 , r + 1 (3)

where c = free space velocity of light, r = dielectric constant of substrate. The eective dielectric constant of the microstrip antenna to account for fringing eld is calculated from [1] r + 1 r 1 1 . e f f = + (4) 2 2 12h 1+
w

Figure 1: Rectangular patch antenna at 2 GHz (all dimensions in mm).

The actual length of the patch (L) [1] L = Le f f 2L,

C where Le f f = 2 fr e f f . Calculation of length extension

(5)

e f f + 0.3 w L h + 0.264 . = 0.412 h e f f 0.258 w h + 0.8

(6)

Figure 2: Rectangular microstrip patch antenna with dierent C patterns metamaterial structure (all dimensions in mm).

3.

Outcomes and discussions

Fig. 4 shows that the return loss [17,18] of dierent C patterns metamaterial structure is reduced by 24 dB in comparison with rectangular microstrip patch antenna at a frequency of 2 GHz. The directivity and bandwidth are unaected when the metamaterial structure is loaded with rectangular microstrip patch antenna. In Fig. 5, smith chart [19] shows that the antenna is matched with 50 impedance at the resonating frequency. Radiation pattern of both antennas is shown in Figs. 6 and 7. The graph in Figs. 8 and 9 shows the negative values of permittivity and permeability which proves that the proposed structure is a metamaterial.

Figure 3: Proposed structure between the two waveguide ports.

Advanced Computational Techniques in Electromagnetics,Volume 2012, Year 2012, 5 Pages.

Figure 4: Rectangular microstrip patch antenna loaded with dierent C patterns metamaterial structure showing return loss of 36.33 dB. Figure 8: Permeability of proposed metamaterial structure.

Figure 5: Smith chart of rectangular microstrip patch antenna loaded with different C patterns metamaterial structure.

Figure 9: Permittivity of proposed metamaterial structure.

Figure 6: Radiation pattern of rectangular microstrip patch antenna.

Figure 10: Rectangular microstrip patch antenna showing return loss of 12.7624 dB.

Figure 7: Radiation pattern of rectangular microstrip patch antenna with different C patterns metamaterial structure.

Figure 11: S 11 parameter of metamaterial structure.

P.K. Singhal et al. / A High Gain Rectangular Microstrip Patch Antenna.

International Conference on Communication Systems and Network Technologies, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/CSNT.2011.57 [11] B. Garg, V. Sharma, N. Agrawal, Enhancement of gain and directivity of rectangular resonant microstrip patch antenna loaded with symmetric W shaped double negative left-handed inspired metamaterial, National Conference on Recent Advances in Microwave Engineering, 2011.

Figure 12: S 21 parameter of metamaterial structure.

4.

Conclusion

[12] S. Hrabar, G. Jankovic, B. Zickovic, Z. Sipus, Numerical and experimental investigation of eld distribution in waveguide lled with anisotropic single negative metamaterial, 18th International Conference on Applied Electromagnetics and Communications, pp. 14, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ICECOM.2005.204963 [13] R.W. Ziolkowski, Design, fabrication, and testing of double negative metamaterials, IEEE Transactions on antennas and Propagation, vol. 51, no.7, pp. 15161529, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/TAP.2003.813622 [14] S. Hrabar, J. Bartolic, Backward wave propagation in waveguide lled with negative permeability meta material, IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium, vol. 1, pp. 110113, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/APS.2003.1217413 [15] A.A. Sulaiman, A.S. Nasaruddin, M.H. Jusoh, N.H. Baba, R.A. Awang, M.F. Ain, Bandwidth enhancement in patch antenna by metamaterial substrate, European Journal of Scientic Research, vol. 44, no. 3, pp. 493501, 2010.

The dierent C patterns metamaterial structure with rectangular microstrip patch antenna has been proposed in this paper. The simulated results provided the improvement in gain i.e. reduction in magnitude of return loss by 24 dB and directivity is also good. On making dierent structures by double negative left-handed metamaterials, antenna parameters like gain, directivity, and bandwidth can be improved up to a desired limit but practical limitations should be taken care of while fabricating the structure with CST-MWS software.

References
[1] C.A. Balanis, Antenna Theory and Design, John Wiley & Sons, 1997. [2] W.L. Stutzman, G.A. Thiele, Antenna Theory and Design, John Wiley & Sons, 2nd Edition, New York, 1998. [3] S.N. Burokur, Mo. Latrach, S. Toutain, Theoritical investigation of a circular patch antenna in the presence of a left-handed mematerial, IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters, Vol. 4, 2005. [4] V.G. Veselago, The electrodynamics of substances with simultaneously negative value and , Soviet Physics Uspekhi, vol. 10, no. 4, pp. 509 514, 1968. http://dx.doi.org/10.1070/PU1968v010n04ABEH003699 [5] N. Engheta, R.W. Ziolkowski, Metamaterials: Physics and Engineering Explorations, John Wiley & Sons, 2006. [6] J.B. Pendry, A.J. Holden, D.J. Robbins, W.J. Stewart, Magnetism from conductors and enhanced nonlinear phenomena, IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, vol. 47, no. 11, pp. 20752081, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/22.798002 [7] D.R. Smith, W.J. Padilla, D.C. Vier, S.C. Nemat-Nasser, S. Schultz, Composite medium with simultaneously negative permeability and permittivity, Physical Review Letters, vol. 84, pp. 41844187, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.84.4184 [8] J.B. Pendry, Negative refraction males a prefect lens, Physical Review Letters, vol. 85, pp. 3966396, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.85.3966 [9] R.W. Ziolkowski, Double negative metamaterial design, experiments and applications, IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, vol. 51, no. 7, 2003. [10] B. Garg, R. Tiwari, A. Kumar, T. Chitransh, Design of factored X shaped metamaterial structure for enhancement of patch antenna gain,

[16] H.A. Majid, M. Rahim, T. Masri, Left-handed metamaterial design for microstrip antenna application, IEEE International RF and Microwave conference, pp. 218221, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/RFM.2008.4897426 [17] B.-I. Wu, W. Wang, J. Pacheco, X. Chen, T. Grzegorczyk, J.A. Kong, A study of using metamaterials as antenna substrate to enhance gain, Progress in Electromagnetics Research, vol. PIER 51, pp. 295328, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.2528/PIER04070701 [18] H.A. Majid, M. Rahim, T. Marsi, Microstrip Antenna gain enhancement using left-handed metamaterial structure, Progress in Electromagnetics Research M, Vol. 8, pp. 235247, 2009.

[19] D.M. Pozar, Microwave Engineering, 3rd Edition, John Wiley & Sons, 2004.

P.K. Singhal presently working as a professor and head of department of electronics, Madhav Institute of Technology and Science, Gwalior. Completed number of research projects sponsored by deptartment of Science and Technology, Govt. of India and All India for Technical Education, New Delhi, University Grants Commission, New Delhi and M.P. Council of Science and Technology, Bhopal. Received AICTE career award and DST Young Scientist awards.

Advanced Computational Techniques in Electromagnetics,Volume 2012, Year 2012, 5 Pages.

Bimal Garg received his B.E. degree in Electronics Engineering from Madhav Institute of Technology and Science, Gwalior, Jiwaji University; M.P. in 1984; the M.E. degree in Power Electronics from Shri Govindram Institute of Technology and Science, Indore, M.P., Devi Ahilya Bai Vishwavidyalaya Indore, in 1999; and pursuing his Ph.D. degree in design and analysis of microstrip antenna using metamaterial from Rajiv Gandhi Proudyogiki Vishwavidyalaya, Bhopal, M.P. He is associate professor in the department of electronics engineering at Madhav Institute of Technology and Science, Gwalior, M.P., since 1986. He has teaching experience of about 25 years for UG and PG courses. His research interests include microwave engineering. At present he is engaged in design of patch antenna using metamaterial and its various applications. Nitin Agrawal received his B.E. degree in Electronics and Communication Engineering from Institute of Technology and Management, Gwalior, M.P. ,in 2009; and presently pursuing his M.E. degree in Communication Control and Networking , from Madhav Institute of Technology and Science, M.P.