(

( )

pone pon en nti tia al/ l/Logar l/L Exponential/Logarithm Functions d x d x a ) = a ln ( a ) e ) = ex ( ( dx dx d 1 d 1 n ( x)) = , x > 0 ln x ) = , x 0 ( ( dx d x x dx x Hyperbolic Trig Functions d ( sinh x ) = cosh x dx d ( sech x ) = - sech x tanh x dx d ( cosh x ) = sinh x dx d ( csch x ) = - csch x coth x dx

w .e

Inverse Trig Functions d 1 sin -1 x ) = ( dx 1 - x2 d 1 sec -1 x ) = ( dx x x2 - 1

xa

Trig Functions d ( sin x ) = cos x dx d ( sec x ) = sec x tan x dx

d sin x ( cos x ) = sin dx d csc sc x ) = - csc cs c sc c x cot x (c dx

d 1 cos -1 x ) = c ( dx 1 - x2 d 1 csc -1 x ) = ( dx x x2 -1

ra

Common Derivatives Polynomials d d (c) = 0 ( x) = 1 dx dx

d ( cx ) = c dx

ce
d n ( x ) nx dx
-1

.c om
d cx n ) = ncx n -1 ( dx d ( tan x ) = sec2 x dx d ( cot x ) = - csc2 x dx d 1 tan -1 x ) = ( dx 1 + x2 d 1 cot -1 x ) = ( dx 1 + x2 d 1 log a ( x ) ) = , x>0 ( dx x ln a d ( tanh x ) = sech 2 x dx d ( coth x ) = - csch 2 x dx

Basic Properties/Formulas/Rules d ( cf ( x ) ) = cf ( x ) , c is any constant. ( f ( x ) g ( x ) ) = f ( x ) g ( x ) dx d n d x ) = nx n -1 , n is any number. ( c ) = 0 , c is any constant. ( dx dx f f g - f g (Quotient Rule) ul ule) e) ( f g ) = f g + f g (Product Rule) = g2 g d f ( g ( x ) ) = f ( g ( x ) ) g ( x ) (Chain Rule) dx g ( x) d d g ( x) g x ln g ( x ) ) = e = g( x) e ( ) ( dx g ( x) dx

Derivatives

Basic Properties/Formulas/Rules cf ( x ) dx = c f ( x ) dx , c is a constant.

b b

Integrals

f ( x ) g ( x ) dx = f ( x ) dx g ( x ) dx b b a f ( x ) dx = F ( x ) a = F ( b ) - F ( a ) where F ( x ) = f ( x ) dx a cf ( x ) dx = c a f ( x ) dx , c is a constant. a f ( x ) g ( x ) dx = a f ( x ) dx a g ( x ) dx a f ( x ) dx = 0 a f ( x ) dx = a f ( x ) dx + c f ( x ) dx
b c b b b b b

a f ( x ) dx = -b f ( x ) dx a c dx = c ( b - a )
b b

If f ( x ) 0 on a x b then

a f ( x ) dx 0
b

If f ( x ) g ( x ) on a x b then Common Integrals Polynomials

a f ( x ) dx a g ( x ) dx

m
3

1 dx = ln x + c x

-1

dx = ln x + c

ra
p q

dx = x + c

k dx = k x + c

ce
dx x dx
p 2 2 3

1 n +1 x + c, n -1 n +1 1 -n - n +1 x dx = -n + 1 x + c, n 1
p+q q

1 dx = 1 ln ax + b + c ax + b a Trig Functions cos u du = sin u + c

w .e

in u du = - cos u + c in sec u du = tan u + c ec u + csc u cot udu = - csc u + c sec u tan u du = sec c csc u du = - cot u + c n sec sec u + c tan u du = ln cot u du = ln sin u + c 1 du = ln ln sec se s ec c u + tan u + c sec u du sec u du = 2 ( sec u tan u + ln sec u + tan u ) + c csc cs sc c u du du = ln ln csc u - cot u + c c

xa
u a du =

1 q +1 q x dx = x +c = x p p+q q +1

csc

u du =

1 ( - csc u cot u + ln csc u - cot u ) + c 2

Exponential/Logarithm E Ex xpone xpon pone Functions

u u e du = e + c au e sin ( bu ) du =

e au ( a sin ( bu ) - b cos ( bu ) ) + c a2 + b2 eau au e cos ( bu ) du = a 2 + b2 ( a cos ( bu ) + b sin ( bu ) ) + c

au +c ln a

.c om
+c

ln u du = u ln ( u ) - u + c ue du = ( u - 1) e
u u

+c

1 du = ln ln u + c u ln u

Inverse Trig Functions 1 u du = sin -1 + c 2 2 a a -u

sin

-1

u du = u sin -1 u + 1 - u 2 + c 1 u du = u tan -1 u - ln (1 + u 2 ) + c 2 u du = u cos -1 u - 1 - u 2 + c

Hyperbolic Trig Functions sinh u du = cosh u + c

sech tanh u du = - sech u + c tanh u du = ln ( cosh u ) + c

Miscellaneous 1 du = 1 ln u + a + c 2 a - u2 2a u - a

cosh u du = sinh u + c sech csch coth u du = - csch u + c csch sech u du = tan sinh u + c
-1

2au - u 2 du =

Standard Integration gr g ra at ti io on nT Te e hn hniques Note that all bu but tt th the he e fi f first ir rs st t on one of these tend to be taught in a Calculus II class.

a f ( g ( x ) ) g ( x ) dx then the substitution u = g ( x ) will convert this into the b g (b) integral, in i nt te eg gr ra al l, , f ( g ( x ) ) g ( x ) dx = f ( u ) du . a g (a)
Given en e n In I Integration nt by Parts Th The standard formulas for integration by parts are,
b b

u Substitution titu tit uti tion on

b

w .e

xa
udv = uv - vdu

u 2 a2 a + u 2 + ln u + a 2 + u 2 c 2 2 u 2 a2 u 2 - a 2 du = u - a 2 - ln u + u 2 - a 2 + c 2 2 2 a u u a 2 - u 2 du = a 2 - u 2 + si si - 1 + c 2 2 a a 2 + u 2 du =

u-a a2 a -u 2a au u - u + cos -1 +c 2 2 a

ra

1 u-a 1 d du u= ln +c 2 2 u -a 2a u + a

Choose u and dv and then compute du by differentiating u and compute v by using the fact that v = dv .

ce
a udv = uv a - a vdu
b

.c om
2

1 1 u du = tan -1 + c 2 2 a a +u a 1 1 u du = sec -1 + c a a u u 2 - a2

tan

-1

cos

-1

u du = tanh tanh ta anh u + c

u du du = - co co h u + c

ax + b

A ax + b Ax + B 2 ax + bx + c

m
ax ( ax
3

ax + bx + c

Products and (some) Quotients en e nt ts t so of f Trig T ri Tr ig g Functions Fun n m sin x cos x dx

1. If n is odd. S Str sine St tr r p one one s si in n out and convert the remaining sines to cosines using 2 2 sin x = 1 - cos cos x , t then th he e use the substitution u = cos x 2. If m is s odd. odd. Strip St S tr ri ip p on one cosine out and convert the remaining cosines to sines using ng n gc cos co os s 2 x = 1 - sin 2 x , then use the substitution u = sin x 3. I If fna and nd m a are both odd. Use either 1. or 2. 4. I If fna and nd m are both even. Use double angle formula for sine and/or half angle formulas form fo rmu ul la a to reduce the integral into a form that can be integrated. n m ta t an n x sec sec x dx tan

Convert Example : cos 6 x = ( cos 2 x ) = (1 - sin 2 x )

w .e
1

If n is odd. Strip one tangent and one secant out and convert the remaining I tangents to secants using tan 2 x = sec 2 x - 1 , then use the substitution u = sec x 2. If m is even. Strip two secants out and convert the remaining secants to tangents using sec2 x = 1 + tan 2 x , then use the substitution u = tan x 3. If n is odd and m is even. Use either 1. or 2. 4. If n is even and m is odd. Each integral will be dealt with differently.
3

xa

ra
x + b) ( ax
k

Factor in Q ( x )

Term in P.F.D Factor in Q ( x )

+b bx x + c)

ce
k

degree of Q ( x ) then factor the denominator as completely as s possi poss possible ib bl le ea and nd fi find f ind the partial he par p fraction decomposition of the rational expression. Integrate the partial fraction he arti tia al l frac f ract rw we eg ge et tt ter erm( in the erm decomposition (P.F.D.). For each factor in the denominator get term(s) decomposition according to the following table. Term in P.F.D Ak A1 A2 + +L + k 2 ax a x + b ( ax + b ) ( ax + b ) Ak x + Bk A1 x + B1 +L + k 2 ax + bx + c ( ax 2 + bx + c )

.c om

Trig Substitutions If the integral contains the following root use the given substitution and formula. a a2 - b2 x2 x = sin q and cos 2 q = 1 - sin 2 q b a b2 x2 - a2 x = sec q and tan 2 q = sec2 q - 1 b a a2 + b2 x2 x = tan q and sec 2 q = 1 + tan 2 q b Partial Fractions P ( x) dx where the degree (largest exponent) of P ( x ) i is s sm smaller s ma all ller er t than th ha a the If integrating Q x ( )