SEMINAR REPORT

ON
MAGLEV TRAINS
SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT FOR AWARD OF DEGREE OF BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY IN MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

SUBMITTED BYSaurabh Singhal Roll. No: 0610440027 B. Tech. III Year Mechanical Engineering Se ion: 200!-0" UNDER T#E $UID%N&E '( Dr.U.K.Singh )*ro+e or an, #ea, o+ De-ar./en.0

Department ! Me"hani"al Engineering Kamla Nehru In#titute ! Te"hn l g$ Sultanpur

A"%n &le'gement
I would like to express my deepest gratitude also extend my heartfelt thanks to my seminar guide Dr. U.K.Singh Head of Department Mechanical Engineering who very sincerely extended his help and provided resourceful and helpful inputs without which the work would never have been realized. I extend my cordial gratitude and esteem to my teachers, whose effective guidance, valuable time and constant inspiration made it feasible and easy to carry out the work in a smooth manner. I am extremely grateful to Mr. H.D.Ram, Asst. Professor for his invaluable support which just cannot be put into words and who was also an edifice of encouragement. Last but not the least, I would like to thank all my friends who directly or indirectly helped me in completion of my work.

Saurabh Singhal Roll. o.!"#!$$!!%& '. (ech. ))) *ear Mechanical Engineering

DEPARTMENT O( ME)*ANI)AL ENGINEERING

)ERTI(I)ATE
This is to certify that Mr. Saurabh Singhal of B Tech III !r has "re"are# this se$i%ar re"ort e%tit&e# MAGLEV TRAINS '%#er $y ('i#a%ce a%# s'"er)isio% i% the sessio% *++,-+. It has /ee% "rese%te# a%# s'/$itte# to0ar#s the "artia& f'&fi&$e%t for the a0ar# of #e(ree of /ache&or of tech%o&o(y i% Mecha%ica& E%(i%eeri%(

Mr. H.D. RAM

Asst Professor
,Seminar )n-charge.

Dr. U.K.S) +H Head of epartment ,Seminar +uide.

MAGLEV TRAINS

Un !r "h! gui an#! $% (r) U)*)Singh

Sub&i"""! b' Saurabh Singhal +,-+..++/0

A+STRA)T
As the 0or&# co%ti%'es to (ro0 a%# as cities co%ti%'e to /eco$e $ore cro0#e# a%# co%(este#1 o'r %or$a& $o#es of tra%s"ortatio% 0i&& %ot /e a/&e to ha%#&e these o)er"o"'&ate# areas The a%s0er to this tra%s"ortatio% "ro/&e$ &ies i% the 0or&# of e&ectro $a(%etis$ a%# s'"erco%#'cti%( $a(%ets E&ectro$a(%ets a%# s'"erco%#'cti%( $a(%ets ha)e a&&o0e# 's to create a $a(%etic &e)itati%( trai% %ic2%a$e# 3MAGLE45 that f&oats o% the trac2 i%stea# of /ei%( #irect&y o% it This has a &ot of "ote%tia& to create trai%s that are s'"er fast 0ith &o0 $ai%te%a%ce re6'ire$e%ts Chi%a is the first co'%try i% the 0or&# to co$$ercia&&y 'se Ma(Le)s1 a%# has a&rea#y he&"e# ease the co%(estio% o% the si7 &a%e hi(h0ay &ea#i%( fro$ the P'#o%( Sha%(hai I%ter%atio%a& Air"ort to Sha%(hai L'8ia9'i fi%a%cia& #istrict This %e0 tech%o&o(y has a&rea#y he&"e# Chi%a i% a short "erio# of ti$e a%# ca% certai%&y he&" other cities aro'%# the 0or&# that are 8'st as co%(este# as Sha%(hai

CONTENTS
TO1ICS
: INTRODUCTION * MAGNETIC LE4ITATION S!STEM;;;; < ELECTROMAGNETIC SUSPENSION S!STEM =EMS>

1ag! N$)
: * <

? ELECTROD!NAMIC SUSPENSION S!STEM;;;; @ @ A NEW TRACA IN THE RUNNING =INDUCTRACA>;;, B PROPULSION S!STEM;;; ;;;;;;;;;; :+ C LATERAL GUIDANCE S!STEMS;;; ;;;;;;:< , AD4ANTAGES OF MAGLE4 TRAINS;;;;;;; :@ . LIMITATIONS OF MAGLE4 TRAINS :C

:+ A POSSIBLE SOLUTION;;;;;;;;;;;; :C :: CONCLUSION;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;; :, :* REFRIENCES :.

INTRODU)TION Tran -or. along 1i.h co//2nica.ion3 +or/ .he core o+ ,a4 .o ,a4 li+e o+ /o,ern 1orl,. &on5en.ional rail .ran -or. .hro2gh 1i,e -rea, i no1 6eing con i,ere, ine++icien. in .er/ o+ +2el con 2/-.ion an, i .i/e con 2/ing. % gen2ine re-lace/en. +or rail1a4 1hich i no. onl4 +2el e++icien. 62. al o highl4 co/+or.a6le an, can a..ain 2ni/agina6le 5eloci.ie o+ aro2n, 470 8 7009/ :hr are Magle5 Train 1ho e i,ea 1a gi5en 64 Ro6er. $o,,ar,3 an %/erican Roc9e. cien.i .3 in 1"04 1ho ga5e a .heor4 .ha. .rain co2l, 6e li+.e, o++ .he .rac9 64 .he 2 e o+ elec.ro/agne.ic rail . Man4 a 2/-.ion an, i,ea 1ere 6ro2gh. a6o2. .hro2gho2. .he +ollo1ing 4ear 3 62. i. 1a no. 2n.il .he 1"70; .ha. <a-an an, $er/an4 ho1e, in.ere . in i. an, 6egan re earching an, ,e igning. The /o.ion o+ .he Magle5 .rain i 6a e, -2rel4 on /agne.i / an, /agne.ic +iel, . Thi /agne.ic +iel, i -ro,2ce, 64 2 ing high--o1ere, elec.ro/agne. . B4 2 ing /agne.ic +iel, 3 .he Magle5 .rain can 6e le5i.a.e, a6o5e i. .rac93 or g2i,e 1a43 an, -ro-elle, +or1ar,. =heel an, /o5ing -ar. are eli/ina.e, on .he Magle5 .rain3 allo1ing .he Magle5 .rain .o e en.iall4 /o5e on air 1i.ho2. +ric.ion.

(igure , Magle- #$#tem

MAGNETI) LEVITATION S.STEM Magne.ic le5i.a.ion /ean >.o ri e an, +loa. in air?. The Magle5 4 .e/ i /a,e -o i6le 64 .he 2 e o+ elec.ro/agne. an, /agne.ic +iel, . The 6a ic -rinci-le 6ehin, Magle5 i .ha. i+ 4o2 -2. .1o /agne. .oge.her in a cer.ain 1a4 .here 1ill 6e a .rong /agne.ic a..rac.ion an, .he .1o /agne. 1ill cla/- .oge.her. Thi i calle, @a..rac.ion@. I+ one o+ .ho e /agne. i +li--e, o5er .hen .here 1ill 6e a .rong /agne.ic re-2l ion an, .he /agne. 1ill -2 h each o.her a-ar.. Thi i calle, @re-2l ion@. No1 i/agine a long line o+ /agne. al.erna.i5el4 -lace, along a .rac9. % line o+ al.erna.i5el4 -lace, /agne. on .he 6o..o/ o+ .he .rain. I+ .he e /agne. are -ro-erl4 con.rolle, .he .rain 1ill li+. o+ .he gro2n, 64 .he /agne.ic re-2l ion or /agne.ic a..rac.ion. 'n .he 6a i o+ .hi -rinci-le3 Magne.ic Ae5i.a.ion i 6ro9en in.o .hree /ain .4-e o+ 2 -en ion or le5i.a.ion3 .he4 are 8 ,. Ele"tr magneti" Su#pen#i n. /. Ele"tr '$nami" Su#pen#i n. 0. In'u"tra"%)

(igure / IMAGE O( T*REE T.PES O( LEVITATION TE)*NI1UES

ELE)TROMAGNETI) SUSPENSION S.STEM 2EMS3 Elec.ro/agne.ic S2 -en ion or EMS i .he +ir . o+ .he .1o /ain .4-e o+ 2 -en ion 2 e, 1i.h Magle5. Thi 2 -en ion 2 e con5en.ional elec.ro/agne. loca.e, on .r2c.2re a..ache, .o .he 2n,er i,e o+ .he .rainB .he e .r2c.2re .hen 1ra- aro2n, a T- ha-e, g2i,e rail. Thi g2i,e rail i +erro/agne.ic3 /eaning i. i /a,e 2- o+ 2ch /e.al a iron3 nic9el3 an, co6al.3 an, ha 5er4 high /agne.ic -er/ea6ili.4. The /agne. on .he .rain are .hen a..rac.e, .o1ar, .hi +erro/agne.ic g2i,e rail 1hen a >c2rren. r2n .hro2gh .he g2i,e rail an, .he elec.ro/agne. o+ .he .rain are .2rne, on?. Thi a..rac.ion li+. .he car allo1ing i. .o le5i.a.e an, /o5e 1i.h a +ric.ionle ri,e. >Cehicle le5i.a.ion i anal4De, 5ia on 6oar, co/-2.er con.rol 2ni. .ha. a/-le an, a,E2 . .he /agne.ic +orce o+ a erie o+ on6oar, elec.ro/agne. a .he4 are a..rac.e, .o .he g2i,e 1a4. The /all ,i .ance o+ a6o2. 10// nee, .o 6e con .an.l4 /oni.ore, in or,er .o a5oi, con.ac. 6e.1een .he .rain; rail an, .he g2i,erail. Thi ,i .ance i al o /oni.ore, 64 co/-2.er 3 1hich 1ill a2.o/a.icall4 a,E2 . .he .reng.h o+ .he /agne.ic +orce .o 6ring .hi ,i .ance 6ac9 .o aro2n, 10//3 i+ nee,e,. Thi /all ele5a.ion ,i .ance an, .he con .an. nee, +or /oni.oring .he Elec.ro/agne.ic S2 -en ion S4 .e/ i one o+ i. /aEor ,o1n+all .

(igure 0 )R4SS SE)TION O( ELE)TROMAGNETI) SUSPENSION S.STEM The .rain al o nee, a 1a4 .o .a4 cen.ere, a6o5e .he g2i,e 1a4. To ,o .hi 3 g2i,ance coil an, en or are -lace, on each i,e o+ .he .rain; .r2c.2re .o 9ee- i. cen.ere, a. all -oin. ,2ring i. ri,e3 incl2,ing .2rn . %gain3 .he ga- ho2l, 6e aro2n, 10//3 o co/-2.er are 2 e, .o con.rol .he c2rren. r2nning .hro2gh .he g2i,ance /agne. an, 9ee- .he ga- .ea,4. In a,,i.ion .o g2i,ance3 .he e /agne. al o allo1 .he .rain .o .il.3 -i.ch3 an, roll ,2ring .2rn . To 9ee- all ,i .ance reg2la.e, ,2ring .he ri,e3 .he /agne. 1or9 .oge.her 1i.h en or .o 9ee- .he .rain cen.ere,. #o1e5er3 .he g2i,ance /agne. an, le5i.a.ion /agne. 1or9 in,e-en,en.l4. There are e5eral a,5an.age .o .hi 4 .e/. (ir .3 .he .rain in.erloc9 1i.h .he g2i,e rail /a9ing i. i/-o i6le .o ,erail. Noi e i eF.re/el4 li/i.e, 1i.h .hi 4 .e/ 6eca2 e .here i no con.ac. 6e.1een .he .rain an, i. .rac9. In a,,i.ion3 .here aren;. /an4 /o5ing -ar. 3 1hich re,2ce .he noi e an, /ain.enance o+ .he 4 .e/. =i.h +e1er -ar. 3 .here i le 1ear an, .ear on .he 4 .e/. The Magle5 .rain i al o a6le .o .ra5el on > .ee- gra,ien. an, .igh. c2r5e ?. %n eFa/-le o+ Elec.ro/agne.ic S2 -en ion i ho1n in (ig2re G7H 6elo1. Be+ore a Magle5 4 .e/ can 6e /a,e3 a choice /2 . 6e /a,e 6e.1een 2 ing .hi .4-e o+ 2 -en ion or Elec.ro,4na/ic S2 -en ion.

ELE)TROD.NAMO I) SUSPENSION S.STEM The econ, o+ .he .1o /ain .4-e o+ 2 -en ion 4 .e/ in 2 e i .he Elec.ro,4na/ic S2 -en ion )EDS0. EDS 2 e 2-ercon,2c.ing /agne. )S&M0 loca.e, on .he 6o..o/ o+ .he .rain .o le5i.a.e i. o++ o+ .he .rac9. B4 2 ing 2-er coole, 2-ercon,2c.ing /agne. 3 .he elec.rical re i .ance in 2-ercon,2c.or allo1 c2rren. .o +lo1 6e..er an, crea.e a grea.er /agne.ic +iel,. The ,o1n i,e .o 2 ing an EDS 4 .e/ i .ha. i. reI2ire .he S&M .o 6e a. 5er4 col, .e/-era.2re 3 2 2all4 aro2n, 7 J )-26!K&0 .o ge. .he 6e . re 2l. an, .he lea . re i .ance in .he coil . The <a-ane e Magle53 1hich i 6a e, on an EDS 4 .e/3 2 e a cooling 4 .e/ o+ liI2i, ni.rogen an, heli2/. To 2n,er .an, 1ha.; reall4 going on here3 le.; .ar. +ro/ .he in i,e o2.. The +ir . /aEor ,i++erence 6e.1een EDS an, EMS i .he .4-e o+ .rac9. =herea 1i.h EMS .he 6o..o/ o+ .he .rain hoo9 aro2n, .he e,ge o+ .he .rac93 an EDS .rain li.erall4 +loa. on air3 a ho1n in .he +ig2re.

(igure 5 T*E ELE)TROD.NAMI) SUSPENSION S.STEM The o2. i,e g2i,e ac. li9e .he c2 hion 2 e, .o -re5en. g2..er 6all in 6o1ling onl4 an EDS .rain ha a /agne.ic a+e.4 ne. .o 9ee.he .rain cen.ere,3 2nli9e 4o2r .ra,i.ional 6o1ling all4. I+ .he .rain i 9noc9e, in .he horiDon.al ,irec.ion3 .he +iel, on .he i,e i. hi+. .o 6eco/e grea.er an, .he +iel, on .he o--o i.e i,e 1ea9en ,2e .o .hi increa e in ,i .ance. There+ore3 in or,er .o re .ore eI2al /agne.ic +orce +ro/ each i,e3 .he .rain i -2 he, 6ac9 in.o .he cen.er o+ .he g2i,e 1a4 an, .he .reng.h o+ .he /agne.ic +iel, re,2ce .o .heir nor/al .reng.h. Thi i one rea on 1h4 EDS i a /2ch /ore .a6le 2 -en ion 4 .e/. % econ, rea on 1h4 .he Elec.ro,4na/ic S2 -en ion 4 .e/ i /ore .a6le i .ha. i. i a6le .o carr4 a /2ch hea5ier 1eigh. loa, 1i.ho2. ha5ing i. le5i.a.ion grea.l4 a++ec.e,. % .he ga- 6e.1een .he .rain an, 5ehicle ,ecrea e 3 +orce 6e.1een .he S&M loca.e, on .he .rain an, .he /agne. on .he .rac9 re-el each o.her an, increa e a .he .rain ge. hea5ier. (or eFa/-le3 i+ 1eigh. i a,,e, .o .he .rain3 i. i going .o 1an. .o ge. clo er .o .he .rac9B ho1e5er i. canno. ,o o 6eca2 e re-2l ion +orce gro1 .ronger a .he -ole on .he .rain in9 clo er .o .he i/ilar -ole on .he g2i,e 1a4. The re-2l i5e +orce 6e.1een .he /agne. an, coil li+. .he .rain3 on a5erage3 a6o2. 4 .o 6 inche a6o5e .he .rac93 1hich 5ir.2all4 eli/ina.e an4 a+e.4 i 2e regar,ing .he .rain lo ing le5i.a.ion an, hi..ing i. g2i,e 1a4. Thi 6ring 2 .o .he neF. .hing 1e enco2n.er a 1e /o5e o2. +ro/ .he cen.er o+ .he g2i,e 1a4. Ae5i.a.ion coil re-el .he S&M 2n,ernea.h .he .rain3 -ro5i,ing .he re .oring +orce .o 9ee.he .rain aligne,.

*ro-2l ion coil are loca.e, neF.. The -ro-2l ion 4 .e/ o+ .he Elec.ro,4na/ic S2 -en ion 4 .e/ i I2i.e i/ilar .o Elec.ro/agne.ic -ro-2l ion3 62. ,oe 5ar4 ligh.l4. To -ro-el .he .rain3 .he g2i,e 1a4 ha coil r2nning along .he .o- an, 6o..o/ o+ .he S&M . In,2ce, c2rren. 1i.hin .he e coil crea.e al.erna.ing /agne.ic +iel, .ha. a..rac. or re-el .he S&M 3 en,ing .he .rain in .he +or1ar, or re5er e ,irec.ion. Beca2 e .he .rain are /o5ing 64 /agne.ic 1a5e .ha. -2 h an, -2ll i. +or1ar,3 i.; 5ir.2all4 i/-o i6le +or .rain .o colli,e ince .he4 are in e ence >ri,ing .he a/e /agne.ic 1a5e ?. No engine or o.her -o1er o2rce i reI2ire, .o 9ee- .he .rain /o5ing eFce-. .he ini.ial -ee, .ha. i reI2ire, .o 6egin le5i.a.ion. There+ore 1heel are reI2ire, .o 9ee- .he .rain /o5ing 2n.il a6o2. 100 9/:hr )67 /-h0 1here i. can .hen 6egin .o le5i.a.e. (inall43 .he g2i,e 1a4 ha rail .ha. enco/-a .he o2. i,e o+ .he .rain. =i.hin .he e rail are .he -ro-2l ion coil an, le5i.a.ion coil nee,e, .o 9ee- .he .rain /o5ing an, le5i.a.ing a6o5e .he 6o..o/ o+ .he .rac9. Beca2 e .he .rain ha i. o1n a+e.4 ne. o+ /agne.ic +orce .o 9ee- i. cen.ere,3 .he rail i/-l4 -ro5i,e a -lace +or o.her coil .o 6e loca.e, an, 2 e,. Thi rail1a4 -ro5i,e no o.her /ean o+ 2--or. +or .he .rain ince .he 62l9 o+ .he .rain i +loa.ing a6o5e .he en.ire .rac9.

(igure 6

NE7 LEADING 8APANESE EDS )AR9 ML:4,;<4,

EDS 2 -en ion ha e5eral -o i.i5e an, nega.i5e a -ec. .o i.. To 6egin3 ini.ial co . are high an, /o . co2n.rie ,o no. ha5e .he /one4 or +eel .he nee, .o -en, i. on .hi 9in, o+ .ran -or.a.ion. 'nce 2- an, r2nning ho1e5er3 an EDS Magle5 r2n onl4 on elec.rici.4 o .here i no nee, +or o.her +2el . Thi re,2c.ion in +2el 1ill -ro5e .o 6e 5er4 i/-or.an. .o .he 2 .aina6ili.4 o+ Magle5. 'ne h2ge ,i a,5an.age o+ .he EDS 4 .e/ i .he grea. co . an, incon5enience o+ ha5ing .o 9ee- .he 2-er coole, 2-ercon,2c.i5e /agne. a. 7J. %no.her ,ra16ac9 i .ha. in .he e5en. o+ a -o1er +ail2re3 a Magle5 .rain 2 ing EDS 1o2l, la/ on.o .he .rac9 a. grea. -ee, . Thi i a econ, rea on +or .he 1heel .ha. are -ri/aril4 2 e, .o ge. .he .rain /o5ing I2ic9l4 eno2gh +or le5i.a.ion. The 1heel 1o2l, nee, .o ha5e a hoc9 4 .e/ ,e igne, .o co/-en a.e +or .he 1eigh. o+ .he car an, i. -a enger a .he .rain +all .o .he .rac9. In <a-an3 1here EDS Magle5 i in i. .e .ing .age3 .rain a5erage a6o2. L00 9/:hr an, ha5e 6een cloc9e, a. 772 9/:hr3 1hich i a 1orl, recor, +or rail -ee,. &o/-are, .o %/.ra9 .rain in .he Uni.e, S.a.e 3 1hich .ra5el a. an a5erage o+ 1L0 9/:hr3 Magle5 can ge. -eo-le 1here .he4 nee, in a6o2. hal+ o+ .he .i/e. The EMS an, EDS 2 -en ion 4 .e/ are .he .1o /ain 4 .e/ in 2 e3 62. .here i a -o i6ili.4 +or a .hir, .o oon Eoin .he -ac9. A NE7 TRA)K IN T*E RUNNING 2INDU)TRA)K3

Engineer are con .an.l4 .r4ing .o i/-ro5e on -re5io2 .echnolog4. =i.hin .he -a . +e1 4ear .he Uni.e, S.a.e ha 6een ,e5elo-ing a ne1er .4le o+ Magle5 calle, .he In,2c.rac93 1hich i i/ilar .o .he EDS 4 .e/. Thi 4 .e/ i 6eing ,e5elo-e, 64 Dr. Ri"har' P #t a. .he Aa1rence Ai5er/ore Na.ional Aa6ora.or4. The /aEor ,i++erence 6e.1een .he In,2c.rac9 an, .he Elec.ro,4na/ic S4 .e/ i .he 2 e o+ -er/anen. /agne. ra.her .han 2-ercon,2c.ing /agne. . Thi 4 .e/ 2 e an >arrange/en. o+ -o1er+2l -er/anen. /agne. 3 9no1n a a #al6ach arra43 .o crea.e .he le5i.a.ing +orce?. The #al6ach arra4 2 e high +iel, allo4 /agne.ic 6ar . The e 6ar are arrange, o .he /agne.ic +iel, o+ .he 6ar are a. "0K angle .o .he 6ar on ei.her i,e3 1hich ca2 e a high -o1ere, /agne.ic +iel, 6elo1 .he arra4. The In,2c.rac9 i i/ilar .o .ha. o+ .he EDS 4 .e/ in .ha. i. 2 e re-2l i5e +orce . The /agne.ic +iel, o+ .he #al6ach arra4 on .he .rain re-el .he /agne.ic +iel, o+ .he /o5ing #al6ach arra4 in .he g2i,e 1a4. The rail in .he 4 .e/ are ligh.l4 ,i++eren.. The g2i,e 1a4 i /a,e +ro/ >.1o ro1 o+ .igh.l4 -ac9e, le5i.a.ion coil ?. The .rain

i. el+ ha .1o #al6ach arra4 B one a6o5e .he coil +or le5i.a.ion an, .he o.her +or g2i,ance. % 1i.h .he EMS an, EDS 4 .e/3 .he In,2c.rac9 2 e a linear 4nchrono2 /o.or. Belo1 i a -ic.2re o+ .he #al6ach arra4 an, a /o,el o+ .he In,2c.rac9 4 .e/.

(igure = MODEL O( T*E INDU)TRA)K

% /aEor 6ene+i. o+ .hi .rac9 i .ha. e5en i+ a -o1er +ail2re occ2r 3 .he .rain can con.in2e .o le5i.a.e 6eca2 e o+ .he 2 e o+ -er/anen. /agne. . % a re 2l.3 .he .rain i a6le .o lo1 .o a .o- ,2ring in .ance o+ -o1er +ail2re. In a,,i.ion3 .he .rain i a6le .o le5i.a.e 1i.ho2. an4 -o1er o2rce in5ol5e,. The onl4 -o1er nee,e, +or .hi 4 .e/ i +or .he linear 4nchrono2 /o.or an, >.he onl4 -o1er lo .ha. occ2r in .hi 4 .e/ i +ro/ aero,4na/ic ,rag an, elec.rical re i .ance in .he le5i.a.ion circ2i. ?. %l.ho2gh .hi .4-e o+ .rac9 i loo9ing .o 6e 2 e,3 i. ha onl4 6een .e .e, once on a 20-/e.er .rac9. N%S% i 1or9ing .oge.her 1i.h .he In,2c.rac9 .ea/ .o 62il, a larger .e . /o,el o+ 100 /e.er in leng.h. Thi .e .ing co2l, e5en.2all4 lea, .o a >1or9a6le Magle5 4 .e/ +or .he +2.2re?. The In,2c.rac9 4 .e/ co2l, al o 6e 2 e, +or .he la2nching o+ N%S%; -ace h2..le . The +ollo1ing -ic.2re ,i -la4 i,e 64 i,e all .hree .4-e o+ le5i.a.ion 4 .e/ .

(igure > MAGNETI) (IELD DISTRI+UTION

PROPULSION S.STEM Elec.ro,4na/ic *ro-2l ion i .he 6a i o+ .he /o5e/en. in a Magle5 4 .e/. The 6a ic -rinci-le .ha. elec.ro/agne.ic -ro-2l ion +ollo1 i .ha. >o--o i.e -ole a..rac. each o.her an, li9e -ole re-el each o.her?. Thi /eaning .ha. .he nor.h -ole o+ a /agne. 1ill re-el .he nor.h -ole o+ a /agne. 1hile i. a..rac. .he o2.h -ole o+ a /agne.. Ai9e1i e3 .he o2.h -ole o+ a /agne. 1ill a..rac. .he nor.h -ole an, re-el .he o2.h -ole o+ a /agne.. I. i i/-or.an. .o realiDe .he e .hree /aEor co/-onen. o+ .hi -ro-2l ion 4 .e/. The4 are: A large ele"tri"al p &er # ur"e Metal " il# that line the entire gui'e &a$ Gui'an"e magnet# u#e' ! r alignment

The Magle5 4 .e/ ,oe no. r2n 64 2 ing a con5en.ional engine or +o il +2el . The in.erac.ion 6e.1een .he elec.ro/agne. an,

g2i,e1a4 i .he ac.2al /o.or o+ .he Magle5 4 .e/. To 2n,er .an, ho1 Magle5 1or9 1i.ho2. a /o.or3 1e 1ill +ir . in.ro,2ce .he 6a ic o+ a .ra,i.ional /o.or. % /o.or nor/all4 ha .1o /ain -ar. 3 a .a.or an, a ro.or. The o2.er -ar. o+ .he /o.or i .a.ionar4 an, i calle, .he .a.or. The .a.or con.ain .he -ri/ar4 1in,ing o+ .he /o.or. The -olari.4 in .he .a.or i a6le .o ra-i,l4 change +ro/ nor.h an, o2.h. The inner -ar. o+ .he /o.or i 9no1n a .he ro.or3 1hich ro.a.e 6eca2 e o+ .he o2.er .a.or. The econ,ar4 1in,ing are loca.e, 1i.hin .he ro.or. % c2rren. i a--lie, .o .he econ,ar4 1in,ing o+ .he ro.or +ro/ a 5ol.age in .he .a.or .ha. i ca2 e, 64 a /agne.ic +orce in .he -ri/ar4 1in,ing . % a re 2l.3 .he ro.or i a6le .o ro.a.e. No1 .ha. 1e ha5e an 2n,er .an,ing o+ ho1 /o.or 1or93 1e can ,e cri6e ho1 Magle5 2 e a 5aria.ion on .he 6a ic i,ea o+ a /o.or. %l.ho2gh no. an ac.2al /o.or3 .he Magle5; -ro-2l ion 4 .e/ 2 e an elec.ric 4nchrono2 /o.or or a linear 4nchrono2 /o.or. The Magle5 4 .e/ 1or9 in .he a/e general 1a4 .he co/-ac. /o.or ,oe 3 eFce-. i. i linear3 >/eaning i. i .re.che, a +ar a .he .rac9 goe ?. The .a.or o+ .he Magle5 4 .e/ are 2 2all4 in .he g2i,erail 3 1herea .he ro.or are loca.e, 1i.hin .he elec.ro/agne.ic 4 .e/ on .he .rain. The ec.ion o+ .rac9 .ha. con.ain .he .a.or are 9no1n a .a.or -ac9 . Thi linear /o.or i e en.ial .o an4 Magle5 4 .e/. The -ic.2re 6elo1 gi5e an i,ea o+ 1here .he .a.or -ac9 an, /o.or 1in,ing are loca.e,.

(igure <

PARTS O( T*E ELE)TROMAGNETI) S.STEM

The g2i,e1a4 +or Magle5 4 .e/ i /a,e 2- o+ /agne.iDe, coil 3 +or 6o.h le5i.a.ion an, -ro-2l ion3 an, .he .a.or -ac9 . >%n al.erna.ing c2rren. i .hen -ro,2ce,3 +ro/ .he large -o1er o2rce3 an, -a e .hro2gh .he g2i,e1a43 crea.ing an elec.ro/agne.ic +iel, 1hich .ra5el ,o1n .he rail ?. % ,e+ine, 64 .he Encar.a 'nline ,ic.ionar43 an al.erna.ing c2rren. i >a c2rren. .ha. re5er e ,irec.ion.? The .reng.h o+ .hi c2rren. can 6e /a,e /2ch grea.er .han .he nor/al .reng.h o+ a /agne. 64 increa ing .he n2/6er o+ 1in, in .he coil . The c2rren. in .he g2i,e1a4 /2 . 6e al.erna.ing o .he -olari.4 in .he /agne.iDe, coil can change. The al.erna.ing c2rren. allo1 a -2ll +ro/ .he /agne.ic +iel, in +ron. o+ .he .rain3 an, a -2 h +ro/ .he /agne.ic +iel, 6ehin, .he .rain. Thi -2 h an, -2ll /o.ion 1or9 .oge.her allo1ing .he .rain .o reach /aFi/2/ 5eloci.ie 1ell o5er L00 /ile -er ho2r.

(igure ,4 PROPULSION S.STEM IN EDS Thi -ro-2l ion i 2niI2e in .ha. .he c2rren. i a6le .o 6e .2rne, on an, o++ I2ic9l4. There+ore3 a. one in .ance .here can 6e a -o i.i5e charge r2nning .hro2gh a ec.ion o+ .he .rac93 an, 1i.hin a econ, i. co2l, ha5e a ne2.ral charge. Thi i .he 6a ic -rinci-le 6ehin, lo1ing .he 5ehicle ,o1n an, 6rea9ing i.. The c2rren. .hro2gh .he g2i,erail i re5er e, ca2 ing .he .rain .o lo13 an, e5en.2all4 .o co/-e.el4 .o-. %,,i.ionall43 64 re5er ing .he c2rren.3 .he .rain 1o2l, go in .he re5er e ,irec.ion. Thi -ro-2l ion 4 .e/ gi5e .he .rain eno2gh -o1er .o accelera.e an, ,ecelera.e +airl4 I2ic9l43 allo1ing .he .rain .o ea il4 cli/6 .ee- hill . The le5i.a.ion3 g2i,ance3 an, -ro-2l ion o+ .he elec.ro/agne.ic 2 -en ion 4 .e/ /2 . 1or9 .oge.her in or,er +or .he Magle5 .rain .o /o5e. %ll o+ .he /agne.ic +orce are co/-2.er con.rolle, .o -ro5i,e a a+e an, haDar, +ree ri,e. The -ro-2l ion 4 .e/ 1or9 han, in han, 1i.h .he 2 -en ion 4 .e/ on .he Magle5 4 .e/.

LATERAL GUIDAN)E S.STEMS The Aa.eral g2i,ance 4 .e/ con.rol .he .rain; a6ili.4 .o ac.2all4 .a4 on .he .rac9. I. .a6iliDe, .he /o5e/en. o+ .he .rain +ro/ /o5ing le+. an, righ. o+ .he .rain .rac9 64 2 ing .he 4 .e/ o+ elec.ro/agne. +o2n, in .he 2n,ercarriage o+ .he MagAe5 .rain. The -lace/en. o+ .he elec.ro/agne. in conE2nc.ion 1i.h a co/-2.er con.rol 4 .e/ en 2re .ha. .he .rain ,oe no. ,e5ia.e /ore .han 10// +ro/ .he ac.2al .rain .rac9 . The la.eral g2i,ance 4 .e/ 2 e, in .he <a-ane e elec.ro,4na/ic 2 -en ion 4 .e/ i a6le .o 2 e one > e. o+ +o2r 2-ercon,2c.ing /agne. ? .o con.rol la.eral g2i,ance +ro/ .he /agne.ic -ro-2l ion o+ .he n2ll +l2F coil loca.e, on .he g2i,e 1a4 o+ .he .rac9 a ho1n in (ig.G10H. &oil are 2 e, +reI2en.l4 in .he ,e ign o+ MagAe5 .rain 6eca2 e .he /agne.ic +iel, crea.e, are -er-en,ic2lar .o .he elec.ric c2rren.3 .h2 /a9ing .he /agne.ic +iel, .ronger. The <a-ane e Aa.eral $2i,ance 4 .e/ al o 2 e a e/i-ac.i5e 2 -en ion 4 .e/. Thi 4 .e/ ,a/-en .he e++ec. o+ .he i,e .o i,e 5i6ra.ion o+ .he .rain car an, allo1 +or /ore co/+or.a6le .rain ri,e . Thi .a6le la.eral /o.ion ca2 e, +ro/ .he /agne.ic -ro-2l ion i a Eoin. o-era.ion +ro/ .he accelera.ion en or3 con.rol ,e5ice3 .o .he ac.2al air -ring .ha. ,a/-en .he la.eral /o.ion o+ .he .rain car.

(igure ,,

A SKET)* O( T*E )OM+INED LEVITATION9 PROPULSION AND GUIDAN)E S.STEM The la.eral g2i,ance 4 .e/ +o2n, in .he $er/an .ran ra-i, 4 .e/ )EMS0 i i/ilar .o .he <a-ane e /o,el. In a co/6ina.ion o+ a..rac.ion an, re-2l ion3 .he MagAe5 .rain i a6le .o re/ain cen.ere, on .he rail1a4. 'nce again le5i.a.ion coil are 2 e, .o con.rol la.eral /o5e/en. in .he $er/an MagAe5 2 -en ion 4 .e/. The le5i.a.ion coil are connec.e, on 6o.h i,e o+ .he g2i,e 1a4 an, ha5e o--o i.e -ole . The o--o i.e -ole o+ .he g2i,e 1a4 ca2 e a re-2l i5e +orce on one i,e o+ .he .rain 1hile crea.ing an a..rac.i5e +orce on .he o.her i,e o+ .he .rain. The loca.ion o+ .he elec.ro/agne. on .he Tran ra-i, 4 .e/ i loca.e, in a ,i++eren. i,e o+ .he g2i,e 1a4 . To o6.ain elec.ro /agne.ic 2 -en ion3 .he Tran ra-i, 4 .e/ 2 e >.he a..rac.i5e +orce 6e.1een iron-core elec.ro/agne. an, +erro/agne.ic rail .? In a,,i.ion .o g2i,ance3 .he e /agne. al o allo1 .he .rain .o .il.3 -i.ch3 an, roll ,2ring .2rn . To 9ee- all ,i .ance reg2la.e, ,2ring .he ri,e3 .he /agne. 1or9 .oge.her 1i.h en or .o 9ee- .he .rain cen.ere,.

ADVANTAGES O( MAGLEV TRAINS Magneti" (iel'# In.en i.4 o+ /agne.ic +iel, e++ec. o+ Magle5 i eF.re/el4 lo1 )6elo1 e5er4,a4 ho2 ehol, ,e5ice 0 #air ,r4er3 .oa .er3 or e1ing /achine -ro,2ce .ronger /agne.ic +iel,

Energ$ ) n#umpti n Magle5 2 e L0M le energ4 .han a high -ee, .rain .ra5eling a. .he a/e -ee,. )1:L /ore -o1er +or .he a/e a/o2n. o+ energ40

S-ee, 200 9/:hr 270 9/:hr L00 9/:hr 400 9/:hr N i#e Le-el#

I&E Train L2 =h:9/ 44 =h:9/ 71 =h:9/ -

Magle5 Train L2 =h:9/ L7 =h:9/ 47 =h:9/ 71 =h:9/

No noi e ca2 e, 64 1heel rolling or engine Magle5 noi e i lo . a/ong general a/6ien. noi e %. 100/ - Magle5 -ro,2ce noi e a. 6" ,B %. 100/ - T4-ical ci.4 cen.er roa, .ra++ic i !0 ,B

Vibrati n# <2 . 6elo1 h2/an .hre hol, o+ -erce-.ion

P &er Suppl$

1109C line +e, e-ara.el4 5ia .1o 26 .a.ion

P &er (ailure Ba..erie on 6oar, a2.o/a.icall4 are ac.i5a.e, .o 6ring car .o neF. .a.ion Ba..erie charge, con.in2o2 l4 ! -ehi"le#

(ire Re#i#tan"e

Aa.e . non-*C& /a.erial 2 e, .ha. i non-co/62 .i6le an, -oor .ran /i..er o+ hea. Magle5 5ehicle carrie no +2el .o increa e +ire haDar,

Sa!et$ 20 .i/e a+er .han an air-lane 270 .i/e a+er .han o.her con5en.ional rail1a4 700 .i/e a+er .han .ra5el 64 roa,

&olli ion i i/-o i6le 6eca2 e onl4 ec.ion o+ .he .rac9 are ac.i5a.e, a nee,e,. The 5ehicle al1a4 .ra5el in 4nchroniDa.ion an, a. .he a/e -ee,3 +2r.her re,2cing .he chance o+ a cra h.

Operati n ) #t# Cir.2all4 no 1ear. Main ca2 e o+ /echanical 1ear i +ric.ion. Magne.ic Ae5i.a.ion reI2ire no con.ac.3 an, hence no +ric.ion. &o/-onen. nor/all4 26Eec.e, .o /echanical 1ear are on .he 1hole re-lace, 64 elec.ronic co/-onen. 1hich ,o no. 2++er an4 1ear S-eci+ic energ4 con 2/-.ion i le co/-ara6le /ean o+ .ran -or.a.ion. .han all o.her

(a .er .rain .2rnaro2n, .i/e /ean +e1er 5ehicle

LIMITATIONS O( MAGLEV TRAINS There are e5eral ,i a,5an.age 1i.h /agle5 .rain . Magle5 g2i,e -a.h are 6o2n, .o 6e /ore co .l4 .han con5en.ional .eel rail1a4 . The o.her /ain ,i a,5an.age i lac9 1i.h eFi .ing in+ra .r2c.2re. (or eFa/-le i+ a high -ee, line 6e.1een .1o ci.ie i. 62il.3 .hen high -ee, .rain can er5e 6o.h ci.ie 62. /ore i/-or.an.l4 .he4 can er5e o.her near64 ci.ie 64 r2nning on nor/al rail1a4 .ha. 6ranch o++ .he high -ee, line. The high -ee, .rain co2l, go +or a +a . r2n on .he high -ee, line3 .hen co/e o++ i. +or .he re . o+ .he Eo2rne4. Magle5 .rain 1o2l,nN. 6e a6le .o ,o .ha.3 .he4 1o2l, 6e li/i.e, .o 1here /agle5 line r2n. Thi 1o2l, /ean i. 1o2l, 6e 5er4 ,i++ic2l. .o /a9e con .r2c.ion o+ /agle5 line co//erciall4 5ia6le 2nle .here 1ere .1o 5er4 large ,e .ina.ion 6eing connec.e,. '+ .he 70009/ .ha. T$C .rain er5e in (rance3 onl4 a6o2. 12009/ i high -ee, line3 /eaning 77M o+ T$C er5ice r2n on eFi .ing .rac9. The +ac. .ha. a /agle5 .rain 1ill no. 6e a6le .o con.in2e 6e4on, i. .rac9 /a4 erio2 l4 hin,er i. 2 e+2lne .

A POSSI+LE SOLUTION %l.ho2gh i. i no. een an41here a ol2.ion co2l, 6e .o -2. nor/al .eel 1heel on.o .he 6o..o/ o+ a /agle5 .rain3 1hich 1o2l, allo1 i. .o r2n on nor/al rail1a4 once i. 1a o++ .he +loa.ing g2i,e1a4.

)ON)LUSION Rail1a4 2 ing MagAe5 .echnolog4 are on .he horiDon. The4 ha5e -ro5en .o 6e +a .er .han .ra,i.ional rail1a4 4 .e/ .ha. 2 e /e.al 1heel an, rail an, are lo1e, 64 +ric.ion. The lo1 /ain.enance o+ .he MagAe5 i an a,5an.age .ha. ho2l, no. 6e .a9en ligh.l4. =hen 4o2 ,on;. ha5e .o ,eal 1i.h .he 1ear an, .ear o+ con.ac. +ric.ion 4o2 gain grea.er longe5i.4 o+ .he 5ehicle. Energ4 a5e, 64 no. 2 ing /o.or r2nning on +o il +2el allo1 /ore energ4 e++icienc4 an, en5iron/en.al +rien,line . Magle5 1ill ha5e a -o i.i5e i/-ac. on 2 .aina6ili.4. U ing 2-ercon,2c.ing /agne. in .ea, o+ +o il +2el 3 i. 1ill no. e/i. greenho2 e ga e in.o .he a./o -here. Energ4 crea.e, 64 /agne.ic +iel, can 6e ea il4 re-leni he,. The .rac9 o+ a Magle5 .rain i /all co/-are, .o .ho e o+ a con5en.ional .rain an, i ele5a.e, a6o5e .he gro2n, o .he .rac9 i. el+ 1ill no. ha5e a large e++ec. on .he .o-ogra-h4 o+ a region. Since a Magle5 .rain le5i.a.e a6o5e .he .rac93 i. 1ill eF-erience no /echanical 1ear an, .h2 1ill reI2ire 5er4 li..le /ain.enance. '5erall3 .he 2 .aina6ili.4 o+ Magle5 i 5er4 -o i.i5e. %l.ho2gh .he rela.i5e co . o+ con .r2c.ing Magle5 .rain are .ill eF-en i5e3 .here are /an4 o.her -o i.i5e +ac.or .ha. o5er ha,o1 .hi . Magle5 1ill con.ri62.e /ore .o o2r ocie.4 an, o2r -lane. .han i. .a9e a1a4. &on i,ering e5er4.hing Magle5 ha .o o++er3 .he .ran -or.a.ion o+ o2r +2.2re an, o2r chil,ren; +2.2re i on 5er4 ca-a6le .rac9 .

RE(REN)ES

Bo%sor1 Ae)i% 3Ho0 Ma(&e) Trai%s Wor25 Dhtt"EFFtra)e& ho0st'ff0or2s co$F$a(&e)-trai% ht$G 000 0i2i"e#ia or(F0i2iFAce&aHE7"ress

ITG4 Basics I TG4 We/ Dhtt"EFF000 trai%0e/ or(Ft()"a(esF/ac2(ro'%# ht$&G

000 (etra%s"ortatio% co$

000 0ire# co$F%e0s

000 /0$a(&e) co$

 000 $a(&e)"a co$