International Seminar on ejector/jet-pump technology and application Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium Paper No.

21

AN EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF AN EJECTOR OPERATING WITH R245FA

David SCOTT*, Zine AIDOUN and Mohamed OUZZANE

Natural Resources Canada, CanmetENERGY Varennes, Qubec, Canada tel: 450-652-4481, fax: 450-652-5177, david.scott@nrcan.gc.ca
ABSTRACT Supersonic ejectors have been used in cooling/refrigeration applications since the early 1900s. Interest in supersonic ejectors has been rekindled by recent efforts to reduce energy consumption; ejector refrigeration systems can be powered by solar energy or by waste heat generated by another process. This paper describes an experimental test bench assembled and operated at CanmetENERGY in Varennes. The results from this test bench provide a source of reference data that may be used to validate numerical models of ejectors that could be used in refrigeration applications. A comparison of results from one such 1D numerical model is presented. 1. INTRODUCTION Ejectors have long been used in cooling applications and as vacuum generators. They have not been favoured for use in refrigeration systems due to the relatively low Coefficient of Performance (COP) of ejector refrigeration systems in comparison with vapour compression or absorption refrigeration systems. However, their simple mode of function, lack of moving parts and capability of driving a refrigeration device primarily through the use of waste heat or solar energy make them particularly attractive in this energyconscious era. In addition, using waste heat, solar energy, or any low-cost/subsidised energy source to power a refrigeration system will reduce the electrical energy consumption used to power vapour compression refrigeration systems, potentially reducing the emissions of greenhouse gasses that are associated with the production of electricity from fossil fuel burning power plants. The purpose of this paper is to present the salient points and some early results from an experimental test bench built to study a single-phase vapour ejector. Selected experimental results are also used as reference data for comparison with the results of a 1D numerical simulation. Summaries of the studies on the use of ejectors in cooling and refrigeration applications are available in the review papers of Sun and Eames1, Chunnanond and Aphornratana2, and Elbel and Hrnjak3. These papers cover the development of ejector flow theory, advances in one-dimensional modeling of ejectors, and notes on some detailed, multi-dimensional CFD modeling of ejectors. Some pioneering work on air ejector analysis and design, including experimental work, was performed by Keenan and Neumann4 and Keenan, Neumann and Lustwerk5. Additional work on air ejectors may be found in Fabri and Seistrunck6and Matsuo et al.7. Experimental studies of vapour ejectors operating with steam have been described in several works, notably: Eames et al.8; Chen and Sun9; Sun10; and Riffat and Everitt11. The 0oC freezing limit of steam ejector systems can be eliminated by using refrigerants as a working fluid. Some examples of this can be found in the works of: Huang et al.12; Sokolov and Hershgal13; Chen et al.14; Sun15; Riffat et al.16; Sankarlal and Mani17; and Eames et al.18. 1.1 Ejector refrigeration cycle The simplest form of a refrigeration cycle (the Carnot cycle) consists of a refrigerant cycling through four components. First, the refrigerant flows through an evaporator where it absorbs energy and changes phase from liquid to gas. Second, a compressor is used to increase the pressure of the refrigerant. Third, a condenser is used to reject heat from the refrigerant. Fourth, an expansion device is used to decrease the pressure of the refrigerant to the pressure desired in the evaporator where the cycle begins again. In most modern refrigeration systems, a mechanical compressor is used as the second component of the Carnot cycle. Supersonic ejectors can provide an alternative method of providing the required compression. Where conventional vapour compression systems generally use electrically powered mechanical compressors, thermal energy from existing processes can be recovered to drive the ejector. A schematic illustration of an ejector refrigeration system is shown in Fig. 1. As illustrated in Fig. 1, ejectors consist of a primary fluid flow that exhausts into a chamber in which there is a secondary inlet and a single outlet. In regular operation of vapour ejectors, the primary fluid is vapourized in the generator and accelerated to supersonic velocities while flowing through a converging-diverging nozzle. The supersonic primary flow exits the nozzle at low pressure and entrains a secondary flow of vapour from the evaporator. The two streams mix and a series of shock waves result that reduce the flow to sub-sonic velocities. The combination of the shock waves and of the sub-sonic flow through the diffuser increase the pressure of the flow to that found at the condenser. 1.2 Ejector theory An important characteristic of an ejector is the entrainment ratio , or the ratio of the mass flow rate of the entrained secondary fluid to that of the primary fluid. A key feature of supersonic ejectors is the constant entrainment ratio that exists under certain operating conditions. The constant capacity behavior of an ejector is observed when, for fixed generator and evaporator pressures, the entrainment ratio of the ejector remains

International Seminar on ejector/jet-pump technology and application Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium Paper No. 21 constant with increases in condenser pressure until a critical condenser pressure (pc*) is reached. Once the critical condenser pressure is reached, the entrainment ratio rapidly drops and the ejector ceases to function. An example of this can be seen in Fig. 2. Munday and Bagster19 proposed that the constant capacity of an ejector is caused by choking of the secondary fluid before it mixes with the primary fluid. Since both the primary and secondary flows are choked, the entrainment ratio will remain constant until the condenser pressure increases to a point that the secondary flow is no longer choked. The entrainment ratio in Fig. 2 is calculated using Eq. 1. In this paper, the critical condenser pressure (pc*) is calculated by determining the condenser pressure at which the entrainment ratio has decreased by 5%. & evap m = [1] & gen m The test bench can be described as an assembly of four main subsystems: the ejector; the generator; the evaporator; and the condenser. In this paper, the supporting measurement devices, controls and data acquisition equipment are considered to be a fifth subsystem. The uncertainties of the measurement devices will be discussed in the description of this fifth subsystem. 2.1. Ejector A simplified drawing of the ejector installed on the test bench is included in Fig. 3. The dimensions of the ejector are given in Table 1. The ejector is built in several different sections, allowing various geometric parameters to be changed in order to optimize the performance of the device. The primary nozzle, entry chamber and exit chamber are made of stainless steel. All remaining components of the ejector are made from brass. The primary nozzle position in the entry chamber and the converging section can be varied from 0mm (inline with the entry to the convergent section, as shown in Fig. 3) in both the positive (into the convergent section) and negative (into the entry chamber) directions. L3 L4 L5 L6

L1

L2 D5 D6

D4 Primary nozzle

Primary nozzle D1 Figure 1: A basic ejector refrigeration cycle.

0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 Critical pressure 0 0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1

D2

D3

Figure 3: Schematic illustration of the experimental ejector. Table 1: Dimensions of the experimental ejector Dimension Length Dimension Diameter (mm) (mm) L1 17.00 D1 6.00 L2 10.00 D2 2.96 L3 57.45 D3 4.70 L4 36.00 D4 30.00 L5 37.36 D5 9.00 L6 85.82 D6 25.86 2.2. Generator loop The generator consists of a 165L stainless steel vessel in which a single 30kW electrical element provides the heating power. The generator is cylindrical in shape with the axis horizontal and the electrical element located in the lower half. Liquid from the receiver enters through the side of the reservoir. Vapour flows from the generator towards the ejector via two exits that lead to a separator vessel. The separator is used to ensure that only gas flows into the ejector. In addition, a 3kW electrical element is installed in-line with the piping, allowing the vapour to be superheated

Entrainment Ratio -

Condenser Pressure (MPa)

Figure 2: Characteristic variation of the entrainment with condenser pressure for a supersonic ejector.

2. DESIGN OF THE EJECTOR TEST BENCH In order to study the performance of the ejector, a test bench was designed around the simplest ejector cycle. A schematic illustration of the bench is shown in Fig. 1.

International Seminar on ejector/jet-pump technology and application Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium Paper No. 21 prior to entry into the ejector. A coriolis-type flowmeter (FT533), installed after the separator but before the superheater, is used to measure the mass flow rate of gas leaving the generator. RTDs are used to measure the temperature in the liquid portion of the generator (TE531), in the separator (TE532), before the superheater (TE534) and shortly before entry into the ejector (TE533). Pressure transducers are installed in the separator (PT533) and before the superheater (PT536), allowing measurement both of the pressure drop across the flow meter and of the pressure of the vapour entering the ejector. A software PI- controller is used to control the pressure in the generator. This controller uses measurements from pressure transducer PT533 as the input relative to a user-specified set-point to control the electrical power input to the generator. The refrigerant in the generator is saturated, thus the pressure corresponds to the saturation temperature for R245fa. 2.3. Evaporator loop The secondary flow into the ejector passes through a Sporlan 3.5 tonne (nominal) electric expansion valve before entering the evaporator. The flow then passes through a separator to ensure that only refrigerant vapour passes to the ejector, and then through a 3kW superheating element that can be used to maintain a desired secondary flow superheat before entering the ejector. The evaporator consists of a compact plate heat exchanger where the heating is provided by a flow of a 55%-45% glycol-water mixture from a secondary loop. The maximum flow rate of the water-glycol mixture is 0.83kg/s, controlled by a variable speed motor. The glycol/water mixture is heated using a 9kW (nominal) electric heater immersed in a storage reservoir. The temperature of the glycol-water mixture is measured immediately before entering the evaporator (TE521) and immediately after exiting (TE522). A coriolis mass flow meter (FT520) is installed between the exit of the evaporator and the return to the glycol-water reservoir. On the refrigerant side, pressure transducers are installed before the evaporator (PT530), after the evaporator (PT531) and after the separtor (PT532); coriolis mass flow meters are installed before (FT530) and after (FT531) the evaporator; and RTDs are positioned at the evaporator inlet (TE525), the evaporator outlet (TE535) and after the superheater (TE537). 2.4. Condenser loop The refrigerant vapour leaving the ejector passes through a condenser before entering the receiver. The condenser consists of a compact plate heat exchanger that is cooled using water from a secondary loop. The secondary loop is maintained at a constant temperature though the use of a chiller. The cooling capacity of the water loop is in excess of 40kW. A second function of the condenser loop is to control the pressure at the exit of the condenser. For a constant flow rate of water, a change in the temperature of the water will result in a change in the pressure at the outlet of the condenser. The maximum mass flow rate of water is 1.7kg/s, measured by a coriolis mass flow meter installed after the water exits from the condenser and before the water returns to the water reservoir. RTDs are used to measure the temperature of the water entering (TE517) and leaving (TE512) the condenser. RTDs are also used to measure the temperature at the exit of the ejector (TE538), entering the condenser (TE541) and leaving the condenser (TE539). Pressure transducers are installed at the exit from the ejector (PT535) and at the exit from the condenser (PT534). Coriolis mass flow meters are installed to measure the flow of gaseous refrigerant exiting the ejector (FT535) and the flow of liquid refrigerant leaving the condenser (FT534). Also included in the condenser loop is the receiver, the vessel used to store refrigerant before it is pumped to the generator or flows to the evaporator. The receiver is a 110L cylindrical vessel made from stainless steel. Refrigerant flows into the side of the receiver from the condenser and flows to either the pump or the evaporator through exits in the bottom of the vessel. 2.5. Supporting instrumentation and devices Measurements on the test bench fall into three categories: temperature; pressure; and flow rate. Data acquisition and control is performed using a SCADAPAK control unit. The control program for the SCADAPAK is run from a local PC. All pumps and heaters can be controlled remotely from the PC, as can the electric expansion valve and a mixing valve used to control the condenser loop water temperature. All temperature measurements on the test bench are performed using high precision PT100 series RTDs. The uncertainty of measurements for the calibrated RTDs is less than 0.03oC over the entire range of calibration. Under steady conditions, fluctuations in temperature up to 0.10oC were observed on the test bench. Temperature measurements are made in the range from -20oC to 150oC. All pressure measurements were performed using Siemens SITRANS P pressure transducers. These transducers have an accuracy of 0.1% of reading. Measurements are made in the range from 20kPa to 3400kPa. Flow measurements were performed using coriolis mass flow meters. Three different sizes of flow meters were used: inch, inch and 1 inch nominal. The selection of the flow meter at each location was based on the expected flow rates and the phase of the refrigerant. Larger flow meters were selected for the gas-phase measurements in order to reduce the pressure drop, although this generally results in an increase in the uncertainty of the measurement. The worst-case accuracy for each flow meter is listed in Table 2. It should be noted that FT530 and FT531 are located on the liquid and gas side of the evaporator, respectively. There is very little difference between the two values, so the more accurate measurement (FT530) is used in all calculations. FT534 and FT535 are located on the liquid and gas side of the condenser, respectively. In many runs, it was observed that the fluctuations from FT534

International Seminar on ejector/jet-pump technology and application Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium Paper No. 21 were very significant (>20% of the flow rate). A sight gauge located after the FT534 shows that a stratified flow is often present (gas over liquid) after the flow meter; this can result in a significant decrease in the performance of coriolis flow meters that are designed to measure the flow rate for single-phase flows. The more accurate readings from FT535 were thus used for all calculations. In Eq. 1, then, the generator and evaporator flow rates are the averaged measurements of FT533 and FT530, respectively. Table 2: Worst-case accuracy for the mass flow meters. Flow meter Fluid / state accuracy FT510 Water / liquid 0.1% FT520 Glycol-water / liquid 0.1% FT530 R245fa / liquid <1.6% FT531 1 R245fa / gas <12% FT533 R245fa / gas <0.8% FT534 R245fa / liquid <0.8% FT535 1 R245fa / gas <3% 3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 3.1. Operation of the test bench A standard procedure was used for operation of the test bench. First, a preliminary inspection ensured that the bench was ready for operation (all valves in the appropriate open or closed position, pumps operating, etc.). At start-up, the flow from the evaporator is turned off using a series of ball valves. The electric heater that drives the generator is then turned on. The user specifies the pressure set-point for the generator, which is maintained using a PI controller. The condenser cooling water circulation pump is turned on, and a temperature set-point is entered into the software controller that mixes water streams directly from the condenser with the water bypassed through the cooling system. The glycol-water mixture circulation pump is also turned on, as is the electric heater that is used to maintain the temperature of the mixture. Once the temperature in the generator reaches the set-point, flow from the evaporator is opened. The electronic expansion valve is then set to give the desired evaporator pressure. In any given series of tests, the generator and evaporator conditions are maintained at a constant temperature and the condenser temperature is varied. For the series of tests reported in this paper, no superheat was applied to the generator. Superheat in the evaporator loop is maintained at 10oC. When the measurements from the test bench have been stable for a minimum of 10 minutes, the condenser temperature is changed and the system is given time to stabilize. Since the data acquisition system records data every 30 seconds, this typically gives at least 20 data points over the 10 minute interval that can be used for future analysis. The condenser temperature was varied in steps between 0.5oC and 2oC, depending how close the ejector exit pressure is to the critical condensing pressure. Points are typically more closely spaced near and after the critical condenser pressure. In general, there was a time lapse between 25 and 40 minutes between measurements at different condenser temperatures. 3.2. Experimental results Using the procedure outlined above, the test bench was operated over the range of generator and evaporator temperatures (twelve in total) described in Table 3. In all runs, the generator and evaporator temperatures were maintained within 0.1oC of the nominal value. As mentioned previously, there was no superheat in the generator flow and a +10oC superheat on the evaporator flow. Condenser pressures ranged from 92kPa to 298kPa, corresponding to saturation temperatures of 12.5oC and 45.2oC, respectively. Table 3: Summary of the ejector test bench operating conditions (temperatures only). Generator temperature Evaporator temperatures 80oC 0oC, 5oC, 10oC o 90 C 0oC, 5oC, 10oC o 100 C 0oC, 5oC, 10oC 120oC 10oC, 15oC, 20oC Experimental results at each generator temperature are shown in Figs. 4a-4d. Using these results, the critical condenser pressure was determined by calculating the condenser pressure at which the average pre-critical pressure entrainment ratio has decreased by more than five percent. A summary showing the variation of the average constant capacity entrainment ratio with the critical condenser pressure is shown graphically in Fig. 5. The characteristic performance curve of an ejector can clearly be seen in Figs. 4a-4d. The entrainment ratio remains essentially constant with changes in the condenser pressure until a critical condenser pressure is reached. At this point, the entrainment ratio drops rapidly with further increases in the condenser pressure, corresponding to the so-called off-design performance of the ejector. For a constant evaporator temperature, increases in the generator temperature result in decreases in the entrainment ratio and increases in the critical condenser pressure. For a constant generator temperature, increases in the evaporator temperature result in increases in both the entrainment ratio and the critical condenser pressure. Looking specifically at the curves in Fig. 4b, it can be seen that the transition across the critical point can take several different shapes. For Tevap=10oC, the transition is quite abrupt at a condenser pressure of 152.5kPa. At Tevap=5oC, the transition is quite gradual, and at Tevap=0oC, the transition is in between the other two cases. While experimental uncertainty is a possible explanation for this behavior, several runs were repeated on different days with excellent repeatability of previous results. This suggests that the likely cause of the different abruptness of the transitions from design to offdesign operation is the fluid mechanics inside the ejector. Further experiments are necessary in order to investigate this point.

International Seminar on ejector/jet-pump technology and application Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium Paper No. 21
0.7 0.6 Tevap=10o C Tevap=5oC Tevap=0oC 0.7 0.6 Tevap=20oC Tevap=15oC Tevap=10oC Tevap=5oC Tevap=0oC
Tgen=80oC Tgen=90oC Tgen=100oC Tgen=120oC

Entrainment Ratio

0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0

Entrainment Ratio
110 120 130 140

0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0

(a)
0.5 0.4 0.3

80

90

100

50

100

150

200

250

300

Condenser Pressure (kPa)

Critical Condenser Pressure (kPa)

Tevap=10 C Tevap=5oC

Entrainment Ratio

Figure 5: Variation of the experimentally determined entrainment ratios () with the calculated critical condenser pressure (pc*). 4. COMPARISON TO A 1D MODEL The experimental results presented in this paper provide a valuable source of reference data for the validation of numerical models of single-phase ejectors. Three operating points have been modeled using the 1D ejector model described by Ouzzane and Aidoun20. A comparison of the results from the test bench and the results from this model are included in Table 4. One of the inputs to this model is the entrainment ratio, thus only the calculated critical condenser pressures are compared. Table 4: Comparison of the test bench results with those from the 1D ejector model of Ouzzane and AidounTBD. Tgen Tevap pc*exp pc*1D %diff (kPa) (kPa) 80oC 10oC 129.6 179.2 38.3% o 90 C 5oC 134.9 213.6 58.3% 100oC 0oC 152.5 258.1 69.2%
160 180 200

0.2 0.1 0

Tevap=0oC

(b)

80

100

120

140

160

180

Condenser Pressure (kPa)

0.35 Tevap=10oC 0.3

Entrainment Ratio

0.25 0.2 0.15 0.1 0.05 0 100 Tevap=0oC Tevap=5oC

(c)
0.4

120

140

Condenser Pressure (kPa)

Entrainment Ratio

0.3

Tevap=20oC

0.2

Tevap=15oC Tevap=10oC

0.1

(d)

0 160

200

240

280

320

Condenser Pressure (kPa)

Figure 4: Ejector performance curves measured using the test bench: a) Tgen=80oC; b) Tgen=90oC; c) Tgen=100oC; d) Tgen=120oC.

The critical condenser pressure predicted by the 1D model is significantly overestimated with differences between 38% and 69% from the experimental results. Some likely reasons for this include the assumptions that: a normal shock is present in the constant area section; the real and modeled geometries are identical; and that mixing occurs only in the convergent section of the ejector. In looking at the 1D model, it was observed that the pressure increase across the normal shock is the single largest contributor, accounting for between 54% and 79% of the pressure increase along the ejector. Based on this significant increase in pressure, the assumption of a single normal shock appearing in the ejector stands out as being suspect. Further experimentation and numerical modeling (CFD) is required to clarify this point. 5. CONCLUSIONS This study presents the salient points of and some early results from an experimental test bench designed to study the behaviour and performance of a vapour ejector

International Seminar on ejector/jet-pump technology and application Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium Paper No. 21 operated with R245fa. The results from this experimental study provide a source of reference data that can be used for the validation of numerical models of ejectors. Some results from the test bench were compared to those from a 1D ejector model; the 1D model was found to overpredict the critical condenser pressure of the ejector by between 38% and 69%. It is proposed that the assumption of a normal shock-wave in the ejector, common to most 1D models, is at fault. Pressure recovery is more likely due to a series of lessintense oblique shock waves than to a single normal shock. NOMENCLATURE FT & m pc* PT TE Flow transducer Mass flow rate Critical condenser pressure Pressure transducer Temperature transducer Entrainment ratio EjectorRefrigeration System, Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science, Vol. 15, 1997, pp. 384-394. [10] Sun, D-W., Experimental Investigation of the Performance Characteristics of a Steam Jet Refrigeration System, Energy Sources, Vol. 19, 1997, pp. 349-367. [11] Riffat, S.B. and Everitt, P., Experimental and CFD Modelling of an Ejector System for Vehicle Air Conditioning, J. of the Institute of Energy, Vol. 72, June 1999, pp. 41-47. [12] Huang, B.J., Jiang, C.B. and Hu, F.L., Ejector Performance Characteristics and Design Analysis of Jet Refrigeration System, J. of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power, Vol. 107, July 1985, pp. 792-802. [13] Sokolov, M. and Hershgal, D., Enhanced Ejector Refrigeration Cycles Powered by Low Grade Heat, Part 3. Experimental Results, International Journal of Refrigeration, Vol. 14, 1991, pp. 24-31. [14] Chen, S-L., Yen, J-Y. and Huang, M-C., An Experimental Investigation of Ejector Performance Based Upon Different Refrigerants, ASHRAE Transactions, Vol. 104, 1998, pp. 153-160. [15] Sun, D-W., Comparitive Study of the Performance of an Ejector Refrigeration Cycle Operating with Various Refrigerants, Energy Conversion and Management, Vol. 40, 1999, pp. 873-884. [16] Riffat, S.B., Omer, S.A. and Doherty, P.S., Experimental Performance of an Ejector Refrigeration System Using Methanol as a Working Fluid, Int. J. of Ambient Energy, Vol. 21, 2000, pp. 3-10. [17] Sankarlal, T. and Mani, A., Experimental Studies on an Ammonia Ejector Refrigeration System, Int. Comm. In Heat and Mass Transfer, Vol. 33, 2006, pp. 224-230. [18] Eames, I.W., Ablwaifa, A.E. and Petrenko, V., Results of an Experimental Study of an Advanced JetPump Refrigerator Operating with R245fa, Applied Thermal Engineering, Vol. 27, 2007, pp. 2833-2840. [19] Munday, J.T. and Bagster, D.F., 1977, A New Ejector Theory Applied to Steam Jet Refrigeration, Industrial Engineering Chemistry, Process Design and Development, 16(4), pp. 442-449. [20] Ouzzane, M. and Aidoun, Z., Model development and numerical procedure for detailed ejector analysis and design, Applied Thermal Engineering, Vol. 23 (2003), pp. 2337-2351. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Financial support for this work was provided by the Canadian Federal Governments Program on Energy Research and Development (PERD) and through a fellowship for the first author from the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada. The authors would also like to acknowledge the support of the members of the Refrigeration Group and the supporting staff at Natural Resources Canada, CanmetENERGY in Varennes.

Subscripts: cond Condenser evap Evaporator gen Generator REFERENCES [1] Sun, D-W. and Eames, I.W., Recent Developments in the Design Theories and Applications of Ejectors a Review, J. of the Institute of Energy, Vol. 68, 1995, pp. 65-79. [2] Chunnanond, K. and Aphornratana, S., Ejectors: Applications in Refrigeration Technology, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 8, 2004, pp. 129-155. [3] Elbel, S. and Hrnjak, P., Ejector Refrigeration: An Overview of Historical and Present Developments with an Emphasis on Air Conditioning Applications, Proceedings of the International Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Conference at Purdue, July 14-17, 2008. [4] Keenan, J.H. and Neumann, E.P., A Simple Air Ejector, J. of Applied Mechanics, Trans. of the ASME, vol. 64, 1942, pp. A75-A84. [5] Keenan, J.H., Neumann, E.P. and Lustwerk, F., An Investigation of Ejector Design by Analysis and Experiment, J. of Applied Mechanics, Vol. 17, 1950, pp. 299-309. [6] Fabri, J. and Seistrunck, R., Supersonic Air Ejectors, Advances in Applied Mechanics, Vol. 5, 1958, pp. 1-34. [7] Matsuo, K., Sasaguchi, K., Tasaki, K. and Mochizuki, H., Investigation of Supersonic Air Ejectors (Part II, Effects of Throat-Area-Ratio on Ejector Performance), Bulletin of the JSME, VOl. 25, No. 210, December 1982, pp. 1898-1905. [8] Eames, I.W., Aphornratana, S. and Haider, H., A Theoretical and Experimental Study of a Small-Scale Steam Jet Pump, International Journal of Refrigeration, Vol. 18, No. 6, 1995, pp. 378-386. [9] Chen, Y-M. and Sun, C-Y., Experimental Study of the Performance Characteristics of a Steam-