Stress Vs. Strain: Fact or Fiction?

Walter Gerstle Department of Civil Engineering University of New Mexico August 14, 2007

Observations of Mechanical Behavior of Reinforced Concrete

Concrete cracks at loads well within the service range Concrete failures are dominated by fracture and damage

Concrete Tests in the Laboratory

Concrete Beam Failures in Earthquakes

Concrete Column Failures in Earthquakes

Concrete Failures due to Chemical Changes

Alkali-Silica Reaction

Freeze-Thaw

Current Computational Models

Smeared Crack Models
Stress-Strain Constitutive Model (plasticity, damage) Nonlocal Damage Mechanics regularization schemes

Discrete Crack Models

Linear Elastic Fracture Mechanics (LEFM) Nonlinear Fracture Mechanics (NLFM)
Cohesive Crack Model (CCM) Elasto-plastic Fracture Mechanics (EPFM)

Discrete Element Models

Truss/Beam models Spherical and Elliptical Discrete Elements Molecular Dynamics

Smeared Crack Model

From: Vladimir Cervenka, Computer Simulation Of Failure Of Concrete Structures For Pactice

Discrete Crack Model

From: Anthony Ingraffea Cornell Fracture Group http://www.cfg.cornell.edu

Lattice Models

Bolander, J.E. and Berton, S., "Cohesive zone modeling of fracture in irregular lattices." In Fracture Mechanics of Concrete Structures, Eds, V.C. Li et al., Ia-FraMCos, 2004, pp. 989-994

Molecular Dynamics Model

From: IBM Almaden Research Center, Farid Abraham, http://www.almaden.ibm.com/st/computational_science/msmp/fractures

Current Models for Concrete

Current computational models for simulation of concrete are based upon continuum mechanics (stress-versusstrain) Strain is undefined across a crack Regularization methods are currently used to correct the continuum mechanics asumptions

the Peridynamic Model is a better way to model concrete!

Peridynamic Model (Developed by Stewart Silling, at Sandia National Laboratories)

Consider fij as a material property (units of force per unit volume2).

r r r r r && f ( , ) dV + b = u ij j i

fij is called the pairwise force function.

Peridynamic constitutive model for concrete

Reinforced Concrete Beam

Splice of Ribbed Reinforcing Bars (EMU)

Magnified deformed shapes of splice of reinforcing bars in concrete at three stages (fine discretization grid spacing is 0.03 m).

Hertzian cracking and fragmentation in glass (EMU, from Silling)

Lowspeedimpactforms conicalcrack

Higherspeedimpactforms fragments

Impact onto reinforced concrete (EMU, from Silling)

Reinforcementismodeledexplicitly.

Proposal
Avoid stress-strain models for quasibrittle structures Change the paradigm from stress-strain to peridynamic constitutive models Use the peridynamic model for reinforced concrete Develop peridynamic constitutive models Develop efficient computational solution techniques