FAQ 1. What is communication?

It is a process of transmitting and receiving information in the form of electrical representation signal (message) from one point (source) to another (destination) through a medium. Components: 1. Transmitter / Sender 2. Receiver / Destination 3. Information / Message 4. Medium 5. Noise (electrical noise)

Tx

Rx

information

Factors are considered (deterioration of information) Forms of information: -audio -video -data

Tx: Transducer: transforms information into electrical means If information is a non-electrical __ after pass through transducer Signal is a non-electrical form of signal Unmodulated signal\

TRANSMITTER Tansducer Modulator imposed unmodulated signal to a carrier (AM, FM, PM) HPA (

MEDIUM Guided wired / cable (e.g. Balanced lines, Unbalanced lines, Fiber optics) goes within a physical lines Unguided wireless (e.g. free space propagation / radio wave propagation) 3 modes of radio wave propagation: o Ground wave (ELF MF) o Sky wave (VHF BHF) o Space wave (HF)

Electromagnetic Spectrum: Bands ELF VF VLF LF MF HF VHF UHF SHF EHF Frequency 30 300 Hz 300 3000 Hz 3 30kHz 30 300kHz

Ground wave

Sky Wave Space Wave

Nature of Communicatin System 1. Analog Comm System : continuous 2. Digital Comm System : discrete (pulses) Types of Channels (orientation / directivity of the signal): 1. Simplex Mode 2. Duplex Mode a. Half Duplex b. Full Duplex

RECEIVER F/E (front-end) used to detect and select /receive electrical signal Demodulator (we dont need the carrier but the intelligence in the carrier) detect what/where is the information in the carrier ; obtains the intelligence in the carrier AF Amplifier strengthens the intelligence

DESTINATION If audio, use loud speaker Video, visual display unit (CRT, LED, LCD, Plasma) Data, mostly LCD or LED

NOISE (any unwanted form of energy that tries to interfere the normal or proper reproduction of any unwanted signal) a. Correlated Noise it will only be present if and only if there is a signal - Harmonic Distortion can be generated only if there is a signal

Intermodulation

b. Uncorrelated Noise kahit walang signal nandyan - External 1. Atmospheric Noise (weather disturbances, 1st layer, troposphere) e.g. thunder 2. Extra-Terrestrial Noise (does beyond the atmospheric area/ horizon) a. Solar (cannot prevent sun from shining but it will cause solar noise, sun radiations produces frequency range) b. Cosmic (appears during night time) 3. Man-Made : machine in manufacturing company or fabrications

Internal 1. Thermal Noise (White Johnson) always present in a passive components mainly in the resistive components, irregularities of particles due to excessive change in temperature 2. Shot Noise present in active components like diodes, transistors, ICs and even microprocessors, determining factor is the current htat is present, it increases noise as the current in device increses Bandwidth has tendency to generate heat (devices that are subject to high frequencies, then heat are also there 3. Transmit-Time Noise : about period referring to the travel of electron ; determining factor is frequency ****Use of time that is supposedly use to amplify, result to poor amplification (Transit Time effect) ****