Question 1 Which of the following is false concerning proteins? 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Proteins can act as immunoglobulins, enzymes, and receptors.

Protein specificity is the degree to which a protein is attracted to a ligand. A ligand is any molecule that can bind to any other molecule or ion. Proteolytic activation converts active proteins into inactive proteins. If there are more ligands than binding proteins saturation may occur.

Feedback: The second choice is incorrect because the degree to which a protein is attracted to a ligand is called that proteins affinity. The fourth choice is incorrect because proteolytic activation involves converting inactive proteins to active proteins, hence the activation. Question 2 Myasenthia gravis is a neurodegenerative disease caused by an autoimmune response of the body and is often characterized by the inability or weakness of eye and body movements. What type of degeneration would you expect to see? a. b. c. d. The junction between a neuron and the muscle it controls become more excitable The ciliated epithelium in the lungs would undergo dysfunction. Some muscle cells would lose their ability to conduct action potentials. The adipocytes that interact with affected parts of the body undergo lysis.

Feedback: The key words in this question are neurodegenerative disease and weakness of eye and body movements. These words should tell you that the answer will have something to do with the nervous and muscle tissue of the body. Because it confers muscle weakness, the first choice of making the muscle more excitable does not make sense. Choice c is correct because it involves muscle degeneration and nervous tissue dysfunction, which is how the disease actually works. Question 3 Question 3: Say Substance A contains less solute per unit volume than Substance B. You add more solute to Substance A so that the concentration equals the starting concentration of B. Suddenly Kevin sneaks up behind you, scares you, and causes you to dump extra solute into the Substance As container. We would say the solutions have changed (in relation of A to B) from: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Isotonic to Hypotonic to Hypertonic Hypotonic to Isotonic to Hypertonic Hyperosmotic to Isosmotic to Hyposmotic Hyposmotic to Isotonic to Hyperosmotic Hypoosmotic to Isoosmotic to Hyperosmotic

Feedback: This question should be relatively straight forward. Solution is originally Hypo-, then becomes Iso- to B, and then Hyper- to B. The most confusing portion of this question is whether you should be using tonic or osmotic. Remembers, -tonic is used when referring specifically to cells, while osmotic

is used when were talking about solution concentrations in containers, i.e. not concerning cells. Therefore the answer is choice 5. Question 4 What is the correct pathway for the waste products to move from the blood stream into the lumen of the kidney? 1. Blood, Interstitial Fluid, Basement Membrane, Basolateral Membrane, ICF, Apical Membrane, Capillaries, Lumen 2. Blood, Capillaries, Apical Membrane, ICF, Basolateral Membrane, Basement Membrane, Interstitial Fluid, Lumen 3. Blood, Capillaries, Interstitial Fluid, Basolateral Membrane, Basement Membrane, ICF, Apical Membrane, Lumen 4. Blood, ICF, Basement Membrane, Basolateral Membrane, Interstitial Fluid, Apical Membrane, Capillaries, Lumen 5. Blood, Capillaries, Interstitial Fluid, Basement Membrane, Basolateral Membrane, ICF, Apical Membrane, Lumen Feedback: Examine the book, especially the figures, closely and even looking up further figures on line may help. Not much of an explanation here, need to know how products and wastes travel both ways through the cell between Blood/Capillaries & the Lumen of Organs. Choice 5 is the correct pathway. Question 5 Which of the following statements is true? a. When a gland in the brain causes hormone release that affects several tissues in different ways this is a form of endocrine release. b. Signal molecules bind to target proteins which activate membrane receptor proteins to alter membrane receptor proteins and create a response. c. Signal molecules activate second messenger molecules in the cell to stop a response after it has been completed. d. In a response loop, the stimulus activates a sensor which directly causes the integrating center to send an output signal to a target molecule and produce a response & feedback. Feedback: The first choice is correct because this is the definition of how endocrine release and tissues work. The second choice is wrong primarily because signal molecules bind to memrbane receptor proteins, not target proteins. C is wrong because second messenger molecules usually do not stop a response, but rather cause a cascade and a larger response than if second messenger molecules were not used. D is wrong because sensors do not directly cause the integrating center to send an output signal, an input signal is needed to the integrating center.