Professional Documents
Culture Documents
arbon-12 's chosen beca+se 't 's a (((((((((% an, can be eas'l- han,le,%
.% /'n, the relat've atom'c masses of these elements% Element alc'+m0 a 1o,'+m0 2a 3ron0 /e opper0 + arbon0 6-,rogen0 6 5otass'+m0 7 4'th'+m0 4' 9rom'ne0 9r &elat've Atom'c #ass Element Argon0 Ar 1'lver0 Ag aes'+m0 s 4ea,0 5b hlor'ne0 l /lo+r'ne0 / Al+m'n'+m0 Al 8'nc0 8n 6el'+m0 6e &elat've Atom'c #ass
Calculating Relative molecular mass,Mr #r= The s+m of Ar of all atoms present 'n one molec+le Example: Molecular formula 2 Hydrogen atoms
#r of ;ater0 62! = 2(1) < 1" = 18 Relative atomic mass for Oxygen
!2 = 12 < 2(1") = $$
/or 'on'c s+bstance 0 Re'ati$e (!r"u'a "a## ) Fr = The s+m of Ar of all atoms present 'n the form+la Example: /r of #agnes'+m ox',e0 #g! = 2$ < 1" = $= /r of 1o,'+m chlor',e0 2a l = 2. < .>%> = >8%>
1% The relat've molec+lar mass of a molec+le 's (((((((((((((((((( (((((((((((((((((((((% )hen compare, )'th 1/12 of the mass of one atom of ((((((((((((((((( 2% alc+late the relat've molec+lar masses of the s+bstances 'n the table belo)% 1+bstance 6-,rogen gas 5ropane Ethanol 9rom'ne gas #ethane ?l+cose Ammon'a @&elat've atom'c mass : 601A .%
2
alc+late the relat've form+la masses of the follo)'ng 'on'c compo+n,s 'n the table% 1+bstance 5otass'+m ox',e Al+m'n'+m s+lphate ompo+n, form+la 72! Al2(1!$). &elat've form+la mass0 /r 2(.:) < 1" = :$ 2(2C)<.@.2<$(1")B=.$2
2a2 !.%1=62!
2a61!$
Al l. +1!$ 8n !. 72 !.
@&elat've atom'c mass: !01"A 012A 601A 70.: A +0"$ A 8n0 ">A l0 .>%> A Al0 2C 10.2 A a0 $=A 2a02.A 20 1$B
1% To ,escr'be the amo+nt of atoms0 'ons or molec+les 0 mole 's +se,% 2% A mole 's an amo+nt of s+bstance that conta'ns as man- part'cles as the ((((((%% (((((((((((((((((((((((%% 'n exactl- 12g of carbon-12% .% A mole 's an amo+nt of s+bstance )h'ch conta'ns a constant n+mber of part'cles atoms0 'ons0 molec+les )h'ch 's "%=2 x 1=2. $% The n+mber "%=2 x 1=2. 's calle, (((((((((((((( (2A) >% 3n other )or,s: 1 mol of atom'c s+bstance conta'ns (((((((((((% atoms 1 mol of molec+lar s+bstance conta'ns (((((((((((% molec+les 1 mol of 'on'c s+bstance conta'ns (( (((((((((((%% form+la +n'ts
"% &elat'onsh'p bet)een n+mber of moles an, n+mber of part'cles (atom/'on/molec+les): x Avoga,ro onstant n+mber of moles voga,ro onstant 2+mber of moles =%> mol of carbon atoms =%2 moles of h-,rogen gas ( 62) 2+mber of part'cles (((((((((((((( atoms of carbon (') ('') 2 mol of carbon ,'ox',e molec+les ((((((((((%%molec+les of h-,rogen gas (((((((((((%Atoms of h-,rogen n+mber of part'cles A
(((((((% atoms of !
C%
omplete these sentences % a) 1 mol of calc'+m conta'ns ((((((((((((((((%% atoms b) 2 mol of 'ron conta'ns ((((((((((((((((((%% atoms
c) 2 mol of magnes'+m ox',e0 (#g!) conta'ns ((((((((((((((((%% 'ons ,) 2 mol of so,'+m carbonate0 (2a2 !.) conta'ns (((((((((((((((% e) . mol of carbon ,'ox',e0 ( !2) conta'ns ((((((((((((((%% molec+les f) =%> mol opper (33) n'trate0 +(2!.)2 conta'ns (((((((((((((%% +2< 'ons
"um#er of moles
#olar mass
Mass in g
2%
alc+lat'ng the #ass from a n+mber of #oles 2+mber of moles = % mass of the s+bstance % #ass of 1 mole of the s+bstance
Example 2 : ;hat 's the mass of 2 moles of 62! F #ass = = .% 2 ."g x @ 2(1) < 1" B
c) . moles of l'th'+m atoms #ass = e) =%1 moles of so,'+m #ass = g) 1 mole of carbon ,'ox',e ( !2) #ass =
,) =%> moles of ox-gen gas (!2) #ass = f) 2 moles of chlor'ne molec+les ( l2) #ass =
')
G)
A ti$it% /
$% alc+late the 2+mber of #oles from a g'ven #ass !2
Example : 6o) man- moles are there 'n 88g of 2+mber of moles = 88 $$ a) 2g of hel'+m atoms 2+mber of moles = = 2 moles
6>!6)
A ti$it% 0
>% omplete the follo)'ng table% hem'cal form+lae + #olar mass &A#= "$ alc+late (a)#ass of 1 mol = (((((g (b) #ass of 2 mol = ((((% g (c)#ass of J mol = ((((%g (,)#ass of .%=1x1=2. + atoms = 1o,'+m h-,rox',e 2a!6 &/#= $= (a) #ass of . mol of so,'+m h-,rox',e = (b) 2+mber of moles of so,'+m h-,rox',e 'n 2= g =
Element/compo+n, opper
8'nc n'trate
8n(2!.)2
&/# =
Example : 1 mol of ox-gen gas0 1 mol of ammon'a gas0 1 mol hel'+m gas an, 1 mol s+lph+r ,'ox',e gas occ+p'es the same vol+me of 2$ ,m. at room con,'t'on x 22%$ / 2$ ,m. x 22%$/2$ ,m.
'olume of gas
22%$/2$ ,m.
$%
alc+late the $!'u"e !( ga# 'n the follo)'ng n+mbers of moles at 1T5 !2 gas 22%$ ,m.
&
>%
omplete the ,'agram belo) % (&efer to 5age ..0.$ K .8- hem'str- textbook)
"um#er of moles
"o of +articles
;hat 's the vol+me of =%. mole of s+lph+r ,'ox',e gas at 1T5F @#olar vol+me: 22%$ ,m. mol-1 at 1T5B
(Ans: "%C2 ,m.) 2% /'n, the n+mber of moles of ox-gen gas conta'ne, 'n a sample of 12= cm. of the gas at room con,'t'ons% @#olar vol+me: 2$ ,m. mol-1 at room con,'t'onsB
1(
alc+late the n+mber of )ater molec+les 'n := g of )ater0 62!% @&elat've atom'c mass: 60 1A !0 1"% Avoga,ro constant0 %A: "%=2 x 1=2. mol-1B
$%
;hat 's the vol+me of 2$ g methane 0 6$ at 1T5F @&elat've atom'c mass: 60 1A 0 12% #olar vol+me: 22%$ ,m. mol-1 at 1T5B
>%
6o) man- al+m'n'+m 'ons are there 'n 2=%$ g of al+m'n'+m ox',e0 Al2!.F @&elat've atom'c mass: !0 1"A Al0 2C% Avoga,ro constant0 %A: "%=2 x 1=2. mol-
"%
alc+late the n+mber of h-,rogen molec+les conta'ne, 'n " ,m. of h-,rogen gas at room con,'t'ons% @#olar vol+me: 2$ ,m. mol-1 at room con,'t'ons Avoga,ro constant0 %A: "%=2 x 1=2. mol-1B
11
/'n, the vol+me of n'trogen 'n cm. at 1T5 that cons'sts of 2%$=8 x 1=2. n'trogen molec+les% @#olar vol+me: 22%$ ,m. mol-1 at 1T5% Avoga,ro constant0 %A: "%=2 x 1=2. mol-1B
E CHEMICAL FORMULAE
Learning Out !"e#
You should be able to state the meaning of chemical formula state the meaning of empirical formula state the meaning of molecular formula determine empirical and molecular formula of substances compare and contrast empirical formula with molecular formula solve numerical problems involving empirical and molecular formula. write ionic formula of ions construct chemical formulaf ionic compounds state names of chemical compounds using &'$AC nomenclature. use symbols and chemical formula for easy and systematic communication in the field of chemistry.
ACTIVIT7 8 (&efer text book pg $=) 1) A Chemical formula - A representat'on of a chem'cal s+bstance +s'ng letters for ((((((((((((((( an, s+bscr'pts to sho) the n+mbers of each t-pe of ((((((((%% that are present 'n the s+bstance% The letter 6 sho)s (((((% (((((%
H2
2)
omplete th's table hem'cal s+btance hem'cal form+lae ;ater (((((%% 2 atoms of 6 comb'ne )'th 1 atom of ! 2otes
12
68
((%% atoms of 6
#agnes'+m ox',e (((((%% ((((((%% 621!$ (((((((((((((((((% ((((((((((((((((( omplete the follo)'ng: (((%% rat'o of atoms of each (((%
.)% There are t)o t-pes of chem'cal form+lae% LL (mpirical )ormula LL *olecular )ormula 'n the compo+n,%
The act+al ((((( of atoms of each ((((( that are present 'n a molec+le of the compo+n,
('')
Emp'r'cal form+la - %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% A ti$it% &9 1 /'n, the emp'r'cal form+la of a compo+n, Example of calc+lat'on:
a) ;hen &&48/ g of metal , oxide 's re,+ce, b- h-,rogen0 &943/ g of "eta' : 's pro,+ce,% /'n, the emp'r'cal form+la of metal M ox',e @ &A#A M02=CA !01" B Element #ass of element(g) 2+mber of moles of atoms &at'o of moles 1'mplest rat'o of moles Emp'r'cal form+la : (((( b) A certa'n compo+n, conta'ns the follo)'ng compos't'on: 2a 1>%2.O0 9r >2%:8O 0 ! .1%C:O0 @ &A# : !0 1"A 2a0 2.A 9r08=B (Ass+me that 1==g of s+bstance 's +se,) Element #ass of element(g) 2a 1>%2. 9r >2%:8 ! .1%C: M 1=%.> 1=%.>N2=C ! 11%:>-1=%.> (11%:>-1=%.>)N1"
13
Emp'r'cal form+la:: ((((((((((((((((((% c) omplete the table belo)% ompo+n, ;ater arbon P'ox',e 1+lph+r'c Ac', Ethene 9enDene ?l+cose #olec+lar /orm+la 62! !2 621!$ 26$ "6" "612!" Emp'r'cal form+la !2 62 Hal+e of n
,) 2%>2g of a h-,rocarbon conta'ns 2%1" g of carbon% The relat've molec+lar mass of the h-,rocarbon 's 8$% @&A# 601A '% 012B /'n, the emp'r'cal form+la of the h-,rocarbon
''%
A ti$it% &&
!"6!un3#: An'on /lo+r',e 'on hlor',e 'on 9rom',e 'on 3o,',e 'on 6-,rox',e 'on /orm+la
omplete the table belo) : at'on 6-,rogen 'on 4'th'+m 'on 1o,'+m 'on 5otass'+m 'on #agnes'+m 'on
H+
14
CH 3C
2
" 2
Cr2
2 $
Al 3+
hromate (H3) 'on
3 4
hem'cal form+la of an 'on'c compo+n, compr's'ng of the 'ons Mm< an, Qn- 's constr+cte, b- exchang'ng the charges of each element% The form+la obta'ne, )'ll MnQm Example : 1o,'+m ox',e 2a< <1 !2-2 +2< <2 opper (33) n'trate 2!.-1
2 = 2a2! b) (')
1 = ('')
onstr+ct a chem'cal form+la for each of the follo)'ng 'on'c compo+n,s: #agnes'+m chlor',e
(''')
alc'+m s+lphate
('v)
(v)
1'lver n'trate
(v')
8'nc n'trate
('x)
4ea,(33) s+lph',e
(x)
hrom'+m(333) s+lphate
CHEMICAL EQUATIONS
Learning Out !"e# You should be able to 1. state the meaning of chemical e-uation identify the reactants and products of a chemical e-uation 2. write and balance chemical e-uations .. interpret chemical e-uations -uantitatively and -ualitatively /. solve numerical problems using chemical e-uations 0. identify positive scientific attitudes and values practiced by scientist in doing research 1. 2ustify the need to practice positive scientific attitudes and good values in doing researsh 3. use chemical e-uations for easy and systematic communication in the field of chemistry.
(g) C
(g)
&eactant
pro,+ct
1) Qua'itati$e aspect of chem'cal eI+at'on: a) Arro) 'n the eI+at'on the )a- the react'on 's occ+rr'ng b) 1+bstances on the left-han, s',e ((((((((%%
c) 1+bstances on the r'ght-han, s',e ((((((((( ,) 1tate of each s+bstance (((: (s)0 (((((((l)0 gas (((%an, aI+eo+s sol+t'on ((((((% 2) Quantitati$e aspect of chem'cal eI+at'ons oeff'c'ents 'n a balance, eI+at'on the exact proport'ons of reactants an, pro,+cts 'n eI+at'on% Example: 2 H 2 (g) <
2
(g)
2 H2
to pro,+ce, 2
omplete the follo)'ng )or, eI+at'ons an, )r'te 'n chem'cal eI+at'on a) 1o,'+m (((( b) arbon (((% c) 1+lph+r < chlor'ne ((((((((((%% 2a l arbon ,'ox',e ((((((((%% (((((((((((
1!
.) ;r'te a balance, eI+at'on for each of the follo)'ng react'ons an, 'nterpret the eI+at'ons I+ant'tat'vel-% (a)% arbon monox',e gas < ox-gen gas carbon ,'ox',e gas ((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((( 3nterpret'ng: ((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((( (b)% 6-,rogen gas < n'trogen gas ammon'a gas (((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((% 3nterpret'ng: ((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((%% (c)% Al+m'n'+m < 3ron (333) ox',e al+m'n'+m ox',e < 3ron (((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((% 3nterpret'ng: (((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((%
A ti$it% &LL 2+mer'cal 5roblems 3nvolv'ng hem'cal EI+at'ons 6-,rogen perox',e ,ecomposes accor,'ng to the follo)'ng eI+at'on: 2 H2
2
(l ) 2 H 2
(l) <
2
(g)
1$
2)%1'lver carbonate Ag2 !. breaks ,o)n eas'l- )hen heate, to pro,+ce s'lver metal 2 Ag2 !.(l) @&elat've atom'c mass: $ A$ (s) < 2 C 0 12 A !0 1" A Ag0 1=8B
2
(g) <
/'n, the "a## !( #i'$er ar+!nate that 's reI+'re, to pro,+ce 1= g of s'lver
(Ans : 12%CCg)
's reacte, )'th excess methane0 CH 4 % Rs'ng the eI+at'on belo)0 f'n,
the mass of copper that 's pro,+ce,% @&elat've atom'c mass : +0 "$ A !0 1"B $ Cu (s) < CH 4 (g) $ Cu (s) < C
2
(g) < 2 H 2
(l4
(Ans : 12%8 g)
1%
(s)
Ca
(s) < C
(g)%
(a)% 3f the carbon ,'ox',e pro,+ce, 's collecte, at room con,'t'ons0 )hat 's 'ts vol+meF
(b)%
alc+late the mass of calc'+m ox',e0 Ca @&elat've atom'c mass: 0 12 A !0 1"A 2$ ,m. mol 1 at room con,'t'onsB
pro,+ce,%
1&