New York City

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New York City

City City of New York

Clockwise, from top! "idtown "anhattan, #imes $%uare, the &nisphere in 'ueens, the (rooklyn (ridge, )ower "anhattan with *ne World #rade Center, Central +ark, the &nited Nations ,ead%uarters, and the $tatue of )iberty

Flag Seal

Nickname(s)! "ain article! Nicknames of New York City

)ocation in New York $tate

New York
)ocation in the &nited $tates

Coordinates! Country State Counties

-./-..01N 23/45.-1WCoordinates! -./-..01N 23/45.-1W678 &nited $tates of 9merica New York (ron:, ;ings, New York, 'ueens, <ichmond New Netherland +ro=ince of New York 7507>?> "ayor@Council New York City Council (ill de (lasio (A) -5>.4 s% mi (7,073 km0) 3.0.5 s% mi (2>- km0) 754.> s% mi (-0? km0) 73,37> s% mi (3-,-?. km0) 33 ft (7. m)

Historic colonies Settled Incorporated Government608 Type ody !ayor "rea678 Total #and $ater !etro %levation638 &opulation 648

 %stimate (0.70) 'ank (ensity !etro CS" (emonym Time )one Summer *(ST+ ,I& code*s+ "rea code*s+ FI&S code GNIS feature I( geoT#( $e-site

>,335,5?26-8 7st, &.$. 02,44.Bs% mi (7.,5-.Bkm0) 7?,>37,>4> (7st) 03,350,.?? (7st) New Yorker Castern (C$#) (&#CD4) CA# (&#CD-) 7..::@7.-::, 77..-@.4, 777::@77-::, 775:: 070, 3-2, 5-5, 27>, ?72, ?0? 35D47... ?24220 .nyc www.nyc.go=

New York is the most populous city in the &nited $tates and the center of the New York metropolitan area, one of the most populous urban agglomerations in the world.658 #he city is referred to as New York City or the City of New York to distinguish it from the $tate of New York, of which it is a part. 9 global power city,628 New York e:erts a significant impact upon commerce, finance, media, art, fashion, research, technology, education, and entertainment. #he home of the &nited Nations ,ead%uarters,6>8 New York is an important center for international diplomacy6?8 and has been described as the cultural capital of the world.67.86778 *n one of the worldEs largest natural harbors,6708 New York City consists of fi=e boroughs, each of which is a county of New York $tate.6738 #he fi=e boroughsF#he (ron:, (rooklyn, "anhattan, 'ueens, and $taten GslandFwere consolidated into a single city in 7>?>.67-8 With a censusDestimated 0.70 population of >,335,5?26748 distributed o=er a land area of Hust 3.0.5- s%uare miles (2>3.> km0),6-8 New York is the most densely populated maHor city in the &nited $tates.6758 9s many as >.. languages are spoken in New York,6728 67>8 making it the most linguistically di=erse city in the world.67?8 (y 0.70 census estimates, the New York "etropolitan 9reaEs population remains by a significant margin the &nited $tatesE largest "etropolitan $tatistical 9rea, with appro:imately 7?.> million people,60.8 and is also part of the most populous Combined $tatistical 9rea in the &nited $tates, containing an estimated 03.- million people.6078 New York traces its roots to its 750- founding as a trading post by colonists of the Autch <epublic and was named New 9msterdam in 7505.6008 #he city and its surroundings came under Cnglish control in 755-6008603860-8 New York ser=ed as the capital of the &nited $tates from 72>4 until 72?..6048 Gt has been the countryEs largest city since 72?..6058 #he $tatue of )iberty greeted millions of immigrants as they came to 9merica by ship in the late 7?th and early 0.th centuries6028 and is a globally recogniIed symbol of the &nited $tates and its democracy.60>8

"any districts and landmarks in New York City ha=e become well known to its appro:imately 44 million annual =isitors.60?8 $e=eral sources ha=e ranked New York the most photographed city in the world.63.863786308 #imes $%uare, iconified as #he Crossroads of the World ,6338 is the brightly illuminated hub of the (roadway theatre district,63-8 one of the worldEs busiest pedestrian intersections,63486358 and a maHor center of the worldEs entertainment industry.6328 #he names of many of the cityEs bridges, skyscrapers,63>8 and parks are known around the world. New York CityEs financial district, anchored by Wall $treet in )ower "anhattan, has been called the worldEs leading financial center63?86-.8 and is home to the New York $tock C:change, the worldEs largest stock e:change by total market capitaliIation of its listed companies.6-78 "anhattanEs real estate market is among the most e:pensi=e in the world.6-08 "anhattanEs Chinatown incorporates the highest concentration of Chinese people in the Western ,emisphere.6-386--8 +ro=iding continuous 0-B2 ser=ice,6-48 the New York City $ubway is one of the most e:tensi=e rapid transit systems worldwide. Numerous colleges and uni=ersities are in New York,6-58 including Columbia &ni=ersity, New York &ni=ersity, and <ockefeller &ni=ersity, which ha=e been ranked among the top 34 in the world.6-28

History
"ain article! ,istory of New York City $ee also! #imeline of New York City history

%arly .istory
Gn the precolonial era, the area of present day New York City was inhabited by =arious bands of 9lgon%uian tribes of Nati=e 9mericans, including the )enape, whose homeland, known as )enapehoking, included $taten Gsland, the western portion of )ong Gsland (including the area that would become (rooklyn and 'ueens), "anhattan, and the )ower ,udson Jalley, including #he (ron:.6->8 #he first documented =isit by a Curopean was in 740- by Kio=anni da JerraIIano, a Florentine e:plorer in the ser=ice of the French crown, who sailed his ship La Dauphine into New York ,arbor. ,e claimed the area for France and named it Nou=elle 9ngoulLme (New 9ngoulLme).6-?8

+eter "inuit is credited with the purchase of the island of "anhattan in 7505.

9 $panish e:pedition led by captain CstL=Mo Komes, a +ortuguese sailing for Cmperor Charles J, arri=ed in New York ,arbor in Nanuary 7404 aboard the purposeDbuilt cara=el )a 9nunciada and charted the mouth of the ,udson ri=er, which he named Rio de San Antonio. ,ea=y ice kept him from further e:ploration, and he returned to $pain in 9ugust. #he first scientific map to show the North 9merican Cast coast continuously, the 7402 world map known as the +adrOn <eal, was informed by KomesE e:pedition, and labeled the Northeast as Tierra de Esteban Gmez in his honor.64.8 Gn 75.?, Cnglish e:plorer ,enry ,udson reDdisco=ered the region when he sailed his ship the Halve Maen ( ,alf "oon in Autch) into New York ,arbor while searching for the Northwest +assage to the *rient for his employer the Autch Cast Gndia Company. ,e proceeded to sail up what he named the North River, also called the Mauritis River, and now known as the ,udson <i=er, to the site of the presentDday New York $tate capital of 9lbany in the belief that it might represent an oceanic tributary. When the ri=er narrowed and was no longer saline, he realiIed it wasnEt a sea passage and sailed back downri=er. ,e made a tenDday e:ploration of the area and claimed the region for his employer. Gn 757- the area between Cape Cod and Aelaware (ay would be claimed by the Netherlands and called Nieu !Nederland (New Netherland). #he first recorded nonDNati=e 9merican inhabitant of what would e=entually become New York City was Aominican trader Nuan <odrigueI (transliterated to Autch as Nan <odrigues). (orn in $anto Aomingo of +ortuguese and 9frican descent, he arri=ed in "anhattan during the winter of 7573@757-, trapping for pelts and trading with the local population as a representati=e of the Autch. (roadway, from 74?th $treet to 07>th $treet, is named Nuan <odrigueI Way in his honor.64786408

New 9msterdam, centered in the e=entual )ower "anhattan, in 755-, the year Cngland took control and renamed it New York . 9 permanent Curopean presence in New Netherland began in 750- with the founding of a Autch fur trading settlement on Ko=ernors Gsland. Gn 7504 construction was started on a citadel and a Fort 9msterdam on "anhattan Gsland, later called New 9msterdam (Nieu Amsterdam).643864-8 #he colony of New 9msterdam was centered at the site which would e=entually become )ower "anhattan. #he location of Autch colonial AirectorDKeneral +eter "inuit purchased the island of "anhattan from the "anarsie, a small band of the )enape,6448 in 7505 for a =alue of 5. guilders6458 (about P7... in 0..5)Q6428 a dispro=ed legend says that "anhattan was purchased for P0- worth of glass beads.64>864?8

Gn 755-, +eter $tuy=esant, the AirectorDKeneral of the colony of New Netherland, surrendered New 9msterdam to the Cnglish without bloodshed. #he Cnglish promptly renamed the fledgling city New York after the Auke of York (later ;ing Names GG).65.8 9t the end of the $econd 9ngloDAutch War, the Cnglish gained New 9msterdam (New York) in North 9merica in e:change for Autch control of <un, an Gndonesian island. $e=eral intertribal wars among the Nati=e 9mericans and some epidemics brought on by contact with the Curopeans caused siIable population losses for the )enape between the years 755. and 752..6578 (y 72.., the )enape population had diminished to 0...6508 Gn 72.0, the city lost 7.R of its population to yellow fe=er.6538 New York suffered se=en maHor yellow fe=er epidemics from 72.0 to 7>...65-8 New York grew in importance as a trading port while under (ritish rule in the early 72..s. Gt also became a center of sla=ery, with -0R of households holding sla=es by 723., more than any other city other than Charleston, $outh Carolina.6548 "ost sla=eholders held a few or se=eral domestic sla=es, but others hired them out to work at labor. $la=ery became integrally tied to New YorkEs economy through the labor of sla=es throughout the port, and the banks and shipping tied to the $outh. Aisco=ery of the 9frican (urying Kround in the 7??.s during construction of a new federal courthouse near Foley $%uare re=ealed that tens of thousands of 9fricans had been buried in the area in the colonial years. #he trial in "anhattan of Nohn +eter Senger in 7234 helped to establish the freedom of the press in North 9merica. Gn 724-, Columbia &ni=ersity was founded under charter by ;ing Keorge GG as ;ingEs College in )ower "anhattan.6558 #he $tamp 9ct Congress met in New York in *ctober 7254 as the $ons of )iberty organiIed in the city, skirmishing o=er the ne:t ten years with (ritish troops stationed there.

#he (attle of )ong Gsland, the largest battle of the 9merican <e=olution, took place in (rooklyn in 7225. #he (attle of )ong Gsland, the largest battle of the 9merican <e=olutionary War, was fought in 9ugust 7225 entirely within the modernDday borough of (rooklyn. 9fter the battle, in which the 9mericans were defeated, lea=ing subse%uent smaller armed engagements following in its wake, the city became the (ritish military and political base of operations in North 9merica. #he city was a ha=en for )oyalist refugees, as well as escaped sla=es who Hoined the (ritish lines for freedom newly promised by the Crown for all fighters. 9s many as 7.,... escaped sla=es crowded into the city during the (ritish

occupation. When the (ritish forces e=acuated at the close of the war in 72>3 they transported 3,... freedmen for resettlement in No=a $cotia. #hey resettled other freedmen in Cngland and the Caribbean. #he only attempt at a peaceful solution to the war took place at the Conference ,ouse on $taten Gsland between 9merican delegates including (enHamin Franklin, and (ritish general )ord ,owe on $eptember 77, 7225. $hortly after the (ritish occupation began the Kreat Fire of New York occurred, a large conflagration which destroyed about a %uarter of the buildings in the city, including #rinity Church.6528 Gn 72>4, the assembly of the Congress of the Confederation made New York the national capital shortly after the war. New York was the last capital of the &.$. under the 9rticles of Confederation and the first capital under the Constitution of the &nited $tates. Gn 72>? the first +resident of the &nited $tates, Keorge Washington, was inauguratedQ the first &nited $tates Congress and the $upreme Court of the &nited $tates each assembled for the first time, and the &nited $tates (ill of <ights was drafted, all at Federal ,all on Wall $treet.65>8 (y 72?., New York had surpassed +hiladelphia as the largest city in the &nited $tates.

(roadway follows the Nati=e 9merican Wick%uasgeck #rail through "anhattan.65?8 &nder New York $tateEs Kradual 9bolition law of 72?? , children of sla=e mothers were born to be e=entually liberated but were held in indentured ser=itude until their midDtoD late twenties.62.8 #ogether with sla=es freed by their masters after the <e=olutionary War and escaped sla=es, gradually a significant freeDblack population de=eloped in "anhattan. &nder such influential &nited $tates founders as 9le:ander ,amilton and Nohn Nay the New York "anumission $ociety worked for abolition and established the 9frican Free $chool to educate black children.6278 Gt was not until 7>02 that sla=ery was completely abolished in the state, and free blacks struggled afterward with discrimination. New York interracial abolitionist acti=ism continuedQ among its leaders were graduates of the 9frican Free $chool. #he cityEs black population reached more than 75,... in 7>-..6208 Gn the 7?th century, the city was transformed by de=elopment relating to its status as a trading center, as well as by Curopean immigration.6238 #he city adopted the CommissionersE +lan of 7>77, which e:panded the city street grid to encompass all of "anhattan. #he 7>7? opening of the Crie Canal through central New York connected the 9tlantic port to the agricultural markets and commodities of the North 9merican interior

=ia the ,udson <i=er and the Kreat )akes.62-8 )ocal politics became dominated by #ammany ,all, a political machine supported by Grish and Kerman immigrants.6248 $e=eral prominent 9merican literary figures li=ed in New York during the 7>3.s and 7>-.s, including William Cullen (ryant, Washington Gr=ing, ,erman "el=ille, <ufus Wilmot Kriswold, Nohn ;eese, Nathaniel +arker Willis, and Cdgar 9llan +oe. +ublicD minded members of the old merchant elite lobbied for the establishment of Central +ark, which in 7>42 became the first landscaped park in an 9merican city.

!odern .istory

"anhattanEs )ittle Gtaly, )ower Cast $ide, circa 7?... #he Kreat Grish Famine brought a large influ: of Grish immigrants, and by 7>5., one in four New YorkersFo=er 0..,...Fhad been born in Greland.6258 #here was also e:tensi=e immigration from the Kerman pro=inces, where re=olutions had disrupted societies, and Kermans comprised another 04R of New YorkEs population by 7>5..6228 Aemocratic +arty candidates were consistently elected to local office, increasing the cityEs ties to the $outh and its dominant party. Gn 7>57 "ayor Fernando Wood called on the aldermen to declare independence from 9lbany and the &nited $tates after the $outh seceded, but his proposal was not acted on.6278 9nger at new military conscription laws during the 9merican Ci=il War (7>57@7>54) led to the Araft <iots of 7>53, led by ethnic Grish working class.6278 #he situation deteriorated into attacks on black New Yorkers and their property, following fierce competition for a decade between immigrants and blacks for work. <ioters burned the Colored *rphan 9sylum to the ground, but its more than 0.. children escaped harm.6228 <ioters killed an estimated 7.. blacks and attacked many more, especially in the docks area. Gt was one of the worst incidents of ci=il unrest in 9merican history.62>8 (ecause of the =iolence, many blacks left the city for Williamsburg, (rooklyn and New NerseyQ the black population in "anhattan fell below 7.,... by 7>54, which it had last been in 7>0.. #he white working class had established dominance.6228

9 construction worker on top of the Cmpire $tate (uilding as it was being built in 7?3.. #he Chrysler (uilding is below and behind him. Gn 7>?>, the modern City of New York was formed with the consolidation of (rooklyn (until then a separate city), the County of New York (which then included parts of the (ron:), the County of <ichmond, and the western portion of the County of 'ueens.62?8 #he opening of the subway in 7?.-, first built as separate pri=ate systems, helped bind the new city together. #hroughout the first half of the 0.th century, the city became a world center for industry, commerce, and communication. Gn 7?.-, the steamship General Slo#um caught fire in the Cast <i=er, killing 7,.07 people on board. Gn 7?77, the #riangle $hirtwaist Factory fire, the cityEs worst industrial disaster, took the li=es of 7-5 garment workers and spurred the growth of the Gnternational )adiesE Karment WorkersE &nion and maHor impro=ements in factory safety standards.6>.8 New YorkEs nonDwhite population was 35,50. in 7>?..6>78 Gn the 7?0.s, New York City was a prime destination for 9frican 9mericans during the Kreat "igration from the 9merican $outh. (y 7?75, New York City was home to the largest urban 9frican diaspora in North 9merica. #he ,arlem <enaissance of literary and cultural life flourished during the era of +rohibition. #he larger economic boom generated construction of competing skyscrapers that changed the skyline into its identifiable twentiethDcentury shape.

#he $tonewall Gnn in Kreenwich Jillage, a designated National ,istoric )andmark as the site of the 7?5? $tonewall <iots.6>08

New York became the most populous urbaniIed area in the world in early 7?0.s, o=ertaking )ondon. #he metropolitan area surpassed the 7. million mark in early 7?3.s, becoming the first megacity in human history.6>38 #he difficult years of the Kreat Aepression saw the election of reformer Fiorello )a Kuardia as mayor and the fall of #ammany ,all after eighty years of political dominance.6>-8 <eturning World War GG =eterans created a postwar economic boom and the de=elopment of large housing tracts in eastern 'ueens. New York emerged from the war unscathed as the leading city of the world, with Wall $treet leading 9mericaEs place as the worldEs dominant economic power. #he &nited Nations ,ead%uarters (completed in 7?4.) emphasiIed New YorkEs political influence, and the rise of abstract e:pressionism in the city precipitated New YorkEs displacement of +aris as the center of the art world.6>48 Gn the 7?5.s, Hob losses due to industrial restructuring caused New York City to suffer from economic problems and rising crime rates, which e:tended into the 7?2.s.6>58 While a resurgence in the financial industry greatly impro=ed the cityEs economic health in the 7?>.s, New YorkEs crime rate continued to increase through the decade and into the beginning of the 7??.s.6>28 (y the 7??.s, crime rates started to drop dramatically due to re=ised police strategies, impro=ing economic opportunities, gentrification, and new residents, both 9merican transplants and new immigrants from 9sia and )atin 9merica. Gmportant new sectors, such as $ilicon 9lley, emerged in the cityEs economy. New YorkEs population reached allDtime highs in the 0... Census and then again in the 0.7. Census.

&nited 9irlines Flight 724 hits the $outh #ower of the former World #rade Center on $eptember 77, 0..7. #he city and surrounding area suffered the bulk of the economic damage and largest loss of human life in the aftermath of the $eptember 77, 0..7 attacks on the &nited $tates. 0,?2> people died as a result of the terrorist attack on the World #rade Center and many more were inHured in the disaster.6>>8#he rebuilding of the area, has created a new *ne World #rade Center, and a ?B77 memorial and museum along with other new buildings and infrastructure which are at =arious stages of construction.6>?8 #he World #rade Center +9#, station, which opened on Nuly 7?, 7?.? as the ,udson #erminal, was also destroyed in the attack. 9 temporary station was built and opened on No=ember 03, 0..3. 9 permanent station, the World #rade Center #ransportation ,ub, is currently under

construction.6?.8 #he new *ne World #rade Center is the tallest skyscraper in the Western ,emisphere6?78 and the fourthDtallest building in the world by pinnacle height, with its spire reaching a symbolic 7,225 feet (4-7.3 m) in reference to the year of 9merican independence.6?086?386?-86?48

Geograp.y
"ain articles! Keography of New York City and Keography of New York ,arbor

$atellite imagery illustrating the core of the New York City "etropolitan 9rea. New York City is in the Northeastern &nited $tates, in southeastern New York $tate, appro:imately halfway between Washington, A.C. and (oston.6?58 #he location at the mouth of the ,udson <i=er, which feeds into a naturally sheltered harbor and then into the 9tlantic *cean, has helped the city grow in significance as a trading port. "uch of New York is built on the three islands of "anhattan, $taten Gsland, and )ong Gsland, making land scarce and encouraging a high population density. #he ,udson <i=er flows through the ,udson Jalley into New York (ay. (etween New York City and #roy, New York, the ri=er is an estuary.6?28 #he ,udson separates the city from New Nersey. #he Cast <i=erFa tidal straitFflows from )ong Gsland $ound and separates the (ron: and "anhattan from )ong Gsland. #he ,arlem <i=er, another tidal strait between the Cast and ,udson <i=ers, separates most of "anhattan from the (ron:. #he (ron: <i=er, which flows through the (ron: and Westchester County, is the only entirely fresh water ri=er in the city.6?>8 #he cityEs land has been altered substantially by human inter=ention, with considerable land reclamation along the waterfronts since Autch colonial times. <eclamation is most prominent in )ower "anhattan, with de=elopments such as (attery +ark City in the 7?2.s and 7?>.s.6??8 $ome of the natural relief in topography has been e=ened out, especially in "anhattan.67..8 #he cityEs total area is -5>.? s%uare miles (7,07- km0). 75-.7 s% mi (-04 km0) of this is water and 3.-.> s% mi (2>? km0) is land.67.7867.08 #he highest point in the city is #odt ,ill

on $taten Gsland, which, at -.?.> feet (70-.? m) abo=e sea le=el, is the highest point on the Castern $eaboard south of "aine.67.38 #he summit of the ridge is mostly co=ered in woodlands as part of the $taten Gsland Kreenbelt.67.-8

Cityscape

#he =iew looking south from <ockefeller Center in "idtown "anhattan includes the art decoDstyled Cmpire $tate and Chrysler (uildings. "rc.itecture Further information! 9rchitecture of New York City and )ist of tallest buildings in New York City

)andmark 7?thDcentury rowhouses on treeDlined ;ent $treet in Kreenpoint ,istoric Aistrict, (rooklyn New York has architecturally noteworthy buildings in a wide range of styles and from distinct time periods from the saltbo: style +ieter Claesen Wyckoff ,ouse in (rooklyn, the oldest section of which dates to 7545, to the modern *ne World #rade Center, the skyscraper currently under construction at Kround Sero in )ower "anhattan and currently the most e:pensi=e new office tower in the world.67.48

"anhattanEs skyline with its many skyscrapers is uni=ersally recogniIed, and the city has been home to se=eral of the tallest buildings in the world. 9s of 0.77, New York City had 4,?32 highDrise buildings, of which 44. completed structures were at least 7.. meters high, both second in the world after ,ong ;ong,67.5867.28 with o=er 4. completed skyscrapers taller than 545 feet (0.. m). #hese include the Woolworth (uilding (7?73), an early gothic re=i=al skyscraper built with massi=ely scaled gothic detailing. #he 7?75 Soning <esolution re%uired setbacks in new buildings, and restricted towers to a percentage of the lot siIe, to allow sunlight to reach the streets below.67.>8 #he 9rt Aeco style of the Chrysler (uilding (7?3.) and Cmpire $tate (uilding (7?37), with their tapered tops and steel spires, reflected the Ioning re%uirements. #he buildings ha=e distincti=e ornamentation, such as the eagles at the corners of the 57st floor on the Chrysler (uilding, and are considered some of the finest e:amples of the 9rt Aeco style. 67.?8 9 highly influential e:ample of the international style in the &nited $tates is the $eagram (uilding (7?42), distincti=e for its faTade using =isible bronIeDtoned GDbeams to e=oke the buildingEs structure. #he CondU Nast (uilding (0...) is a prominent e:ample of green design in 9merican skyscrapers.677.8 #he character of New YorkEs large residential districts is often defined by the elegant brownstone rowhouses, townhouses, and shabby tenements that were built during a period of rapid e:pansion from 7>2. to 7?3..67778 Gn contrast, New York City also has neighborhoods that are less densely populated and feature freeDstanding dwellings. Gn neighborhoods such as <i=erdale, (ron:Q Aitmas +ark, (rooklynQ and Aouglaston, 'ueens, large singleDfamily homes are common in =arious architectural styles such as #udor <e=i=al and Jictorian.6770867738677-8 $tone and brick became the cityEs building materials of choice after the construction of woodDframe houses was limited in the aftermath of the Kreat Fire of 7>34.67748 9 distincti=e feature of many of the cityEs buildings is the wooden roofDmounted water towers. Gn the 7>..s, the city re%uired their installation on buildings higher than si: stories to pre=ent the need for e:cessi=ely high water pressures at lower ele=ations, which could break municipal water pipes.67758 Karden apartments became popular during the 7?0.s in outlying areas, such as Nackson ,eights.67728

oroug.s
Further information! (orough (New York City) and Neighborhoods in New York City

New York7s five -oroug.s overview

8urisdiction

&opulation

#and area

$orou%h

"ount&

' (ul& )*') s+uare Estimates miles

s+uare ,m

!an.attan New York

7,57?,.?.

03

4?

T.e ron5

(ron:

7,-.>,-23

-0

7.?

rooklyn

;ings

0,454,534

27

7>3

3ueens

'ueens

0,020,227

7.?

0>3

#he Fi=e (oroughs of New York City! /0 !an.attan 10 rooklyn 20 3ueens 40 T.e ron5 60 Staten Island

Staten <ichmond Island

-2.,20>

4>

747

City of New York

9:22;:;<=

2>2

=9;

$tate of New York 7?,42.,057 -2,07- 700,0>-

Sour#e- .nited States "ensus $ureau677>86758677?8

New York City is composed of fi=e boroughs.670.8 Cach borough is coe:tensi=e with a respecti=e county of New York $tate as shown below. #hroughout the boroughs there are hundreds of distinct neighborhoods, many with a definable history and character to call their own. Gf the boroughs were each independent cities, four of the boroughs ((rooklyn, 'ueens, "anhattan, and #he (ron:) would be among the ten most populous cities in the &nited $tates.

!an.attan (New York County) is the most densely populated borough and is home to Central +ark and most of the cityEs skyscrapers. "ost of the borough is on "anhattan Gsland, at the mouth of the ,udson <i=er. "anhattan is the financial center of the city and contains the head%uarters of many maHor corporations, the &N, a number of important uni=ersities, and many cultural attractions. "anhattan is loosely di=ided into )ower, "idtown, and &ptown regions. &ptown "anhattan is di=ided by Central +ark into the &pper Cast $ide and the &pper West $ide, and abo=e the park is ,arlem. New York CityEs remaining four boroughs are collecti=ely referred to as the outer boroughs .

T.e ron5 ((ron: County) is New York CityEs northernmost borough, the location of Yankee $tadium, home of the New York Yankees, and home to the largest cooperati=ely owned housing comple: in the &nited $tates, CoDop City.67078 C:cept for a small section of "anhattan known as "arble ,ill, the (ron: is the only section of the city that is part of the &nited $tatesE mainland. Gt is home to the (ron: Soo, the worldEs largest metropolitan Ioo,67008 which spans 054 acres (7..2 km0) and is home to o=er 5,... animals.67038 #he (ron: is the birthplace of rap and hip hop culture.670-8 rooklyn (;ings County) on the western tip of )ong Gsland, is the cityEs most populous borough and was an independent city until 7>?>. (rooklyn is known for its cultural, social and ethnic di=ersity, an independent art scene, distinct neighborhoods and a distincti=e architectural heritage. Aowntown (rooklyn is the only central core neighborhood in the outer boroughs. #he borough has a long beachfront shoreline including Coney Gsland, established in the 7>2.s as one of the earliest amusement grounds in the country. 67048 3ueens ('ueens County) on )ong Gsland east of (rooklyn, is geographically the largest borough and the most ethnically di=erse county in the &nited $tates.67058 ,istorically a collection of small towns and =illages founded by the Autch, the borough has since de=eloped both commercial and residential prominence. 'ueens County is the only large county in the &nited $tates where the median income among 9frican 9mericans, appro:imately P40,... a year, is higher than that of White 9mericans.67028 'ueens is the site of Citi Field, the home of the New York "ets, and annually hosts the &.$. *pen tennis tournament. 9dditionally, it is home to two of the three maHor airports ser=ing the New York metropolitan area, )aKuardia 9irport and Nohn F. ;ennedy Gnternational 9irport. (#he third is Newark )iberty Gnternational 9irport in Newark, New Nersey.) Staten Island (<ichmond County) is the most suburban in character of the fi=e boroughs. $taten Gsland is connected to (rooklyn by the JerraIanoDNarrows (ridge and to "anhattan by way of the free $taten Gsland Ferry. #he $taten Gsland Ferry is one of the most popular tourist attractions in New York City as it pro=ides unsurpassed =iews of the $tatue of )iberty, Cllis Gsland, and lower "anhattan. Gn central $taten Gsland, the 0,4.. acres (7. km0) $taten Gsland Kreenbelt has some 0> miles (-4 km) of walking trails and one of the last undisturbed forests in the city. 670>8 Aesignated in 7?>- to protect the islandEs natural lands, the Kreenbelt comprises se=en city parks.

Climate

9=enue C in "anhattan after flooding caused by ,urricane $andy on *ctober 0?, 0.70.
670?8

&nder the ;Vppen climate classification, using the . /C (30 /F) coldest month (Nanuary) isotherm, New York City itself e:periences a humid subtropical climate ("/a),673.867378 and New York is thus the northernmost maHor city on the North 9merican continent with this categoriIation. #he suburbs to the immediate north and west lie in the transition Ione from a humid subtropical ("/a) to a humid continental climate (D/a).673.867378 #he area a=erages 03- days with at least some sunshine annually, and a=erages 4>R of possible sunshine annually,67308 accumulating 0,-.. to 0,>.. hours of sunshine per annum.67338 Winters are cold and damp, and pre=ailing wind patterns that blow offshore minimiIe the moderating effects of the 9tlantic *ceanQ yet the 9tlantic and the partial shielding of the 9ppalachians keep the city warmer in the winter than inland North 9merican cities at similar or lesser latitudes such as +ittsburgh, Cincinnati, and Gndianapolis. #he a=erage daily high temperature in Nanuary, the areaEs coldest month, is 3>.3 /F (3.4 /C)Q howe=er, winter temperatures can occasionally reach as low as . /F (W7> /C),673-8 and Nanuary temperatures ha=e reached the low 2.s (Fahrenheit). $pring and autumn are unpredictable and can range from chilly to warm, although they are usually mild with low humidity. $ummers are typically warm to hot and humid, with an a=erage daily Nuly high temperature of >-.7 /F (0>.? /C). Nighttime conditions are often e:acerbated by the urban heat island phenomenon, while daytime temperatures e:ceed ?. /F (30 /C) on a=erage of 72 days each summer and can e:ceed 7.. /F (3> /C).67348 C:treme temperatures ha=e ranged from W74 /F (W05 /C), recorded on February ?, 7?3-, up to 7.5 /F (-7 /C) on Nuly ?, 7?35.67358 #he city recei=es -?.2 inches (7,05. mm) of precipitation annually, which is fairly spread throughout the year. 9=erage winter snowfall for 7?>7 to 0.7. has been 05.2 inches (5> cm), but this usually =aries considerably from year to year.67348 ,urricanes and tropical storms are rare in the New York area, but are not unheard of and always ha=e the potential to strike the area.67328 ,urricane $andy brought a destructi=e storm surge to New York City on the e=ening of *ctober 0?, 0.70, flooding numerous streets, tunnels, and subway lines in )ower "anhattan and other areas of the city and cutting off electricity in many parts of the city and its suburbs.673>8 #he storm and its profound impacts ha=e prompted the discussion of constructing seawalls and other coastal barriers around the shorelines of the city and the metropolitan area to minimiIe the risk of destructi=e conse%uences from another such e=ent in the future.673?8

?s.ow@Climate data for New York * elvedere Castle: Central &ark+

(emograp.ics

Further information! Aemographics of New York City, New York City ethnic encla=es, and Aemographic profile of New York City
?s.ow@City compared to State A BCSC

Historical population
Year &opC DE

/;<9 /=/1 /=12 /=2= /=4; /=6; /==/ /=<> /9>> /9/> /91> /92> /94> /96> /9;> /9=> /99> /9<> /<>>

-,?32

4,>-. X7>.3R 2,0-> X0-.7R 7.,55- X-2.7R 77,272 X?.?R

73,.-5 X77.3R 07,>53 X52.5R -?,-.7 X705..R 2?,075 X5..-R 77?,23- X47.7R 740,.45 X02..R 0-0,02> X4?.3R 3?7,77- X57.-R 5?5,774 X2>..R 7,72-,22? X5>.>R 7,-2>,7.3 X04.>R 7,?77,5?> X0?.3R 0,4.2,-7- X37.0R 3,-32,0.0 X32.7R

/</> /<1> /<2> /<4> /<6> /<;> /<=> /<9> /<<> 1>>> 1>/> 1>/1

-,255,>>3 X3>.2R 4,50.,.-> X72.?R 5,?3.,--5 X03.3R 2,-4-,??4 2,>?7,?42 2,2>7,?>2,>?-,>50 X2.5R X4.?R W7.-R X7.4R

2,.27,53? W7..-R 2,300,45>,..>,0>> >,724,733 >,335,5?2 X3.4R X?.-R X0.7R X0..R

Note! Census figures (72?.@0.7.) co=er the present area of all fi=e boroughs, before and after the 7>?> consolidation. For New York City itself before anne:ing part of the (ron: in 7>2-, see "anhattanYAemographics.67-38 Sources0 75?>@7227,67--8 72?.@7>?.,67-3867-48 7?..@7??.,67-58 0... and 0.7. Census.67-2867->8 0.70 Census estimates.6-8

(rooklynEs growing Newish community is the largest in the &nited $tates, comprising appro:imately 5..,... indi=iduals.67-?8 New York City is the most populous city in the &nited $tates,674.867478 with an estimated record high of >,335,5?2 residents as of 0.70,6-8 incorporating more immigration into the

city than outmigration since the 0.7. &nited $tates Census.67408 "ore people li=e in New York City than in the ne:t two most populous &.$. cities ()os 9ngeles and Chicago) combined.6n 78 #his amounts to about -.R of the state of New YorkEs population and a similar percentage of the metropolitan regional population. Gn 0..5, demographers estimated that New YorkEs population will reach between ?.0 and ?.4 million by 0.3..67448 Gn 0.7., the city had a population density of 02,430 people per s%uare mile (7.,53.BkmZ), rendering it the most densely populated of all municipalities housing o=er 7..,... residents in the &nited $tatesQ howe=er, se=eral small cities (of less than 7..,...) in adHacent ,udson County, New Nersey are more dense o=erall, as per the 0... Census.67458 Keographically coDe:tensi=e with New York County, the borough of "anhattanEs population density of 55,?-. people per s%uare mile67428 (04,>-5BkmZ) makes it the highest of any county in the &nited $tates674>8 and higher than the density of any indi=idual 9merican city.674?8

Chinatown, "anhattan (). New York City is home to the largest population of o=erseas Chinese outside of 9sia.675.8 #he cityEs population in 0.7. was --R white (33.3R nonD,ispanic white), 04.4R black (03R nonD,ispanic black), ..2R Nati=e 9merican and 70.2R 9sian.6-8 ,ispanics of any race represented 0>.5R of the population,6-8 while 9sians constituted the fastestDgrowing segment of the cityEs population between 0... and 0.7.Q the nonD,ispanic white population declined 3 percent, the smallest recorded decline in decadesQ and for the first time since the Ci=il War, the number of blacks declined o=er a decade.67578 #hroughout its history, the city has been a maHor port of entry for immigrants into the &nited $tatesQ more than 70 million Curopean immigrants passed through Cllis Gsland between 7>?0 and 7?0-.67508 #he term melting pot was first coined to describe densely populated immigrant neighborhoods on the )ower Cast $ide. (y 7?.., Kermans constituted the largest immigrant group, followed by the Grish, News, and Gtalians.67538 Gn 7?-., whites represented ?0R of the cityEs population.675-8 9ppro:imately 32R of the cityEs population is foreign born.6754867558 Gn New York, no single country or region of origin dominates.67548 #he ten largest sources of foreignDborn indi=iduals in the city as of 0.77 were the Aominican <epublic, China, "e:ico, Kuyana, Namaica, Ccuador, ,aiti, Gndia, <ussia, and #rinidad and #obago,67528 while the (angladeshi immigrant population has since become one of the fastest growing in the city, counting o=er 2-,... by 0.73.675>8 #he New York region continues to be by far the

leading metropolitan gateway for legal immigrants admitted into the &nited $tates, substantially e:ceeding the combined totals of )os 9ngeles and "iami, the ne:t most popular gateway regions.675?8672.86727867208 #he wider New York City metropolitan area is also ethnically di=erse.67238 Gt is home to the largest Newish community outside Gsrael.672-8 #he metropolitan area is also home to 0.R of the nationEs Gndian 9mericans and at least 0. )ittle Gndia encla=es, as well as 74R of all ;orean 9mericans and four ;oreatownsQ6724867258 the largest 9sian Gndian population in the Western ,emisphereQ the largest <ussian 9merican,67228 Gtalian 9merican, and 9frican 9merican populationsQ the largest Aominican 9merican, +uerto <ican 9merican, and $outh 9merican67228 and secondDlargest o=erall ,ispanic communities in the &nited $tatesQ and includes 5 Chinatowns in New York City alone672>8 with the urban agglomeration comprising as of the 0.7. Census a population of 5>0,054 o=erseas Chinese,67248 the largest outside of 9sia.675.8 "ultiple satellites of the original "anhattan Chinatown (), in (rooklyn (), and around Flushing, 'ueens ( ), are thri=ing as traditionally urban encla=es, as largeDscale Chinese immigration continues into New York and neighboring areas.67228672?867>.867>78

New York City is home to the largest gay and bise:ual community in the &nited $tates.
67>08

New York City alone, according to the 0.7. Census, has now become home to more than one million 9sian 9mericans, greater than the combined totals of $an Francisco and )os 9ngeles.67>38 New York contains the highest total 9sian population of any &.$. city proper.67>-8 Gn 0.7., 5..R of New York City was of Chinese ethnicity, with about forty percent of them li=ing in the borough of 'ueens alone. ;oreans made up 7.0R of the cityEs population, and Napanese ..3R. Filipinos were the largest southeast 9sian ethnic group at ..>R, followed by Jietnamese, who made up ..0R of New York CityEs population in 0.7.. Gndians are the largest $outh 9sian group, comprising 0.-R of the cityEs population, with (angladeshis and +akistanis at ..2R and ..4R, respecti=ely.67>48 New York City has the largest Curopean and nonD,ispanic white population of any 9merican city. 9t 0.2 million in 0.70, New YorkEs nonD,ispanic white population is larger than the white populations of )os 9ngeles (7.7 million), Chicago (>54,...), and ,ouston (44.,...) combined.67>58 #he Curopean 9merican population of the city is =ery di=erse. 9ccording to 0.70 Census estimates, there were roughly 45.,... Gtalian 9mericans, 3>4,... Grish 9mericans, 043,... Kerman 9mericans, 003,... <ussian

9mericans, 0.7,... +olish 9mericans, and 732,... Cnglish 9mericans. 9dditionally, Kreek and French 9mericans numbered 54,... each, with those of ,ungarian descent clocking in at 5.,... people. &krainian and $cottish 9mericans numbered 44,... and 34,..., respecti=ely. +eople of Norwegian and $wedish descent both stood at about 0.,... each. )astly, people of CIech, )ithuanian, +ortuguese, $cotchDGrish, and Welsh descent all numbered between 70,...D7-,... people.67>28 #he New York metropolitan area is home to a selfDidentifying gay and bise:ual community estimated at 45>,?.3 indi=iduals, the largest in the &nited $tates.67>08 $ameD se: marriages in New York were legaliIed on Nune 0-, 0.77 and were authoriIed to take place beginning 3. days thereafter.67>>8 New York City has a high degree of income disparity. Gn 0..4, the median household income in the wealthiest census tract was P7>>,5?2, while in the poorest it was P?,30.. 67>?8 #he disparity is dri=en by wage growth in high income brackets, while wages ha=e stagnated for middle and lower income brackets. Gn the first %uarter of 0.73, the a=erage weekly wage in New York County was P0,-->, representing the highest total among the largest counties in the &nited $tates.67?.8 New York City is home to the highest number of the worldEs billionaires, higher than the ne:t fi=e &.$. cities combined,67?7867?0867?38 including former "ayor "ichael <. (loomberg.67?-8 "anhattan also e:perienced a baby boom between 0... and 0..2, during which period the number of children under age 4 li=ing in the borough grew by more than 30R.67?48

%conomy
"ain article! Cconomy of New York City
Top pu-licly traded companies in New York City for 1>/1 (ranked by re=enues) ith "it& and .0S0 ran,s NYC 7 0 3 corporation JeriIon Communications N.+. "organ Chase [ Co. Citigroup BS 75 7> 05

9merican Gnternational Kroup 3>

4 5 2 > ? 7. 77 70

GN#) FC$tone "et)ife +fiIer Koldman $achs Kroup ,ess New York )ife Gnsurance 9merican C:press News Corporation 1inan#ial servi#es /irms in %reen

3? -. -> 5> 24 >? ?. ?7

Full table at Cconomy of New York City Source0 1ortune 4..67?58

New York is a global hub of international business and commerce and is one of three command centers for the world economy (along with )ondon and #okyo).67?28 Gn 0.70, New York City topped the first Global E#onomi# 2o er 3nde4, published by The Atlanti# (to be differentiated from a namesake list published by the Martin 2rosperit& 3nstitute), with cities ranked according to criteria reflecting their presence on similar lists as published by other entities.67?>8 #he city is a maHor center for banking and finance, retailing, world trade, transportation, tourism, real estate, new media as well as traditional media, ad=ertising, legal ser=ices, accountancy, insurance, theater, fashion, and the arts in the &nited $tates. #he New York metropolitan area had a gross metropolitan product (K"+) of appro:imately P7.0> trillion in 0.7.,67??8 making it the largest regional economy in the &nited $tates. 9ccording to "in#o Dias, New York controlled -.R of the worldEs finances by the end of 0..>, making it the largest financial center in the world.60..860.7860.08

#he New York $tock C:change on Wall $treet, the worldEs largest stock e:change per total market capitaliIation of its listed companies.60.38 New York City has been ranked first among 70. cities across the globe in attracting capital, business, and tourists.60.-8 Gn Nuly 0.70, the "anchester &nited Football Club of the &nited ;ingdom announced plans to list its initial public offering of stock shares on the New York $tock C:change.60.48 "any maHor corporations are head%uartered in New York City, including -4 Fortune 4.. companies.60.58 New York is also uni%ue among 9merican cities for its large number of foreign corporations. *ne out of ten pri=ate sector Hobs in the city is with a foreign company.60.28 #his ability to attract foreign in=estment helped New York City top the FAi "agaIine 9merican Cities of the Future ranking for 0.73.60.>8 <eal estate is a maHor force in the cityEs economy, as the total =alue of all New York City property was assessed at P?7-.> billion for the 0.74 fiscal year.60.?8 #he #ime Warner Center is the property with the highestDlisted market =alue in the city, at P7.7 billion in 0..5.60.?8 New York City is home to some of the nationEsFand the worldEsFmost =aluable real estate. -4. +ark 9=enue was sold on Nuly 0, 0..2 for P47. million, about P7,4>? per s%uare foot (P72,7.-BmZ), breaking the barely monthDold record for an 9merican office building of P7,-25 per s%uare foot (P74,>>2BmZ) set in the Nune 0..2 sale of 55. "adison 9=enue.607.8 Creati=e industries such as new media, ad=ertising, fashion, design and architecture account for a growing share of employment, with New York City possessing a strong competiti=e ad=antage in these industries.60778 ,ighDtech industries like biotechnology, software de=elopment, game design, and other fields within information technology are also growing, bolstered by New YorkEs position at the terminus of se=eral transatlantic fiber optic trunk lines60708 as well as its growing outdoor wireless connecti=ity.60738 *ther important sectors include medical research and technology, nonDprofit institutions, and uni=ersities. "anufacturing accounts for a large but declining share of employment. Karments, chemicals, metal products, processed foods, and furniture are some of the principal products.607-8 #he foodDprocessing industry is the most stable maHor manufacturing sector in the city.60748 Food making is a P4 billion industry that employs more than 7?,... residents. Chocolate is New York CityEs leading specialtyDfood e:port, with P03- million worth of e:ports each year.60748

$all Street
"ain article! Wall $treet "anhattan had appro:imately 40. million s%uare feet (->.7 million mZ) of office space in 0.73,60758 making it the largest office market in the &nited $tates,60728 while "idtown "anhattan is the largest central business district in the nation.607>8 )ower "anhattan is the third largest central business district in the &nited $tates and is home to the New York $tock C:change, on Wall $treet, and the N9$A9', representing the worldEs largest and second largest stock e:changes, respecti=ely, when measured by a=erage daily trading =olume and o=erall market capitaliIation.607?8 Financial ser=ices account for more than 34R of the cityEs employment income.600.8 Wall $treet in=estment banking fees in 0.70 totaled appro:imately P-. billion,60078 while in 0.73, senior New York City bank officers who manage risk and compliance functions earned as much as &$P30-,... annually.60008 #he financial district has sometimes been a scene of conflict such as with the recurrent protests during *ccupy Wall $treet , which subse%uently sparked an international *ccupy "o=ement. Gt has also sometimes turned deadly such as with the Wall $treet bombing in 7?0?. Gn Nuly 0.73, NY$C Curone:t, the operator of the New York $tock C:change, took o=er the administration of the )ondon interbank offered rate from the (ritish (ankers 9ssociation.60038

Culture and contemporary life

Further information! Culture of New York City and )ist of people from New York City

#he "etropolitan "useum of 9rt, part of "useum "ile, is one of the largest museums in the world.600-8 New York City has been described as the cultural capital of the world by the diplomatic consulates of Gceland67.8 and )at=ia60048 and by New YorkEs (aruch College.60058 9 book containing a series of essays titled Ne 5or,, #ulture #apital o/ the orld, '67*8'69: has also been published as showcased by the National )ibrary of 9ustralia.67.8 Gn describing

New York, author #om Wolfe said, Culture Hust seems to be in the air, like part of the weather. 60028 Numerous maHor 9merican cultural mo=ements began in the city, such as the ,arlem <enaissance, which established the 9fricanD9merican literary canon in the &nited $tates. 600>8600?8 #he city was a center of HaII603.8 in the 7?-.s, abstract e:pressionism in the 7?4.s, and the birthplace of hip hop in the 7?2.s.60378 #he cityEs punk60308 and hardcore60338 scenes were influential in the 7?2.s and 7?>.s, and the city has long had a flourishing scene for Newish 9merican literature. #he city is the birthplace of many cultural mo=ements, including the ,arlem <enaissance in literature and =isual artQ abstract e:pressionism (also known as the New York $chool) in paintingQ and hip hop,670-8 punk, salsa, disco, freestyle, #in +an 9lley, and NaII in music. New York City has been considered the dance capital of the world.603-86034860358 #he city is also widely celebrated in popular lore, fre%uently the setting for books, mo=ies (see )ist of films set in New York City), and tele=ision programs. New York has also fre%uently been ranked the top fashion capital of the world on the annual list compiled by the Klobal )anguage "onitorQ60328 the cityEs fashion industry pro=ides appro:imately 7>.,... employees with P77 billion in annual wages.603>8

&erforming arts
$ee also! "usic of New York City

#he )incoln Center for the +erforming 9rts is home of the New York +hilharmonic and other performing arts. New York City has more than 0,... arts and cultural organiIations and more than 4.. art galleries of all siIes.603?8 #he city go=ernment funds the arts with a larger annual budget than the National Cndowment for the 9rts.603?8 Wealthy industrialists in the 7?th century built a network of maHor cultural institutions, such as the famed Carnegie ,all and #he "etropolitan "useum of 9rt, that would become internationally established. #he ad=ent of electric lighting led to elaborate theater productions, and in the 7>>.s New York City theaters on (roadway and along -0nd $treet began featuring a new stage form that became known as the (roadway musical. $trongly influenced by the cityEs immigrants, productions such as those of ,arrigan and ,art, Keorge ". Cohan, and others used song in narrati=es that often reflected themes of hope and ambition.

Forty of the cityEs theaters, with more than 4.. seats each, are collecti=ely known as (roadway, after the maHor thoroughfare that crosses the #imes $%uare #heater Aistrict, 60-.8 sometimes referred to as #he Kreat White Way .60-7860-0860-38 )incoln Center for the +erforming 9rts is home to 70 influential arts organiIations, including the "etropolitan *pera, New York City *pera, New York +hilharmonic, and New York City (allet, as well as the Ji=ian (eaumont #heater, the Nuilliard $chool, NaII at )incoln Center, and 9lice #ully ,all. #he )ee $trasberg #heatre and Film Gnstitute is in &nion $%uare, and #isch $chool of the 9rts is based at New York &ni=ersity, while Central +ark $ummer$tage presents performances of free plays and music in Central +ark.60--8

Tourism
Further information! #ourism in New York City and )ist of museums and cultural institutions in New York City

#imes $%uare has the highest annual attendance rate of any tourist attraction in the &$, 60-48 and according to Travel ; Leisure magaIineEs *ctober 0.77 sur=ey, the world.6348 #ourism is an important industry in New York City, which has witnessed a growing combined =olume of international and domestic tourists D recei=ing appro:imately -? million tourists in 0.7.,60-5860-28 47 million in 0.77,60-28 and a record 4- million tourists in 0.73.60?8 "aHor tourist destinations include the Cmpire $tate (uildingQ $tatue of )ibertyQ Cllis GslandQ (roadway theater productionsQ museums such as the "etropolitan "useum of 9rtQ greenspaces such as Central +ark and Washington $%uare +arkQ <ockefeller CenterQ #imes $%uareQ the "anhattan ChinatownQ lu:ury shopping along Fifth and "adison 9=enuesQ and e=ents such as the ,alloween +arade in Kreenwich JillageQ the "acyEs #hanksgi=ing Aay +aradeQ the lighting of the <ockefeller Center Christmas #reeQ the $t. +atrickEs Aay paradeQ seasonal acti=ities such as ice skating in Central +ark in the wintertimeQ the #ribeca Film Festi=alQ and free performances in Central +ark at $ummerstage. $pecial e:periences outside the key tourist areas of the city include the (ron: SooQ Coney GslandQ Flushing "eadowsDCorona +arkQ and the New York (otanical Karden. +lans were un=eiled by "ayor "ichael (loomberg on $eptember 02, 0.70 for the New York Wheel, the worldEs tallest ferris wheel, to be built at the northern shore of $taten Gsland, o=erlooking the $tatue of )iberty, New York ,arbor, and the )ower "anhattan skyline.60->860-?8

Cuisine

"ain article! Cuisine of New York City

$morgasburg opened in 0.77 as an open air food market, and is part of the (rooklyn Flea.604.8 New York CityEs food culture includes a =ariety of international cuisines influenced by the cityEs immigrant history. Central Curopean and Gtalian immigrants ha=e made the city famous for bagels, cheesecake, and New YorkDstyle piIIa, while Chinese and other 9sian restaurants, burger Hoints, trattorias, diners, and coffee shops are ubi%uitous. $ome -,... mobile food =endors licensed by the city, many immigrantDowned, ha=e made "iddle Castern foods such as falafel and kebabs60478 popular e:amples of modern New York street food. #he city is also home to many of the finest and most di=erse haute cuisine restaurants in the &nited $tates.60408 #he New York City Aepartment of ,ealth and "ental ,ygiene assigns letter grades to the cityEs 0-,... restaurants based upon their inspection results.60438

"ccent
#he New York area has a distincti=e regional speech pattern called the New York dialect, alternati=ely known as $roo,l&nese or Ne 5or,ese. Gt is generally considered one of the most recogniIable accents within 9merican Cnglish.604-8 #he classic =ersion of this dialect is centered on middle and workingDclass people of Curopean descent, and the influ: of nonDCuropean immigrants in recent decades has led to changes in this distincti=e dialect.
60448

#he traditional New York area accent is nonDrhotic, so that the sound 68 does not appear at the end of a syllable or immediately before a consonantQ hence the pronunciation of the city name as New Yawk. 60448 #here is no 68 in words like par, 6p\k8 or 6p\k8 (with =owel backed and diphthongiIed due to the lowDback chain shift), butter 6b\8, or here 6hi\8. Gn another feature called the low back chain shift, the 68 =owel sound of words like tal,, la , #ross, #ho#olate, and #o//ee and the often homophonous 6r8 in #ore and more are tensed and usually raised more than in Keneral 9merican. Gn the most oldDfashioned and e:treme =ersions of the New York dialect, the =owel sounds of words like girl and of words like oil become a diphthong 68. #his is often mispercei=ed by speakers of other accents as a re=ersal of the er and o& sounds, so that %irl is pronounced goil and oil is pronounced erl Q this leads to the caricature of New Yorkers saying things like NoiIey (Nersey), #oidyD#oid $treet (33rd $t.) and terlet (toilet).60448 #he character 9rchie (unker from the 7?2.s sitcom All in the 1amil& (played

by Carroll *EConnor) was a good e:ample of such a speaker. #his speech pattern is no longer pre=alent.60448

Sports

#he New York "arathon is the largest marathon in the world.60458

#he &$ *pen #ennis Championships are held e=ery 9ugust and $eptember in Flushing "eadowsDCorona +ark, 'ueens.

Citi Field, also in Flushing "eadowsDCorona +ark, has been home to the New York "ets since 0..?. "ain article! $ports in New York City New York City is home to the head%uarters of the National Football )eague,60428 "aHor )eague (aseball,604>8 the National (asketball 9ssociation,604?8 the National ,ockey )eague,605.8 and "aHor )eague $occer.60578 Four of the ten most e:pensi=e stadiums e=er built worldwide ("et)ife $tadium, the new Yankee $tadium, "adison $%uare Karden, and Citi Field) are in the New York metropolitan area.60508 #he New York metropolitan area has the most professional sports teams in these fi=e leagues.

New York has been described as the Capital of (aseball .60538 #here ha=e been 34 "aHor )eague (aseball World $eries and 23 pennants won by New York teams. Gt is one of only fi=e metro areas ()os 9ngeles, Chicago, (altimore@Washington, and the $an Francisco (ay 9rea being the others) to ha=e two baseball teams. 9dditionally, there ha=e been 7World $eries in which two New York City teams played each other, known as a $ubway $eries and occurring most recently in 0.... No other metropolitan area has had this happen more than once (Chicago in 7?.5, $t. )ouis in 7?--, and the $an Francisco (ay 9rea in 7?>?). #he cityEs two current "aHor )eague (aseball teams are the New York "ets605-8 and the New York Yankees,60548 who compete in si: games of interleague play e=ery regular season that has also come to be called the $ubway $eries. #he Yankees ha=e won a record 02 championships,60558 while the "ets ha=e won the World $eries twice.60528 #he city also was once home to the (rooklyn Aodgers (now the )os 9ngeles Aodgers), who won the World $eries once,605>8 and the New York Kiants (now the $an Francisco Kiants), who won the World $eries fi=e times. (oth teams mo=ed to California in 7?4>.605?8 #here are also two "inor )eague (aseball teams in the city, the (rooklyn Cyclones602.8 and $taten Gsland Yankees.60278 #he city is represented in the National Football )eague by the New York Kiants and the New York Nets, although both teams play their home games at "et)ife $tadium in nearby Cast <utherford, New Nersey,60208 which will host $uper (owl ])JGGG in 0.7-.60238 #he New York <angers represent the city in the National ,ockey )eague.602-8 #he New York Gslanders, who currently play in Nassau County on )ong Gsland,60248 will become the second team in the city after their mo=e to (rooklyn in 0.74.60258 9lso within the metropolitan area are the New Nersey Ae=ils, who play in nearby Newark, New Nersey.60228 #he cityEs National (asketball 9ssociation teams include the (rooklyn Nets and the New York ;nicks, while the cityEs WomenEs National (asketball 9ssociation team is the New York )iberty. #he first national collegeDle=el basketball championship, the National Gn=itation #ournament, was held in New York in 7?3> and remains in the city.602>8 Gn soccer, New York is represented by the "aHor )eague $occer side, New York <ed (ulls. #he <ed (ulls play their home games at <ed (ull 9rena in nearby ,arrison, New Nersey.602?8 #he New York areaEs second "aHor )eague $occer club, to be called New York City FC, is planned to start play in the 0.74 season, to be maHorityDowned by "anchester City F.C. owner $heikh "ansour bin Sayed bin $ultan 9l Nahyan of 9bu Ahabi, partnering with the New York Yankees baseball organiIation.60>.8 'ueens is host of the &.$. *pen #ennis Championships, one of the four annual Krand $lam tournaments.60>78 #he New York "arathon is one of the worldEs largest, and the 0..-@0..5 e=ents hold the top three places in the marathons with the largest number of finishers, including 32,>55 finishers in 0..5.60458 #he "illrose Kames is an annual track and field meet whose featured e=ent is the Wanamaker "ile. (o:ing is also a prominent

part of the cityEs sporting scene, with e=ents like the 9mateur (o:ing Kolden Klo=es being held at "adison $%uare Karden each year.60>08 "any sports are associated with New YorkEs immigrant communities. $tickball, a street =ersion of baseball, was populariIed by youths in the 7?3.s. 9 street in the (ron: has been renamed $tickball (l=d, as tribute to New YorkEs most known street sport.60>38

&arks
#he City of New York has a comple: park system, with =arious lands operated by the National +ark $er=ice, the New York $tate *ffice of +arks, <ecreation and ,istoric +reser=ation, and the New York City Aepartment of +arks and <ecreation. Gn its 0.73 +ark$core ranking, #he #rust for +ublic )and reported that New York City had the 0nd best park system among the 4. most populous &.$. cities.60>-8 +ark$core ranks urban park systems by a formula that analyIes median park siIe, park acres as percent of city area, the percent of city residents within a halfDmile of a park, spending of park ser=ices per resident, and the number of playgrounds per 7.,... residents.

National &ark System units wit.in city limits

"ain article! National +ark $er=ice

New York ,arborEs $tatue of )iberty National "onument, in "ay 0..7, with the former #win #owers of the World #rade Center and )ower "anhattan in the background. Kateway National <ecreation 9rea contains o=er 05,... acres (7.,407.>3 ha) in total, most of it surrounded by New York CityQ60>48 the New York $tate portion includes the Namaica (ay Wildlife <efuge in (rooklyn and 'ueens, o=er ?,... acres (35 km0) of salt marsh, islands and water that includes most of Namaica (ay. 9lso in 'ueens the park includes a significant portion of the western <ockaway +eninsula, most notably Nacob <iis +ark and Fort #ilden. Gn $taten Gsland, the park includes Fort Wadsworth, with historic preDCi=il War era (attery Weed and Fort #ompkins, and Kreat ;ills +ark, with beaches, trails, and a marina. #he $tatue of )iberty National "onument and Cllis Gsland Gmmigration "useum are managed by the National +ark $er=ice and are in both the states of New York and New Nersey. #hey are Hoined in the harbor by Ko=ernors Gsland National "onument, in New

York. ,istoric sites under federal management on "anhattan Gsland include Castle Clinton National "onumentQ Federal ,all National "emorialQ #heodore <oose=elt (irthplace National ,istoric $iteQ Keneral Krant National "emorial ( KrantEs #omb )Q 9frican (urial Kround National "onumentQ and ,amilton Krange National "emorial. ,undreds of pri=ate properties are listed on the National <egister of ,istoric +laces or as a National ,istoric )andmark such as, for e:ample, the $tonewall Gnn in Kreenwich Jillage as the catalyst of the modern gay rights mo=ement.60>5860>28

New York State &arks

"ain article! New York $tate +arks #here are se=en state parks within the confines of New York City, including Clay +it +onds $tate +ark +reser=e, a natural area which includes e:tensi=e riding trails, and <i=erbank $tate +ark, a 0>Dacre (77.,... m0) facility that rises 5? feet (07 m) o=er the ,udson <i=er.60>>8

New York City (epartment of &arks and 'ecreation

$ee also! +arks and recreation in New York City

<eindeer at the (ron: Soo, the worldEs largest metropolitan Ioo.67008 New York City has o=er 0>,... acres (77. km0) of municipal parkland and 7- miles (03 km) of public beaches.60>?8 +arks in New York City include Central +ark, +rospect +ark, Flushing "eadows@Corona +ark, Forest +ark, and Washington $%uare +ark. #he largest municipal park in the city is +elham (ay +ark with 0,2.. acres (7,.?3 ha).60?.8

Central +ark an >>3Dacre (3.42 km0) park in "anhattan, is the most =isited city park in the &nited $tates, with 04 million =isitors each year.60?78 #he park contains a myriad of attractionsQ there are se=eral lakes and ponds, two iceDskating rinks, the Central +ark Soo, the Central +ark Conser=atory Karden, the 7.5Dacre (..-3 km0) Nackie *nassis <eser=oir. Gndoor attractions include (el=edere Castle with its nature center, the $wedish Cottage "arionette #heater, and the historic Carousel. *n *ctober 03, 0.70, hedge fund manager Nohn 9. +aulson announced

a P7.. million gift to the Central +ark Conser=ancy, the largest e=er monetary donation to New York CityEs park system.60?08 +rospect +ark in (rooklyn has a ?.Dacre (35.,... m0) meadow, a lake and e:tensi=e woodlands. Within the park is the historic (attle +ass, prominent in the (attle of )ong Gsland.60?38 Flushing "eadows@Corona +ark in 'ueens, the cityEs third largest park, was the setting for the 7?3? WorldEs Fair and the 7?5- WorldEs Fair.60?-8 *=er a fifth of the (ron:Es area, 2,... acres (0> km0), is gi=en o=er to open space and parks, including Jan Cortlandt +ark, +elham (ay +ark, the (ron: Soo, and the New York (otanical Kardens.60?48 Gn $taten Gsland, the Conference ,ouse +ark contains the historic Conference ,ouse, site of the only attempt of a peaceful resolution to the 9merican <e=olution, attended by (enHamin Franklin representing the 9mericans and )ord ,owe representing the (ritish Crown. #he historic (urial <idge, the largest Nati=e 9merican burial ground within New York City, is within the park.

Central +ark is the most =isited city park in the &nited $tates.

#aw and government

New York City *6 -oroug.s+ presidential election results 60?58 Year (emocratic 'epu-lican 1>/1 9/C/<E ',66:,)7' 72.2>R 7<9,==6 1>>9 =<C1<E ),*>7,':6 0...5R :)7,>=> 1>>4 =4C<<E ',=)=,*': 0-.7.R :=>,:<7 1>>> ==C<>E ',>*<,<97 7>.03R <6=,>)9 /<<; ==C/>E ',:'),)7= 72.37R <<6,:<> /<<1 ;9C=1E ',7:=,>=7 0-...R :*6,7)< /<99 ;;C/=E ',<7*,>6: 30.>-R 99:,7*> /<94 ;>C<;E ',<7<,=>: 3>.55R =:),<'> /<9> 64C99E ',*:),'>= 32.47R >'6,)>= /<=; ;;C2=E ',7)<,<=* 30.?4R >*9,99< /<=1 6/C4;E ',<7),669 ->.02R ',):6,=>< /<;9 ;>C6;E ',:=),9=' 33.?-R ==9,6:6 /<;4 =2C>1E ),'=<,979 05.>7R =*',=>>

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"ain article! Ko=ernment of New York City

#he "anhattan "unicipal (uilding is home to many city agencies. New York City has been a metropolitan municipality with a mayorDcouncil form of go=ernment60?28 since its consolidation in 7>?>. #he go=ernment of New York is more centraliIed than that of most other &.$. cities. Gn New York City, the central go=ernment is responsible for public education, correctional institutions, libraries, public safety, recreational facilities, sanitation, water supply and welfare ser=ices. #he mayor and councilors are elected to fourDyear terms. #he New York City Council is a unicameral body consisting of 47 Council members whose districts are defined by geographic population boundaries.60?>8 #he mayor and councilors are limited to three consecuti=e fourDyear terms60??8 but can run again after a fourDyear break.

New York City ,all is the oldest City ,all in the &nited $tates that still houses its original go=ernmental functions. #he present mayor is (ill de (lasio, a Aemocrat63..8 who assumed office on Nanuary 7, 0.7-. Cach mayoral term lasts four years, with a three consecuti=eDterm limit. #he Aemocratic +arty holds the maHority of public offices. 9s of No=ember 0..>, 52R of registered =oters in the city are Aemocrats.63.78 New York City has not been carried by a <epublican in a statewide or presidential election since 7?0-. +arty platforms center on

affordable housing, education and economic de=elopment, and labor politics are of importance in the city. Following a financial crisis and state bailout in 7?24, the New York Financial Control (oard was created to o=ersee municipal spending. #he "ayor of New York City and the Ko=ernor of New York both ser=e on the se=enDmember board.63.08 While direct management of the cityEs budget ended in 7?>5, the board continues to monitor the cityEs financial health.63.38 New York is the most important source of political fundraising in the &nited $tates, as four of the top fi=e SG+ codes in the nation for political contributions are in "anhattan. #he top Iip code, 7..07 on the &pper Cast $ide, generated the most money for the 0..presidential campaigns of Keorge W. (ush and Nohn ;erry.63.-8 #he city has a strong imbalance of payments with the national and state go=ernments. Gt recei=es >3 cents in ser=ices for e=ery P7 it sends to the federal go=ernment in ta:es (or annually sends P77.- billion more than it recei=es back). #he city also sends an additional P77 billion more each year to the state of New York than it recei=es back.63.48 Cach borough is coe:tensi=e with a Hudicial district of the New York $upreme Court and hosts other state and city courts. "anhattan also hosts the $upreme Court 9ppellate Ai=ision, First Aepartment, while (rooklyn hosts the 9ppellate Ai=ision, $econd Aepartment. &ni%uely among maHor 9merican cities, New York is di=ided between, and is host to the main branches of, two different &nited $tates Aistrict Courts! the &nited $tates Aistrict Court for the $outhern Aistrict of New York, whose main courthouse is on Foley $%uare near City ,all in "anhattan and whose Hurisdiction includes "anhattan and the (ron:, and the &nited $tates Aistrict Court for the Castern Aistrict of New York, whose main courthouse is in (rooklyn and whose Hurisdiction includes (rooklyn, 'ueens, and $taten Gsland. #he &nited $tates Court of 9ppeals for the $econd Circuit and &nited $tates Court of Gnternational #rade are also based in New York, also on Foley $%uare in "anhattan.

%nvironmental issues
Further information! Cn=ironmental issues in New York City and Food and water in New York City "ass transit use in New York City is the highest in the &nited $tates, and gasoline consumption in the city is the same rate as the national a=erage in the 7?0.s.63.58 #he cityEs high le=el of mass transit use sa=ed 7.> billion &$ gallons (5,>..,... m3) of oil in 0..5Q New York City sa=es half of all the oil sa=ed by transit nationwide.63.28 #he cityEs population density, low automobile use and high transit utility make it among the most energy efficient cities in the &nited $tates.63.>8 Gts greenhouse gas emissions are 2.7 metric tons per person compared with the national a=erage of 0-.4.63.?8 New Yorkers are collecti=ely responsible for 7R of the nationEs greenhouse gas emissions63.?8 though they comprise 0.2R of the nationEs population. #he a=erage New Yorker consumes less than

half the electricity used by a resident of $an Francisco and nearly oneD%uarter the electricity consumed by a resident of Aallas.637.8

9s of Nuly 0.7. the city had 3,274 hybrid ta:is in ser=ice, the largest number in any city in North 9merica. Gn recent years, the city has focused on reducing its en=ironmental impact. )arge amounts of concentrated pollution in New York has led to a high incidence of asthma and other respiratory conditions among the cityEs residents.63778 #he city go=ernment is re%uired to purchase only the most energyDefficient e%uipment for use in city offices and public housing.63708 New York has the largest clean air dieselDhybrid and compressed natural gas bus fleet in the country,63738 and also, by midD0.7. the city had 3,274 hybrid ta:is and other clean diesel =ehicles, representing around 0>R of New YorkEs ta:i fleet in ser=ice, the most in any city in North 9merica.637-8 #he city go=ernment was a petitioner in the landmark Massa#husetts v0 Environmental 2rote#tion A%en#& $upreme Court case forcing the C+9 to regulate greenhouse gases as pollutants. #he city is also a leader in the construction of energyDefficient green office buildings, including the ,earst #ower among others.677.8 #he city is supplied with drinking water by the protected Catskill "ountains watershed. 63748 9s a result of the watershedEs integrity and undisturbed natural water filtration system, New York is one of only four maHor cities in the &nited $tates with drinking water pure enough not to re%uire purification by water treatment plants.63758 New York is the only &$ city in which a maHority (40R) of households do not ha=e a carQ only 00R of "anhattanites own a car.63728

Crime
Further information! Crime in New York City and )aw enforcement in New York City

NY+A traffic enforcement cruiser #he New York +olice Aepartment (NY+A) has been the largest in the &nited $tates by a significant margin, with o=er 34,... sworn officers.637>8 Gn 0.70, New York City had the lowest o=erall crime rate and the second lowest murder rate among the largest &.$. cities, 637?8 ha=ing become significantly safer after a spike in crime in the 7?>.s630.8 and early 7??.s. (y 0..0, New York CityEs crime rate was similar to that of +ro=o, &tah and was ranked 7?2th in crime among the 075 &.$. cities with populations greater than 7..,....
63078

Jiolent crime in New York City decreased more than 24R from 7??3 to 0..4, and continued decreasing during periods when the nation as a whole saw increases.63078 Gn 0..4 the homicide rate was at its lowest le=el since 7?55,63008 and in 0..2 the city recorded fewer than 4.. homicides for the first time e=er since crime statistics were first published in 7?53.63038 Gn the first si: months of 0.7., ?4.7R of all murder =ictims and ?4.?R of all shooting =ictims in New York City were black or ,ispanicQ additionally, ?..0 percent of those arrested for murder and ?5.2 percent of those arrested for shooting someone were black or ,ispanic.630-8 New York e:perienced a record low homicide rate in 0.73 and has a far lower murder rate than other maHor 9merican cities.63048 Gn 0.70 the NY+A came under scrutiny for its use of a stopDandDfrisk program.6305863028630>8 $ociologists and criminologists ha=e not reached consensus on what e:plains the dramatic decrease in the cityEs crime rate. $ome attribute the phenomenon to new tactics used by the NY+A,630?8 including its use of Comp$tat and the broken windows theory.633.8 *thers cite the end of the crack epidemic and demographic changes.63378 9nother theory is that widespread e:posure to lead pollution from automobile e:haust, which can lower intelligence and increase aggression le=els, incited the initial crime wa=e in the midD0.th century, most acutely affecting hea=ily trafficked cities like New York. 9 strong correlation was found demonstrating that =iolent crime rates in New York and other big cities began to fall after lead was remo=ed from 9merican gasoline in the 7?2.s.63308 *rganiIed crime has long been associated with New York City, beginning with the Forty #hie=es and the <oach Kuards in the Fi=e +oints in the 7>0.s. #he 0.th century saw a rise in the "afia dominated by the Fi=e Families and they are still the largest and most powerful criminal organiIation in the city. 63338 Kangs including the (lack $pades also grew in the late 0.th century.633-8 9s early as 7>4., New York City recorded more than 0.. gang wars fought largely by youth gangs.63348 #he most prominent gangs in New York City today are the (loods, Crips, )atin ;ings, and "$D73.63358

%ducation
"ain article! Cducation in New York City

Columbia &ni=ersityEs )ow "emorial )ibrary #he cityEs public school system, managed by the New York City Aepartment of Cducation, is the largest in the &nited $tates.63328 9bout 7.7 million students are taught in more than 7,0.. separate primary and secondary schools.633>8 Charter schools, which are partly publicly funded, include $uccess 9cademy Charter $chools and +ublic +rep. #here are appro:imately ?.. additional pri=ately run secular and religious schools in the city. 633?8 9bout 4?-,... students were enrolled as of the 0... Census in New York City higher education institutions, the highest number of any city in the &nited $tates.63-.8 Gn 0..4, three out of fi=e "anhattan residents were college graduates and one out of four had ad=anced degrees, forming one of the highest concentrations of highly educated people in any 9merican city.63-78 New York City is home to such notable pri=ate uni=ersities as (arnard College, Columbia &ni=ersity, Cooper &nion, Fordham &ni=ersity, New York &ni=ersity, New York Gnstitute of #echnology, +ace &ni=ersity, and Yeshi=a &ni=ersity. #he public City &ni=ersity of New York system is one of the largest uni=ersities in the nation, and includes a number of undergraduate colleges and associate degree community colleges, with options in each borough. #he city also has other smaller pri=ate colleges and uni=ersities, including many religious and specialDpurpose institutions, such as $t. NohnEs &ni=ersity, #he Nuilliard $chool, "anhattan College, #he College of "ount $aint Jincent, #he New $chool, +ratt Gnstitute, #he $chool of Jisual 9rts, and Wagner College.

Fordham &ni=ersityEs ;eating ,all in the (ron: "uch of the scientific research in the city is done in medicine and the life sciences. New York City has the most postDgraduate life sciences degrees awarded annually in the &nited $tates, -.,... licensed physicians, and 702 Nobel laureates with roots in local institutions.63-08 #he city recei=es the secondDhighest amount of annual funding from the National Gnstitutes of ,ealth among all &.$. cities.63-38 "aHor biomedical research institutions include "emorial $loan@;ettering Cancer Center, <ockefeller &ni=ersity, $&NY Aownstate "edical Center, 9lbert Cinstein College of "edicine, "ount $inai $chool of "edicine and Weill Cornell "edical College. *n Aecember 7?, 0.77, "ayor "ichael <. (loomberg announced his choice of Cornell &ni=ersity and #echnionDGsrael Gnstitute of #echnology to build a P0 billion graduate school of applied sciences on <oose=elt Gsland, with the goal of transforming New York City into the worldEs premier technology capital.63--863-48 #he New York +ublic )ibrary, which has the largest collection of any public library system in the country, ser=es "anhattan, the (ron:, and $taten Gsland.63-58 #he New York +ublic )ibrary has se=eral research libraries, including the $chomburg Center for <esearch in (lack Culture. 'ueens is ser=ed by the 'ueens (orough +ublic )ibrary, which is the nationEs second largest public library system. #he (rooklyn +ublic )ibrary ser=es (rooklyn.63-58

!edia and entertainment

"ain article! "edia in New York City

<ockefeller Center is home to N(C $tudios New York is a prominent location for the 9merican entertainment industry, with films, tele=ision series, books, and other media being set there. 9s of 0.70, New York City was the second largest center for film and tele=ision production in the &nited $tates, employing 73.,... indi=iduals and generating an estimated P2.7 billion in direct e:penditures,63-28 and by =olume, New York is the world leader in independent film productionQ63->8 oneDthird of all 9merican independent films are produced in New York City.63-?8 #he 9ssociation of Gndependent Commercial +roducers is also based in New York.634.8

New York City is additionally a center for the ad=ertising, music, newspaper, and book publishing industries and is also the largest media market in North 9merica.63478 $ome of the cityEs media conglomerates include #ime Warner, the #homson <euters Corporation, the 9ssociated +ress, the News Corporation, #he New York #imes Company, N(C&ni=ersal, the ,earst Corporation, and Jiacom. $e=en of the worldEs top eight global ad=ertising agency networks ha=e their head%uarters in New York.63408 #wo of the (ig three record labelsE head%uarters are in New York! $ony "usic Cntertainment and Warner "usic Kroup. &ni=ersal "usic Kroup also has offices in New York. "ore than 0.. newspapers and 34. consumer magaIines ha=e an office in the city63-?8 and the bookDpublishing industry employs about 04,... people.63438 #wo of the three national daily newspapers in the &nited $tates are New York papers! The ?all Street (ournal and The Ne 5or, Times, which has won the most +ulitIer +riIes for Hournalism. "aHor tabloid newspapers in the city include! The Ne 5or, Dail& Ne s, which was founded in 7?7? by Noseph "edill +atterson634-8 and The Ne 5or, 2ost, founded in 7>.7 by 9le:ander ,amilton.63448 #he city also has a comprehensi=e ethnic press, with 02. newspapers and magaIines published in more than -. languages.63458 El Diario La 2rensa is New YorkEs largest $panishDlanguage daily and the oldest in the nation.63428 The Ne 5or, Amsterdam Ne s, published in ,arlem, is a prominent 9frican 9merican newspaper. The @illa%e @oi#e is the largest alternati=e newspaper. #he tele=ision industry de=eloped in New York and is a significant employer in the cityEs economy. #he four maHor 9merican broadcast networks are all head%uartered in New York! 9(C, C($, Fo:, and N(C. "any cable channels are based in the city as well, including "#J, Fo: News, ,(*, and Comedy Central. Gn 0..4, there were more than 7.. tele=ision shows taped in New York City. 634>8 #he City of New York operates a public broadcast ser=ice, NYC#J,634?8 that has produced se=eral original Cmmy 9wardD winning shows co=ering music and culture in city neighborhoods and city go=ernment. New York is also a maHor center for nonDcommercial educational media. #he oldest publicDaccess tele=ision channel in the &nited $tates is the "anhattan Neighborhood Network, founded in 7?27.635.8 WNC# is the cityEs maHor public tele=ision station and a primary source of national +ublic (roadcasting $er=ice (+($) tele=ision programming. WNYC, a public radio station owned by the city until 7??2, has the largest public radio audience in the &nited $tates.63578

Infrastructure
Transportation
"ain article! #ransportation in New York City

New York City is home to the two busiest rail stations in the &$, including Krand Central #erminal. "ass transit in New York City, most of which runs 0- hours a day, is the most comple: and e:tensi=e in North 9merica. 9bout one in e=ery three users of mass transit in the &nited $tates and twoDthirds of the nationEs rail riders li=e in the New York City "etropolitan 9rea.6350863538 #he iconic New York City $ubway system is the busiest in the Western ,emisphere, while Krand Central #erminal, also popularly referred to as Krand Central $tation , is the worldEs largest railway station by number of platforms. New YorkEs airspace is one of the worldEs busiest air transportation corridors. #he Keorge Washington (ridge, connecting "anhattan to (ergen County, New Nersey, is the worldEs busiest motor =ehicle bridge.635-863548 +ublic transit is popular in New York City. 4-.5R of New Yorkers commuted to work in 0..4 using mass transit.63558 #his is in contrast to the rest of the &nited $tates, where about ?.R of commuters dri=e automobiles to their workplace.63528 9ccording to the &$ Census (ureau, New York City residents spend an a=erage of 3>.- minutes a day getting to work, the longest commute time in the nation among large cities.635>8 ,owe=er, due to the high usage of mass transit, New Yorkers spend less of their household income on transportation than the national a=erage. New Yorkers sa=e P7? billion annually on transportation compared to other urban 9mericans.635?8

#he New York City $ubway is the worldEs largest rapid transit system by length of routes and by number of stations. New York City is ser=ed by 9mtrak, which uses +ennsyl=ania $tation. 9mtrak pro=ides connections to (oston, +hiladelphia, and Washington, A.C. along the Northeast Corridor

and longDdistance train ser=ice to other North 9merican cities. #he +ort 9uthority (us #erminal, the main intercity bus terminal of the city, ser=es 2,... buses and 0..,... commuters daily, making it the busiest bus station in the world.632.8 #he New York City $ubway is the largest rapid transit system in the world when measured by stations in operation, with -5>, and by length of routes. Gt is the thirdDlargest when measured by annual ridership (7.4 billion passenger trips in 0..5).63508 New YorkEs subway is also notable because nearly the entire system remains open 0- hours a day, in contrast to the o=ernight shutdown common to systems in most cities, including ,ong ;ong,6327863208 )ondon, +aris, $eoul,63238632-8 and #okyo. #he cityEs comple: and e:tensi=e transportation system also includes the longest suspension bridge in the 9mericas and one of the worldEs longest (the JerraIanoD Narrows),6324863258 the worldEs first mechanically =entilated =ehicular tunnel,63228 more than 70,... yellow cabs,632>8 an aerial tramway that transports commuters between <oose=elt Gsland and "anhattan Gsland, and a ferry system connecting "anhattan to =arious locales within and outside the city.

9s of 0.77, NF; Gnternational 9irport in 'ueens was the busiest airport for international passengers in North 9merica.632?8 #he busiest ferry in the &nited $tates is the $taten Gsland Ferry, which annually carries appro:imately 0. million passengers on the 4.0Dmile (>.- km) run between $taten Gsland and )ower "anhattan.63>.8 #he $taten Gsland <ailway rapid transit system solely ser=es $taten Gsland. #he +ort 9uthority #ransD,udson ( +9#, train) links "idtown and )ower "anhattan to northeastern New Nersey, primarily ,oboken, Nersey City, and Newark. )ike the New York City $ubway, the +9#, operates 0- hours a dayQ meaning two of the four rapid transit systems in the world which operate on 0-Dhour schedules are wholly or partly in New York (the others are a portion of the Chicago E)E and the +9#C* $peedline ser=ing +hiladelphia). New York CityEs public bus fleet and commuter rail network are the largest in North 9merica.63508 #he rail network, connecting the suburbs in the triDstate region to the city, consists of the )ong Gsland <ail <oad, "etroDNorth <ailroad and New Nersey #ransit. #he combined systems con=erge at Krand Central #erminal and +ennsyl=ania $tation and contain more than 04. stations and 0. rail lines.6350863>78

New York City is the top international air passenger gateway to the &nited $tates.63>08 #he area is ser=ed by three maHor airports, Nohn F. ;ennedy Gnternational, Newark )iberty Gnternational, and )aKuardiaQ 7.. million tra=elers used the three airports in 0..4, and the cityEs airspace is the busiest in the nation.63>38 *utbound international tra=el from NF; and Newark accounted for about a %uarter of all &.$. tra=elers who went o=erseas in 0..-.63>-8 +lans ha=e ad=anced to e:pand passenger =olume at a fourth airport, $tewart Gnternational 9irport near Newburgh, New York, by the +ort 9uthority of New York and New Nersey.63>48

#he JerraIanoDNarrows (ridge, one of the worldEs longest suspension bridges,6324863258 connects (rooklyn and $taten Gsland across #he Narrows. New YorkEs high rate of public transit use, 70.,... daily cyclists,63>58 and many pedestrian commuters make it the most energyDefficient maHor city in the &nited $tates.63.58 Walk and bicycle modes of tra=el account for 07R of all modes for trips in the cityQ nationally the rate for metro regions is about >R.63>28 Gn 0.77, Walk $core named it the most walkable city in the &nited $tates.63>>863>?8 Citibank sponsored the introduction of 7.,... public bicycles for the cityEs bikeDshare proHect in the summer of 0.73.63?.8 <esearch conducted by 'uinnipiac &ni=ersity showed that a maHority of New Yorkers support the initiati=e.63?78 #o complement New YorkEs =ast mass transit network, the city also has an e:tensi=e web of e:pressways and parkways, that link New York City to northern New Nersey, Westchester County, )ong Gsland, and southwestern Connecticut through =arious bridges and tunnels. (ecause these highways ser=e millions of suburban residents who commute into New York City, it is %uite common for motorists to be stranded for hours in traffic Hams that are a daily occurrence, particularly during rush hour.63?08 Aespite New YorkEs reliance on public transit, roads are a defining feature of the city. "anhattanEs street grid plan greatly influenced the cityEs physical de=elopment. $e=eral of the cityEs streets and a=enues, like (roadway,63?38 Wall $treet,63?-8 "adison 9=enue,63?4863?58 and $e=enth 9=enue are also used as metonyms for national industries there! the theater, finance, ad=ertising, and fashion organiIations, respecti=ely.

Nota-le &eople
"ain article! )ist of people from New York City

!ilitary
New York City is home to Fort ,amilton, the &.$. militaryEs only acti=e duty installation within the city.63?28 Cstablished in 7>04 in (rooklyn on the site of a small battery utiliIed during the 9merican <e=olution, it is one of 9mericaEs longest ser=ing military forts.63?>8 #oday Fort ,amilton ser=es as the head%uarters of the North 9tlantic Ai=ision, &nited $tates 9rmy Corps of Cngineers, as well as the New York City <ecruiting (attalion. Gt also houses the 772?th #ransportation (rigade, the 200nd 9eromedical $taging $%uadron, and a "ilitary Cntrance +rocessing $tation. *ther formerly acti=e military reser=ations still utiliIed for military training or reser=e and National Kuard operations in the city include Fort Wadsworth in $taten Gsland and Fort #otten in 'ueens.