GRAMMAR STRUCTURE

ARTICLES O artigo definido The O artigo definido The (o, a, os, as) invarivel, pois possui uma nica forma para o singular e para o plural, bem como para o masculino e para o feminino. Empregamos o artigo definido The nos seguintes casos: a. Antes de substantivos com sentido especfico. Exemplo: Singular: Plural : Give me the red book. The red books are here.

b. Antes de acidentes geogrficos, avies, nibus, enfim situaes onde h especificaco. Exemplo: The Atlantic Ocean is very deep. The airbus of Vasp. The Amazon river is large.

c. Antes de sobrenomes que representam nome de famlia. Exemplo: The Hearts. The Kennedys. The Jacksons.

d. Antes de nome de pases que sejam compostos ou plural. Exemplo: The United States.

e. Antes de instrumentos musicais. Exemplo: The guitar. The piano.

O artigo Indefinido A/AN. O artigo indefinido A/NA (um, uma) tambm invarivel, isto , possui apenas o singular. empregado antes de substantivos contveis e tanto serve para masculino como para feminino. Empregos do artigo indefinido A. a. b. c. d. Antes de palavras que iniciem por consoante: a pen, a dog, a chair. Antes de H pronunciado: a head, a horse, a house. Antes de U e encontros voclicos: a universal, a uniform, a European. Antes de semivogais W e Y: a year, a watch, a wall.
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Empregos do artigo indefinido AN. a. Antes de palavras que comecem por vogal: an idea, an egg, an Apple. b. Antes de H no pronunciado: an hour.

THE VERB TO BE 1. O verbo be usado para identificar pessoas e objetos. Exemplos: It is a pen. They are my brothers. I am from Brazil. 2. Tambm usado para expressar idade. Exemplo: I am fourteen (years old). 3. Ateno! Use not depois do verbo be em oraes negativas. Exemplo: John is not my friend. 4. Ateno! Na forma interrogative do be, use o verbo antes do sujeito (nome ou pronome). Exemplos: Are you a smart girl? Is she a nurse? Present Tense of to be: Affirmative: Pronome + verbo + complement I You He She It We You They am are is is is are are are young. tall. rich. poor. a cat. teachers. students. doctors.

Preencha os espaos com o verbo to be na forma afirmativa: 1. I...................................here. 2. You..............................rich. 3. They.............................tall. 4. We...............................students. 5. It..................................a little cat. 6. She...............................beautiful. 7. I...................................very old. 8. He................................poor. 9. She...............................happy today. 10. You..............................polite.

Obs.: Os pronomes pessoais (I, You, He, She, It, We, You, They) tem a funo de sujeito da orao. Como o pronome pessoal representa um sujeito, este toma o gnero e nmero do sujeito por ele representado. It (terceira pessoa do singular) um pronome neutro e quando o empregamos, estamos nos referindo a animais ou objetos no singular, significando ele ou ela. It is a horse. It is a pen. It is a house. It tambm empregado como sujeito de oraes com verbos impessoais e em oraes que expressam hora, temperatura, fenmenos da natureza, sendo que nestes casos o pronome neutro it no traduzido. It is hot. (est quente) It snows. (neva) It is six o`clock. (so seis horas). comum o uso do pronome It com as palavras child (criana) e baby (beb), bem como podemos empregar He (terceira pessoa do singular) ao nos referirmos aos pets (animais de estimao). Exemplos: He is a baby. It is a little baby. He is a child. It is a wonderful child. I have a dog. He is a nice dog.

O plural de he, she, it they.

DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS This These That Those

O pronome demonstrativo como o prprio nome indica procura demonstrar algo. Existem duas maneiras de falarmos de alguma coisa: a primeira delas quando o objeto est prximo de ns; a segunda quando o objeto est distante de ns. O pronome demonstrativo this indica que o objeto est prximo de ns e o plural de this these. O pronome demonstrativo that indica que o objeto est longede ns e o plural de that those. THIS = este, esta This is a pen. This is a pencil. THAT = aquele, aquela That is a car. That is a girl. THESE = estes, estas These are two pens. These are two pencils. THOSE = aqueles, aquelas Those are two cars. Those are two girls.
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QUANTITATIVES
Antes de substantivos contveis: MANY: muitos / muitas FEW : poucos/poucas Exemplos: many problems few girls Antes de substantivos incontveis: MUCH: muito / muita LITTLE: pouco / pouca Exemplos: much coffee little sugar There are many boys in this group. I dont drink much water every day. Few girls came to the party. There is little sugar in this pot. Obs.: Many e much podem ser substitudos por a lot of, lots of, plenty of, a great deal of. Every time I have lots of problems, I drink a lot of coffee. Para enfatizar, usa-se very (muito) antes de adjetivo. She is very beautiful. They are very smart.

PREPOSITIONS
IN = em, dentro de IN THE = no, na, nos, nas ON = em cima de , sobre (superfcie) UNDER = debaixo de BEHIND = atrs de BESIDE = do lado de / ao lado de BETWEEN= entre / no meio de (2 coisas) IN FRONT OF = em frente de / na frente de NEAR = perto de WITH = com WITHOUT = sem He is in SP. He is in the car. The pen is on the table. The mouse is under the chair. The car is behind the bus. I am beside you. She is between the bank and the bakery. Mary is in front of the drugstore. David is near the club. You are with my documents. I am without money.

BY = de, por intermdio de Obs.:

They go to SP by car.

A preposio IN tambm empregada antes de nomes de pases, cidades, meses, anos e estaes do ano, um perodo de tempo e nomes de idiomas. Exemplos: This book is written in English. She lives in New York. They will come in an hour. He sold his car in March.

A preposio ON tambm empregada antes de dias da semana, nomes de ruas e meio de comunicao. He works on Saturdays, too. They are talking on the telephone. She lives on Main Street. OF = indica unio, relao de posse (entre substantivos) Cake of Orange. Book of English.

PRESENT TENSE OF TO BE:

Negative form: Para fazermos a forma negativa do verbo to be, basta colocarmos not depois do verbo. Pron. + Verbo + Not I You He She It We You am are is is is are are not not not not not not not not young. tall. poor. rich. a cat. teachers. students. doctors.

They are

I You He She It We You They

am are is is is are are are

not not not not not not not not

Im not Youre not Hes not Shes not Its not were not youre not Theyre not

Im not You arent He isnt She isnt It isnt We arent You arent They arent

GENITIVE CASE
O caso genitive (Genitive case) representa uma relao de posse, por esta razo tambm chamado de caso possessivo (possessive case). Tambm representa autoria ou relao de parentesco. O Genitive case representado por um apstrofe () ou (S). Quanto a formao temos: POSSUDOR + S + COISA POSSUDA. 1. O elemento a receber ou S dever ser sempre uma pessoa ou animal, nunca um objeto. The pages of the book. The legs of the table. The books pages. The tables legs. (certo) (certo) (errado) (errado)

2. O artigo do objeto possudo eliminado ao fazermos a transformao para o caso genitivo. O vestido de Mary. A irm de Mary. = Marys dress. = Marys sister.

3. Porm se o possuidor tiver artigo, este permanece. O vestido da professora. = The teachers dress. 4. A preposio of ser sempre eliminada ao fazermos a transformao para o caso genitivo. The pencil of the boy. = The boys pencil. 5. Recebem apenas apstrofe () os substantivos terminados em S que estejam no plural e nomes clssicos terminados ou no em s. The girlstoys. Jesus hands. Carlos shirt is colored.

INTERROGATIVES
WHAT = O que, qual (profisso/ocupao), que What is your name? What is your favorite color? WHERE = Onde WHERE..FROM? De onde?

Where is the cat? Where are you from? WHEN = Quando When is the party? When is your birthday? WHO = Quem Who is that man? HOW significa como / de que maneira / com que meios / em que estado de sade. How are you? How do you go to SP? how old + is/are How old is he? He is 25 (years old)

HOW OLD = Qual a idade How old is your brother?

WHAT.LIKE? significa como e usado para pedir uma descrio, os detalhes de coisas ou pessoas. What is your girlfriend like? What is Jundia like?

POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES
Possudor I have a house. You have a car. He has a sister. She has a brother. Possessive Adjective My house is big. Your car is old. His sister is pretty. Her brother is handsome.
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The cat has a name. We have friends there. You have cousins here. They have many friends.

Its name is Garfield. Our friends are French. Your cousins are famous. Their friends live in Europe.

Os Possessive Adjectives concordam com o possuidor e devem ser seguidos de substantivos. I You He She It We You They my your his her its our your their meu, minha (s) seu, sua dele dela dele, dela nosso, nossa (s) seus, suas deles, delas

substantivos

POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS
This is my pen. I have a pen. This pen is mine. She has many clothes. These clothes are hers.

I You He She It We You They

mine yours his hers its ours yours theirs

Obs.: Os Possessive Pronouns tambm concordam com o possudor, mas no podem ser seguidos de substantivos. Eles substituem o possessive adjective + substantivo.

PLURAL OF NOUNS
1. Count nouns (substantivos contveis) a. Forma-se o plural da maioria dos substantivos em ingls, acrescentando-se s ao singular. Singular pen plural pens
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b. Para substantivos terminados em s, sh, ch, x, z acrescenta-se es. Singular bus wish watch box plural buses wishes watches boxes

c. Para substantivos terminados em o ou y precedidos de consoante acrescenta-se es. O y neste caso transforma-se em i. Para substantivos terminados em o ou y precedidos de vogal acrescenta-se apenas s. Singular tomato hero lady city plural tomatoes heroes ladies cities

d. Doze substantivos terminados em f e fe formam o plural mudando-se as terminaes f e fe para ves. So eles: . knife . life . wife . half . calf . self . shelf . sheaf . thief . loaf . wolf . leaf = = = = = = = = = = = = knives lives wives halves calves selves shelves sheaves thieves loaves wolves leaves

e. Os seguintes substantivos formam o plural de modo irregular, mudando-se a vogal interna ou acrescentando-se en. Singular man woman foot tooth goose mouse louse die ox child plural men women feet teeth geese mice lice dice oxen children

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THERE TO BE .. THERE IS = h (singular) THERE ARE = h (plural) THERE ISNT = no h (singular) THERE ARENT = no h (plural) IS THERE? h? ARE THERE? h?
Is there a bank near here? Are there kids in the school? There isnt a boy in the club. There arent boys in the club. Ex.: There is a pen under the table. There are two pens under the table.

THE PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE .........................................................................

Presente do verbo TO BE + verbo terminado em ING

I am You are He is She is It is We are You are They are

Afirmativa: He is working.

working cooking watching cleaning eating drinking washing kissing

Interrogativa: Is he working? Negativa: He isnt working. Obs.: a. Geralmente os verbos no sofrem modificaes ao receber a terminao ing. work = working try = trying agree = agreeing ski = skiing b. Se os verbos terminam em um nico e, perdem o e ao receber ing. love = loving like = liking
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c. Verbos terminados em ie mudam o ie para y ao receber a terminao ing. die = dying tie = tying lie = lying d. Se os verbos terminam em consoante + vogal + consoante, dobra-se a ltima consoante e acrescenta-se ing e a ltima slaba for tnica. swim = swimming begin = beginning run = running occur = occurring Uso: - Expressa aes que esto acontecendo na atualidade. Our kids are growing fast (Nossas crianas esto crescendo rpido) - Expressa aes que esto acontecendo no exato momento em que fala. Nesse caso, so geralmente usadas com: now, at this moment, at present. She is cleaning the house now. Forma negative: Pron. + am not + verbo c/ ing. isnt arent .. Forma interrogative: Is + pron. + verbo c/ ing. ? Are

THE SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE ..

O Simple Present indica uma ao que ocorre habitualmente. Forma-se o Simple Present da seguinte forma:

Pronome
I, you, we, they (plural)

verbo

complemento

I You The boys

eat drink play

popcorn every day. milk with chocolate. soccer.

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Pronome
He, she, it (3 pess.sing)

verbo

complement

He She The cat Obs.:

eats likes sleeps

salad every day. cheese. all day.

Quase todos os verbos, com exceo do to be, formam a 3 pessoa do singular com o acrscimo de s. work = live = play = works lives plays

Se o verbo terminar em ss, sh, ch, x, z ou o, acrescenta-se es. kiss wash teach fix buzz do = = = = = = kisses washes teaches fixes buzzes does

Se o verbo terminar em y precedido de consoante, troca-se o y por ies. try = study = hurry = tries studies hurries

Forma interrogativa:

Do

pronome
I, you, we, they (plural)

verbo

complemento?

Do Do Do

you they the boys

have eat play

Money ? hot dog? soccer ?

Forma negative:

Pronome
I, you, we, they (plural)

dont

verbo

complemento.

You

dont

go
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to SP alone.

They

dont

live

together.

Forma interrogativa da 3 pessoa do singular:

Does
Does Does Does

pronome
He, she, it

verbo
wear study play

complemento.

He the girl she

glasses ? English? tennis?

Forma negativa da 3 pessoa do singular:

Pronome
He, she, it

doesnt
doesnt doesnt doesnt

verbo
watch have read

complemento.
TV. much money. the newspaper every day.

He She Your father Obs.:

Nas formas interrogativas e negativas, em que se usa o verbo auxiliar do / does, o verbo principal fica na sua forma natural, sem alterao. Do e Does no tem traduo quando funcionam como auxiliares.

WH QUESTION WITH SIMPLE PRESENT. Wh +

Where What When What time

do / does
do does do does

pron.
you he they your sister

verbo
have lunch work play go to

compl.?
on Sundays? every day? volley? school?

Who.with? Com quem.? Who do you live with? Com quem voc mora? Who does she work with? Com quem ela trabalha?

.. INFINITIVE
o verbo sem conjugao.
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 o verbo na sua forma primitiva. Em portugus os verbos recebem a terminao ar, er, ir Exemplo: cantar, correr, rir, etc... Em ingls coloca-se a partcula to antes do verbo para deix-lo no infinitivo. Exemplo: to go / to speak / to play Normalmente, numa sentena onde houver dois verbos, o primeiro estar conjugado e o segundo estar no infinitivo. Exemplos: I want to live in Santos. You need to buy a car.

PERSONAL PRONOUNS OBJECT Subject

I You He She It We You They

Object
me you him her it us you them

Mary loves him. This pen is for her.

Obs.: - Funcionam como objeto da orao. So usados aps o verbo ou a preposio. - Quando o verbo tem dois objetos, frequentemente se usa uma destas duas construes: Give the book to her. Give her the book.

IMPERATIVE
Expressa ordem ou pedido. Afirmativo: Negative: Go out! / study hard! / do the lesson! Dont go! / dont use my computer! / dont speak loud!

Com lets (let us), sugere uma ao conjunta.

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Exemplos: Lets go!

Lets not go!

ADVERBS OF FREQUENCY
Uso Acompanhados do simple present, expressam a freqncia com que uma ao praticada. Geralmente so colocados antes do verbo principal. Os mais comuns so: a. usually = normalmente / geralmente He usually gets up at 6:00. b. always = sempre You always take a shower in the morning. c. seldom = raramente I seldom work on Sundays. d. often = frequentemente My brother often plays soccer. e. never = nunca She never practice sports. f. sometimes = s vezes (pode iniciar a sentena).

She sometimes arrives late. Sometimes he has lunch alone.

ANOMALOUS VERBS (MODAL VERBS)

Verbos CAN traduo poder usos capacidade habilidade permisso possibilidade
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exemplos I can swim. She can sing. You may leave It may rain

MAY

poder

Verbs MUST SHOULD COULD

traduo dever deveria poderia

usos obrigao conselho capacidade Habilidade

exemplos You must obey your parents. She should look for a better job. You could wash the yard later.

CARACTERSTICAS DOS ANOMALOUS VERBS 1. Os anomalous verbs no tem to na forma do infinitivo. 2. Os anomalous verbs no tem -s nas terceiras pessoas do singular; eles apresentam a mesma forma para qualquer sujeito, em qualquer tempo verbal; Ex.: I can speak French. Eu posso falar francs. She can speak French. Ela pode falar francs. 3. Os anomalous verbs no so seguidos de to quando antecedem outros verbos na infinitive form, apesar da traduo destes ser feita na forma de infinitivo; Ex.: I can speak French very well. (e no; to speak) Eu posso falar ingls muito bem. 4. Os anomalous verbs no possuem -ing form;

5. Os anomalous verbs no possuem as trs formas principais dos verbos comuns (Infinitive, Simple Past and Past Participle). Por este motive no podem ser conjugados em todos os tempos verbais;

6. Os anomalous verbs recebem o NOT depois deles para fazermos a Negative form; Ex.: I may not leave after tem. Eu no posso sair depois das dez. 7. Os anomalous verbs vo para a frente do sujeito na Interrogative form. Ex.: May you finish this right now? Voc pode terminar isto agora mesmo? ....................................................................................................................................................

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THE FUTURE WITH GOING TO

1. O Future com going to usado para falar sobre fatos gerais no futuro, planos que foram anteriormente idealizados ou para fazer previses. Formamos o Future com going to usando o Simple Present do verbo be + going to + verbo. 2. O be going to equivalente ao portugus vou, vai, vamos e vo. Pronome I You He She The cat We + be am are is is is are + going to going to going to going to going to going to going to + verbo read clean watch study sleep open a book the house TV English here the shop.

3. Para formar o negativo, adicionamos NOT depois do verbo be.

Ex.: I am not going to leave now. He is not going to be our next president.

4. Para a forma interrogativa do Future com going to, usamos: Be + pronome + going to + verbo. Ex.: Am I going to participate in the meeting? Are they going to travel? 5. Para a forma do WH question, usamos:

Wh + be + pronome + going to + verbo + compl? What are When is Where is you he she going to going to going to eat later?

go to the club? study English?

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THE SIMPLE PAST - REGULAR VERBS

1. O Simple Past usado para descrever eventos ocorridos no passado. Para todos os verbos , exceto be, a formao do passado a mesma para todas as pessoas. Exemplos: I lived in New York for three years. Joo lived in Europe from 1989 to 1995. Andr and Susan lived in Belo Horizonte ten years ago.

2. H verbos regulars e irregulars no passado simples. Para formar o Simple Past com verbos regulares terminados em e, acrescentamos d no final. Para os verbos regulares terminados em uma consoante, acrescentamos ed Exemplos: arrive arrived accept- accepted Richard arrived at Millies house. Richard accepted Jacks invitation.

3. Para os verbos de uma s slaba que terminam em uma consoante, vogal e consoante (cvc), dobramos a consoante final e acrescentamos ed. Exemplos: hug hugged Richard hugged Millie.

4. Ateno! Nunca dobramos as consoantes finais: w, x ou y. Exemplos: snow snowed mix mixed play played It snowed a lot yesterday. Millie mixed the drinks. Jack played the piano.

5. Nos verbos terminados em y, precedidos por uma consoante, substitumos o y por i e acrescentamos ed. Exemplo: worry worried Richard worried about the stain (mancha).

6. Ateno! Nos verbos terminados em y, precedidos por uma vogal, no substitumos o y por i. Somente acrescentamos ed. Por exemplo, o Simple Past de play played.

THE SIMPLE PAST: NEGATIVE AND INTERROGATIVE 1. Para formar o negative do Simple Past, usamos did not + verbo para todas as pessoas. Exemplos: I did not finish my science project. He did not study for the test. We did not play soccer on Saturday.

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2. Na linguagem informal oral e escrita do Simple Past, usamos a contrao didnt. Exemplo: I didnt finish my science Project.

3. Para formular perguntas no Simple Past que tenham como respostas sim ou no, usamos did + o sujeito / pronome + o verbo. Exemplos: Did you study geography? Did he use the computer?

Sent. Afirmativa: Pronome + verbo com ed + complemento.

Your sister watched TV all day. Sent. Negative: Pronome + didnt + verbo + complemento.

They didnt wash the car. Sent. Interrogativa: Did + pronome + verbo + complemento.

Did she listen to music?

THE SIMPLE PAST IRREGULAR VERBS

Os verbos irregulares devem ser memorizados, pois no existe regra para formao do passado e particpio. Exemplos: infinitivo drink eat forget go passado drank ate forgot went particpio drunk eaten forgotten gone

Para as formas negativas e interrogativas usa-se didnt e did respectivamente, conforme a tabela acima. Exemplos: He went to SP. He didnt go to SP. Did he go to SP? You ate popcorn. You didnt eat popcorn.
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Did you eat popcorn?

SOME AND ANY

SOME significa algum, alguma (s), um pouco de, e deve ser usado em oraes afirmativas, seguida ou no de substantivos. Exemplos: Peter has some friends in Boston. Please give me some water. He wants some beer to drink.

Ateno! Some pode ser usado em oraes interrogativas quando uma resposta sim esperada; isso ocorre principalmente quando se trata de convite ou oferecimento.

ANY significa algum, alguma (s), qualquer e deve ser usado em oraes interrogativas. Exemplos: Did you buy any clothes this morning? Is there any orange juice in the refrigerator?

ANY significa nenhum, nenhuma e deve ser usado em oraes negativas. Exemplos: There isnt any book on the table. She didnt lose any document.

PAST TENSE OF TO BE
O Past Tense indica uma ao que ocorreu no passado num tempo definido. Afirmativa I was You were He She{ was It We You{ were They

alone yesterday. at home. busy on Friday.

here last month.

Negativa I was not You were not He She{ was not It We You{ were not

alone busy yesterday. hungry last night.

at home.
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They Interrogative Was I alone yesterday? he Was she angry last night? It we Were you busy on Friday? they

Formas contractas: Somente a forma negativa faz contraes, lembrando sempre para
fazermos contraes devemos eliminar uma vogal, nunca uma consoante. WAS WERE + + NOT = NOT = WASNT WERENT

....................................................................................................................................................

THE FUTURE WITH WILL

1. Para formar o Future com will, usamos: will + o infinitivo do verbo (sem to) Subject I You He, she, it We, you, they verb will go to SP will travel alone. will stay there. will play tennis later.

2. O Future com will usado para falar sobre fatos gerais no futuro e tambm nos seguintes casos: a. Fazer previses. Exemplo: I want to go to the beach tomorrow, but it will probably rain.

b. Expressar uma deciso tomada no momento em que se fala. Exemplo: Im tired. I think I will go to bed.

c. Fazer uma oferta.

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Exemplo: We know this math problem is difficult, but we will help you. d. Fazer uma promessa. Exemplo: I will be careful. I will pay you back.

3. Na linguagem informal oral ou escrita do future simples com will, usamos a contrao ll com os pronomes pessoais. Exemplos: Ill talk with you later. Youll take out the garbage. Shell recycle those bottles. Theyll exchange it for food.

4. Para formar o negative do Future com will, colocamos a palavra not entre will e o infinitivo do verbo. Usamos tambm a contrao wont ( will + not ). Exemplos: He will not come to the party. It will not rain a lot in May. We will not return. He wont come to the party. It wont rain a lot in May. We wont return.

5. Ateno! Usamos will ou wont para todas as pessoas. No h mudanas.

6. Para formar o interrogativo do Future com will, colocamos will antes do sujeito. Exemplos: Will you help me? Will he arrive on time? Will they study for the test?

7. Usamos as palavras what, who, where, how, why e when antes de will + o sujeito + o infinitivo do verbo (sem to). Exemplos: What will she do? Where will they go?

8. Ateno! Lembre-se de que quando as palavras who e what substituem o sujeito da orao, usamos: Who / what + Will + o infinitivo do verbo (sem to). Exemplos: Who will be here tomorrow? What will happen tomorrow? Who will make the cakes?

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ORDINAL NUMBERS
Os nmeros ordinais so faclimos de serem memorizados, porm, para melhor efeito didtico, passaremos a estud-los por etapas: 1 ) Estudaremos os nmeros de 1 a 12; 2 ) Estudaremos os nmeros de 14 a 20; E assim por diante at alcanarmos a casa dos bilhes, trilhes, etc. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 one two three four Five six seven eight nine ten eleven twelve

Do nmero 13 ao nmero 19 tomaremos o radical dos nmeros de 3 a 9, em alguns casos, com modificaes ortogrficas mnimas, e acrescentaremos a partcula teen. 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 thirteen fourteen fifteen sixteen seventeen eighteen nineteen

A partir do nmero 20 at o nmero 90, todos os nmeros so escritos tomando o radical do nmero 2 ao nmero 9 e, acrescentando-se a partcula TY, sendo necessrio em alguns casos fazer pequenas modificaes ortogrficas. 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 two three four five six seven eight nine 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 twelve thirteen fourteen fifteen sixteen seventeen eighteen nineteen 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 twenty thirty forty fifty sixty seventy eighty ninety

Como escrever nmeros compostos:

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Exemplos:

21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 40 43 47 50 58 59

twenty one twenty two twenty three twenty four twenty five twenty six twenty seven twenty eight twenty nine thirty thirty one thirty two forty forty three forty seven fifty fifty eight fifty nine

60 64 66

sixty sixty four sixty six

70 71 74 80 83 85 90 91 96

seventy seventy one seventy four eighty eighty three eighty five ninety ninety one ninety six

100 one hundred Do n 100 ao nmero 999, tomamos o radical do nmero inicial e escrevemos HUNDRED em seguida. 1 00 one hundred 4 00 four hundred 7 00 seven hundred 2 00 two hundred 5 00 five hundred 8 00 eight hundred 3 00 three hundred 6 00 six hundred 9 00 nine hundred

Para ler os nmeros ou escrev-los por extenso, comeamos pela ltima casa, ou seja, por exemplo, o nmero 234, comeamos pela casa da centena, dezena e por fim lemos a unidade. Vejamos: centena 2 3 4 two hundred dezena thrity unidade four

Do nmero 1000 ao nmero 9999, o procedimento o mesmo acima, com a nica diferena que aps escrevermos o radical inicial, devemos escrever THOUSAND (mil).

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Obs.: A palavra thousand quando acompanhada de numeral no vai a plural, porm se vier sozinha pode vir no plural. Exemplos: I have two thousand dollars. Jesus Christ died thousands years ago.

1, 000 one thousand

2, 000 two thousand

3, 000 three thousand

4, 000 four thousand

2, 3 4 5 two thousand three hundred forty five

3, 4 5 6 three thousand four hundred fifty six

1,000,000 1,000,000,000 1,000,000,000,000

one million one billion one trillion

Para fazermos a leitura de nmeros maiores, seguimos as mesmas regras anteriores. Vejamos exemplo: 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 two million three hundred and forty five thousand six hundred and seventy eight 2,345,678

....................................................................................................................................................

ORDINAL NUMBERS
1) O nmero ordinal sempre precedido do artigo the (the first, the second, the third). Exemplo: The first Day of the week is Sunday.

2) Quando escrevemos datas, por extensor, estas devem ser em nmeros ordinais. Exemplo: July, second. December, twenty fifth

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3) Para escrevermos um nmero a partir do vigsimo nmero, escrevemos a dezena em nmero cardinal (no caso de exemplo abaixo) e somente a unidade ser escrita em ordinal. Exemplo: 21 35 twenty first thirty fifth 21st. 35th.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19

first second third fourth fifth sixth seventh eighth ninth tenth eleventh twelfth thirteenth fourteenth fifteenth sixteenth seventeenth eighteenth nineteenth

1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th 11th 12th 13th 14th 15th 16th 17th 18th 19th

A partir do 20 nmero (twentieth), empregamos o radical dos nmeros cardinais e, apenas acrescentamos a partcula TIETH. 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 thirtieth fourtieth fiftieth sixtieth seventieth eightieth ninetieth hundredth 30th 40th 50th 60th 70th 80th 90th 100th

WOULD - CONDITIONAL
Em portugus, o conditional corresponde ao tempo verbal Futuro do Pretrito. indicado pelo auxiliar would usado antes do verbo. 1. Condicional simples:

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Exemplo:

I would work = eu trabalharia. I would study = eu estudaria. She would go to the movies.

Affirmative form: Pronome / sujeito I You He She It We You They + would would would would would would would would would + verbo work work work work work work work work (Id) (youd) (hed) (shed) (Itd) (wed) (youd) (theyd)

Negative form: Pronome / sujeito I You He/she/it We/you/they + wouldnt (would + not) wouldnt wouldnt wouldnt wouldnt work work work work + verbo

Interrogative form: Would Would Would + pronome / sujeito you she + verbo ? work ? work ?

Obs.: WOULD corresponde ao sufixo ria em portugus. Exemplos: I would go to the club You would take the bus David would play soccer Eu iria ao clube. Voc pegaria o onibus. David jogaria futebol.

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TEXT 1
Read the following text:

Dear Del, Im having a lot of fun in London. Its a wonderful city. My school is great. There are students from many different countries in the world. There is a cute guy in my class. Hes from Germany. His names Klaus. I have classes on Mondays, Tuesdays, Wednesdays and Thursday from 8 in the morning to 5 in the afternoon. The teachers are cool! Theres one from Australia and there are some from Canada, but there arent any from Great Britain! They are helping us organize a party to save the rain forests. Ill tell you more about it later. And guess what? I play tennis three times a week and I always ride my bike in the park after lunch. So, as you see, Im doing a lot of healthy thingsThe only problem is that I never sunbathe. Its getting cold here and I miss the beach and the sun. Well, I have to go. I have a class now. Write soon. Love, Beth

Complete the sentence below according to the text. 1. Beth is.in . a. b. c. d. e. teaching / Great Britain working / London studying / Australia teaching / Germany studying / London

2. According to the text: Beth has classes a. every day. b. six days a week. c. four days a week. d. Every morning. e. Three times a week. 3. Im having a lot of fun means that Beth a. is having a hard time.
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b. c. d. e.

doesnt like the city at all. is enjoying the city very much. hates the city she is living. is having lots of problem.

4. The sentence They are helping us means a. The teachers are helping the students. b. Klaus is helping Beth. c. The students are helping Beth and Klaus. d. The teachers are helping a city guy. e. The students are helping the teachers.

....

CONVERSATION
Mr. Scott John Mr. Scott John Mr. Scott Student Mr. Scott Paul Mr. Scott Paul Mr. Scott Paul Mr. Scott Paul Mr. Scott Paul Mr. Scott Paul Mr. Scott Paul Mr. Scott John Mr. Scott John Mr. Scott John : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : Good afternoon, class. Good afternoon, Mr. Scott. How are you? I am fine, thanks, and how are you? Fine, and you? Whats your name? My first name is Paul. Are you Johns brother? Yes, I am. Whats your last name? My last name is Heart. Now, answer the questions. What is this, Paul? That is an umbrella. Is that a red pen? No, this isnt a red pen. This is a blue pen. Are those books yellow? Yes, those books are yellow. Is this a calendar? No, that is not a calendar. What are those, John? Those are lamps. Are you Brazilian, John? No, I am not Brazilian. Where do you come from? Where are you from? I am from Ohio; Im an American. Where do you live? I live at Costa Aguiar Street, it is near by Paulista Avenue.
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Mr. Scott John Mr. Scott John

: : : :

Are your parents American? Yes, they are. All right, thank you very much. Not at all.

Answer these questions according to the text: a. b. c. d. e. Is John Brazilian?........................................................................................................... Where is he from?........................................................................................................... What is the color of the pen?.......................................................................................... Is Mr. Scott a teacher?.................................................................................................... Are Paul and John students?...........................................................................................

....

THE COLORS
Podemos escrever color ou colour, pois as duas ortografias esto corretas, bem como a palavra Gray (cinza) pode ser escrita grey. Para as cores claras usamos light. Exemplo: This is a yellow dress. This is a light yellow dress.

Para as cores escuras usamos dark. Exemplo: That is a brown coat. That is a dark brown coat.

Observao: As cores so adjetivos, ou seja, qualificam um substantivo, assim sendo empregamos tais adjetivos sempre aps verbo, o que significa que os adjetivos so empregados antes dos substantivos. Todo adjetivo em ingls invarivel, portanto no se modificam quanto a gnero e nmero. Exemplo: That is a red book and this is a blue pen. Those are red books and these are blue pens.

Numere a segunda coluna de acordo com a primeira. (1) A white tie (2) A black suit (3) A yellow egg (4) A thin woman (5) A blue skirt ( ( ( ( ( ) ) ) ) ) uma mulher magra uma gravata branca um ovo amarelo uma saia azul um terno preto
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THE TIME
1. Para designar preciso horria usamos OCLOCK. Exemplo: What time is it? Its five oclock.

2. Os smbolos a.m. (ante meridium) e p.m. (post meridium) so empregados, na linguagem escrita, jamais oral, para diferenciar os perodos do dia, pois na lngua inglesa as horas so ditas somente at 12:00 horas. Portanto: a.m. significa antes do meio-dia. p.m. depois do meio-dia. What time is it? Its six oclock a.m (6 horas da manh) What time is it? Its seven oclock p.m. (7 horas da noite) 3. Existem duas maneiras de dizermos meia-hora: - half Its half after two (duas e meia) - thirty Its two thirty (duas e meia) 4. Para o quarto de hora tambm existem duas maneiras: - a quarter Its a quarter after two (duas e quinze) - fifteen Its two fifteen (duas e quinze) 5. Para a primeira meia hora empregamos after/past (depois/passado) e para a segunda meia hora empregamos to (para). Quando empregamos to devemos completar para a hora seguinte. Exemplo: Its twenty five after/past six. (seis e vinte e cinco) Its twenty five to seven (vinte e cinco para as sete)

Exemplo:

THE SEASONS OF THE YEAR SUMMER:

We go to the beach in the Summer. We wear soft clothes in the Summer. We drink frozen lemonade in the Summer.

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AUTUMN: FALL

The leaves fall down in the Autumn / Fall. The wind blows hard in the Autumn / Fall. We dont wear heavy clothes in the Autumn / Fall.

WINTER:

We must wear heavy clothes in the Winter. We drink a lot of chocolate. We put more than one blanket to sleep. In Spring the flowers grow up. The leaves are green in the Spring.

SPRING:

THE MONTHS OF THE YEAR JANUARY: FEBRUARY: MARCH: APRIL: MAY: JUNE: JULY: AUGUST: SEPTEMBER: OCTOBER: NOVEMBER: DECEMBER: Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May. Jun. Jul. Aug. Sep. Oct. Nov. Dec.
We are on vacation in January. In February we dont go to school. In March the classes begin. On April 27th , is my fathers birthday. The first day of May is the workers day. On June second, is my birthday. In the United States, this month is not very cold. Do you wake up early in August? September is the month of the flowers. My brothers birthday is on October tenth. November second is All Souls Day.

On December 25th, is Christmas Day.

THE DAYS OF THE WEEK SUNDAY MONDAY TUESDAY WEDNESDAY THURSDAY FRIDAY SATURDAY
On Sunday we go to the church. On Monday we dont go to the club. On Tuesday we clean the house. On Wednesday we have English classes. On Thursday we have French classes. On Friday we usually travel. On Saturday we dont work.
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Obs.: As estaes do ano, os meses do ano, bem como os dias da semana so sempre escritos com letra maiscula. .................................................................................................................................................... CHECK YOUR BEHAVIOR Manners are rules. They exist to keep ones behavior from offending others. Answer the questionnaire and check up on your manners. Be as sincere as possible. 1. You say please when you ask someone to do something for you. ( ) always ( ) often ( )seldom ( ) never 2. You say thank you when someone does something for you. ( ) always ( ) often ( ) seldom ( ) never 3. You cover your mouth when you yawn (boceja) ( ) always ( ) often ( ) seldom ( ) never 4. You turn off your cell phone when you are at the theater, movies, etc. ( ) always ( ) often ( ) seldom ( ) never 5. You are waiting for the elevator. When it reaches your floor, you wait for the people inside to come out before you get in. ( ) always ( ) often ( ) seldom ( ) never 6. When you go to the movies, you get in line and wait for your turn to buy your tickets. ( ) always ( ) often ( ) seldom ( ) never 7. When you go somewhere, you try to dress in the same way as the people going to that place. ( ) always ( ) often ( ) seldom ( ) never 8. If you made an appointment, you arrive on time. ( ) always ( ) often ( ) seldom ( ) never 9. You keep your promises. ( ) always ( ) often

( ) seldom

( ) never

10. You dont take peoples things without asking. ( ) always ( ) often ( ) seldom ( ) never

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Score table: 10 always: Congratulations! You are extremely polite. The people around you must love you. But be careful with false friends! They may use you. 7 to 9 always: Congratulations! You are a very polite person. Your parents must be proud of you. Maybe you can improve a little. 4 to 6 always: Well, you are 50% polite and 50% impolite. Be more careful with your manners. Theres a lot you can do to improve your behavior. 1 to 3 always: Oh, man! You are really sincere andimpolite. Are you sure that the people around you love you? There is time to improve. You have a long way to go!

CONVERSATION
Mrs. Thompson is a teacher and she is going to give her class: Mrs. Thompson: Students: Mrs. Thompson: Ted Wilson: Mrs. Thompson: Ted Wilson: Mrs. Thompson: Ted Wilson: Mrs. Thompson: Ted Wilson: Mrs. Thompson: Kathy: Mrs. Thompson: Kathy: Mrs. Thompson: Kathy: Mrs. Thompson: Kathy: Mrs. Thompson: Kathy: Mrs. Thompson: Good morning, class. Good morning, teacher. What is your name? My first name is Ted, but my family name is Wilson. How are you this morning Ted? I am fine, thank you. What is this, Ted? This is a book. Andwhat is that? That is a blackboard. What is your name? My name is Kathy. How old are you? I am fifteen years old. Nice to meet you, Kathy. Me too. What is that? That is a glass, Mrs. Thompson. Andwhat are those, Kathy? Those are tables. All right. Have a nice afternoon! See you next class.

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CONVERSATION Kathy and Margareth are at a shop. Kathy : Meggy: Seller: Meggy: Seller: Meggy: Seller: Meggy: Seller: Meggy: Kathy : Meggy: Kathy : Meggy: Seller: Meggy: Seller: Meggy: Seller: Kathy : Seller: Kathy : Seller: Here is a red dress, I want it. It is very pretty. May I help you? Of course you may. I want a blue blouse. And what size? Its 42. Oh! You are very thin. I think that is 40. Give me both. Lets see. Certainly. This blouse isnt comfortable, give a blue skirt. Oh! How pretty, Meggy. You are so cute! Really?... Oh, yeah! This skirt is wonderful, why dont you buy a white blouse. Because its very expensive! No, it isnt. It costs about five dollars. This price is reasonable for me. Just give me the blue skirt. Why? Because I dont have all this money. And you? (to Kathy). I want this red dress, these black shoes and these jeans. All right. It costs 250 dollars. Here is the account. Thank you for all. Not al all. Have a nice afternoon, ladies

1. Coloque F (false) ou T (true), de acordo com o texto. a. b. c. d. e. f. g. h. i. Kathy e Meggy esto numa farmcia. Meggy queria um vestido vermelho. Meggy achou que a saia e a blusa eram caras Meggy no tinha todo o dinheiro Kathy gostou do vestido vermelho Kathy comprou vestido, sapatos, lenos e luva. A blusa de Meggy era confortvel. Sapatos confortveis. A blusa e a saia ficariam em torno de 15 dlares. ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )

................................................................................................................................................

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TEXT Mr. And Mrs. Atkins live in a small town called Wave. They have three sons and one daughter. The first one is called Robert, but his nickname is Bob and hes twenty five years old, he got married on December, 25th, 1982. The second son is Paul, he doesnt have a nickname. He is twenty one years old and Ted is a little child, he is two years old. Mary is the daughter, she is the third and now she is seventeen years old. Paul is studying Biology, he is in the University and Mary studies at the local high school. They make a happy family. Mr. Atkins works all day in order to give a comfortable life to his family. He is a dentist. His office is downtown. Mrs. Atkins is a good housewife. Comprehension: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. How many sons do the Atkins have?.............................................................................. How old is Mary?........................................................................................................... What does Paul study?.................................................................................................... Is Mr. Atkins a lawyer?.................................................................................................. The Atkins live in a small town. What about you?......................................................... 6. Paul doesnt have a nickname. What about you?........................................................... 7. How old is Bob?............................................................................................................. 8. How many children do the Atkins have?........................................................................

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A pontuao inglesa . full stop /period

Indica o final da frase, se esta no for uma pergunta ou uma exclamao. Exemplos: Were leaving now. Thats all. Thank you.

? question mark
Indica o final de uma orao interrogativa direta. Exemplos: Whos that man? Where is the book?

exclamation point / exclamation mark Indica o final de uma orao que expressa surpresa, entusiasmo, medo, etc... Exemplos: What an amazing story ! Oh no! comma Indica uma breve pausa dentro de uma frase. Exemplos: However, he may be wrong. She forgot the documents, the photos and the pens. colon So utilizados para introduzir frases mais longas do discurso direto, citaes e listagens. Exemplos: There is a choice of main course: Roast beef, turkey or omelette. semicolon utilizado para separar duas partes bem distintas dentro de uma frase. Exemplos: John wanted to go; I did not.

apostrophe
Pode indicar duas coisas: a. Que uma letra foi omitida, como no caso das contraes: hasnt / dont / im / hes b. O genitive Peters car Janes mother

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quotation mark So utilizadas para introduzir as palavras ou pensamentos de uma pessoa. Exemplos: Come and see, Said Martin. Angela shouted, Over here! - hyphen utilizado para unir duas ou mais palavras que formam uma unidade: Exemplos: mother-in-law son-in-law tambm utilizado para unir um prefixo a uma palavra: Exemplos: non-violent anti-American

_ dash (travesso)
utilizado para separar uma orao ou explicao dentro de uma frase mais longa. Tambm pode ser empregado no final de uma frase, para resumir seu contedo: Exemplos: A few people not more than ten had already arrived. ( ) parentheses / brackets Servem para ressaltar informaes adicionais dentro de uma orao: Two of the runners (John and Smith) finished the race in under an hour. Nmeros e letras que indicam itens diferentes de uma listagem tambm so separados por parnteses: The camera has three main advantages: 1) its compact size 2) its low price 3) the quality of the photographs What would you do if you won a lot of money? a) save it b) travel around the world c) buy a new house

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INTONATION AND PRONUNCIATION

Oral practice its essential to acquire good pronunciation. So you will hear the phrases and repeat them. All right? Lets go ahead. GREETINGS Hello! How are you? I am fine, thank you. What is your name? My name is Fred and what is your name? My first name is Jonathan. Andwhats your family name? My last name is Wilson. Nice to meet you, Mr. Wilson. Me too. Im very glad to meet you. And so am I. Have a nice afternoon. The same to you. Bye! Bye! See you later!

THINGS AND PEOPLE What is this? This is a rubber. What is that? That is a pen. Is this a chair? Yes, this is a chair. Is that a fan? Yes, thats a fan. Is this a desk? No, this is not a desk. Its a table. Is that a ruler? No, that is not a ruler. Its a pencil. Whats that? Thats a wall. Thats a white wall. What are these? These are blue books. What are those? Those are blue curtains. Is he a teacher?
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Yes, he is a teacher. Hes my English teacher. Are the doctors young? No, they are not young. They are very old. Are we students? No, we arent students. We are lawyers. Are the tall policemen at school? No, they are not at school. Theyre at the hospital.

CLOTHES AND COLORS Teacher: Student: Teacher: Student: Teacher: Student: Teacher: Student: Teacher: Student: Teacher: Student: Teacher: Student: Teacher: Student: Teacher: Student: Teacher: Student: Teacher: Student: Teacher: Student: Teacher: Student: Teacher: Student: Teacher: Student: Teacher: Student: Teacher: Student: Is this a blue dress? Yes, this is a blue dress. Are these yellow ties? Yes, these are yellow ties. Are those blue scarfs? Yes, those are blue scarfs. Are these red coats? These coats arent red. These coats are gray. Are those panties pink? No, those panties arent pink. Those panties are green. Are those shoes black? Those shoes are not black. They are black and white. What color are those gloves? Are they gray? Yes, they are gray. Is this brown shirt yours? Yes, its mine. This brown shirt is mine. Is that yellow sweater yours or hers? That yellow shirt isnt mine. Its hers. Where were you last night? I was at school. Where were they yesterday? They were at home Where was it? It was on the floor. Was she alone last night? Yes, she was. She was alone last night. Was he here last month? No, he was not. He wasnt here last month. Where was he last month? Last month he was in the United States. Does she study German every day? Yes, she does. She studies German every day. Does he buy clothes at Eldorados? Yes, he buys all his clothes at Eldorados.
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