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WELCOME DOBARDAN

INVESTIGATIONOFOPERATINGAND ENGINEERINGPARAMETERSOFWATER SPRAYINGSYSTEMSATFUGITIVEDUST SUPPRESSION


Dipl.Ing.J.Faschingleitner, Univ.Prof.Dipl.Ing.Dr.techn. W.Hflinger,,
1ViennaUniversityofTechnology,InstituteofChemicalEngineering,

Getreidemarkt 9,A1060Vienna,Austria, Phone:004315880115910; Fax:004315880115999 Email:whoeflin@mail.zserv.tuwien.ac.at


PresentationattheTEMPUSMeeting2010 1519November2010Wien

Dipl.Ing.JrgFaschingleitner Prof.Dr.WilhelmHflinger

1.Dangeratlongtermexposuretofugitivedust: chronicinjuryofthelung, decreasedlungfunctioninchildrenandadults, shortenedlifeexpectancy,primarilyduetoheartlungdiseasesandprobablyalsobecauseof cancer.


Furtherinformationontheconsequencesofparticulatematterforhumanhealthcanbeobtainedfromallwebsitesoftheenvironmental agencieswithintheEuropeanUnion,forinstancefromtheAustrianEnvironmentalAgency[1].

Forthisreason,measuresweretakentocontroltheproductionoffugitivedustemissions. 2.Dustdefinitions:
In1987,theAmericanENVIRONMENTALPROTECTIONAGENCY(EPA)undertookarigorousapproachto classifyfugitivedustandintroducedtheNATIONALAIRQUALITYSTANDARDFORPARTICULATEMATTER (PMstandard)[2]. TheEPAfurthermoreclassifiedparticulatematterasoneofsixairpollutants,includingcarbonmonoxide, lead,nitrogendioxide,ozoneandsulfurdioxide[3].

EPA: PM10=Particularmatterwithanaerodynamical diametersmallerthan10m Guidline1999/30/EG:PM10areparticleswhichpassasizeselectiveairinletwhichperforms forparticalswithanaerodynamicaldiameterof10maseparationefficiencyof50%. ThePM10restrictionsintheEUarebasedonthe1999/30/EG


Furtherspecifiedclassificationofdust: TSP:"TotalSuspendedParticulate",emittabledustparticleswithanaerodynamicaldiameter<57m SP:"SuspendedParticulate",isconsideredas"PM30". IP:"InhalableParticulate",particulateswithanaerodynamicaldiameter<15m,als"PM15" FP:"FineParticulate",particulateswithanaerodynamicaldiameter<2,5m,als"PM2,5
[1]Feinstaub. Wikipedia,TheFreeEncyclopedia.04April2010.Wikimedia Foundation,Inc. Accessedon04April2010.http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feinstaub [2]Background. U.S.EnvironmentalProtectionAgency.Accessedon04April2010.http://www.epa.gov/airtrends/aqtrnd95/backgrnd.html [3] Staub Allgemein. Umweltbundesamt GmbH.Accessedon04April2010.<http://www.umweltbundesamt.at/umweltschutz/luft/luftschadstoffe/staub/>

3.Guidlines
1999/30/EGin1999 Since01012005 nottoexceed ayearlyaverageof40g/m ofPM10 emissions. adailyaverageof50g/m allowedtobeexceededon35daysayear[4]. Transgressionsarereportedbyeachcountryinyearlypublishedemissionreports. Since01012010 nottoexceed ayearlyaverageof20g/m adailyaverageisstillsetat50g/m withsevendaysallowedtobeexceededperyear InAustria,theEUregulationsareimplementedbylawintheImmissionsschutzesetz,(IGL).Amongother countrieswithintheEU,Austriahasproblemstostaybelowtheassignedlimitsfrom2005. Ithas thereforeappliedforanextensionoftime[5]. However,allcountriesneedmoreeffectivemeasurestocontrolfugitivedustemissionsasnew guidelineshavealreadybeenintroduced.GuidelineRL2008/50/EGisthefirststandardwhichincludes futurereferencevaluesonPM2.5 emissions[6].Otherpoliticalmeasurestoreducedustemissions directlyaddressareasthatcausehighairpollution. OneofthesemeasuresistheEUROPEANPOLLUTANTRELEASEANDTRANSFERREGISTER(EPRTR), whichaddressestheindustry.TheEPRTRisaEuropewideregisterthatprovidesdataonthereleaseof emissionstotheenvironmentfromindustrialfacilities.

[5]EUCouncilDirective.Guideline1999/30/EG.22April1999. Accessedon04April2010.http://eurlex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/ LexUriServ.do?uri=CONSLEG:1999L0030:20080611:DE:PDF [6] u.s.EnvironmentalProtectionAgency,OfficeofAirQualityPlanningandStandards, IntroductiontoAP42,VolumeI,FifthEdition,1995 http://www.epa.gov/ttn/ehief/ap42toe.htmI [7] BackgroundDocumentationforAP42,Section11.2.4,HeavyConstruction Operations,OfficeofAirQualityPlanningandStandards,EPAC011lractNo.68 DO0123,Work AssignmentNo44,April2,1993http://www.epa.gov/ttn/chief/ap42cI3.html

4.Originandpropagationofdust:

Figure1:CausesforPM10 emissionsinAustriain2007 accordingtotheAUSTRIANENVIRONMENTALAGENCY[8]

Figure2:criteriatodestinguish differentsourcetypes[9]

Aremarkablehighfraction(42%)oftotalemitteddustcanalreadybeassignedtofugitivedustemissions [8].Onereasonforthatisthatemissionsofnonconductedsourcesaremuchhardertodetectand control.


[8]Umweltbundesamt,Emissionstrends19902007.berblickberdiesterreichischenVerursachervonLuftschadstoffen(Datenstand2009). UmweltbundesamtGmbH,Vienna(2009) [9]Holzhauer,R.:BeitragzurBeurteilungundWeiterentwicklungvon Emissionsminderungsmanahmen

Fugitivedustemission:

Arizingfromnonconductedsources Diffusedustsourceshaveoftenthefollowingcharacteristics:(VDI3790, VDI4285) o considerablespatialextension, o inhomogeneoussourcestructure, o emissionrelevantsectorsthatcannotbelocatedordescribedeasily, o lowheightofsource, o emissionmassflowthatvarieswithtimeand o highambientairconcentrationsinthevicinityofthesource. Diffusedustsourcescanbeassignedbygeometry:pointsourcelinesource, areasourceorvolumesource. Dustsourceswhichcreatefugitivedustarecreatedforexampleby exposureof: o openfaces(construction,miningoragriculturalsites), o roadsorparkingareas, o stockpilesor o bulksolidprocessing towindormechanicalstress
Figure3:examplesforfugitivedustsources

Problemsatfugitivedustsuppression:
o o o o o Primarydustsuppressionaction:onlypartial solutionsavailable Granulation Proceduralprovissions Secondarydustsuppressionaction: Encaseandfiltrationorscrubbing Combination:waterspraydustsuppression Primary:unhomogeniusbulksolidsmoistening Secondary:shiftinganddelutionofdustclouds

Figure4:examplesforprimary and secondarydustsuppression action

Definitionofafugitivedustsourcewhere waterspraydustsuppressioncanbeusedasrolemodel:

Conveyorbelthandoverpoints: Primaryandsecondarydustsuppressionactioniseasilyaccessable andcanbeexaminedtogetherandseparatedfromeachother. Waterspraydustsuppressionataconveyorbelthandoverpoint canbeusedasrolemodelfordustsuppressionatother procedures.

Fugitivedustsuppressionatbulksolidhandling

Fig.5:Applicationofdustsuppressiondevicesbywaterspraying * *www.vsrindustrietechnik.de 8

Atdustminimisationintheencasingthere are2effects,whichareactinginseries:
1 Moisteningeffect1 Dustgenerationwillbehindered bymoisteningofthebulksolids, duetothewaterspray
2 Dustseparationbywaterdroplets 2 Dustparticleswhichwerestill generated,despitemoistening,will becapturedbythedropletsand precipitated
Fig. 6: shows both dust reducing effects at suppression of fugitivedustinencasingswithspraynozzles 9

Theseparationefficiencyofawatersprayingsystemcanbe calculatedasthetotalseparationefficiencytotoftheefficiencies oftwoseparators(1and2),whichareconnectedinseries1:

tot= 1+2 1*2(1)


[9]
[9]
1M.Stie:MechanischeVerfahrenstechnikPartikeltechnologie1,Springer

VerlagBerlin,Heidelberg.

2009,ISBN9783540325512.

1:reduceddustgenerationduetomoisteningofthe bulksolids 2:precipitationofthestillgenerateddustbythe dispersedwaterdroplets


10

conceptofstudy:

tot
Conveyorbelthandoverpoint

2
Airbornedustcapture experiments Designoftestrig

Bulksolidsdropexperiments Designoftestrig evaporation effectiveVfl

1(Vfleff.)

2(Vfleff.)

experiments
Vfl h n

tot(Vfleff.)= 1(Vfleff.)+2(Vfleff.) 1(Vfleff.)* 2(Vfleff.) model experiments


cdust Position spraypattern
methodofnozzle characterization

theory
VLuft CFD Lffler

Nozzletype

Moisteningpattern Modeltodescribe moisteningpattern v(x)dataarrayofspray parametersa,b Vfl h n nozzletype

Dustsuppressionpattern Modeltodescribedust suppressionpattern


* e b x
2

Bellcurve model

v(x) = a

v(x)dataarrayofspray parametersa,b cdust Position n VLuft

Optimizationmethod

Emissionfaktor(Vfleff.)

Modeltocalculatedust suppression

2(x,Vfleff.)=const

comparison

Experiments:
c o n v e y o r b e lt d o w n p ip e c le a n g a s f ilt e r s u c k o f f p ip e b lo w e r

sand

w eir bunker

d u st cham b er

cascad e im p a c to r vacuum pum p

n o z z le

w a te r a ir

Fig.7: Test equipment for detection of tot

1
Bulksolidsdropexperiments

tot
Conveyorbelthandoverpoint

2
Airbornedustcapture experiments

Fig.8: Test equipment for detection of 1

Fig.9: Test equipment for detection of 2

sand

tot
w e ir c o n v e y o r b e lt bunker

d o w n p ip e c le a n g a s f ilte r s u c k o ff p ip e b lo w e r d ust cham ber

cascad e im p a c to r vacuum pum p

n o z z le

w a te r a ir
Fig.10: Test equipment for detection of tot

1 Bulksoliddrop experiments Detectionofspraying pattern

Fig.11: Test equipment for detection of 1

Fig.12: Test equipment for detection of spraying pattern regarding description of 1

Fig.13:testequipmentfordetectionof2

Comparison:
experiment s
Vfl

1
Bulksolidsdropexperiments Designoftestrig

tot
Conveyorbelthandoverpoint

2
Airbornedustcapture experiments Designoftestrig

evaporation effectiveVfl

1(Vfleff.)

2(Vfleff.)

experiments
Vfl h n

tot(Vfleff.)= 1(Vfleff.)+2(Vfleff.) 1(Vfleff.)* 2(Vfleff.) model experiments


cdust Position n VLuft

theory
CFD Lffler

Nozzletype

Comparisonofexperimentempiricalmodelandtheoreticalcalculationstodiscover influencesondustsuppressionefficiency.

modeltocalculatetottakingdropletevaporationintoaccount
Eres dustconcentrationforinfiniteQ E0:initialdustconcentration :dustsuppressionconstant Q0 evaporatingwatervolumeflow[L/h]
Q0max maximumevaporateablewaterflux[L/h]

Qsupplyingnozzlewaterstream[L/h] qevaporationconstant[h/L]

1 Dipl.Ing.JrgFaschingleitner Prof.Dr.WilhelmHflinger 17

Comparisonofdustsuppressionefficiencies: tot= 1+2 1*2 tot(Vfleff.)= 1(Vfleff.)+2(Vfleff.) 1(Vfleff.)* 2(Vfleff.) ForPM10andat10L/hnozzlewaterflux(8.8L/heffectivewaterflux): Totaldustseparationefficiency: droplet dustprecipitation: moisteningeffect: tot=70% 2=16% low 1 =64% high

Thatmeans:dustseparationduetomoisteningisthemoredominant effectandthedropletdustseparationeffectisveryweak
experiments

Attheconcentrated particleflow2 ismuch higherbutbesidesthis flow2 decreases tremendously.


Fig.15:2 atdifferentsetsofnozzles

2:Problemsofsecondarydustreduction

theory

Problemofmixingofdust cloudsandwatersprays
Fig.16:Showstheshiftingofdustclouds Fig.17:Showsthedropletsizemeasurementofthe duetotheimpactofwatersprays watersprayusinglaserdiffractionmethod

CFD

CFDsimulationofthe ultrasonicspraynozzle (1005VSR) definesdust suppressionefficient regionsofthespray


Fig.18:Calculatedspraypatternofspraynozzlerelatedtodropletsize
Dipl.Ing.JrgFaschingleitner Prof.Dr.WilhelmHflinger 19

Interactionof Particlesandthe spray


Fig.19:CFDconstructedtestsetup

Fig.20:CFDcalculatedparticletrajectoriesat10m/sairvelocity

Fig.21:CFDcalculatedparticletrajectoriesat1m/sairvelocity

Therewereactiveregionsofthespray definedfordustsuppression.This activeregionsareamaximumifa certainfractionbetweenairvelocityof thenozzleandvelocityofdustparticles (windspeed)isreached.


Dipl.Ing.ThomasLaminger Prof.Dr.WilhelmHflinger
Fig.22:CFDcalculatedparticletrajectoriesat1m/sairvelocity

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AdoptedBarthSchuchLfflermodeltocalculatetheseparation efficiencyofparticlesatdroplets:
Velocitycomponents

Lffler

Spacecomponents

Startingconditions

Fig.23:Showsthecalculatedtrajectoryofthedropletsandthe penetrationdepthofparticles

Usingexperimental,CFDandtheoreticalexaminationsanapproach to optimizeparameterstoperformdustsuppressionatmaximumefficiency wasdiscovered.(crossflowconditions,concentration,position)


Dipl.Ing.JrgFaschingleitner Prof.Dr.WilhelmHflinger 21

1(Vfleff.)

Optimization:

2(Vfleff.)

experiments
Vfl h n Nozzletype

experiments
cdust Position n VLuft

Moisteningpattern Modeltodescribe moisteningpattern v(x)dataarrayofspray parametersa,b Vfl h n nozzletype

spraypattern
methodofnozzle characterization

Dustsuppressionpattern Modeltodescribedust suppressionpattern


2

Bellcurve model

v(x)

* = a e b x

v(x)dataarrayofspray parametersa,b cdust Position n VLuft

Optimizationmethod

Emissionfaktor(Vfleff.)

Modeltocalculatedust suppression

2(x,Vfleff.)=const

Moisteningpattern

spraypattern Bellcurve:modelformoisteningvelocity

Measurementsetuptodetectthe inhomogeniousmoisturedistribution acrossaflatbulksolidssurface


Measurementofthemoisteningvelocity v(x)=V/Aspaceresolvedusingvolume compartments(areaA)

v(x)
a b x v(x)

b *x

moisteningconstant[m/s] moisteningcontsant[1/m] moisteningradius[m] moisteningvelocity[m/s]

Fig.24:detectionofmoisteningvelocityacrossthe surfacearea
Dipl.Ing.JrgFaschingleitner Prof.Dr.WilhelmHflinger

Fig.25:Moisteningvelocitybychangingdistancefrom thecenterofthespraytotheside. .
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Theshapeofthebellcurveisdeterminedbythemoisteningconstancesaandb.Adataarray & fl hastobeascertained. ofaandbdependentonnozzleheighthandnozzlewaterfluxV

Fig.27:Moisteningconstanta[m/s]relatedto Fig.26:Moisteningvelocitydistributionv(x)at changing distance from the center of the spray to the side. differentwatervolumeflowsanddistancesin heighth

Fig.28:Moisteningconstantb[1/m]relatedto differentwatervolumeflowsanddistancesin heighth

Fig.29:Moisteningvelocitydistributionv(x)atdifferentnozzleheightatafixedwaterfluxof5L/h

Dipl.Ing.JrgFaschingleitner Prof.Dr.WilhelmHflinger

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Applicationtoperformahomogeniousbulksolidsmoisteningacrossaconveyor belt: goal:optimization strategyfornozzlelayoutdesignofaconveyorbeltencasingusingthebellcurvemodel Generationofaspecifiedmoisturecontentofthebulksolidhomogenious Keynote: acrosstheconveyorbeltwidthtomeetspecifiedfugitivedustguidlinesatminimum waterconsumptionbydeterminationoftheoptimalnozzleheight h,optimalnozzle & fl ,numberofnozzlesperconveyorbeltwidth waterflux V Specified: nozzlekind necessarymoisturecontentofbulksolidG [gwater/kgbulksolid] au .tomeetforexamplePM10guidlines(derivedfrombulk solid fsu dropexperiments) mm ier t bulksolidsmassflow m [kg/s] conveyorbeltwidthB[m] Layoutdesignparameterstobeindemand: optimalnozzleheightabovetheconveyorbelth[m], & fl [m/s] optimalnozzlewaterflux V optimalnumberofnozzlesperconveyorbeltwidth
optimum

Fig.30:Deviationofmoisteningdistributionofthesprayacross theconveyorbeltwidth.
Dipl.Ing.JrgFaschingleitner Prof.Dr.WilhelmHflinger 25

Bellcurvemodel v(x)

* e b x

Defineabulksolidmassprofile acrosstheconveyorbeltwidth Measuredependencyofemission faktoronsolidmoisturecontentby bulksolidsdropexperiments Calculateempiricaldescriptionof emissionfaktorreferredtobulk solidsmoisturecontent CalculateEmissionfaktorprofile acrossconveyorbeltwidth

Dataarrayofaandbin dependencyofhand

Calculationofavolumeper electableareausingbellcurvefrom moisteningvelocityfunktionv(x)

Summationof3dimentionalbell curvetogetmoisteningprofile acrossconveyorbelt


Calculateamoisturecontentprofileof bulksolidacrossconveyorbeltwidth

Findminimumemissionacrossconveyorbelt dependingona.bandwiththedataarray dependingonhandatminimumwater consumption

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Modeltocalculatedust suppression

Moisteningpattern

spraypattern

1(Vfleff.)
Fig.30:Moisteningvelocitydistributionv(x)acrossconveyorbeltwidthatdifferentnozzlewaterfluxadfixednozzleheight0,79m

experiments
Vfl h n Nozzletype

Bulksolidsdropexperimentsand calculationofemissionfactors:
Fig.31:emissionfactorsdependingonbulksolidsmoisture

Modeltocalculatedust suppression

Fig.32:emissionfactorsdependingonbulksolidsmoisture created acrossconveyorbeltwidth

conceptofstudy:

tot
Conveyorbelthandoverpoint

2
Airbornedustcapture experiments Designoftestrig

Bulksolidsdropexperiments Designoftestrig evaporation effectiveVfl

1(Vfleff.)

2(Vfleff.)

experiments
Vfl h n

tot(Vfleff.)= 1(Vfleff.)+2(Vfleff.) 1(Vfleff.)* 2(Vfleff.) model experiments


cdust Position spraypattern
methodofnozzle characterization

theory
VLuft CFD Lffler

Nozzletype

Moisteningpattern Modeltodescribe moisteningpattern v(x)dataarrayofspray parametersa,b Vfl h n nozzletype

Dustsuppressionpattern Modeltodescribedust suppressionpattern


* e b x
2

Bellcurve model

v(x) = a

v(x)dataarrayofspray parametersa,b cdust Position n VLuft

Optimizationmethod

Emissionfaktor(Vfleff.)

Modeltocalculatedust suppression

2(x,Vfleff.)=const

comparison

Conclusion:
Withexperimentsitwasproventhatthefugitivedustsuppressioncouldget devidedintwoeffectsThisprimaryandsecondarydustsuppressioneffects werequantifiedandcomparedwithamodelusuallyusedfortwoseparators whichareactinginseries. Wherefromtheprimarydustsuppressionmeasureisfourtimesmore efficientthanthesecondarydustsuppressionmeasure. Forbotheffectscalculationmethodeswerederivedsothattheproposed dustreductionofeachmeasurecangetcalculated. Thetotaldustsuppressionefficiencycouldgetcalculatedbyan adoptionofa depthfiltrationmodel.Thismodelwasimprovedbyanequationtocalculate theevoporationeffect.Asaresultallseparationefficiencies (total,primary andsecondarydustsuppressionefficiency)couldgetreferredto aneffective waterfluxwhichactuallyperformsdustsuppression.
Dipl.Ing.JrgFaschingleitner Prof.Dr.WilhelmHflinger 30

Conclusion:
Thesecondarydustsuppressioncouldbedevidedinatransportproblemofdust cloudtothewatersprayandinaseparationproblemofdustparticlesby droplets.

ThetransportproblemwasanalysedbyCFDsimulationbywhichactiveregionsof thespraywerelocatedanditsdependencyonoperatingparametersclarified. TheseparationofparticlesbydropletswascalculatedbyadaptionoftheBarth SchuchLfflermodelanditsdependencyonoperatingparametersclarified. Theprimarydustreductionwasdescribedbythedependencyofemissionfactors onbulksolidsmoisture.Thebulksolidsmoistureproducedatwatersprayingwas modelledbyabellcurvemodelwhichdescribesmeasurednozzlespraypatterns dependingonoperatingparameters. Bydescribingmeasureddustsuppressionpatternsbythebellcurvemodelthe optimizationmethodeforprimarydustsuppressioncouldgetappliedto secondarydustsuppressionaswell. Thereforeanoptimizationstrategywasdevelopedtoexamineoperating parametersbywhichmaximumdustsuppressionatminimumwater consumptionisreached.
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Thankyouforyourattention! puno hvala napanja

longtermexposuretofugitivedust: chronicinjuryofthelung, decreasedlungfunctioninchildrenandadults, shortenedlifeexpectancy,primarilyduetoheartlungdiseasesandprobablyalsobecauseof cancer.


Furtherinformationontheconsequencesofparticulatematterforhumanhealthcanbeobtainedfromallwebsitesofthe environmentalagencieswithintheEuropeanUnion,forinstancefromtheAustrianEnvironmentalAgency[4].

Forthisreason,measuresweretakentocontroltheproductionoffugitivedustemissions.
In1987,theAmericanENVIRONMENTALPROTECTIONAGENCY(EPA)undertookarigorousapproachto classifyfugitivedustandintroducedtheNATIONALAIRQUALITYSTANDARDFORPARTICULATEMATTER (PMstandard)[1]. TheEPAfurthermoreclassifiedparticulatematterasoneofsixairpollutants,includingcarbonmonoxide, lead,nitrogendioxide,ozoneandsulfurdioxide[3].

EPA: PM10Particularmatterwithanaerodynamical diametersmallerthan10m Guidline1999/30/EG:PM10areparticleswhichpassasizeselectiveairinletwhichperforms forparticalswithanaerodynamicaldiameterof10masepparationefficiencyof50%. ThePM10restrictionsintheEUarebasedonthe1999/30/EG


Furtherspecifiedclassificationofdust: TSP:"TotalSuspendedParticulate",emittabledustparticleswithanaerodynamicaldiameter<57m SP:"SuspendedParticulate",isconsideredas"PM30". IP:"InhalableParticulate",particulateswithanaerodynamicaldiameter<15m,als"PM15" FP:"FineParticulate",particulateswithanaerodynamicaldiameter<2,5m,als"PM2,5

IntheEuropeanUnion,guidelinesonPM10 emissionswereintroducedbythe councildirective1999/30/EGin1999.Intheguideline,twophaseswereassigned duringwhichPM10 emissionsweretobereducedtofinalstandardvalues.Thefirst phaseendedin2005.Bythen,allparticipatingcountrieswerenottoexceeda yearlyaverageof40g/m ofPM10 emissions.Adailyaverageof50g/m was allowedtobeexceededon35daysayear[5].Transgressionsare reportedbyeach countryinyearlypublishedemissionreports. InJanuary2010,theendofthesecondphasewasreachedwithhigherstandards tobemet;nowwithayearlyaverageof20g/m.Thedailyaverageisstillsetat 50g/m withsevendaysallowedtobeexceededperyear.InAustria,theEU regulationsareimplementedbylawintheImmissionsschutzesetz,(IGL).Among othercountrieswithintheEU,Austriahasproblemstostaybelowtheassigned limitsfrom2005.Ithasthereforeappliedforanextensionoftime[6]. However,allcountriesneedmoreeffectivemeasurestocontrolfugitivedust emissionsasnewguidelineshavealreadybeenintroduced.GuidelineRL 2008/50/EGisthefirststandardwhichincludesfuturereference valuesonPM2.5 emissions[7].Otherpoliticalmeasurestoreducedustemissions directlyaddress areasthatcausehighairpollution. OneofthesemeasuresistheEUROPEANPOLLUTANTRELEASEANDTRANSFER REGISTER(EPRTR),whichaddressestheindustry.TheEPRTRisaEuropewide registerthatprovidesdataonthereleaseofemissionstotheenvironmentfrom industrialfacilities.Itcontainsdatareportedannuallybyapproximately24000 industrialfacilities[8].TheEPRTRregisterisopentothepublictomaketheimpact oflocalindustriesontheenvironmentmoretransparent.Atthesametime,it pressureslistedcompaniestomeetemissionstandardsorevendo betteron behalfofcompanyprestige.

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