Professional Documents
Culture Documents
4 S i 4 e e .
j i .
F O 4 F e
S :
.
P
4 j
i
T
M
.
F u
F
][- :
4
4 i |
. S ) .
e P u
4 . O . .O P)
- - j= e.
P
. . )
. 4 4
F . @ =
)M .
. .
S M 4 P O
4
4 = ) T 4
)
4 . 4
.M F S . P
d M 4 bP
P) e M O.
) (
.
= .) M)
F4 . .
) 4 .
F )
.
e O
M 4 4 M T
j ).j
M
T M
.
T
F
))
) . i .
.
e) S .T
) F )
) b O P 4 .
)4 M
F
) j
. j 4 b
) j 4 M bO T
) . 4 )
4 )
j
= 4 4 j
. . P
. - P
F S
- P4 T
b P P)e
O.
P
" " "" F e
) ) j S
O
. 4 j
.
O
O )
.
) 4 P
. . j
4
.
P S O T
) )
.
P M 4
4 4 4 4 4 @
4 4 4 .
4 . :.
)
) ( ) e 4(
) ( .. 4 P
eM ..
M .
. .
4 T O 4
. |
) e b j P
. . e
) . F
) (
) (
T
e .........................................
e e ........................
b ..........................
e ........................
.............
: e ..........
@ .............................
: ..................
................................
4 M
"#
# - . $
7 . - 3
? <> < ; "# .89
-
N >
9 9 " <> > -
<" # Z . 9 "
9 - " .
N ] "
< "# . -
<9 # < .
" - #
3 # " 9
- "
.
# <" 89 e d ] >
N" 9
.
] - - ] ]j9 ]
# # 9 <> < 9 < N N
# 89 < #
; - -
3.m
) (
e
i
][:
) (
Z
#
<
9 Z
< q
; "
<
9
Z Z
-
.
# N< Z $
n "
q "
Z # <] 7
."7 ] q - -9
<> e .
11
S
.
.
.i
)
.
i ] PO.[- :
"# n N # 9
> <" 9 N "
; "7 # 9 ;
9 <" n :
4 j
P
F
.
u
.
F
i
4 T
M
][- :
9 - # q
q N" -
10
) (
< e -
9 ] <
q <; 9.
- < e ] Z
e < < <] .
9 # $ 7 n <
. - n ) 9(
] <" .
<> ] "
< .
< ; 9 . Z
# - p Z .
" ; 9 < # < " #
< Z < . q
] ) #
9 (e .
Z . ]
(
) 9
e 9 9 < ] .]
13
e
e
) (
7 n
- >
. 7 n
q Z <> < N
" <> e < e #j >
- n <> < <> .
d <
< Z.
9 ) " (
Z 9 n
<> .
) n
( Z ;# q Z
- Z
Zp . "
# ).(Pupa) (9
# q $ 9 < <
-
u
. ).
) (
@ .
)
S) e
.
)(
) .e
15
$
9 # " -
.
- ;# 9 -9 9 # 9
.< - #
9 9 . 9 9
Z n <
. # - n
] .
< Z m :
> # 9 # 9 9
-# n <> <" Z -
; .
. .
d < Z
- " . -" 9
< < >< 9
< .
Z - # 9 <
<" p9 - 7 n ]
Z .
< ] 9 -
] 9 < Z p < p
q .
14
) (
Spiracles
.
. b j e
4 j
@ ) .
Midgut
Excetory Hindigut
tubules
Mouth
Silk
glands
9 < <] j #
( Z m - "# .
< q p
# ].
<" - ) "#
< 9 (?9 <> <
p> .-
" >
; " # <
Z <> . "
" Z -
.
:q m
<" < -m
- m e " q
9 p . < ) #]
17
) (
) e
.
e
S .
) e
Z
18
) (
N - "
n < 9 Z
- - - < 9 <
) p (
9 <> 9 .9
# q # 9
# <>
< # 9
9 .
e
$ 7 n < .
] Z 9
Z <> < N.
u
.
) .
4@ .
e
e
e
.
Z # . Z
q Z
9 Zj
. #
9" " <"
# # -.
p Z e 3 Z 9 Z
> 9" " "#
e9 < . -"
9 Z 9 9 - ><
.- " 9 " ?
# p 3 < Z "# :
- # <> .N
9" <" # N >
9" N Z
# # ;9 . <
<" 9
7 ; >< .9 Z n <"
n ] 9 n
?9# n . <" 7 ; 9 -
# <> "# - e- ; 9 -
e " .
e q $
"# Z
Z - . <"
< < Z < Z "< >< .-
20
) (
.
<" < " - #
9 # 9
9" 9 < " " 9
# 9 >< 9
} - . q n
"< >< #
<" - # # Z
- . <" 9 - < 9"
<" <> < ?9# <"
- 9 - 9
- " e .
< N - - -Z
< Z < # 9
Z" . $ 3:q
][ :
.
" <
" # n Z] .
n "9 9; 9
M) e
) ) M (
) .
) S .
) (
)(e
q9" j9 "
- N . - -
- q .9
# n <> ) e (
9" . 9 " ?
Z <"
25
) "9 n ( 9
e
<p <" e
Z :q
< "#p # 9 <" 9 89
Z.
"9 7 e Z 9 :q
> <"
"#p
] ; " <
.
24
) (
Z <" "
.
< 3 Z 3
] < Z . <
9 ) " < (
<" < " " ) $ (
9 < 9 .
Z # Z9 .q
< < " Z Z>
. ] <" - - n
" Z < n
7 Z Z . Z
" <" 9 <
-} - . <9 9 "
Z - q - -> 7 n
Z.
: )
e
< Z .
< q Z 9 9
Z .
- .q <" < # <
< . <" # $
27
)
M
4 . . )
. e . j
. .
b = O
. b
. e b ) 4
P .
) . b . S
u .) e M ) .
O S j ) S= =
.= O ) . = ) j
(b i e= O .
e P 4 . ) .
@ e e )
4 = ( i e F .
i ) . 4 P .
.b e
b
.
e
bj
.
e 4 . . M ) ) e
M )4 (. u . ) .
.
) (
P P e O S
e . .
M j . S .S
; - q :
. .
9 . 9.
. ; 9.
. .
. .
. .
. < .
. 9 9 N $ " -.
Z Z 7 n
. Z
<> <3
Z 9 n < -
# N9 "< - q p Z Z
q >< .-
:
: Z q Z.
: Z Z.
: Z Z 3.
: Z Z.
: Z> .
<" q <"
# <" # -
n9 . #
ep <
28
) (
e :
:
P
<" < - -
" . Z < 9 <
9 < $ < 9
. n n Z
Z " <> < N Z
.
u
M
. P M
S .
< 89 .
?93
Z "
. > <" < Z?
q e " < Z 9
] .Z
"# Z q
q . 9 " < <" q
# "#" Z q . "#
" " " "#"
" " N9
n9 9 N9 .
> . $ q : $
] > #
q9" "# 9 - # < <
p <> <" < 9 9 " " p
# >9# p # 9 !
9 99
N 9 q
< $ #
Z 3 p
" <
< - . n ) ]( Z
# 9 .
30
) (
: . ..
< Z <9
< Z -.
9 < ]
<" m . -
m Z . -
m Z e q
} .
9 <9 :
. Z Z Z <9
<9 < Z Z p ) N
.) e e
.e F . . O S.
) e ) j e .) e S
P 4 .
.e
e
MS
.
F4 S
.S
< 9
< 9 < < < q
n . Z
# n <> q
. # ? <
Z 9 . Z
q< 9 < ."
] .
32
) (
4 M
e@=
M
)
e
.
<].
" q p 9p
" Z9 Z p 9
# < Z
- -n .
e
< > Z - ><
. Z
9 < -
. - < #
< 9 .
< "#"
Z p . -
9 q Z
p - < 3
35
: . M
Z - 9 n
- .
- < Z
" < < <
. Z
)<> (9< ) " e
Z q .(N
>9 Z "#
" < # "
7 " Z .
Z q .
Z - < q
34
) (
.
:q < n - -
;# n -
- n -
Z Z - ]
- # ;9
<" < q q -
<
p - .- -
) ( " -
<> < e n.
"< $ 99 >
< Z - q ) ](
> - .9
4 4 i
]:
.[
) e P
q Z
N - Z 9 9
) <9 9 #( -
Z . 9
Z -
n 9 e -
37
@ .e
<9 # .
p ) < 9p
( < .
Z
Z
<
9 # 9-
< >< Z !
<
- q
<" >< "< n "# "< -
<" < n #
d " <" < n <" q
36
) (
" <" p 9 q
" - d
. <>
>< " Z < .9
< .
: e
Z .
< p Z
- Z $> p N
q . <> ) Z ( # ";#
9 ? 9
9 <] .
j .e
39
# 9 e N$
N $ 9
.
<
4
# -
? # "#
-
] PO [
e "
q . >
Z
< q < Zj - "
"# <>
" - Z -" .
Z - q < N q
< - # 9 Z
-# q < q ? q
] .
39 < <"
< q <
# p < <] 9 .
< 9
- < p
p . " 9
<
"
- q Z .
T
e.
) (
ej
T
) e .F
.
S
) e
4 .
. 4 e
= .
q
9 " <> ;# .
# <> <] 9
.
9 9 > 9 9
< # q .
Z> 9 ? < < Z .>
9 Z # 9
Z> 9< . " }
9 ## 9 9 < #
9 # . 9 9
# 9 ; p
9 . q
Z q - 9
< - - - < < e
q <.-
41
40
) (
. ..
Z - d
"
# . Z Z
- < " # e " > .
9 # # <] < <e
# N> .9
" q"
N
" < . }
< #
.
< <
Z 9 - "# .
<" Z < "
< .
M
.
n? 9# < -
< "< 3 9 .e n
# "# q .
< <" "# q 9 < e9
43
Venom
sac
Nerve
Ganglion
Muscle
Protactor Muscle
@ .e
e )4 j
| .
.
) e
. ee
4 e .
Retractor Muscle
Barbed Lancets
The drawing above shows the beesting
mechanism, with such structures as
the muscles and venom sac.
42
) (
= :
P e
4 M @
e
) e ( )= .
e e@ .
e
= i e
e) j 4 =
e . M
.
.
4 .
T e M
) e ) .
e
)
) ) (Nature (
u
.e
Adnan Oktar
45
<" <"
<> . " 9 <
"# .9 n " < .
"# <" " Z )
( ? # 9 <
9 n" .9 <" " Z
? < 7< : n Z .
"# ] - d9 n Z
"# . " ? Z
:
4
) 4
O
])[ :
44
) (
"p
Z"
N - N
9 Z .
N
Z #
p . -
9 p 9
# N ; p 9
.
M j u
"# N 9 p 9
i T ) e(
i.
. -
# p
# 9
"# . q p< 9 n " < )
< e (9 9 <" -
# " 9
<" <" " .
"# N 9 p 9 <
" Z < N
#
.
T
"
"# 9 "
< " N .
47
:
. .M
Z
N 9 p .9 N <
<] . # "
46
) (
q <9 p N
< . Z
N p 9 - N - Z
) (
- N < <3
N .
Z #
Z q
" N < 3
>
Z <9
N
- N .
Z - q
N
<
.
Z N
< .
p # <] Z
- q
- N
i P M
. e :
e i 9
.e e ] "< >< .
: i
. e :
i u
4 e
49
@ b
.
M 4
M
] [:
) (
p 9 ]
q .q
9 p 9 # 7 Z Z> N
" < np .9 p 9"
<9 j9 # q < #
] . < ep 9 j9 9 # q
" " <N
- -4 P ) b
. 4 P . .
i eM
.
) ( P
. e
i.
] <] N
3 9
N . - 3
N . " - 3
- N Z - - N-
3 9 N
# . # " n N
. <] N p 9 >< Z
< - <"
N.
"# - N # q
p 3 N #
)< ( -N
# p .q <" <"
.
50
) (
# q
< -p 9# q 9.
"
p .
q #
< p 9
< q
# p
# ] . Z
Maxilla
Z Labium
Flabellum
] 9
Z-
.
p
< Z
# <N
| P
= - ,, . @
b @
@ e e.
)
) (
.(Z) S
52
Mandible
Proboscis
) (
M
].[ :
.
e e
< 9 "p 9 -
< .9 ) e?
# ( < 9 9 .
; < - 9 <" <" 9
9 " <
55
Z # p )< p ( .
#
9 p
.
< e <
# "
Z # " .
> # 9
< .9 < Z < p
# .
< "# d q "#
- < . -
e
<] .
Z9
j
< < )
.
p ( e # p
- ;# q
< <] -
- "#
M
" < <]
] e [
;# #
54
) (
Z #
N 9 - n
Z < .- -
9 9 # .
< q < e <"
< Z 9 9 9 e
- - 9 9 #
9 <" 9 9.-
< 9 Z 9
9 9 Z
- , ,
9 d .9 - >
" " < 9
# < " N9 .9
Z 9 -
# ) 9 9 9
9 9 # 99 9 (.
"#- < 9 "< - 9
<< . 9 < - 9 .
9 > 9 q
. N q
9 9 . Z - 9
9 9 Z 9 9 9 #
9 .
< -" .
> - -q
57
@ j b .e
= ) e P
) e e b
).
) (
# 9 9 " Z
# 9 -9 < .
<" < 9 3 .9
- # N q 39
. " ? -
n 9
";# 9
< -.
# <"
# # 9
.
] # e
..
< " <> .
-
e j i 4 . i
e M . e
.e
59
M.
. ) ) P( ) ( New
Scientist . (j 4 e . FeM
M P 4
4 P e .M
4 = .
4 M eM .
)( ( (Science i e e
T e) . ) (metabolism.
) e ) 4 )
. e . )
4 j . . @) ) . .)@ e eM
. .e
4 eM M ) .e
e M eM ) MS M
) e @ j e . i
. 4 : 4 u e
j . ) 4 u e
S .
P 4 M j M) . M M)e
4 j = . .
) e M . j .
e j M . 4 ) j
) e ( 4
= 4 i .
58
) (
. n ; n
# 9 Z" .
; " < Z
p < Z< q
.
.
)
<"
. <" #
e }
][:e
pp 9
N
; ]
-9 < .d9 <" "
9" 9 . <" n
Z > p
"
" <
" ... <"
-9 .d9
e}
- 9 <"
9 9" .
< e .
# e < 3
#
# q p
n 9 n
61
39 # - <" <q
9 > $ - 7 n
< . <> < N
9
<> e <> <
. n Z <
.9
" N " } <
:
" " Z 9 - "
< n
Z q <]
Z < Z] N
60
) (
eM
< < <" >
< . - Z
< . <"
> n # < # .
9 - - Z
<" Z p .
- q# - "
.Z Z
"
9 Z
.
q
Z
. <"
> e "
.
: e
) e
S.
}
> 9
63
e "# ...
9 9
" <> .
<" <> <
. ;
d9 :
.
)
M M
) ]:
@ u . F
.[-
:
e
)
e
. .
..
e.
. .
.
62
) (
b) e
:
) e
d
) .
) @
) .
) 4@
4@ .) T (
)
) ) S (.
) ) ) =(
) ) S@ (
)e
e
e
)e
)e
e
e
)e
e
e
)e
)e
)e
@ e
M j
Se
.e
e
e
)e
e
)e
)e
)e
)e
)e
)e
4e
)e
Mandibles
) Mandibular
b =
i|
. |
sensilla|
)e
)e
)e
)e
)e
65
)e
)e
Egg
u
j
=
=
.i
Fertilized
Unfertilized
Heavy feeding +
Royal Jelly
Light
Feeding
Worker
Drone
Queen
) (
< .9
9 9 <
9 3 < q ; .
Z ;
<> < #
< ;# N
<] q< . Z q
Z
n . q 9
<> <] ; - <>
<> Z <
9> <] <
Z .
;
] e # ]
- . 9 -
<
. > <"
9"
"# .} }
Z " Z m
< .Z
<"
<.
9 < <"
N < <"
67
9 ) (
.
b
u
P M
) e .e
e .
Z
9 .
"
# # <"
<> < . < 3 9
<
; Z
>
> < N 3.
<" )
> ( -
-" "
) $ < ;# n
< ( "# <9
# .
-
. ]
- -
< <" -
-
66
) (
N #
# ; 9
- . <" "
N $
; " ;
>
. 9 9
N > Z
q - .
) (
> .
" 9
" <"
7 > .
.
d
"
" <" Z
9 ZN
.N 9
) n Z $ -
"# N (.
N < < Z Z
. <
q - - $
Z # 9
.; < q <"
69
; 9.
"# #]
" N
.
9 <.
" NZ
q
3 # )<> #
N( .9 e
F u
.u
q< "
.< " - q
Z " q .
i
" N
# ;9
<" N - < 9 p
q 9 . ?9 9" N <
" . " N Z
.9
p "
" 9 9
.
68
) (
>
. N
Z
] )" >( " <> "
N . - " N
"# N ;.
p <>
< 3 # < -
<" e )
e( ." e
; < # , 3
< ?9 .
< "# <
. 7 n
.
<" "< >< n 9
9 9" >
" N.
<9 " 9 n
}< . Z
< 9 - n"
# 9 : Z
< n <]
<" < ; < Z
.N <"
<] - 9
Z # <" >
< < m.
71
.
<" " # " q
> .; < 9" <"
"p e > Z >
"p .
< <9 " <9
<" < - -
. 9 e9 #
<] Z 9 - Z < .
" " > .
T
"#
< 3 Z
> "# .
e
Spermathecal
9
Spermatheca
e@
4.
Dufour
4e
70
) (
][ :
j
. . @.
@
@ ...
@ T
.
. .
)
@.
pheromones
pheromones
. e
.
pheromones
.
.
. .
.
73
9
<" .
"
.
] <" n
.
# - <" n
].[:
" - ; n 9< - n
>< 9 Z Z
.n
< } Z .
n d ; > "
< d )<>
(.
" "# : - " q
Z
.Z < Z n -9
< 9 .
< : > 9 > 9
> 9 # > Z
> Z < :q
< ) (
< n $ Z
9 Z
9 - 9 9
7 n 9 9 Z . -
] - n Z Z >
72
) (
i
j b
.
e j M e
.e
Z n "# . -
Z " Z Z p
. <" - Z
. <" 9 - # ;#
"# Z
q .
9
75
F4
P
.
].[ :e
4@
m Z
" q q9 .
#
<" -p.
-
9p . < 9 > -q
H
CH-C(CH) C=CCOOH
-keto-(E)--decenoic acid
H
4 @ 4 | . :
) (
# - n # n.
Z n 9
-.n
<" - 9 < " n
9 9 " "
. <
" .
) 9 ( " < q
. ?9
> . ] q
n ? -
p 9 - < 9# <
? - .Z
F
<
; 9 . <> ?9
e . Z
.; < ] <" ; <>
} Z> ]
. -
< :
N . # -. N <> ] ; .
77
Z" . Z -
9 - # # .
Z" " 9
# < p . "
9 - < .
.
<" p <.
- 9" Z" p
# p - <
9 p .
9
n q
Z 9 .
< . ; <"
" < n] n<
n9 #
# < n " n
. 9
<> . - 9 <
p# n 9 n N
76
) (
<
- Z.9
<" - - ; 9 #N
; ; 9 .
q 3 9 .-
" " <" ;9
; < Z 9 9 e
< Z ] p 9 ; 9.
"# Z - 9 ) " <>
( " < <"
9; n " 9
" Z q <> .
9 9
e - < Z << ?9 #
9 9
<" <> ;
;# 9 7 ; 9 ?9 - -
- -
] - .
)
" 9 "
9 e
.
< 9 <
e
) )
M )
e
) )e
e
) e e
e
e.e
) (
e i )
4 u.e
F
u
< ; 9 < .
- 9 <] p 9
9 " - . ; 9
# )<>
(
> " 9 < " )>
7 n( > " 9 < <
) ( <" < < 9] < .
<" ] 9 n
n 9 . # < -
" < 9
; . -} " .
"#? } 9
< "p " "p
9 "# . 9 >
# "p> "
] < 9 .
F
; 9 ; N 9
< <9 < 9 . -
p > > ;
; 9 # . ; 9
80
) (
< Z <.
; 9 " Z
< . - #
< . Z < Z-
< #
< .9 <"
- < .
- " 9 Z 9 .Z
> < "
" -
9
O
.
)
F4 M
] .[:
" 39 ; 9 p
9 . ; " ; 9
# Z
n - p
9 " ; 9 "
e < -
" p e <
.3 <> 7 9
; 9 " 7 "
. ] <" ; 9
# " " ;
" # .
< - 9
> 9 . Z
< 9 "< :Z
>9 e 9 ;
9 < > <
.- n - "#
Z . 9Z
e
Z ?9 9 .
) ) e
Z 7 Z n #Z
; 9 p q q
9 "# . 9 <
9 q < < "
< < >< q < . ; "# 9
82
) (
Z # q 7
Z n
q > } .
" # "
. 9 #
] <" q 9
"# . < q Z
- # -9 < "
" <> < . .
Z 9
. Z " > - .
; " ) - ] "
.
(... -
9 # Z 9
< 9 }
q ; 9 .
"# 9 #
N # e <
85
b
4 4 i
][ :
) (
M
. e
)
M
e @
) e) 4 .
e . M )(
e .
Z ;#" 9
9 ) 9 9 < p( ;#" 9
$ < . ;#" <
Z ) < (
9 . Z - 9
# < Z <
< 9 -
9 )( )<>
( ;# ." 9 9
87
.
" " 9
< < e p .
>
< . 9
< Z > Z
> Z ? .
#9 q <
" < " 9 < . < q
7 - <
7 9 . q9"
#] 9 <" e -
9 .
Z - Z
. - ]
e Z 9
9 Z -
Z
" ; Zp .
P
86
) (
M
M
Hive
M
) F4 ( M
) j F4 () . @ )
) j ) j F ( F M
) 4 () . u
M 4
M .
3 "9>
; p ; q
p .
# e " 9
e " <
p .9
- -
> Z
<" n 9
89
. = .
# # .9
>
> # 9
. > > " d9 9>.
9 9
< < " 9
> p p . #
"!
< p <
9 q <p 9 p
.
> <]
- .
ep
. Z N 9
p p> #
# q 9 . 9
N.
> - 9
. #] } 9 <" # e
88
) (
F4 j . F4 .
M
) ) (
] [ . 4
) ( .@ 4 .
.
9 ; 9
-
< ; .9
- 9
; 9 . ;
9 "
; 9
" 9 < - # <
; n " ; 9 p
91
. # Z 9 -
- 9 9 . < q
. -
" 9 > q
9 p 9
- - 9?9
9 9 .
"#" >
Z < . <"
Sun
. ) (
. e 4 e M
)
) .
M
4 e 4.
P
P
M
Root taken by
S
subsequent bees
e
j
M M
)
Interrupted lines
) (
indicating the
j 4
direct
Food Source
route
M 4
) b(.
90
Hive
Route taken by
the foragers
) (
Z - -
";#
- - n
- 9 Z .
- d9 .
< < Z ] :
"# > < " <> < 9
Z - 9 "
n Z .
< ?9 > Z
Z - . $ 9"
) < 9 (9 p Z
:q
"#p < Z j9
. } >.
M
= ]
[
.M M
b e
)
.M
93
food source
Hive
P M
e
.
u
e 4 M
M 4
) e
M e
M
.
Point where the
bees are released
# . Z # <
9 .
" 9 < 9 -
" 9 . "
q . - Z
.
" "# : Z -
q
3" # < <" -
" <" # 9 . #" Z
Z e $ " " -
- Z - "
-.9
92
) (
.
M
) j
M
) (
.
F
i
M
4 .
) e .
M
Hive
Bees gathering to
touch the forager
performing the figure - eight dance
94
Adnan Oktar
" - "# .
Z ] 7 9
.n - Z > "
n N 3 . $ - <9
q :
"#p Z p ) N( 9
.
" N .
< < : e n
N <" Z )( #
94
) (
Solar rays
Solar rays
Sun
. b
F4
. = F . ) e
i .
"< >
Z N <"
< q
<" Z 9
N N .
9 - <" 9 - 9
" 9 .
.
9 < >9
# 9.
] 9> Z .
9 #
9 < q
97
F e
e u 4 M
M O . . u
.u
4 i = i e e
M i e M . 4 e
d . . . .P
j = . 4 i
M P 4
M . )4 . e .
e u e .i
4 M S S
e S j e M . . .M
e!
)
) (
- # :q; <
<9
; <" .
<"
" 9 9
9 n
. "# <" <"
9 #
< e - e
" < )"
( " 9 , 9 #
- <" "
.; < # ) 9 ,(
> # ) n> 9 (
e 9 , <> <" # n n
9 9 , . "# -
# "
# 9
; < .e
- <> " e
# .e
" Z
"9
9 ! <"
N . <9 9 "#
# N 9 <9 "
99
. - ; qZ
"# Z - Z -
. - " ><
<" - p Z < .
< q N - ] " j9 )
]( . j9 Z < " -
- -Z #
Z N" . <" -
q < e -
.
4
"#
.n < q <" 9
# .
Z" ? 9
<9 . 9 9
j
Z # <
<9 9
.
9n
# 9 .
)
( "
q "
M
98
) (
) (N ;
Z 9 ; !
) Z ( q
# n!
;#< " ?9 9 >
9 - "
n q " "# . "
9 9 3
#- # - Z 9
! Z
-9 - 3
- 9 # ><
7 " . " <"
- p q 9 3 " - "< -
n <
< 9 q .Z > #"
q!
i
" " Z q
Z .-
d9 - n
- <" " -
. " e"
<" n - Z !
101
i)
i e e O M
. 4 i M 4 M
e M 4 ) e ( e
M ) M (
4 .M 4 4) M
4 .M M j
= ) ) ) ( e .= 4
4 ) M M ) .( j
4 M
.M
100
) (
4
. .
) (e
.
. .
.e
Rhabdomere
Md
Ocelli
T
.e
4 .
.
Rhabdomere
103
- " 9
9 ] "# .
Z 9 9 9
"# N "
.
] <"
102
) (
" 9
- 9 >
. # < 3
< Z 3 .
3<9 "
"# " : j9
N) .( -}
p -}
p 9 9
; " <> .
b @
9 e Z
9 9.
9
9
] 9
.
q
#
# 9
9
q
T b
e i
) e T
b@ .
)
M @
e
M .
q <
-< 9
9 <> 9.
< ] <"
9 . - 9 9
- <9 ".
< ?9 j
q Z N
< < ;
-.
} "
Z 9j Z
. -"
104
) (
107
. - 9 p " ) 9
( " n ."
< - .
- ><) 9 p (9 >< n
<] <" 9 -p 9
] .
@
;# " p 9] ;#
<" e p .9 p # p
<] e e] <.
< < Z e p 9 n
< . $ :
p q n " n
- - <" e
< - 9
106
) (
# q < . )<> Z q
e p (9 # p 9 <" p 9 -
" " N <> p 7 e p 9
-p# 9 p 9 e p .9q
e p 9 9.
# " p .9 "< Z
9p 9 < 9 < N Z
N p ;# 9"
. p 9 m N
N )<> N( <> N #
N( .
)
p 9 N $ # ) > >
- N( #
" p 9.
-" 9
";# p 9
e N .
Zp 9 #
T
) T
@ .
.F =
.
. Pe
. . i
i .
4 @
)
)
])[:
i
) (
p > N # p 9 Z
p 9 - #.
- p 9 # " <
" 9 <p 9 9
]
<" < q
! 9
# <; "7
<9 # Z
:
4 j
.
P
.
F
i
u
4 F
T
M
][- :
@
).
111
@ e
@ ) e @ e .F .
) T e i 4 i
4 e 4 j . u
i e . P
u @ b i
| . e
e e @ e
i .
e
j i .
)
j S j
.
Natural History, March, : -
Upper wall
of flower
Secretory
glands
Lateral calyx
leaf
Droplet
Intermediate
section
Narrow
tunnel
containing
pollen
Bucket
Adnan Oktar
) (
; <" < -
Z; ; - "
N - < ."
# $ <9 <
< # - > #
Z .
<" > -p
Z .
"
" <" " "7 p < .
p ;# " " ; <"
< e " < 9 -"# .q
" "
# > -p . " <
< 9
Z n . <"
N "p Z .
"# e <
9 # ? <
9 < #
< "# .9
< < . -
Z ? "
.
113
e
P i b i 4
][ :M
) (
M ee
N
< . " < < . "
< Z" ) N
( 9 9 . - m Z
? .
Z ?
q p.9
# 9 "# p
] <" " "
. " " " <
" < "# <" -
< # < )<> ( ] 9
) ( e .e j
b e . . ee
.
.
e
< < Z ; n 9
<" " - n " )<( .
; # <" 9 < q )
9( "# . ; n 9 <
> -p < ;#" d
<" Z n < -
-< ; n 9 . <) 9( 9 n
n 9 "
<> < . "
>9 - # " N
n 9
< - .
"
" <
" .
> ; n
.
Z n Z <] 9
? " " <"
<" . Z <
# ] .? 7
" )
( < " . 79
> ;# N m <
. " m .
114
) (
) e
. ) e
b
))
j
. )
( @)e
e
) e
.
..
Z "
m # " < .
< Z
" ; -] >< .
< " .
< "
e 9 Z Z
-
# ><9? < q " . - #
" > Z # " > -9
.
< Z
N9 Z" q" - .9
# < N
< .
} Z 3 <"
N9 .
-
< Z
- < # 9 . q
117
" .
"< N ?
; 9 . Z
<
- < . " 9
< - . Z Z #
- .
; e Z p 9"
9 > " ]
9 .
- p.
Z q - " >
<
-9 3 -
3 9
> #.
.e
116
) (
:-:
: rain
:-:
.days, :-:
:-:
journey to
the new
nest
.days, :-:
.days,:-:
.day,:-:
.gn, :-:
:-:
:-:
:-:
meters
. . e .
4 b . . 4 P
j b ) . P . P
) . F (.
119
9 ] 9 e " d9
;# 9
} 9" <" "
9 ) ( 9 <" "
q 9
# 9] .q <" "
" e " "p>9
.>9
} " > n
.
"
" 7
118
) (
P
4 j
].[:
120
)
e
# 9
-
> Z
# 9
j 4
9 Z# 9
e e
= .e
- 9 ) (
> 9.
] " q " "
" < < "#"
" 9 < < 9.
" 9"
p n d9 $
9 "
> 9 . " " -
.
9 ? <
. Z 9 9
? ." "
" > < -9 < 9
" <].
q
#
< < . " Z <"
9p " #
120
) (
.
e
M
.
) 4
O
4
4
]).[ :
F e
< < . 9
" - ] <Z
;# <" " #] <
123
) M .
. 4
P
| @ 4 F .
4 ) . . . .
F 4 P . e
) 4 .
<] # .Z " -
" > Z "
# .
- "< - <
" - Z <
9" - 9
"# q
. " -
-n] q
" " < ;> "
" Z - 9" " <"
.
-";#- -
- - "
122
) (
Z Z 9
e q 9
#
Z Z - < .
Z
9 9< -
"#
9 n9 . <" )
< < ( ;
N" # ; ;>
4 j
7
P
" - #
# Z .
125
? < .
" ? 9 " q
< - Z .
" m
" . <
" <" <" #
] . q " e q> "p
Z - ;# Z <]
q 9
-
. Z
.
" q < m
;# n q .
Z Z ;
N 9 "# .
" .
- 9 p .
#] # < ;
- " Z
<].
S
<
<9 " " < N
p 3<9 3
124
) (
4 4 j 4 4 M ].[:
"
.
127
.
M ][:e
) (
( " e
# . Z
e "9
- 3
e9 q # .
Spiracles
Trachea
Air Sac
n - n .
Z" #
9
- . < Z
4 M # d -
u p
. n .d"
4 M )
T - >
9
.
- Zp n
> " .
<
; < 9 -
Z < q
N $
. "
< " <>
.
q
9
? ; < 9 n
129
Thorax
Head
Abdomen
Antenna
Wings
Sting
Tarsus
Pollen basket
Legs
) ]( 9 " 9
" 9
>
. - 9< .
"
]
Thorax
.
Sting
< Z N
.9
- N e
#
Proboscis
Z <;e9
" <p .3
Z
-) 3 ;
Pollen
Basket
128
Pedicle
Antennal
) (
Scape
" " .
9 m " "
" # .
@
Receptor Cells
< ] " 9 ) <
] ] "
Nerve Cells
3<9 <] (.
< N " 9 <" -N
" 3 " <
T )e
) " 9( "
))(
:
)(
. " 9
)( e .F e
)(
.
) (i ]
....
)(i
)(S
< N -.
) (u .
)@(
)( F S .
) (u - 9 }
)( S F .
- N - ;-
)@( S F .
" N #
- . 9
- 9 .
@ b
< ]
"# .
< e p .
# 9 " } :
"
) (
e 9
131
-
b .
M.
-i M .
e .
M .)
) j M
. .) )4 j
4 j u
4 .b ) e
..e
Veins
Hamuli
Vertical
Muscles
Longitudinal
Muscles
. < Z <
>9 .
|
<" # <
<9 < ? < 9 " . -
q - 9 ?
" }
< " < e ].
$ > <
. Z - n $
130
) (
< } N
Z . # -
# 9 <; <" - # " < 9
< 9 <> <
# <> . -
-" > Z 9
9 < Z
< -
<> < " <> n p
- .
Z } # 9
- <} < < " <
9 9 9 .
-} ; "
7 !n -" Z N ]
<" 9 } }
N n . " n
< Z n
"p n N
" qm
n N n < n . <" )<> Z
m - (n " 9 #
" "
" - " # q "
.
< ;# <>
n n n N -n
)< ( ;
< ;# 9 < 9 N
" .Z <" >
-.
133
:e
) (
F P
) ; ]( ?
Z q - < 9 .9
9" 9 "
} - 7 .9
< "9
. n -
9 < e q
q > q :
<p <" < N N ; <" q
# " n
9.
n; -
"9 9 .
. .
} <
< .? 9
} - 9 Z]
} -< q .
9
9< "# .
<9 ]9< .
135
. .
134
) (
M
4 :u
<}
. p <9 <p
< .
" - " "
" "
<} 9 .
< 9
u b <9 m-
..e
} . Z p
} #
.9 < # # 9 ) <9(
< q} Z " Z .q
<" } } 7 .
# p 9 .9 <" > }
< Z . -
9 .9 -9
.9 > .
" " # -p . <" N
<] # " # " < .
:
99
137
.
] <" n " < < . n9
< -" < . . <" } . 9
< ) <> ; (
Z n 9 " < n
.9 # # .
# # ? <] q . Z
.
136
) (
9
# # .
# . Z N9
3<93; ; .
Z ] < .
# ? -
Z? . <] 9
) (N. Koeniger
<] . <" 9 Z
# < -
# . 9 n> <"
# # .
Z q > -p 3<9
.3# q< q < .
} . . }
> " " 9 " N9
.
)
"# } # "# . - <
< } - -
< .
9" "# - ] < q9
<" } 9
. $ " ]
e j M . 4 P ) e
@ u b ) e .
M .
) (
Z " Z <>
# q Z
"# <" n ;< - -m
. <" Z p }
- -
"# . - 9
9.
9 " >
.d9 " <" #p
9 9# Z
# q -
" < ";# . # p
"
<> #
# # >< p "# . 9 <
"# . ] # .
" " "
9 . "
# e - # <
.
M
@
u
u
] [ /
141
9.
< :
: # " <> n
q
: p> -
d q" #
} . $ - <>
" <"
.
d < "< d -}
. < "
< - p <Z
. - # < q
9 # p < <.
q
."
<"
." ? Z < :q 7 n
4 u u
) . e ) T.T
e M .
) (
) )
"# } . - " <q
#
.
} < q <
# < .
"# } 7.
# Zj 9 <" " <
<" } " < Z "# . n}
" # 9 < "
Z>
. <> < > " .Z <"
< <
m Z< .
< ) (standart d n N n
) (, -,< . ; n 9 " < d
) (, -,.
Z 3 d d "9 9
. - " 9 . "
9 9 N9 (sensilla trichodea (9
() .9 Z q - 3
"9 ." - .
Z # 9> Z Z 9 Z
. ] 9
j P e
.e M ) M
.
143
e
. 4
.
..
].[:
) (
" . " .
<" > .
" " q q
< .Z <" }
< -
3< . >p .e Z
n } .
< } n " }
p .
M
p ; .>
9 9 < Z q
< Z qp < e q . ]
) N (The World of bees> 9
e ) >9 ( Murray Hoyt
} :
"# Z > < "
. <"
n - 9.
Z } . "
} . < e
# # ? <9 9 . }
9 . Z n
< 9 - # ." 7 - 3
9 < Z < q .
145
j@ . e
P .
..
< .
- q <
# 9 >p
"9
. . n
# ,
)<> "
(
} Z
< . Z # <]
" "9 <
- } "9 9
. <" n
<
.3
<"
Z
7 -p
.
} >
.Z <" <"
144
) (
.
e P M .
. ) j P
) . M P b 4 .
e . e .
147
4 @ . i
.
j
.
S
4
M M
T P
)
M
i
|
. ][:e
146
) (
} ." "
< # p < . "#<
- Z #? > # # Z .
? q } . <"
} } . <> q 9
< q "# .
9 .
.
?9 p q :< d
"< N 9 -
. )
(9 >< . # 7 n
." <> .N <"
# ] - < - < q
. - q
.
" "< d N
<" "
. .n; -
) Z
< n >< .(n
M
" q 9
n < .
M
<" .q
][:e
Z N #
149
4
@ .
i
.
< $
" p
9 9
Z
} <"
" .
< <"
q
; 9 Z
<.
-
"9 9 . " }
? 9
<9 < "
.
? 9 -9 -.
; " } 9 } "
< "< >< .}
9 . 9 <
. 9 < n }
m <> < .
- n <> 9 < <>
n Z . Z < n
# 9 <>
} .
q q :; < n
} } < n
148
) (
" d n . -
< d < < N # q
. <] - <"
"# q " Z
#] < < < "
d " " # q }
. 7
< "# } n
# < # < q
] .
9 # q # q "#
. - <" <
. " > # 9
.
- > m
> <
} .
Zj
P
" Z < < . Z
q 9 <9" 9
<" - q " #
9 . < m 9 <> < .q
set ( 3
< < > < < q
151
< . $ .
Z :
. ? 3 q.
. Z 3 q >< . 3 q .
. Z q q ." q
q 9 >.
. p9 > < -
9 - . "#"
, < e q -.
Z .
. - Z > - n
# q < . #
" . ;#
" <> .
< - q
7 3 $ .
" # <
q < - Z " > 7 :3
<] " Z Z
9 #
. "p ) (, . $
p # . ; Z #
" . < " N
Z - " <> .
< <" Z }
" .
d Z $ , ,
.Z "
150
) (
Z } # - < e :
. .
. - .d9
p . p e .
p 9 9 9 9
q . ] -
- . - p d9 q "
# .9 Z 9 9
" p .d9
< p " . < -
. - .
e .
j@ :M
i
; <" } . n
" 9 )<> <9 <
( " n< .}
" 9.
< m n 9 7.
4 p < e "
9 . <"
P " Z n.
.
.@ =.
153
P
) P
j
!
153
) (
" ? . <"
# . < <"
<# . :
< > 9 Colin Maclarin "9
)) - N . " -
< ." <
<" <> "
F )
) F e e :P F P
!!
4 ) e
( T ) ) e( M
) M .
4 P i . ) ) j
M . .
:
)G. Mansfield, Creation or
Change? God,s purpuse with mankind proved by the wonder of the universe, Logos
.publication
) .@ =(
e S .
.e ) e
.@ = ) .
- < 9
. <" "< q
;.
}
"
] } ."
# 9 .
Z N< 9
m< 9 .- # Konig9 <"
< 9 9
.
<
<" - 9 9 < .
<> < n -.
" < ";# # q $
# q # q ]
.
/ 9 9 ) 9 >
. > <>
9 ( ";# ." <
9.
154
) (
F
" <} # " Z
. 9 9 .
Z 9 #
9 Z <> 7 <
< < .
q ) q9" - (Karl von Frisch <
e - ) " (Animal Architecture >9
:q
< q] > < ?
>< . " < 9 <
" - . q < "
" "# <
. < - q .
< > Z"
" < q < . #
"# : " < <
"< >< . < "# .q q 9
. 9 .
q " < . <" -
;# << q p <.n
.
j
e
][:
) (
. 3 n 9.
. N 9 9 <
>.
. .
<" > Z < q -
# < 9 "
) (apis mellifica ) : ( "# () .e
) (, () . "#
< < - -
) (, . q - # :
<> q Z . # -
.
" - <] :q > -
9 - Z
" - " <
<> 9 Z - q9 #
" 9 ] .
- ]
q - < - "# : ; 9
-} - .
- q .
" < q ] Z.
4 )O 4
O
4
] e) [
159
N <" ? < q Z
N " . < <
# < q 9 #
<} # .
- q
< . " .
q :N
. q : 9
.
. .
. - 9 .
. .
. "p N N .
. 9 d9
.
. < .
. < " " .
158
) (
" < Z 99 9
# # .
4 u
Z" >
p 9 . Z # .
N 9 . Z N
.
d > p 9
p # p # q Z
" . " }
. # n q -
Z Z .
n " "p # e
. 9 # "
p .9 -" 9 p 9.
# # . Z
q Z .
# "# . 9
. <p 9 .$ q
9 p # $ # .
< q <
p 9 p . p q 9 p 9 Z9
p Z 9 . q
# .
# <" Z
< n . <" ]
# ".
161
@
e
4
][/
)
) (
M
. .M
) @ ) e e
. e FP
@
e .
.
..M M
P . M 4 4M
.
.
<" # 9 <" .
- # < e .
p >< (levulose) p
# # <> >
Z Z 9 N
. ) <> ( > ]
.
? > # Z
p< . Z "
# ." N
p 3p> . - e
p .p <" <
e . <" m
.
163
.
F u
i
4 T
M
F
] [
Average amount in
grams of honey
( )
NUTRIENT
Energy
Water
Carbohydrates (total)
Fructose
Glucose
Maltose
Sucrose
Proteins, amino acids,
vitamins and minerals (total)
Thiamine
Riboflavin
Niacin
Pantothenic acid
Pyridoxine (B)
Ascorbic acid (C)
Minerals
Calcium
Copper
Iron
Magnesium
Manganese
Phosphorus
Potassium
Sodium
Zinc
Acid (particularly gluconic acid)
Protein
Nitrogen
Amino acids
, kilocalories
, gram
, gram
, gram
, gram
, gram
, gram
, g
, milligram<
, milligram<
, milligram<
, milligram<
, milligram<
,-, milligram
,-, milligram
,-, milligram
,-, milligram
,-, milligram
,-, milligram
,-, milligram
,-, milligram
,-, milligram
,-, milligram
, (,-, )
,
,
,-,
Reference: www.honeywell.com/composit.html
M :
; . N 7 Z
. p # N
N # 9p 9
.9p
" .
.( d d )>
< " e < e < <
165
M
"# " }
" . < 9 "7 :q
4 j
P
F u
.
F
i
4 T
M
][ -/
< < q . ) 9?
)Bodag F. Beck . ) ( q# :q
# 9 "
3 9 . Z
"# .
.
# . <"
( )3 .
e 9 . .m.
p
3 n )99(
n.
<" > . -
# < "7 < .
" #] "7 q N9.
" < e >
9 3.
164
) (
Z" . Z
" .
< 9 d
d $
p . q" .
< <
Z "p
.$
< :
q . "p q
. < q d 9 #
<p < Z <.
3
N < d < d 9
d . Z Z.
N d } < .
9 N
. < ] Z 9
< . <"
] <.
] - <" q :
<] <" 9 <" <> N
q .q
Z" 9 " <" 9 . <"
<) # : 9( .
q< "< d d9 . <" "
- ) < ( .
. Z
. " ] # < . -
" # >< "
d .d9 Z.
; Z.
167
<< e] .
] n :
;
.
.
7
9
q
< < . d
.
< < 3 . q 9" )Dr.
< (Naun Petrovich Joirich ) (Longevity
N ) (:
. > 9
() .
" . ) N ( 9"
Carlson Wade ) N ( ?
Jack Scagnetti and Linda Lyngheim <"
.
>
" # . >
" N
> # < 9 d "
< d " 9 .9 > >
9 .
} 3 > q Z
. < p N p
Z e .
"p . .
166
) (
. i
] [
i
] i
.
[ ]-/
M
[
169
:
) (
M
.
] e[
.
i
) ][:
) (
- m :
: e
q "< 9 9 d9
, . <" e
;#" 9
; q
# . <" q q> -
" " ".
9 n <
< . - "
<" <
.
e e
N 9 # < . " -
d" ; .
" "< q
9 ; . - <"
"< Z;" . 9 <" d Z
" <" ; .
173
9 99 n <
; 9 . - <"
9 < " < < " "
> < .p < <"
" .
- Z] ; > 3
Z - <
<" - # .
q " 9 <
9 Z "
9 . < < }
9 9 q .
9 9
} $
Z] " 9 # < " < .
9 " " .
Z
9 9 < n
; << q] . # <9 e <
# <.
<" - 9 # 9 # < <
9 " ." < 9 9 N9 9
"< "e> 9 . Z N 9 <" e d9
.9 q <" ? <
9 9 < p".
9 " Z <> # "#."d
; 9 n q N" " "
<" ] < Z .
172
) (
.
< d9"
ee
> < 9 " p < " <"
> . < <>
. > 9 "< -9
q .
"# n N < <" .d <
3 #
" < <> < q !
"#> DNA> > " 9
; . <" > DNA <
.
<] :> DNA <" #
)( - <" 9 # q
175
)
. e
q< "# e " " >9< 9< 99.
Z 9 ; " q # #
9 # . <" 9 #
n:
" < m 9 9
".
174
) (
" - " 9 q q q
; Z . ?9> 9 " 9
q # q - 7 # < e
. ?99 9 < q
# 9 9 9 7 # .q
<9 9< -
"< q < Z
#" ."q
e.
< # q Z9" " " < "9
" " < . 9 ""
< 9 # d <
DNA # .
4 . j P
P . e : DNA
M . =
4 i 4
O DNA .
4 . M.
) u
u F .
"
9 <" "
9" < <> 9.
9 9 " " . -
<" : e "...
q" <"
<" . q " "
" ] <" < .
. < d
" <" 9> q .
"< q - 9 9 . " " -
< e :q
176
) (
.:
) ) P
<> < 9
.9
9" "< ><
# <] e - . " -
.
;#" d >9 e
q . q
# ? < < . p ><
9 # < . < 9
9" - q # " q"
" ? <" " ? .e
; <" - .9 q "<
:"e
" ;# e
".
179
9 Z " ".
>< N 9 .
< . "< ;# 9
# ) .
d"( . <" " " "9 "
j M
M e M .
F
. 4
j= =4 . j=
4 = O
)=
)=
.
178
) (
< .
e> q 9 Z < e " .
9" <" " 9 e < - . q - 9
< d - "< q" "
< - " . - 9 - q <9 :
<-3
- .
- <93
-
9" q" "
<"3"#N".
<" #
< . <
9 p" 99
< 9 #
< "< 3 - # < e
<> ".
9" "" """ 9"
< 9 < .3 e9"
181
4 M M
uF .
i .
4
) . 4 P Fi
.
e
F
.
F
F
..
O ) P )
9 # 9
" < # < < .
< < 9
: Z > .
< < 9 > 7 Derek Ager - :q
< ] < e
99 < # 9
< N].
<" <" d9
>< " 9 9 # >
. d9 "
9 < # <" - e . -
>9 :
180
) (
- Z 9
Z . " Z " " ?9
"m ) ( " 9>".
$ p :
;# q #
?9 < m 9
>9 " >9 9
.
9 9> # ]
} - <.
)
# # - " < <" "# q
"< q - <" 9 < .
"< 9 " 9
< 9 < ]
. "# : " 9 p Z
" . 9 ->
<" . ;# q
9 " " 9" > "
# < " <" :
9" 9 p"
Z < .
# - " < >9 -
n . 9 "j d
) q .( 9
183
- # . <"
<> 9 - .< q < # 9
" :
" 9 < < < < <
d9 ".
< 9 p .
n " < <" " .
> Stephen Jay Gould 9 9
# 9 < :>9
; " ;#" ? ) 3
> ( <" < < # <" <
182
) (
p q :
"# Z
- # # 9 # 9
. - 9 9
. - :
<" #
"# N <"
. > 9 <
9 # . < - " .
9 " > 9
<" . # N> < " # <
<>
N 9 <9 <9< .
9 < p ]
7 "# < < p
<" 9 9 . 7 Z n " q
# ]
. # p ; # N> < n
" <" ? . <" p> 9
< " ; .
q n p p 9
# q j9 . < Z p <
" j9 " 9 .9 <" - .
< 9 .9 <
> - . <" 9 .p
9" " <" 7 9 >
# ." ;# < q "# p
# "< 9 p> - 9;
" ! 9 <" n} <" -!
< - <
" #
<" > -9 q ;".
185
) e
F
< e >
"< 9
Zp
?9
;".
# e
<"
184
) (
e)
"# # - " <" 9 # p d9 $
p . 7
9 <> .>9 <"
. - 9 9 .
9 99 <" d9 "
<"
< . <" 9 9 - #
3 >< 9 # Z ! ";#!
"# # " p 9 }
# .m -# m < 9
> > " .
< " 9 n 9 ) (Richard Lewontin 9
9 ; >9 p9 "> Z q Z
187
)
)
; > p
186
) (
9 " # 9" # ;# . 9
< p 7 q -9
< 9< Z "< " q " # .
< q
Z <
# Z Z" Z Z
> - ; . # <# 9 "7
. 7 " 3 " #
q" j9 . - :
4
M
i
][- :e
e
< :
FO
i
] [ :S
< 9
" < 3 <
<9 ;# q :
4 .
M
][- :
"# 3 9 3
-9 9
<" < <} 9
n 9 # <"
< " 9 9 " > -
Z > Z " d9>
189
> " ;# :q
" "# # #" ) ( . > #
" > < q - ;
# < q > . # "
<" q # # ".
4
<" <" < #" " < Z " e
<> < ?9 <" 9
] 9 ] p .
Z " " 9" <" " "
" N # ) (Einstein Hubble
) (Frank Sinatra9" " ) (Charlton Heston# n
" < 9" p 9 n" 9"
n
9 . <" "
< < 3 9 . " Z "<
188
) (
4
4
] [ :
191
] < .
<" q Z"
" } " " 3 .
Z " " # <"
.3 < <" 9 d9.
- :q
M
P
T
][:S
. ] " - "< e 3
7 # . <" " > < - < -
""< >< < - q:
9 "7 "
4
F
][- :S
9 "< ?9# } 3
< . " # <
< # # jq
9 n "9 e n
-;
" ".
$ Z ) (Malcolm Muggeridge> 9
-" < ?9 > ] #
9 :
"# < " 9" #] $ 9
.
d " .
; "
9" <" # n n" # 9 < <
< e 9 ." < 3 <
d9 " 9" -
.
190
( )
193
Press, th ed., , p.
. Mark L. Winston, The Biology of the Honey
Bee, p.
. Comptons Pictured Encyclopedia, Vol.,
p.
. Ibid.
. Hayvanlar Ansiklopedisi - Bocekler
(Encyclopedia of AnimalsInsects), p.
. Karl von Frisch, Arilarin Hayati (The Life of
Bees), p.
. Mark L. Winston, The Biology of the Honey
Bee, p.
. Ibid., p.
. Karl von Frisch, Animal Architecture, A
Helen and Kurt Wolff Book/Harcourt Brace
Jovanavich, Inc., New York and London, p.
. Ibid., p.
. Mark L. Winston, The Biology of the Honey
Bee, p.
. Ibid., pp.-
. Russel Freedman, How Animals Defend
Their Young?, E.P. Dutton, New York, ,
p.
. Karl von Frisch, Arilarin Hayati (The Life of
Bees), pp.-
. Mark L. Winston, The Biology of the Honey
Bee, p.
. Karl von Frisch, Arilarin Hayati (The Life of
Bees), pp.-
. Mark L. Winston, The Biology of the Honey
Bee, pp.-
. Ali Demirsoy, Yasamin Temel Kurallari,
Omurgasizlar/Bocekler (The Basic Rules of Life,
Invertebrates/Insects), Entomology Vol. ,
p.
. Mark L. Winston, The Biology of the Honey
Bee, pp.-
192
( )
Bees), p.
. Mark L. Winston, The Biology of the Honey
Bee, p.
. Ibid., p.
. Karl von Frisch, Animal Architecture, p.
. Ibid., p.
. Mark L. Winston, The Biology of the Honey
Bee, p.
. The New Encyclopedia Britannica, Sensory
Reception, Vol., p.
. Karl von Frisch, Animal Architecture, p.
. Encyclopedia Americana, , p.
. Murray Hoyt, The World of Bees, pp.-
. Mark L. Winston, The Biology of the Honey
Bee, p.
. Anthony Smith, Insan Beyni ve Yasami
(Human Brain and Life), trans. Nejat Ebcioglu,
Inkilap Publishing House, p.
. Mark L. Winston, The Biology of the Honey
Bee, pp.,
. Creation or Chance!: Gods purpose with
THE MIRACLE OF THE HONEYBEE
mankind proved by the wonder of the universe,
edited by G. Mansfield, Logos Publications
. Karl von Frisch, Animal Architecture, p.
. Anthony Smith, Insan Beyni ve Yasami
(Human Brain and Life), p.
. Ibid., p.
. Ibid., p.
. Encyclopedia Americana, , p.
. http://ag.arizona.edu/pubs/insects/ahb/
inf.html
. Lucy W. Clausen, Insect Fact and Folklore,
Int. Book and Periodicals Supply Services, New
Delhi
. John Brackenbury, Insects and Flowers,
, UK, p.
. Murray Hoyt, The World of Bees, p..
. Nutritional and healing benefits of honey,
http://vt.essortment.com/
195
. Encyclopedia Americana, , p.
. Karl von Frisch, Arilarin Hayati (The Life of
Bees), p.
. Ibid., pp.-
. Ibid., p.
. Edward O.Wilson, The Insect Societies, p.
. Mark L. Winston, The Biology of the Honey
Bee, p.
. Thomas A.Sebeok, Animal Communication,
p..
. Karl von Frisch, Aus Dem Leben Der Bienen,
p.
. Thomas A.Sebeok, Animal Communication,
p.
. Karl von Frisch, Aus Dem Leben Der Bienen,
p.
. Peter J.B. Slater, The Encyclopedia of
Animal Behaviour, Facts on File Publications,
New York, p.
. Karl von Frisch, Aus Dem Leben Der Bienen,
p.
. Thomas Seeley, Measurement of Nest
Cavity Volume by the Honey Bee, Behavioral
Ecology and Sociobiology, Vol. , No. , June
, pp. -
. Edward O.Wilson, The Insect Societies,
p.
. Karl von Frisch, Animal Architecture, p.
. Ernst Neufert, NEUFERT, trans. Abdullah
Erkan, Guven Publishing, th edition, ,
p.
. Edward O.Wilson, The Insect Societies,
p.
. The New Encyclopedia Britannica, Vol.,
th edition, , p.
. Karl von Frisch, Tanzsprache und
Orientierung der Bienen, Universitat Mnchen,
Springer Verlag, , p.
. Thomas A. Sebeok, Animal
Communication, pp.-.
194
196
honeybacteriam_rbbd.htm
. Honey weapon against superbugs,
http://news.bbc.co.uk//hi/wales/.stm
. Murray Hoyt, The World of Bees, p.
. Deb Pouech, Apitheraphy-Using Bees and
Hive Products for Health, The Natural Farmer,
Summer
. Judy Christensen, Bee Pollen, Natures
most perfect food, Preparedness Journal,
January/February , p.
. Bee Pollen Benefits, http://www.
ebeehoney.com/pollenfacts.html
. www.aimhealth.com
. http://www.royalbeejelly.net/
. Sidney Fox, Klaus Dose, Molecular Evolution
and The Origin of Life, New York: Marcel Dekker,
. p.
. Alexander I. Oparin, Origin of Life, () New
York, Dover Publications, (Reprint), p.
. New Evidence on Evolution of Early
Atmosphere and Life, Bulletin of the American
Meteorological Society, vol , November , p.
-.
. Stanley Miller, Molecular Evolution of Life:
Current Status of the Prebiotic Synthesis of Small
Molecules, , p.
. Jeffrey Bada, Earth, February , v.
. Leslie E. Orgel, The Origin of Life on Earth,
Scientific American, vol , October , p.
. Charles Darwin, : A Facsimile of the First Edition,
Harvard University Press, , p.
. Charles Darwin,, p. .
. B. G. Ranganathan, Origins?, Pennsylvania: The
Banner Of Truth Trust, .
. Charles Darwin,, p.
. Derek A. Ager, The Nature of the Fossil
Record, Proceedings of the British Geological
Association, vol , , p.
. Douglas J. Futuyma, Science on Trial, New
York: Pantheon Books, . p.