Organ Systems of the Toad

Digestive System
Function of nutrition (ingestion, digestion, absorption and egestion) Both physical and mechanical breakdown of food Amoeba and Paramecium formation of a food vacuole

Incomplete Digestive System

Mouth serves as entrance of food and exit of waste materials Chlonorchis and Fasciola trematodes; with 2 suckers for attachment to host

Cockroach Digestive System

Esophagus Crop Gizzard Intestinal caeca Midgut Mapighian tubules Hindgut

Complete Digestive System

Coelom -> pericardial cavity and pleuro-peritoneal cavity Pleuro-peritoneal cavity
Body wall lining: parietal peritoneum
Viscera lining: visceral peritoneum

Mesenteries suspend the viscera from the body wall

o Mesogaster suspends stomach o Mesorecturm suspends large intestine (rectum) o Mesenterium suspends small intestine (ileum)

Omentum connect viscera

o Gastro-hepato-duodenal omentum connects the stomach, liver, duodenum

Buccal Cavity
Maxillary teeth Tongue Esophageal opening Glottis Opening to vocal sacs (males only) Choanae/internal nares Vomerine teeth Opening to Eustachian tube

Digestive Tube
Esophagus Stomach Pyloric sphincter Small intestine
Duodenum Ileum

Large intestine Cloaca

Digestive Glands
Liver
Largest gland in the body Secretes bile Gall bladder

Stores bile Drained by cystic duct

Pancreas
Within gastro-hepato-duodenal omentum Secretes pancreatic juice Common bile duct union of cystic duct, hepatic ducts, pancreatic ducts

Respiratory System
Facilitates the exchange of gases between the organism and its environment Derived from the integument of the lining of the digestive tube Permeable, highly vascularized, in contact with medium rich in oxygen

Aquatic Respiratory Systems

Gills

Gill arches

Pharyngeal clefts

Terrestrial Respiratory Systems

Tracheal system provide oxygen directly to tissues Tracheal trunk Spiracles - openings

Excretory System
Excretion of waste substances Protonephridia lower metazoans Metanephridia annelids Nephridia mollusks Green glands crustaceans Malpighian tubules insects, arachnids (uric acid crystals) Kidneys - vertebrates

Kidneys
Retroperitoneal Lie in cisterna magna Drained by mesonephric/Wolffian duct (toads) or ureter (mammals) Drains into urinary bladder which stores urine before releasing it into the cloaca

Mammalian Kidney
Cortex
Renal corpuscles tubules

Medulla
Collecting tubules

Renal pelvis
Expanded beginning of ureter

Hilus
Concavity containing the blood vessels (renal artery and vein)
*renal pyramid made up of collecting tubules and renal papilla

Circulatory System
Transport of gases, nutrients, metabolic wastes, hormones and other substances to the different parts of the body Assists in homeostasis Not present in lower metazoans

Open Circulatory System

Aorta Heart
With lateral ostia guarded by valves to prevent backflow Located in the pericardial sinus Ventral wall is called the dorsal diaphragm

Trachea (respiratory system)

Closed Circulatory System

CONUS ARTERIOSUS

Arterial System

PULMOCUTANEOUS ARTERY

COELIACOMESENTERIC ARTERY

COELIAC ARTERY

Venous System
ANTERIOR VENA CAVA

POSTERIOR VENA CAVA

Mammalian Heart

Nervous System
Perceive and transmit stimuli, coordinate and integrate the functions of the different organ systems 1. Nerve Net coelenterates Impulses transmitted in all directions from the point of stimulations 2. Ladder flatworms Cephalization present 3. Ganglionic arthropods & mollusks Ventral nerve cord and cerebral ganglia 4. Tubular vertebrates Hollow nerve tube

Types of Nervous Systems

Frog Brain

Cerebellum

Diencephalon

Frog Brain Vesicles

1st and 2nd lateral vesicles 3rd ventricle

Opticoels
Aqueduct of Sylvius

4th Ventricle

Huling hirit
Importante ang blood tracing, sabihin ang lahat ng vessels na dinadaanan ng dugo pag pinatrace kayo. Alam niyo na dapat kung ano yung nagsusupply o nagdedrain ng mga parte ng katawan ng toad. Kung napansin niyo, ito lang rin yung nasa manual, kaya magbasa kayo ng manual ok? Andun naman halos lahat ng sagot, maliban sa answers to questions na dapat sinagutan niyo na. Hindi ko sinama yung sa nervous system masyado, ipapasa niyo pa kasi sa akin yun sa exam date. Sa exam mismo, basahin niyo ng mabuti yung questions. Good luck sa inyong lahat! See you in Bio 12.