Adjustable speed induction motor drive

OBSERVATION SHEET

Name Index No Group Date of Prac Instructed By

: : : : :

K.W.D.C. Kanchana 090240P G-06 17.06.2013 Dr. Buddhika Jayasekara & Dr. D. P. Chandima

b. Measurement of speed control characteristics Speed input potentiometer setting 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Vdc (V) 12 16 24 36 44 48 48 54 94 166 196 Vs (V) 0 16 20 32 37 40 40 48 78 136 158 Is (A) 0.75 1.05 1.1 1.1 1.4 0.85 0.7 0.65 0.75 0.85 0.85 Ws (W) 2 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 60 120 140 fs ( kHz ) 0.015 0.026 0.037 0.048 0.060 0.079 0.142 0.252 0.300 fs/6(Hz) 2.50 4.33 6.17 8.00 10.00 13.17 23.67 42.00 50.00 Nr ( rpm ) 0 0 72.5 126.9 177.7 230 285.5 324 681 1225 1475 Vs / fs ( V / Hz) 8 7.39 6 5 4 3.65 3.3 3.24 3.16

c. Measurement of speed control characteristics with voltage control Speed input potentiometer setting 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Vs (V) 82 82 100 118 130 146 162 178 192 Vdc (V) 100 100 122 144 160 176 196 210 232 Nr ( rpm ) 737 737 743 747 748 750 751 751 752 Is (A) 0.65 0.65 0.75 0.9 1 1.15 1.3 1.45 1.7 Ws (W) 40 40 40 60 60 60 80 80 100

d. Measurement of motor input waveforms

GRAPHS & CALCULATIONS b) Measurement of speed control characteristics Speed input pot: setting 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Fs (Hz) 0 0 2.5 4.33 6.17 8 10 13.17 23.67 42 50 Nr (rpm) 0 0 72.5 126.9 177.7 230 285.5 324 681 1225 1475

Motor speed (Nr) vs frequency (fs)

1600

1400

1200

1000

Nr (rpm)

800

600

400

200

0 0 10 20 30 fs (Hz) 40 50 60

Speed input pot: setting 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Fs (Hz) 0 0 2.5 4.33 6.17 8 10 13.17 23.67 42 50

Vs / fs (V/Hz) 0 0 8 7.38 6 5 4 3.65 3.3 3.24 3.16

Vs/fs vs frequency
9

Vs/fs (V/Hz)

0 0 10 20 30 fs (Hz) 40 50 60

Speed input pot: setting 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Fs (Hz) 0 0 2.5 4.33 6.17 8 10 13.17 23.67 42 50

Is (A) 0.75 1.05 1.1 1.1 1.4 0.85 0.7 0.65 0.75 0.85 0.85

Motor current (Is) vs frequency (fs)

1.6

1.4

1.2

Is (A)

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

0 0 10 20 30 fs (Hz) 40 50 60

Speed input pot: setting 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Fs (Hz) 0 0 2.5 4.33 6.17 8 10 13.17 23.67 42 50

Ws (W) 2 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 60 120 140

Motor power (Ws) vs frequency (fs)

160

140

120 Ws (W) 100 80 60 40 20 0 0 10 20 30 fs (Hz) 40 50 60

b) Measurement of speed control characteristics with voltage control Voltage feed-back pot: setting 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Vs (V) 82 82 100 118 130 146 162 178 192 Nr (rpm) 737 737 743 747 748 750 751 751 752

Motor speed (Nr) vs Inverter output voltage (Vs)

754

752

750

748

746 Nr (rpm) 744 742 740 738 736 0 50 100 Vs (V) 150 200 250

Voltage feed-back pot: setting 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Vs (V) 82 82 100 118 130 146 162 178 192

Is (A) 0.65 0.65 0.75 0.9 1 1.15 1.3 1.45 1.7

Motor current (Is) vs inverter output voltage (Vs)

1.8

1.6

1.4

1.2

Is (A)
0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 0 50 100 Vs (V) 150 200 250

Voltage feed-back pot: setting 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Vs (V) 82 82 100 118 130 146 162 178 192

Ws (W) 40 40 40 60 60 60 80 80 100

Motor power (Ws) vs Inverter output voltage (Vs)

120

100

80 Ws (W) 60 40 20 0 0 50 100 Vs (V) 150 200 250

DISCUSSION
i. The motive for keeping V/f constant with adjustable speed drives

The torque developed by the motor is directly proportional to the magnetic field produced by the stator. So, the voltage applied to the stator is directly proportional to the product of stator flux and angular velocity. This makes the flux produced by the stator proportional to the ratio of applied voltage and frequency of supply. Therefore by varying the voltage and frequency by the same ratio, the torque can be kept constant throughout the speed range. The below relations justify the above explanation.

Then there is a problem why we must keep flux at a constant value. The maximum flux is effectively limited to a fixed value depending on the saturation of the core, and the current is limited by the ability of the rotor to get rid of the heat produced. The current induced in the rotor depends on the slip between the rotor and stator field. Therefore when we decrease frequency, keeping the stator supply voltage constant the flux in the core of the motor will increase and the magnetization current of the motor will also increase. This will cause excessive magnetization currents to flow in the motor which could be harmful. That is why the ideal of the variable frequency/variable voltage control methods is the constant flux control, where the magnetizing current is kept constant.

ii.

Why not voltage is increased with frequency for speeds above the rated speed, and how this affects the motor torque.

Rated voltage for a motor is defined based on the insulation of the winding. If we increase the supply voltage above the rated, by damaging the insulation motor will be destroyed. To keep flux constant above the rated frequency, we do not increase the supply voltage because of that. This will affect the torque of the motor too. If we do not increase the supply voltage as we increase the frequency, the flux produced will get decreased. This will reduce the maximum torque of the motor. This region is called constant power region in torque vs frequency graph.

iii.

Speed controllability with frequency control and voltage control

The torque depends on the square of the applied voltage. If the applied voltage is reduced, the voltage across the magnetizing branch also comes down. Thus, even if a given voltage level is sufficient for achieving the running torque, the machine may not start. This method of trying to control the speed is best suited for loads that require very little starting torque, but their torque requirement may increase with speed. We can operate the motor either above or below base speed by using variable frequency control. A well designed variable frequency drive can control the speed of an induction motor over a range from as little as 5% of base speed up to about twice base speed.

Variable voltage method

variable frequency method

iv.

Comment on the motor voltage and current waveforms.

For a linear and balanced 3 phase load, the line currents are also balanced. The individual line current components can be obtained from the Fourier series of the line voltage. The total current can be obtained by addition of the individual currents. A typical line current wave with inductive load is shown below. The current wave form is not purely sinusoidal as there are harmonics due to the switching of control circuit. Shape of the current waveform is square type as we use 6-step inverter.

Control circuit of 6-step inverter

output voltage & current waveforms

As our observed voltage and current waveforms on the oscilloscope are almost the same, the results are accepted. v. Reasons for the use of different potentiometers in control circuit.

In the control circuit smoothened speed input signal is fed in to two circuits. One is to a voltage-to frequency converter and then to the gate-drive circuit which controls the thyristor switching. Other is to the N-I circuit and then to the gate drive circuit of the converter which controls the DC bus voltage. To change DC voltage without affecting frequency, voltage feedback potentiometer is used after sending the smoothened signal to the voltage-to frequency converter (in N-I circuit). As the Rate of change of speed input signal is controlled by VR1 and VR2 potentiometers on the slow-up/slow-down circuit. So it acts as a smoothing circuit the input signal. Next the signal comes to the NI amplifier which has 5 potentiometers. There, output voltage and current feedback ratios of the converter are governed by VR1 and VR3 potentiometers respectively. VR2 and VR4 adjust the control signal transient and VR5 adjusts final signal range.

References Electrical Machines II by Prof. Krishna Vasudevan, Prof. G. Sridhara Rao, Prof. P. Sasidhara Rao http://www.ijareeie.com/upload/november/18_THREE%20PHASE%20INDUCTION.pdf