2010 Third International Conference on Information and Computing

A Novel Modeling Method of Nonideal Buck-Boost Converter in DCM

Ren-Xi GONG, Ling-Ling XIE, Kuang WANG, Cun-Dai Ning
College of Electrical Engineering Guangxi University Nanning, China xielingling1318@163.com
AbstractA new modeling method of Buck-Boost converter operating in discontinuous conduction mode (DCM) is presented. The method is based on the principle of energy conservation and equivalent circuit modeling method. In the modeling, the parasitic components of the Buck-Boost converter and the MOSFET delay are considered. Large signal averaged, dc and small signal circuit models of the Buck-Boost converter are derived. The open loop transfer functions are educed. Based on it, the instruction of the parameter optimization and control loop design can be given. The simulation results show that: (1) The parasitic components have influence on the transfer functions, time domain and frequency domain characteristics. (2) The MOSFET delay has effect on high-frequency performance and loop stability. In addition, the method is characteristics of high precision and small computing quantity. Keywords- Buck-Boost converter; discontinuous conduction mode (DCM); modeling method; simulation

A new modeling method of Buck-Boost converter including parasitic components and MOSFET delay is presented, based on equivalent circuit modeling method and energy conservation modeling method in discontinuous conduction mode (DCM). In the modeling, the open-loop transfer functions from duty cycle to output voltage which considering parasitic components and MOSFET delay are educed. In this way, rapid calculation of steady state and dynamic small signal characteristics can be implemented, which is important for describing the voltage loop and is very significant for parameters-optimization and control loop design of Buck-Boost converter in DCM. II. CIRCUIT MODEL OF BUCK-BOOST CONVERTER The circuit model of buck-boost converter is shown in Fig.1. The assumptions are as follows: (1) The output capacitances of the transistor and the capacitances of the diode are ignored, the on-resistance RON of the transistor is linear and transistor off-resistance is infinite. (2) The diode in the on-state is modeled by a linear battery VF and a linear forward resistance RF, and in the offstate by an infinite resistance. (3) The passive components are linear, time-invariant, and frequency independent. In addition, the equivalent series resistances (ESR), RL and RC, of the inductor and capacitor, respectively, are supposed to be independent on their operating temperature. (4) The inductor current is constant during the entire switching period. (5) The output impedance of the input voltage source is zero for both dc and ac components.

I.

INTRODUCTION

The modeling of DC-DC switching converters is the fundamental of the analysis and design of switching power supplies. In the small-signal analysis of ideal PWM switching converters, the state-space averaging method[1][2] and equivalent circuit modeling method[3-8] are popularly utilized. However, if the converter equivalent circuit contains too many a component, the state-space method is time consuming. The advantage of equivalent circuit modeling is simplicity, but the main shortcomings of the equivalent circuit modeling method are low in accuracy and only suitable for the ideal PWM converters modeling. In Fact, the influence of parasitic components such as the equivalent series resistances (ESR) of the output capacitance on modeling precision is a problem can not to be ignored in the modeling of the switching converters. The zero caused by the ESR of the output capacitance has great effect on gain and phase when the frequency of the zero is less than the cross-over frequency. The energy conservation modeling method[9-10], in which the transistor and diode conduction losses are usually considered, is high in precision, but does not considered the MOSFET delay. Furthermore, the model is too complex to be concise and clear because many dependent current and voltage sources in the equivalent circuit must be included.
Project Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(60962008)

Figure 1. The ideal circuit of Buck-Boost converter

A. Large-Signal Dynamic Circuit Models The equivalent circuit of the Buck-Boost converter with the parasitic components is shown in Fig.2. The switch is turned on and off at the constant switching frequency,
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978-0-7695-4047-4/10 $26.00 2010 IEEE DOI 10.1109/ICIC.2010.230

fs=1/T, and the duty cycle D=ton/T, where ton is the interval when the switch is on. The DCM waveform of Buck-Boost converter is shown in Fig.3.

The power loss in RL is:

2 PRL = I Lrms RL =

4 1 2 RL I L 3 D + D2

(8)

In this way, the EAR of RON, RF in the inductor branch are

D D2 4 4 Ron , RF , respectively, in 2 3 ( D + D2 ) 3 ( D + D2 ) 2 D2 VF . Thus, the ideal PWM D + D2

terms of the reflection rule and the energy conservation principle. The equivalent averaged voltage of VF in the
Figure 2. The equivalent circuit with parasitic components of Buck-Boost converter

switch branch is

switches are replaced by dependent current and voltage sources, the large signal model of Buck-Boost converter as shown in Fig.4.

Figure 3. DCM waveform of Buck-Boost converter

From Fig.3, the relationships among the dc components of the current in Buck-Boost converter are obtained:

I S I D I PK IL = = = D D2 2 D + D2

Figure 4. Large signal model of Buck-Boost converter

(1) Where,

Where Is, ID are the dc component of the current through the switch and the diode, respectively. IL, IPK are the average current and the peak current through the inductor, respectively. The component values of the averaged model can be derived by using the principle of energy conservation. The rms value of the switch current is:

VFE =

D2 VF D + D2

RE =

D2 4 D 4 4 RL Ron + RF + 2 2 3 ( D + D2 ) 3 ( D + D2 ) 3 D + D2

I Srms =

1 2 iS dt = T 0

D I PK 3

From Fig.4, the relationship between current and voltage are obtained of the switches: iS = d C i L (9)

(2)

vcp = d C vap

(10) (11)

Thus, the power loss in RON is:

PRon = I

2 Srms

4 D 2 Ron I L (3) Ron = 2 3 ( D + D2 )

T

dC =

d d 2T vcp d 2T vac = = d2 2 L iS 2 L iD

The rms value of the diode current can be written as:

The iS, dC, iL, vcp, vap can be expressed as the sum of the dc and ac components. B. DC model of Buck-Boost converter The DC model of Buck-Boost converter is obtained, as shown in Fig. 5

I Drms

1 2 = i D dt = T 0

D2 I PK 3

(4)

The power loss in RF and VF are:

2 PRF = I Drms RF =

D2 4 2 RF I L 2 3 ( D + D2 ) D2 VF I D = VF I L D + D2
T

(5) (6)
Figure 5. DC model of Buck-Boost converter

The rms value of the inductor current is:

I Lrms

1 2 i L dt = = T 0

D + D2 I PK 3

(7)

From Fig.5, the dc voltage transfer function can be obtained:

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VO =
Where

DC 1 Vi I L RE VF 1 DC 1 DC
1

(12)

Where, G1

RRC (k o g i k i g f k i g o )

VO I D VO D2 = = Vi I S Vi D

D + D2 R E V F 1+ R +V D 2 O

( R + RC )( g o + g i + g f ) + g o g i RRC R k 1 Z1 = , Z 2 = E o , CRC L

D2 =

D2 2L I S 2L I D , DC = = DT Vcp DT Vac D + D2 DC D Vi = Vi VO = 1 DC D2

n =

1 + ( g o + g i + g f ) RE + Rg o + RRE g o g i LC[( R + RC )( g o + g i + g f ) + g o g i RRC ]

If the parasitic components are not considered, RonRF RL0, VF0thus: (13)

1 + 2 1 + 3 + 4 , 2 2 3

Eq.(13) agrees with [11][12]. C. Small-signal model of Buck-Boost converter The voltage, current, and duty cycle can be expressed as the sum of the dc and ac components.

1 = C ( R + RC ) , 2 = RE1 + L , 3 = CRRC g O (1 + RE g i ) , 1 = ( g o + g i + g f ) , 2 = 1 + 1 RE + Rg o + RRE g o g i , 3 = L[1 1 + Cg o g i RRC ]

In fact, a driver delay is added necessarily to keep from reducing EMI in close-loop system of PWM converter switch. Therefore, there will be a MOSFET delay in BuckBoost converter which is caused by the duty-cycle modulator, MOSFET driver, and the MOSFET itself. If the sT delay time of MOSFET is Td, the function e d can be represented as the MOSFET delay, where Td is the MOSFET delay time. A first-order Pade function can be sT utilized to approximate e d as s rational function:

D iD = I D + i cp vcp = Vcp + v

(14) (15) (16) (17)

(18) Substitution of (14), (15), (16), (17), (18) into (9), (10), (11), Neglecting the high order terms gives:

d = D+d S iS = I S + i ac vac = Vac + v

e sTd

DVacT D 2T ac + ac + k i d iS = v d = giv L 2L

1 sTd / 2 s 2 / Td = 1 + sTd / 2 s + 2 / Td

(22)

(19)

2I I D g v D = 2 I S v ac + D d cp = g f v ac + k o d (20) i v o cp Vcp D Vcp The circuit models of Buck-Boost converter for smallsignal operation is obtained based on (19), (20), as shown in Fig.6.

Form (22), the transfer function of the duty cycle to output voltage with MOSFET delay considered in DCM can be obtained:

GVdT ( s ) =

o ( s ) v (s) d

= GVd e sTd
i = 0 v

( s + )( s + Z 2 ) s 2 / Td = G1 2 Z 1 2 s + 2n s + n s + 2 / Td

(23)

Figure 6. Small-signal model of Buck-Boost converter

If the parasitic components and MOSFET delay are not considered, by substituting VF=0, RL=Ron=RC=RF=0, Td=0 into (21) and (23), the results are agree with [11][12], which shows that the state-space averaging method and equivalent circuit modeling method are a special exception of this constitutive relation. The modeling method presented in this paper features in more accurate and reasonable, and is suitable for nonideal PWM converter. III. SIMULATION As the figure 2 shown, a Buck-Boost converter with the following parameters is assumed: VI=32V, VO=48V, L=50H, Ron=0.05, RL=0.01, RF=0.01, VF=0.5V, C=100F, RC=0.04, R=96, fs=100kHz, Td=1s. The GVd(s) and GVdT(s) frequency characteristics can be obtained by using

From Fig.6, the open loop transfer functions of BuckBoost converter in DCM can be obtained:

GVd ( s ) =

o ( s ) v ( s) d

= G1
i = 0 v

( s + Z 1 )( s + Z 2 ) (21) 2 s 2 + 2 n s + n

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MATLAB, shown as in Fig.7 and Fig.8. Form Fig.7, it can be seen that parasitic components have influence on the transfer functions, time domain and frequency domain characteristics by comparing the Bode plots with and without considering the parasitic components.
Bode Diagram 40 20 M agnitude (dB ) 0 -20 -40 -60 180 w ith parasitic components w ithout parasitic component Phase (deg) 90

-90 10
1

models of the nonideal Buck-Boost converter operating in DCM are derived. The dc component relationship in the output and input voltage can be calculated, and open loop transfer functions are educed, the duty cycle to output voltage transfer function with considering MOSFET delay is studied. The simulation results show that: (1) The parasitic components have influence on the transfer functions, time domain and frequency domain characteristics. (2) The MOSFET delay only has effect on high-frequency performance and loop stability. Therefore, the influence of MOSFET delay can not be ignored in highfrequency domain. The simulation results obtained are in excellent agreement with the theoretical analysis. This method has better precision compared with [11][12]. The model obtained is desirable and widely used. The methodology used can be applied to other converter topologies. REFERENCES
[1] Middlebrook R D, Cuk S. A general unified approach to modeling switching converter power stages. IEEE Power Electronics Specialists Conference Record, 1976, pp.18-34 [2] Robert W. Erickson, Dragan Maksimovi, Fundamentals of Power Electronics, Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2001. [3] Vorperian V. Simplified analysis of PWM converter using the PWM switch, Part I: Continuous conduction mode. IEEE Trans. Aerospace and Electronic Systems, 1990, Vol. 26, No.3, pp.490~496 [4] Vorperian V, McLyman W T. Analysis of a PWM-resonant converter. IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems, 1997, Vo1.33, No. 1, pp.163~170 [5] Jovanovic M M, Huber L. Small-signal modeling of non-ideal magnetic amplifier PWM switch. IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, September 1999, Vo1.14, No.5,882~889 [6] B.Bryant and M.K.Kazimierczuk, Small-signal duty cycle to inductor current transfer function for boost PWM dc-dc converter in continuous conduction mode, in Proc. IEEE ISCAS, Vancouver, C,Canada, May 23-26,2004,pp. 856-859 [7] B.Bryant, M.K.Kazimierczuk, Voltage-loop power-stage transfer function with MOSFET delay for boost PWM converter operating in CCM, IEEE Transactions on industrial electronics,.Feb.2007, Vol54, No.1, pp.347-353 [8] Francesco Alonge, Filippo DIppolito, Francesco Maria Raimondi, and Salvatore Tumminaro. Nonlinear modeling of DC/DC converters using the hammiesteins aproach. IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, July 2007, Vo1.22, No. 4, pp.1210-1221 [9] Czarkowski D, Kazimierczuk M K. Static- and dynamic- circuit models of PWM buck-derived DC-DC converters ,IEE Proceeding C, Circuits, Devices and Systems, 1992, Vol.6, pp.669-679 [10] Czarkowski D, Kazimierczuk M K. A new and systematic method of modeling PWM DC-DC converters, IEEE International Conference on Systems Engineering, 1992, pp. 628-631 [11] Cai Xuanshan, Gong Shaowen. High frequency power electronics DC-DC conversion. Beijing: Science Press. 1993 [12] Zhang Weiping. Modeling and controlling of switching converter. Beijing:China power press.2005

10

10

10

10

10

10

Frequency (rad/sec)

Figure 7. Bode Plot of GVd(s). Solid line is for considering the parasitic components, dash line is for without considering the parasitic components

Bode Diagram 40

Magnitude (dB)

20

-20

-40 180 Td=0 135 Phase (deg) 90 45 0 10

1

Td=1us

10

10

10

10

10

10

Frequency (rad/sec)

Figure 8. Bode plot of GVdT(s).. Solid line is for Td=0, and dashed line is for Td=1s

The GVdT(s) frequency characteristics of Buck-Boost converter are shown in Fig.8. Two curves of the gain characteristics with Td=0 and Td=1s are well coincident. But the MOSFET delay has effect on high-frequency performance and loop stability. Based on the classic control theory, the amplitude frequency characteristics of the delay section is constant, not to be independent of angular frequency, but the phase of the delay section is proportional to the angular frequency. The simulation results obtained agree with the theoretical analysis well, confirming the validity of this modeling method presented in this paper. Compared with [11][12], this model is better intuitive and accurate. IV. CONCLUSION A new method is described for modeling nonideal BuckBoost converter operation in DCM, considering the parasitic components of Buck-Boost converter, based on the principle of energy conservation and equivalent circuit modeling method. Dynamic large signal, dc and small signal circuit

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