Experimental diagnostics measurement of Power Transformers in Industry A. Aibeche1*, S !

rouni 1," and # A$roum 1

1

Laboratory of Applied Automation (LAA), FHC, University UMBB of Boumerdes, !""", AL#$%&A ' (epartments of )*ysi+s, F,, University UMBB of Boumerdes, !""", AL#$%&A Correspondin. Aut*or/ $mail/ nababd'""10ya*oo.fr, said..rouni0ya*oo.+om and a1roum0ya*oo.fr

Abstract% 2o analy3e t*e 4uality and dia.nosti+ 5e used dissipation fa+tor for appli+ation to po5er transformer ('!" M6A, 1!.7!8''" 16). 2*e insulation system is evaluated by multiple measurements of t*e insulation resistan+e 5indin. and t*e diele+tri+ dissipation fa+tor and +apa+itan+e. 2*e use of dissipation fa+tor measurement at t*e end of t*e produ+tion +y+le not only assures t*at t*e 4uality of t*e transformer meets t*e spe+ified levels but also provides insi.*t into t*e subtleties of t*e manufa+turin. pro+ess. 2*is tool is used for many years for dia.nosin. t*e *ealt* of ele+tri+al apparatus. 2*e test +ondu+ted in site to 1no5 t*e dryness of transformers insulation. 2*is paper *i.*li.*ts e9perien+es on t*e measurements of t*e dissipation fa+tor usin. #,2 and #uard mode te+*ni4ues of eart*lin. systems ot*er t*an dryness of transformers insulation. &eywords% )o5er 2ransformer, &nsulation %esistan+e, (issipation Fa+tor, (ia.nosti+s.

1 Introduction
:*ile operatin. prin+iples of transformers remain t*e same, t*e +*allen.es of maintainin. and testin. transformers *ave evolved alon. 5it* transformer desi.n and +onstru+tion. Modern transformers are desi.ned to +loser toleran+es t*an transformers in t*e past. 2*us effe+tive re.ular maintenan+e and testin. is even more essential to +ontinued operation 5*en traditional ;over desi.n< +annot be relied on to over+ome abnormal +onditions. 2*e utility en.ineer must be familiar 5it* all aspe+ts of maintenan+e and testin. and ma1e use of state of t*e art tools and te+*ni4ues for evaluatin. transformer +ondition. :*ile on=line dia.nosti+ systems and +omputeri3ed testin. met*ods are very *elpful, t*ey are not a substitute for sound en.ineerin. >ud.ment and e9pertise. )o5er 2ransformer is t*e si.nifi+ant e4uipment in po5er transmission and distribution systems due to its *i.* pri+e. ?ormally, t*e po5er transformer is desi.ned to *ave a lon. operational life, 5*i+* depends on its operation and maintenan+e. $le+tri+al properties of insulation +*an.e due to a.e +onditions of operatin. and +ontinuous stress. 2*e main +ontributor to t*e brea1do5n of *i.* volta.e e4uipments is t*e insulation failure. &nsulation in po5er transformer is tested by t5o met*ods/

1' )olari3ation &nde9 (PI) of &nsulation %esistan+e (I*) "' (iele+tri+ insulation fa+tor test (Tan delta) measurement. 2*is paper deals 5it* dis+ussion of t*e dissipation fa+tor measurements t*at +an be +arried out on t*e insulation of *i.* po5er transformers durin. routine maintenan+e pro+edures. 2*is presentation in+ludes t*e outlines setup of measurements and +al+ulations are presented of test results 5it* summary +on+lusions. " Principal Physical parameters " 1 Insulation resistance 2*is test *as been t*e most usual *istori+ally, bein. +alled to ;me..er< t*e transformer (t*e term +omes from t*e firm of t*e first Me..er systems). 2*is test is performed on a measurin. tester able to .enerate *i.* +ontinuous volta.es usually of !"""6 t*at applied bet5een bot* diele+tri+ terminals of t*e po5er transformer (one terminal to all t*e bus*in.s >oined in *i.* volta.e, t*e ot*er to lo5 volta.e and .round) allo5 evaluatin. t*e pun+tual diele+tri+ status inside. 2*e tester *as a *i.* volta.e tester operatin. from batteries or from t*e main. Measurin. prin+iple is based in measurin. +urrent 8 volta.e in a

+ontinuous 5ay t*at evolves as an ans5er to a volta.e step. &nsulation %esistan+e 5ill be t*e 4uotient bet5een volta.e and +urrent at t*e end of minute 1 of t*e test. 2*is parameter s*ould be above a minimum normali3ed value. &t +ontains dire+t information from t*e diele+tri+ system status in t*e transformer, but is very influen+ed by temperature (and s*ould be temperature normali3ed 8 +orre+ted). ,o, it@s usual anot*er parameter named )olari3ation &nde9 ()&). 2o measure it, t*e test is e9tended from minute 1 to minute 1", bein. )&, t*e 4uotient of +urrents in bot* time instants. 2*is value is no5 independent from temperature and s*ould be +omparable in +onse+utive tests.

IP =
(1)

I (1 min) IR (1 min reading ) = L IR(1" min reading ) I L (1" min)

" " +apacitance and ,issipation -actor (issipation fa+tor is defined as t*e ratio of t*e real po5er .enerated by losses in a diele+tri+ divided by t*e total volta.e applied to t*e diele+tri+ times t*e ma.nitude of t*e +urrent flo5in. t*rou.* it. (issipation fa+tor measurements are also +alled tan() measurements in &nternational $le+tro te+*ni+al Commission (&$C) and ot*er test standards. 2*is is be+ause t*e dissipation fa+tor is numeri+ally e4ual to t*e tan.ent of t*e an.le () bet5een t*e +urrent flo5in. t*rou.* a diele+tri+ and a 4uadrate +urrent t*at 5ould flo5 t*rou.* a loss free +apa+itor (Fi..1). Capa+itan+e and (issipation Fa+tor are testin. of ele+tri+al insulation *as been embra+ed by many in t*e insulation field as it provides information on t*e diele+tri+ +onstant of t*e insulatin. materials as 5ell as t*e diele+tri+ losses. 2*e diele+tri+ +onstant is an intrinsi+ material property t*at influen+es t*e +apa+itan+e bet5een t5o ele+trodes at different potential. &n turn, t*e +apa+itan+e influen+es t*e volta.e .radient distribution 5it*in assembly +omponents. Uneven +on+entration of *i.* volta.e .radients in t*e insulation, typi+ally measured in 168mm, +ontributes to in+reased diele+tri+ po5er loss 5*ere t*e .radient is *i.*er. &n turn, *i.*er po5er loss *eats t*e insulation. Lo+ali3ed *ot spots may develop 5*i+* start deterioratin. t*e insulation t*at 5ould eventually lead to diele+tri+ failure. )o5er fa+tor is parti+ularly re+ommended for dete+tin. moisture and ot*er loss=produ+in. +ontaminants in transformer 5indin.s and bus*in.s.

" . *elationship between current capacitance and dissipation factor &n an ideal insulation system +onne+ted to an alternatin. volta.e sour+e, t*e +apa+itan+e +urrent I c and t*e volta.e are in perfe+t 4uadrate 5it* t*e +urrent leadin.. &n addition to t*e +apa+itan+e +urrent, t*ere appears in pra+ti+e a loss +urrent I r in p*ase 5it* t*e volta.e as s*o5n in Fi. 1. 2*e +urrent ta1en by an ideal insulation (no losses, I r = " ) is a pure +apa+itive +urrent leadin. t*e volta.e by A"B ( = A" ) . &n pra+ti+e, no insulation is perfe+t but *as a +ertain amount of loss and t*e total +urrent I leads t*e volta.e by a p*ase an.le ( < A") . &t is more +onvenient to use t*e diele+tri+=loss an.le , 5*ere = ( A") . For lo5 po5er fa+tor insulation I c and I are substantially of t*e same ma.nitude sin+e t*e loss +omponent I r is very small.

(a)

(b)

-ig 1% (a) 6e+tor (ia.ram &nsulation ,ystem (b) 6e+tor (ia.ram ,*o5in. %esistan+e and %ea+tan+e

2*e e9pressions of po5er fa+tor and dissipation fa+tor and losses are defined as/

Ir I I DF = +ot = tan = r Ic PF = +os = sin =

Wloss = E.I r = E.I c .tg = E ' .C..tg (C)

(') ( )

2*e important +*ara+teristi+ of +apa+itor is t*e ratio of its loss resistan+e to t*e rea+tan+e, 5*i+* is t*e dissipation fa+tor. 2*is relations*ip is s*o5n in t*e ve+tor dia.ram (Fi. 1). &n +ases 5*ere an.le is very small, sin pra+ti+ally e4uals tan . For e9ample, at po5er fa+tor values less t*an 1" D t*e differen+e 5ill be
'

less t*an ",! D of readin. 5*ile for po5er fa+tor values less t*an '" D t*e differen+e 5ill be less t*an ' D of readin.. 2*e values of I c 5ill be 5it*in AA,! D of t*e value I for po5er fa+tor (sin ) values up to 1" D and 5it*in AE D for po5er fa+tor values up to '" D. &f it is desired to find t*e value of t*e +*ar.in. +urrent I c at a .iven test volta.e and fre4uen+y, it may be determined from t*e follo5in. relations*ip/ I c = V C (!) &n reality, a +apa+itor possesses bot* a series and parallel loss resistan+e as s*o5n in Fi. '. 2*e fre4uen+y of t*e applied volta.e determines 5*i+* loss dominates, *o5ever, at lo5 fre4uen+ies (!"8F" H3) only t*e parallel losses R p , predominately .enerated in t*e diele+tri+, are .enerally measured. For a parti+ular fre4uen+y, any loss +an be e9pressed in terms of eit*er a series or parallel e4uivalent +ir+uit 5it* e4ual a++ura+y. 2*e +*oi+e is a matter of +onvenien+e. 2*e dissipation fa+tor (tan ) for t*e series e4uivalent +ir+uit is defined as/ tan = Rs C s (F)
*s

system or apparatus s*ould not be +ondemned until it *as been +ompletely isolated, +leaned, or servi+ed and measurements +ompensated for temperature. 2*e +orre+t interpretation of +apa+itan+e and dissipation fa+tor tests .enerally re4uires 1no5led.e of t*e apparatus +onstru+tion and t*e +*ara+teristi+s of t*e parti+ular types of insulation used. C*an.e in t*e normal +apa+itan+e of an insulation indi+ate su+* abnormal +onditions as presen+e of a moisture layer, s*ort +ir+uit, or open +ir+uits in t*e +apa+itan+e net5or1. (issipation fa+tor measurements indi+ate t*e follo5in. +onditions in t*e insulation of a 5ide ran.e of ele+tri+al apparatus/ C*emi+al deterioration due to time and temperature, in+ludin. +ertain +ases of a+ute deterioration +aused by lo+ali3ed over*eatin.. Contamination by 5ater, +arbon deposits, bad oil, dirt and ot*er +*emi+als. ,evere lea1a.e t*rou.* +ra+1s and over surfa+es. &oni3ation. 2*e interpretation of measurement is usually based on e9perien+e, re+ommendation of t*e manufa+turer of t*e e4uipment bein. tested, and by observin. t*ese differen+es/ Bet5een measurements on t*e same unit after su++essive intervals of time. Bet5een measurements on dupli+ate units or a similar part of one unit, tested under t*e same +onditions around t*e same time, e..., several identi+al transformers or one 5indin. of a t*ree= p*ase transformer tested separately. Bet5een measurements made at different test volta.es on one part of a unitG an in+rease in slope (tip=up) of a dissipation fa+tor versus volta.e +urve at a .iven volta.e is an indi+ation of ioni3ation +ommen+in. at t*at volta.e. An in+rease of dissipation fa+tor above a typi+al value may indi+ate +onditions su+* as t*ose .iven in t*e previous para.rap*, any of 5*i+* may be .eneral or lo+ali3ed in +*ara+ter. &f t*e dissipation fa+tor varies si.nifi+antly 5it* volta.e do5n to some volta.e belo5 5*i+* it is substantially +onstant, t*en ioni3ation is indi+ated. &f t*is e9tin+tion volta.e is belo5 t*e operatin. level, t*en ioni3ation may pro.ress in operation 5it* +onse4uent deterioration.

+p

*p

-ig "% $4uivalent Cir+uit for Capa+itor Losses

2*e +onversion formulas are presented by t*e e4uivalent parallel impedan+e C p and R p / 1 tan = (7) Rp C p

Cp =

Cs Cs = ' 1 + tan s 1 + ( Rs C s )

(E)

1 R p = Rs 1 + tan ' s

1 1 + ( R C ) (A) = Rs s s

. Significance of +apacitance and dissipation -actor A lar.e per+enta.e of ele+tri+al apparatus failures are due to a deteriorated +ondition of t*e insulation. Many of t*ese failures +an be anti+ipated by re.ular appli+ation of simple tests and 5it* timely maintenan+e indi+ated by t*e tests. An insulation

+s

*s

SE*IES I2PE,A5+E

+p

*p

PA*A66E6 I2PE,A5+E

-ig .% ,eries=)arallel $4uivalent Cir+uit

0 1 Insulation resistance testing 2*e follo5in. tests and +orrespondin. 5irin. dia.rams 5ill +ompletely test a t*ree p*ase transformer. Allo5 at least 1 minute (or 1" minutes) for ea+* test or until t*e readin. stabili3es. Can be tested as follo5s/ Test 1% H.6 5indin.s I $art*ed metal5or1 J Hne test +*e+1s all J as 5indin. are internally +onne+ted/ Test "% L.6 5indin.s I $art*ed metal5or1 J Hne test +*e+1s all J ?H2$/ 2*ere may be lin1 on t*e transformer from ?$U2%AL to $A%2H, 2*is 5ill *ave to be removed prior to +arryin. out t*e &nsulation 2est. Test .% Bet5een H.6 5indin.s I L.6 5indin.s. 0 " ,issipation factor test use Schering 1ridge (issipation fa+tor is usually determined by a brid.e measurin. te+*ni4ue, su+* as t*e ,+*erin. Brid.e or transformer ratio Arm Brid.e, use ($L2A '""", 5*i+* in+ludes po5er sour+e, standard +apa+itor and balan+in. brid.e. 2an (elta test is +ondu+ted at 1" 16, !" H3 AC volta.e. &t is +ombined +apa+itan+e I dissipation fa+tor (2an delta) brid.e. #enerally 2an delta measured in t*ree modes as .iven belo5/ 2ode 1% Un.rounded spe+imen test (U,2). 2ode "% #rounded spe+imen test (#,2) I 2ode .% #uard mode Conne+tions are s*o5n in -ig 3.

Table 1% C%%$C2&H? FAC2H% A, )$% &$$$ C!7.1'.A" Test Temperature +orrection -actor &" (/+) 1" ",E" 1! ",A" '" 1,"" '! 1,1' " 1,'! ! 1,C" C" 1,!! C! 1,7! !" 1,A! !! ',1E F" ',C' F! ',7" 7" ,""

,ome in+rease of +apa+itan+e (in+rease in +*ar.in. +urrent) may also be observed above t*e e9tin+tion volta.e be+ause of t*e s*ort +ir+uitin. of numerous voids by t*e ioni3ation pro+ess. An in+rease of dissipation fa+tor a++ompanied by a mar1ed in+rease in +apa+itan+e usually indi+ates e9+essive moisture in t*e insulation. &n+rease of dissipation fa+tor alone may be +aused by t*ermal deterioration or by +ontamination ot*er t*an 5ater. Unless bus*in. and pot*ead surfa+es, terminal boards, et+., are +lean and dry. Measured 4uantities may not ne+essarily apply to t*e volume of t*e insulation under test. Any lea1a.e over terminal surfa+e may add to t*e losses of t*e insulation it self and may, if e9+essive, .ive a false indi+ation of its +ondition. 0 Setup and Procedures tests

4 *esults and ,iscussions

2*e tan delta (issipation fa+tor test +ondu+ted as per +lause ?o. 1".1". in A?,& C !7 1'.A".

#1

#" #. 6 1 6" 6. n
6in$
REF STD POWER SUPPLY

HV LEAD BLACK

H G

' 7
DETECTOR CAP % DF

BLUE

RED

2egge r Tan$

# % *i.* volta.e 6 % Lo5 volta.e 7 % $art* terminal ' % Line terminal -ig 0% Hi.* volta.e 5indin. to lo5 volta.e 5indin. and .round (test 1).

-ig% (a)
REF STD POWER SUPPLY

HV LEAD BLACK

H G

#1

#" #. 6 1 6" 6. n ' 7

DETECTOR CAP % DF

BLUE

RED

2*is mode used for testin. ' terminal spe+imens (1 term I #round)
HV LEAD BLACK H G

-ig% (b)
REF STD POWER SUPPLY

Tan$ -ig 4% Lo5 volta.e 5indin. to *i.* volta.e 5indin. and .round (test ').

2egge r

BLUE RED

#1 #" #. 61 6" 6. n

DETECTOR

CAP % DF

-ig% (c) -ig 3% ,implified measurin. +ir+uit dia.ram (25o=:indin. 2ransformer 2ests). (a) 9ST % M$A,U%$, %$(, #%HU?(, BLU$ (b) !ST !*:95, % #%HU?(, %$( I BLU$ (c) !ST % #UA%(, %$( I BLU$

'

Tan$ -ig 8% Hi.* volta.e 5indin. to lo5 volta.e 5indin. (test ).

(F is very sensitive to temperature. (F (2an delta) values do not +*an.e 5it* applied volta.e. 2*e referen+e temperature +ommonly used is '" de.ree +enti.radeG avera.e oil temperature I ambient temperature are re+orded 5*ile testin.. &n +ase of oil filled transformer I rea+tors tan delta s*ould not e9+eed ",! D at '"BC. 6alues of Corre+tion Fa+tor K are listed belo5 in 2able 1.

T*A5S-:*2E* TEST *EP:*T '!" M6A, 1!,7!8''" 16 t5o 5indin. transformer (A2$ 1'8"C8'"1" 2EAS9*E2E5T :- I5S96ATI:5 *ESISTA5+E ;I5,I5! 2op Hil 2emp / 'A.'BC CHMB&?A2&H? 1" se+ F" se+ F"" se+ H68$art* C1F ML F'" A " ML ML L68$art* ''C ML !F !F" ML ML H68L6 !'! ML E"! 11F" ML ML :I6 TESTS Brea1=do5n 7! 16 volta.e Moisture +ontent 1 ))M 2an (elta ",""CC %esistivity at '""-1"M1' A"BC 2able (1)/ data measurement insulation resistan+e
-actor (&)
3,50 3,00 2,50 2,00 1,50 1,00 0,50 0,00 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70

I* B2DC

1"== 11== 1=== ?== >== 3== 8== 4== 0== .== "== 1== = = 8= 1"= 1>= "0= .== .8= 0"= 0>= #@AEarth 6@AEarth #@A6@

Time BsC

40=

8==

(a)
I* B2DC
3000 2750 2500 2250 2000 1750 1500 1250 1000 750 500 250 0 0 60 120 180 240 300 360 420 480 HV/Earth LV/Earth HV/LV 540 600

Time BsC

(b)
-ig 14% +urves of variation insulation resistan+e

24

I BEAC

22 20 18 16 14 12 10 8

Current load/HV Current load/LV Current load/HV-LV

Temperature (/+)

-ig 10% Corre+tion Fa+tor (2an (elta)

120 110

6 4 2

,- <

100 90 80

0 0

60

120

180

240

300

360

420

480

540

600

Time BsC

(a)
10

I BEAC

70 60 50 40 30 20 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 0

Current load/HV Current load/LV Current load/HV-LV

-ig 14% #rap* for +onvertin. po5er fa+tor vs. dissipation fa+tor above '"D

P- <

60

120

180

240

300

360

420

480

540

600

Time BsC

(b)

-ig 18% +urves of variation +urrent dissipation.

Test 5/

Insulator +ombination tested +#!7+#6 +#! +#6

1 " . 0 4 8

2ode +apacitance +urrent ;loss of BP-C IBmAC BwattsC Test InGect in #@, 2easure 6@ #,2 H68L6N$art* 1FFC ,"" !','C ,FF #?( FF"1,E" '",7! ',F ",FF H68L6 U,2 1"" !,"" 1,!" InGect in 6@, 2easure #@

,-< in 3=/+ ",7" 1,"3 ",'1 ",EC 1,17 ",'1

+orrection ,-< In "=/+ =,". =,4= =,=3 =,"> =,.? =,=3

:& 5:T :& :& 5:T :& :& :& :& :&

H68L6N#aurd #,2

+6!7+#6 L68H6N$art* +6! +#6 L68H6N#aurd L68H6

1 " . 0 4 8

+#!7+#6 H68L6N$art* +#! +#6 H68L6N#aurd H68L6

+6!7+#6 L68H6N$art* +6! +#6 L68H6N#aurd L68H6

#,2 'A!AF,"" A',A1 7,7E #?( #,2 1A!!A,"" F1,C" 7,'" U,2 1"" C,"" 1,!" ",F7 After *ectification of -ault of selector InGect in #@, 2easure 6@ #,2 1FFC ,A" !','F ,F! #?( #,2 FF"',7" '",7A ',F" U,2 1"" !,A" 1,!' ",F! InGect in 6@, 2easure #@ #,2 'AF"","" A',A 7,77 #?( #,2 1A!!A,!" F1,C' 7,1A U,2 1"" C,A" 1,!' ",FF

",F" =,8" ",!1 ",FC ", 7 ",!'

",CF = 0> ". A ".CA ".'E ".C"

:& :& :& :& :& :&

Table (") experimental setup of multiple test Falues

Many of t*ese failures +an be anti+ipated by re.ular appli+ation of simple tests and 5it* timely maintenan+e indi+ated by t*e tests. An insulation system or apparatus s*ould not be +ondemned until it *as been +ompletely isolated, +leaned, or servi+ed and measurements +ompensated for temperature. 2*e +orre+t interpretation of +apa+itan+e and dissipation fa+tor tests .enerally re4uires 1no5led.e of t*e apparatus +onstru+tion and t*e +*ara+teristi+s of t*e parti+ular types of insulation used. 2ransformers *ave been used at po5er plants sin+e t*e in+eption of alternatin.=+urrent .eneration, a +entury a.o. :*ile operatin. prin+iples of transformers remain t*e same, t*e +*allen.es of maintainin. and testin. transformers *ave evolved alon. 5it* transformer desi.n and +onstru+tion. Modern transformers are desi.ned to +loser toleran+es t*an transformers in t*e past. 2*us, effe+tive, re.ular maintenan+e and testin. is even more essential to +ontinued operation 5*en traditional ;over desi.n< +annot be relied on to over+ome abnormal +onditions. 2*e utility en.ineer must be familiar 5it* all aspe+ts of maintenan+e and testin. and ma1e use of state=of= t*e=art tools and te+*ni4ues for evaluatin. transformer +ondition. :*ile on=line dia.nosti+ systems and +omputeri3ed testin. met*ods are very *elpful, t*ey are not a substitute for sound en.ineerin. >ud.ment and e9pertise.

8 +onclusions
2*is paper *as presented an e9perimental dia.nosis met*od of industrial po5er transformers. 2*e insulation of an ele+tri+al po5er transformer is tested for system performan+e and system reliability of diele+tri+ absorption. 2*e insulation de.radation +annot be eliminated but minimi3ed to .ive an appropriate +orre+tive a+tion ta1en in immediate time. 2*e pra+ti+al results s*o5 t*at t*e met*od +an effe+tively minimi3e t*e problem of e4uipment deterioration.

*eferences
1. %ao, ,., 1AA1, Power Transformer and special Transformers, New Delhi, econd Edition! '. Cooper, O. H., '""", Field measurements of transmission +able dissipation, H6 2estin., Monotorin. and (ia.nosti+s 5or1s*op, 6ir.inia, pp.1.1=1.!. . &5anusi5, Hle* :., 1AE!, 2*e development of an automati+ po5er fa+tor test set for ele+tri+al insulation, Multi=Amp, Canada limited, Hntario, CA?A(A. C. ,in.*, ,., '""E, Comparative study on fault dia.nosis on po5er transformers. )ro+. of t*e &nt. Conf. 2%AFH,$M, &2MA, ?e5 (el*i. !. ,in.*, ,., '""E, ?e5 trends on po5er transformer fault dia.nosis, )ro+. of t*e ?at. Conf. on %e+ent Advan+es, in $le+t. $n.ineerin. ?&2 Hamirpur. F. %. B., Cin+*, M., Hassi., O., Fu*r, 2., As+*5anden, '""", Assessment of insulation +ondition of lar.e po5er transformer by on site ele+tri+al dia.nosti+ met*ods, &$$$, &nt. ,ym on $le+. &ns., Ana*eim CA, pp.1 =1F. 7. M., Hanif, '""!, )rin+iples and appli+ations of insulation testin. 5it* (C, &$)=,AC >ournal, ABB $le+tri+al &ndustries Co Ltd, pp.! =F .