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Dipl.Ing.JrgFaschingleitner Prof.Dr.WilhelmHflinger
Forthisreason,measuresweretakentocontroltheproductionoffugitivedustemissions. 2.Dustdefinitions:
In1987,theAmericanENVIRONMENTALPROTECTIONAGENCY(EPA)undertookarigorousapproachto classifyfugitivedustandintroducedtheNATIONALAIRQUALITYSTANDARDFORPARTICULATEMATTER (PMstandard)[2]. TheEPAfurthermoreclassifiedparticulatematterasoneofsixairpollutants,includingcarbonmonoxide, lead,nitrogendioxide,ozoneandsulfurdioxide[3].
3.Guidlines
1999/30/EGin1999 Since01012005 nottoexceed ayearlyaverageof40g/m ofPM10 emissions. adailyaverageof50g/m allowedtobeexceededon35daysayear[4]. Transgressionsarereportedbyeachcountryinyearlypublishedemissionreports. Since01012010 nottoexceed ayearlyaverageof20g/m adailyaverageisstillsetat50g/m withsevendaysallowedtobeexceededperyear InAustria,theEUregulationsareimplementedbylawintheImmissionsschutzesetz,(IGL).Amongother countrieswithintheEU,Austriahasproblemstostaybelowtheassignedlimitsfrom2005. Ithas thereforeappliedforanextensionoftime[5]. However,allcountriesneedmoreeffectivemeasurestocontrolfugitivedustemissionsasnew guidelineshavealreadybeenintroduced.GuidelineRL2008/50/EGisthefirststandardwhichincludes futurereferencevaluesonPM2.5 emissions[6].Otherpoliticalmeasurestoreducedustemissions directlyaddressareasthatcausehighairpollution. OneofthesemeasuresistheEUROPEANPOLLUTANTRELEASEANDTRANSFERREGISTER(EPRTR), whichaddressestheindustry.TheEPRTRisaEuropewideregisterthatprovidesdataonthereleaseof emissionstotheenvironmentfromindustrialfacilities.
[5]EUCouncilDirective.Guideline1999/30/EG.22April1999. Accessedon04April2010.http://eurlex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/ LexUriServ.do?uri=CONSLEG:1999L0030:20080611:DE:PDF [6] u.s.EnvironmentalProtectionAgency,OfficeofAirQualityPlanningandStandards, IntroductiontoAP42,VolumeI,FifthEdition,1995 http://www.epa.gov/ttn/ehief/ap42toe.htmI [7] BackgroundDocumentationforAP42,Section11.2.4,HeavyConstruction Operations,OfficeofAirQualityPlanningandStandards,EPAC011lractNo.68 DO0123,Work AssignmentNo44,April2,1993http://www.epa.gov/ttn/chief/ap42cI3.html
4.Originandpropagationofdust:
Figure2:criteriatodestinguish differentsourcetypes[9]
Fugitivedustemission:
Arizingfromnonconductedsources Diffusedustsourceshaveoftenthefollowingcharacteristics:(VDI3790, VDI4285) o considerablespatialextension, o inhomogeneoussourcestructure, o emissionrelevantsectorsthatcannotbelocatedordescribedeasily, o lowheightofsource, o emissionmassflowthatvarieswithtimeand o highambientairconcentrationsinthevicinityofthesource. Diffusedustsourcescanbeassignedbygeometry:pointsourcelinesource, areasourceorvolumesource. Dustsourceswhichcreatefugitivedustarecreatedforexampleby exposureof: o openfaces(construction,miningoragriculturalsites), o roadsorparkingareas, o stockpilesor o bulksolidprocessing towindormechanicalstress
Figure3:examplesforfugitivedustsources
Problemsatfugitivedustsuppression:
o o o o o Primarydustsuppressionaction:onlypartial solutionsavailable Granulation Proceduralprovissions Secondarydustsuppressionaction: Encaseandfiltrationorscrubbing Combination:waterspraydustsuppression Primary:unhomogeniusbulksolidsmoistening Secondary:shiftinganddelutionofdustclouds
Definitionofafugitivedustsourcewhere waterspraydustsuppressioncanbeusedasrolemodel:
Fugitivedustsuppressionatbulksolidhandling
Fig.5:Applicationofdustsuppressiondevicesbywaterspraying * *www.vsrindustrietechnik.de 8
Atdustminimisationintheencasingthere are2effects,whichareactinginseries:
1 Moisteningeffect1 Dustgenerationwillbehindered bymoisteningofthebulksolids, duetothewaterspray
2 Dustseparationbywaterdroplets 2 Dustparticleswhichwerestill generated,despitemoistening,will becapturedbythedropletsand precipitated
Fig. 6: shows both dust reducing effects at suppression of fugitivedustinencasingswithspraynozzles 9
VerlagBerlin,Heidelberg.
2009,ISBN9783540325512.
conceptofstudy:
tot
Conveyorbelthandoverpoint
2
Airbornedustcapture experiments Designoftestrig
1(Vfleff.)
2(Vfleff.)
experiments
Vfl h n
theory
VLuft CFD Lffler
Nozzletype
Bellcurve model
v(x) = a
Optimizationmethod
Emissionfaktor(Vfleff.)
Modeltocalculatedust suppression
2(x,Vfleff.)=const
comparison
Experiments:
c o n v e y o r b e lt d o w n p ip e c le a n g a s f ilt e r s u c k o f f p ip e b lo w e r
sand
w eir bunker
d u st cham b er
n o z z le
w a te r a ir
1
Bulksolidsdropexperiments
tot
Conveyorbelthandoverpoint
2
Airbornedustcapture experiments
sand
tot
w e ir c o n v e y o r b e lt bunker
n o z z le
w a te r a ir
Fig.10: Test equipment for detection of tot
Fig.13:testequipmentfordetectionof2
Comparison:
experiment s
Vfl
1
Bulksolidsdropexperiments Designoftestrig
tot
Conveyorbelthandoverpoint
2
Airbornedustcapture experiments Designoftestrig
evaporation effectiveVfl
1(Vfleff.)
2(Vfleff.)
experiments
Vfl h n
theory
CFD Lffler
Nozzletype
Comparisonofexperimentempiricalmodelandtheoreticalcalculationstodiscover influencesondustsuppressionefficiency.
modeltocalculatetottakingdropletevaporationintoaccount
Eres dustconcentrationforinfiniteQ E0:initialdustconcentration :dustsuppressionconstant Q0 evaporatingwatervolumeflow[L/h]
Q0max maximumevaporateablewaterflux[L/h]
Qsupplyingnozzlewaterstream[L/h] qevaporationconstant[h/L]
1 Dipl.Ing.JrgFaschingleitner Prof.Dr.WilhelmHflinger 17
Comparisonofdustsuppressionefficiencies: tot= 1+2 1*2 tot(Vfleff.)= 1(Vfleff.)+2(Vfleff.) 1(Vfleff.)* 2(Vfleff.) ForPM10andat10L/hnozzlewaterflux(8.8L/heffectivewaterflux): Totaldustseparationefficiency: droplet dustprecipitation: moisteningeffect: tot=70% 2=16% low 1 =64% high
Thatmeans:dustseparationduetomoisteningisthemoredominant effectandthedropletdustseparationeffectisveryweak
experiments
2:Problemsofsecondarydustreduction
theory
Problemofmixingofdust cloudsandwatersprays
Fig.16:Showstheshiftingofdustclouds Fig.17:Showsthedropletsizemeasurementofthe duetotheimpactofwatersprays watersprayusinglaserdiffractionmethod
CFD
Fig.20:CFDcalculatedparticletrajectoriesat10m/sairvelocity
Fig.21:CFDcalculatedparticletrajectoriesat1m/sairvelocity
20
AdoptedBarthSchuchLfflermodeltocalculatetheseparation efficiencyofparticlesatdroplets:
Velocitycomponents
Lffler
Spacecomponents
Startingconditions
Fig.23:Showsthecalculatedtrajectoryofthedropletsandthe penetrationdepthofparticles
1(Vfleff.)
Optimization:
2(Vfleff.)
experiments
Vfl h n Nozzletype
experiments
cdust Position n VLuft
spraypattern
methodofnozzle characterization
Bellcurve model
v(x)
* = a e b x
Optimizationmethod
Emissionfaktor(Vfleff.)
Modeltocalculatedust suppression
2(x,Vfleff.)=const
Moisteningpattern
spraypattern Bellcurve:modelformoisteningvelocity
v(x)
a b x v(x)
b *x
Fig.24:detectionofmoisteningvelocityacrossthe surfacearea
Dipl.Ing.JrgFaschingleitner Prof.Dr.WilhelmHflinger
Fig.25:Moisteningvelocitybychangingdistancefrom thecenterofthespraytotheside. .
23
Fig.27:Moisteningconstanta[m/s]relatedto Fig.26:Moisteningvelocitydistributionv(x)at changing distance from the center of the spray to the side. differentwatervolumeflowsanddistancesin heighth
Fig.29:Moisteningvelocitydistributionv(x)atdifferentnozzleheightatafixedwaterfluxof5L/h
Dipl.Ing.JrgFaschingleitner Prof.Dr.WilhelmHflinger
24
Applicationtoperformahomogeniousbulksolidsmoisteningacrossaconveyor belt: goal:optimization strategyfornozzlelayoutdesignofaconveyorbeltencasingusingthebellcurvemodel Generationofaspecifiedmoisturecontentofthebulksolidhomogenious Keynote: acrosstheconveyorbeltwidthtomeetspecifiedfugitivedustguidlinesatminimum waterconsumptionbydeterminationoftheoptimalnozzleheight h,optimalnozzle & fl ,numberofnozzlesperconveyorbeltwidth waterflux V Specified: nozzlekind necessarymoisturecontentofbulksolidG [gwater/kgbulksolid] au .tomeetforexamplePM10guidlines(derivedfrombulk solid fsu dropexperiments) mm ier t bulksolidsmassflow m [kg/s] conveyorbeltwidthB[m] Layoutdesignparameterstobeindemand: optimalnozzleheightabovetheconveyorbelth[m], & fl [m/s] optimalnozzlewaterflux V optimalnumberofnozzlesperconveyorbeltwidth
optimum
Fig.30:Deviationofmoisteningdistributionofthesprayacross theconveyorbeltwidth.
Dipl.Ing.JrgFaschingleitner Prof.Dr.WilhelmHflinger 25
Bellcurvemodel v(x)
* e b x
Defineabulksolidmassprofile acrosstheconveyorbeltwidth Measuredependencyofemission faktoronsolidmoisturecontentby bulksolidsdropexperiments Calculateempiricaldescriptionof emissionfaktorreferredtobulk solidsmoisturecontent CalculateEmissionfaktorprofile acrossconveyorbeltwidth
Dataarrayofaandbin dependencyofhand
26
Modeltocalculatedust suppression
Moisteningpattern
spraypattern
1(Vfleff.)
Fig.30:Moisteningvelocitydistributionv(x)acrossconveyorbeltwidthatdifferentnozzlewaterfluxadfixednozzleheight0,79m
experiments
Vfl h n Nozzletype
Bulksolidsdropexperimentsand calculationofemissionfactors:
Fig.31:emissionfactorsdependingonbulksolidsmoisture
Modeltocalculatedust suppression
conceptofstudy:
tot
Conveyorbelthandoverpoint
2
Airbornedustcapture experiments Designoftestrig
1(Vfleff.)
2(Vfleff.)
experiments
Vfl h n
theory
VLuft CFD Lffler
Nozzletype
Bellcurve model
v(x) = a
Optimizationmethod
Emissionfaktor(Vfleff.)
Modeltocalculatedust suppression
2(x,Vfleff.)=const
comparison
Conclusion:
Withexperimentsitwasproventhatthefugitivedustsuppressioncouldget devidedintwoeffectsThisprimaryandsecondarydustsuppressioneffects werequantifiedandcomparedwithamodelusuallyusedfortwoseparators whichareactinginseries. Wherefromtheprimarydustsuppressionmeasureisfourtimesmore efficientthanthesecondarydustsuppressionmeasure. Forbotheffectscalculationmethodeswerederivedsothattheproposed dustreductionofeachmeasurecangetcalculated. Thetotaldustsuppressionefficiencycouldgetcalculatedbyan adoptionofa depthfiltrationmodel.Thismodelwasimprovedbyanequationtocalculate theevoporationeffect.Asaresultallseparationefficiencies (total,primary andsecondarydustsuppressionefficiency)couldgetreferredto aneffective waterfluxwhichactuallyperformsdustsuppression.
Dipl.Ing.JrgFaschingleitner Prof.Dr.WilhelmHflinger 30
Conclusion:
Thesecondarydustsuppressioncouldbedevidedinatransportproblemofdust cloudtothewatersprayandinaseparationproblemofdustparticlesby droplets.
ThetransportproblemwasanalysedbyCFDsimulationbywhichactiveregionsof thespraywerelocatedanditsdependencyonoperatingparametersclarified. TheseparationofparticlesbydropletswascalculatedbyadaptionoftheBarth SchuchLfflermodelanditsdependencyonoperatingparametersclarified. Theprimarydustreductionwasdescribedbythedependencyofemissionfactors onbulksolidsmoisture.Thebulksolidsmoistureproducedatwatersprayingwas modelledbyabellcurvemodelwhichdescribesmeasurednozzlespraypatterns dependingonoperatingparameters. Bydescribingmeasureddustsuppressionpatternsbythebellcurvemodelthe optimizationmethodeforprimarydustsuppressioncouldgetappliedto secondarydustsuppressionaswell. Thereforeanoptimizationstrategywasdevelopedtoexamineoperating parametersbywhichmaximumdustsuppressionatminimumwater consumptionisreached.
31
Forthisreason,measuresweretakentocontroltheproductionoffugitivedustemissions.
In1987,theAmericanENVIRONMENTALPROTECTIONAGENCY(EPA)undertookarigorousapproachto classifyfugitivedustandintroducedtheNATIONALAIRQUALITYSTANDARDFORPARTICULATEMATTER (PMstandard)[1]. TheEPAfurthermoreclassifiedparticulatematterasoneofsixairpollutants,includingcarbonmonoxide, lead,nitrogendioxide,ozoneandsulfurdioxide[3].
IntheEuropeanUnion,guidelinesonPM10 emissionswereintroducedbythe councildirective1999/30/EGin1999.Intheguideline,twophaseswereassigned duringwhichPM10 emissionsweretobereducedtofinalstandardvalues.Thefirst phaseendedin2005.Bythen,allparticipatingcountrieswerenottoexceeda yearlyaverageof40g/m ofPM10 emissions.Adailyaverageof50g/m was allowedtobeexceededon35daysayear[5].Transgressionsare reportedbyeach countryinyearlypublishedemissionreports. InJanuary2010,theendofthesecondphasewasreachedwithhigherstandards tobemet;nowwithayearlyaverageof20g/m.Thedailyaverageisstillsetat 50g/m withsevendaysallowedtobeexceededperyear.InAustria,theEU regulationsareimplementedbylawintheImmissionsschutzesetz,(IGL).Among othercountrieswithintheEU,Austriahasproblemstostaybelowtheassigned limitsfrom2005.Ithasthereforeappliedforanextensionoftime[6]. However,allcountriesneedmoreeffectivemeasurestocontrolfugitivedust emissionsasnewguidelineshavealreadybeenintroduced.GuidelineRL 2008/50/EGisthefirststandardwhichincludesfuturereference valuesonPM2.5 emissions[7].Otherpoliticalmeasurestoreducedustemissions directlyaddress areasthatcausehighairpollution. OneofthesemeasuresistheEUROPEANPOLLUTANTRELEASEANDTRANSFER REGISTER(EPRTR),whichaddressestheindustry.TheEPRTRisaEuropewide registerthatprovidesdataonthereleaseofemissionstotheenvironmentfrom industrialfacilities.Itcontainsdatareportedannuallybyapproximately24000 industrialfacilities[8].TheEPRTRregisterisopentothepublictomaketheimpact oflocalindustriesontheenvironmentmoretransparent.Atthesametime,it pressureslistedcompaniestomeetemissionstandardsorevendo betteron behalfofcompanyprestige.