prEN1997-1:

prEN1997-1:
Final draft of
Final draft of
Eurocode
Eurocode
7
7
Dr Andrew Bond
Dr Andrew Bond
Geocentrix
Geocentrix
Ltd
Ltd
www.
www.
geocentrix
geocentrix
.co.
.co.
uk
uk
/attic
/attic
Outline of lecture
Outline of lecture
N N
Reminder of where things have got to
Reminder of where things have got to
N N
Bearing pile design
Bearing pile design
Structural
Structural
Eurocode programme
Eurocode programme
N N Basis of design Basis of design
N N Eurocode Eurocode 1 - Actions on structures 1 - Actions on structures
N N Eurocode Eurocode 2 - Design of concrete structures 2 - Design of concrete structures
N N Eurocode Eurocode 3 - Design of steel structures 3 - Design of steel structures
N N Eurocode Eurocode 4 - Design of composite steel and concrete structures 4 - Design of composite steel and concrete structures
N N Eurocode Eurocode 5 - Design of timber structures 5 - Design of timber structures
N N Eurocode Eurocode 6 - Design of masonry structures 6 - Design of masonry structures
N N Eurocode Eurocode 7 - Geotechnical design 7 - Geotechnical design
N N Eurocode Eurocode 8 - Design of structures for earthquake resistance 8 - Design of structures for earthquake resistance
N N Eurocode Eurocode 9 - Design of 9 - Design of aluminium aluminium structures structures
1: General
2: Basis of geotechnical design
3: Geotechnical data
4: Supervision of construction,
monitoring, and maintenance
5: Fill, dewatering, ground improvement,
and reinforcement
6: Spread foundations
7: Pile foundations
8: Anchorages
9: Retaining structures
10: Hydraulic failure
11: Overall stability
12: Embankments
Annexes
Eurocode
Eurocode
7 - Part 1
7 - Part 1
Geotechnical design by
Geotechnical design by
calculation: ultimate limit states
calculation: ultimate limit states
N N
(P) Where relevant, it shall be verified that the
(P) Where relevant, it shall be verified that the
following limit states are not exceeded:
following limit states are not exceeded:
N N EQU - loss of static equilibrium, EQU - loss of static equilibrium, in which the strengths of in which the strengths of
structural materials and the ground are insignificant structural materials and the ground are insignificant
N N STR - internal failure of the structure or structural elements, STR - internal failure of the structure or structural elements,
in which the strength of structural materials is significant in which the strength of structural materials is significant
N N GEO - failure or excessive deformation of the ground, GEO - failure or excessive deformation of the ground, in in
which the strength of soil or rock is significant which the strength of soil or rock is significant
N N UPL - loss of equilibrium due to uplift by water pressure UPL - loss of equilibrium due to uplift by water pressure
N N HYD - hydraulic heave caused by hydraulic gradients HYD - hydraulic heave caused by hydraulic gradients
prEN1997-1 (draft g, Feb 2001) 2.4.7.1
Verification of equilibrium
Verification of equilibrium
N N
(P) When considering a limit state of static
(P) When considering a limit state of static
equilibrium or of overall displacements
equilibrium or of overall displacements
(EQU), it shall be verified that:
(EQU), it shall be verified that:
E
E
dst dst,d ,d

E
E
stb stb,d ,d
N N
Destabilizing
Destabilizing
actions
actions
E
E
dst dst,d ,d
= E{
= E{

F F


F
F
rep rep
,
,
X
X
k k
/
/

M M
, a
, a
d d
}
}
dst dst
N N
Stabilizing
Stabilizing
actions
actions
E
E
stb stb,d ,d
= E{
= E{

F F


F
F
rep rep
,
,
X
X
k k
/
/

M M
, a
, a
d d
}
}
stb stb
prEN1997-1 (draft g, Feb 2001) 2.4.7.2
Verification of resistance
Verification of resistance
N N
(P) When considering a limit state of rupture
(P) When considering a limit state of rupture
or excessive deformation (STR and GEO), it
or excessive deformation (STR and GEO), it
shall be verified that:
shall be verified that:
E
E
d d

R
R
d d
N N
Effects of actions
Effects of actions
E
E
d d
=
=

E E
E{
E{

F F


F
F
rep rep
,
,
X
X
k k
/
/

M M
, a
, a
d d
}
}
N N
Resistance
Resistance
R
R
d d
= R{
= R{

F F
F
F
rep rep
,
,
X
X
k k
/
/

M M
,
,
a
a
d d
} /
} /

R R
prEN1997-1 (draft g, Feb 2001) 2.4.7.3
Verification of limit states
Verification of limit states
STR/GEO
STR/GEO
N N
(P) The manner in which [these] equations are
(P) The manner in which [these] equations are
applied shall be determined according to one
applied shall be determined according to one
of three Design Approaches:
of three Design Approaches:
N N
1: material factor approach, using two sets of
1: material factor approach, using two sets of
partial factors, applied in two separate calculations
partial factors, applied in two separate calculations
N N
2: resistance factor approach, using one set of
2: resistance factor approach, using one set of
partial factors, applied in a single calculation
partial factors, applied in a single calculation
N N
3: mixed approach, using one set of partial factors,
3: mixed approach, using one set of partial factors,
applied in a single calculation
applied in a single calculation
EN 1997-1 (Nov 2000 draft) 2.4.7.3 & Annex B
Design Approach 1
Design Approach 1
N N
Original method from ENV 1997-1 (previously
Original method from ENV 1997-1 (previously
known as Cases B & C)
known as Cases B & C)
N N
Favoured
Favoured
by most of Europe (
by most of Europe (
incl
incl
. the UK)
. the UK)
N N
Partial factors for STR
Partial factors for STR
and
and
GEO limit states:
GEO limit states:
N N
Set 1.1:
Set 1.1:

1.0
1.0
on actions
on actions
N N
Set 1.2:
Set 1.2:

1.0
1.0
on material properties
on material properties
N N
Set 1.3:
Set 1.3:

1.0
1.0
on resistances (e.g. for piles and
on resistances (e.g. for piles and
anchorages
anchorages
)
)
prEN1997-1 (draft g, Feb 2001)
Design Approach 2
Design Approach 2
N N
Introduced during re-drafting of ENV 1997-1
Introduced during re-drafting of ENV 1997-1
N N
Favoured
Favoured
by Germany
by Germany
N N
Partial factors for STR
Partial factors for STR
and
and
GEO limit states:
GEO limit states:
N N
Set 2.1:
Set 2.1:

1.0
1.0
on actions/action effects and
on actions/action effects and

1.0
1.0
on resistances
on resistances
N N
Set 2.2:
Set 2.2:

1.0
1.0
on actions/action effects and
on actions/action effects and

1.0
1.0
on material properties (e.g. for slopes
on material properties (e.g. for slopes
)
)
prEN1997-1 (draft g, Feb 2001)
Design Approach 3
Design Approach 3
N N
Introduced during re-drafting of ENV 1997-1
Introduced during re-drafting of ENV 1997-1
N N
Favoured
Favoured
by France
by France
N N
Partial factors for STR
Partial factors for STR
and
and
GEO limit states:
GEO limit states:
N N
Set 3.1:
Set 3.1:

1.0
1.0
on
on
structural
structural
actions,
actions,

1.0
1.0
on
on
material properties, and
material properties, and

= 1.0
= 1.0
on resistances
on resistances
N N
Set 3.1:
Set 3.1:

1.0
1.0
on
on
geotechnical
geotechnical
actions,
actions,

1.0
1.0
on
on
material properties, and
material properties, and

= 1.0
= 1.0
on resistances
on resistances
prEN1997-1 (draft g, Feb 2001)
Pile foundations
Pile foundations
prEN1997-1:
prEN1997-1:
Final draft of
Final draft of
Eurocode
Eurocode
7
7
Limit states for pile foundations
Limit states for pile foundations
N N
(P) The following limit states shall be considered:
(P) The following limit states shall be considered:
N N loss of overall stability loss of overall stability
N N failure in compression, tension, and transverse loading failure in compression, tension, and transverse loading
due to failure in the ground due to failure in the ground
N N structural failure in compression, tension, bending, structural failure in compression, tension, bending,
torsion, buckling, or shear torsion, buckling, or shear
N N combined failure in the ground and the piled foundation combined failure in the ground and the piled foundation
N N combined failure in the ground and the structure combined failure in the ground and the structure
N N excessive settlement, heave, & lateral movement of the excessive settlement, heave, & lateral movement of the
ground ground
N N unacceptable vibrations unacceptable vibrations
EN 1997-1 7.2
Failure of an individual pile
Failure of an individual pile
D
R
R
bk bk
=
=
q
q
bk bk

D
D
2 2
/4
/4
R
R
sk sk
=
=
q
q
sk sk

DL
DL
Block failure
Block failure
B
B
R
R
bk bk
=
=
q
q
bk bk
B
B
2 2
R
R
sk sk
= 4q
= 4q
sk sk
BL
BL
Compressive resistance failure
Compressive resistance failure
N N
F
F
cd cd

R
R
cd cd
N N
F
F
cd cd
= design axial compression load
= design axial compression load
N N
R
R
cd cd
= design compressive resistance of the pile
= design compressive resistance of the pile
foundation
foundation
N N
For piles in groups, two failure mechanisms
For piles in groups, two failure mechanisms
shall be considered:
shall be considered:
N N
failure of the piles individually
failure of the piles individually
N N
failure of the piles and the soil between them
failure of the piles and the soil between them
acting as a block
acting as a block
prEN1997-1 (draft g, Feb 2001) 7.6.2.1
Partial factors for actions (
Partial factors for actions (

F
F
)
)
STR/GEO Action Symbol EQU
1.1 1.2 1.3 2 3s 3g
Permanent Unfavourable

G

1.1 1.35 1.0 1.0 1.35 1.35 1.0
Favourable 0.9 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0
Variable Unfavourable

Q

1.5 1.5 1.3 1.3 1.5 1.5 1.3
Favourable 0 0 0 0 0 0 0


prEN1997-1 (draft g, Feb 2001) A.1.1
Bearing resistance from static
Bearing resistance from static
load tests
load tests
N N
R
R
cd cd
=
=
R
R
ck ck
/
/

t t
N N
R
R
cd cd
= design compressive resistance
= design compressive resistance
N N
R
R
ck ck
= characteristic compressive resistance
= characteristic compressive resistance
N N
R
R
ck ck
=
=
R
R
cm cm
/
/

N N
R
R
cm cm
= compressive resistance measured in static
= compressive resistance measured in static
load tests
load tests
N N

= correlation factor taking account of the

= correlation factor taking account of the
number of load tests
number of load tests
prEN1997-1 (draft g, Feb 2001) 7.6.2.2.2
Correlation factors for pile load
Correlation factors for pile load
tests
tests
No of tests 1 2 3 4
5

1
on mean result
1.4 1.3 1.2 1.1 1.0

2
on lowest result
1.4 1.2 1.05 1.0 1.0


prEN1997-1 (draft g, Feb 2001) A2.3.2.4
Bearing resistance from ground
Bearing resistance from ground
test results
test results
N N
R
R
cd cd
=
=
R
R
bd bd
+
+
R
R
sd sd
N N
R
R
cd cd
= design compressive resistance
= design compressive resistance
N N
R
R
bd bd
= design base resistance
= design base resistance
N N
R
R
sd sd
= design shaft resistance
= design shaft resistance
N N
R
R
bd bd
=
=
R
R
bk bk
/
/

b b
N N
R
R
bk bk
= characteristic base resistance =
= characteristic base resistance =
q
q
bk bk
A
A
b b
N N
R
R
sd sd
=
=
R
R
sk sk
/
/

s s
N N
R
R
sk sk
= characteristic shaft resistance =
= characteristic shaft resistance =

q
q
sik sik
A
A
si si
EN 1997-1 7.6.2.2.2
Partial resistance factors - piled
Partial resistance factors - piled
foundations (driven piles)
foundations (driven piles)
STR/GEO Resistance Symbol
1.1 1.2 1.3 2 3
Base

b

1.0 1.3 1.1 1.0
Shaft
(compression)

s

1.0 1.3 1.1 1.0
Total/combined
(compression)

t

1.0 1.3 1.1 1.0
Shaft (tension)

s,t

1.25 1.6 1.15 1.0


prEN1997-1 (draft g, Feb 2001) A.2.3.2.1
Partial resistance factors - piled
Partial resistance factors - piled
foundations (bored piles)
foundations (bored piles)
STR/GEO Resistance Symbol
1.1 1.2 1.3 2 3
Base

b

1.25 1.6 1.1 1.0
Shaft
(compression)

s

1.0 1.3 1.1 1.0
Total/combined
(compression)

t

1.15 1.5 1.1 1.0
Shaft (tension)

s,t

1.25 1.6 1.15 1.0


prEN1997-1 (draft g, Feb 2001) A.2.3.2.2
Partial resistance factors - piled
Partial resistance factors - piled
foundations (CFA piles)
foundations (CFA piles)
STR/GEO Resistance Symbol
1.1 1.2 1.3 2 3
Base

b

1.1 1.45 1.1 1.0
Shaft
(compression)

s

1.0 1.3 1.1 1.0
Total/combined
(compression)

t

1.15 1.4 1.1 1.0
Shaft (tension)

s,t

1.25 1.6 1.15 1.0


prEN1997-1 (draft g, Feb 2001) A.2.3.2.3
Undrained
Undrained
vertical resistance
vertical resistance
N N
End-bearing
End-bearing
N N
q
q
bk bk
= (
= (
N
N
c c
C
C
ubk ubk
+
+

vk vk
) / 1.5
) / 1.5
N N
N
N
c c
= 5 (1 + 0.2 B/W) (1 + L / 12B)
= 5 (1 + 0.2 B/W) (1 + L / 12B)

9
9
N N
Shaft-friction
Shaft-friction
N N
q
q
sk sk
=
=

C
C
usd usd
=
=

C
C
usk usk
/ 1.5
/ 1.5
N N
The factor
The factor

is between 0.45 and 1.0

is between 0.45 and 1.0
Drained vertical resistance
Drained vertical resistance
N N
End-bearing
End-bearing
N N
q
q
bk bk
= (
= (
N
N
qd qd

vb vb
+ 0.4
+ 0.4

B
B
N
N
d d
) / 1.5
) / 1.5
N N
N
N
qd qd
and
and
N
N
d d
= f(
= f(

sk sk
), e.g.
), e.g.
Berezantevs
Berezantevs
curves
curves
N N
2nd term becomes significant as B increases
2nd term becomes significant as B increases
N N
Shaft-friction
Shaft-friction
N N
q
q
sk sk
= (K
= (K
s s

vs vs
tan
tan

sd sd
) / 1.5
) / 1.5
N N

sd sd
=
=

sk sk
(or) tan
(or) tan

sd sd
= tan
= tan

sk sk
/
/

d d
N N
K (group) > K (single pile)
K (group) > K (single pile)
Partial material factors (
Partial material factors (

M
M
)
)
STR/GEO Ground
property
Symbol EQU
1.1 1.2 1.3 2 3
Shearing
resistance

1.25 1.0 1.25 1.0 1.0 1.25
Effective
cohesion

c

1.25 1.0 1.25 1.0 1.0 1.25
Undrained
strength

cu

1.4 1.0 1.4 1.0 1.0 1.4
Unconfined
strength

qu

1.4 1.0 1.4 1.0 1.0 1.4
Unit weight

1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0


prEN1997-1 (draft g, Feb 2001) A.2.2
prEN1997-1:
prEN1997-1:
Final draft of
Final draft of
Eurocode
Eurocode
7
7
Dr Andrew Bond
Dr Andrew Bond
Geocentrix
Geocentrix
Ltd
Ltd
www.
www.
geocentrix
geocentrix
.co.
.co.
uk
uk
/attic
/attic