What are the aspects of What are the aspects of

Power Quality Power Quality

Management ? Management ?
Overview
An appropriate regulatory framework
Extensive PQ and interruption monitoring programs
National PQ standards
Customer PQ contracts
Customer PQ forums
Transmission/Distribution PQ contracts
Long-term sustainability measures
Short-term business targets
Network technical solutions
Behind-the-meter solutions
How does a power quality How does a power quality
database form a business database form a business
tool ? tool ?
Monitoring Program
Since 1998 most TX/DX (114) supply points (mainly
132kV, and 88kV) are permanently monitored.
The following 10-minute parameters for all three
phases are stored on a national Database (together
with data from about 400 Distribution monitors):
Voltage magnitude
Unbalance
Harmonics (3, 5, 7,11, and 13th harmonics)
THD
Dips on the individual phases are also stored for all
Tx/Dx sites. These are matched to faults on the
network.
Eskom Statistics
Since 1998
Registered users (>200)
10 min values (> 1 billion)
Dips (> 500,000)
Monitoring Program
Instruments downloaded daily or interrogated
Various security levels (administration, users)
Audit
Instrument connectivity / tracking
Daily summation of data
Link events with causes (e.g. line faults)
Specific contractual limits flagged
Web access to customers
Central Server/Environment
Data
Loaders
Loader
Manager
Oracle
Data
Store
Oracle
Data
Warehouse
Summator
Data
View
Area A / Area B / ...
Data Retrieval/
Placement
Eskom Wide
Reports
DRP
Archiving
Security
Auditing
Db link
Other
Systems
Interface
Manager
Limit
Manager
ODBC
Data
Manager
Data
Convertors
Reports
PQ Database
POWER QUALITY SHORT COURSE POWER QUALITY SHORT COURSE
Voltage Dips: Utility Management Voltage Dips: Utility Management
Business Features
Security
Audit
Integration
Instrument connectivity / tracking
Daily summation
Link events with causes
Specific contractual limits flagged
Customer PQ Information
Web access to closest monitored sites (key customers)
What is an Operational What is an Operational
Sustainability Index ? Sustainability Index ?
Sustainability index
Aims:
Assurance that plant is not abused for
the purpose of short-term benefits
Ensure companys long-term success
as a viable business
Provide adequate warning of negative
trends
Sustainability Index
PRINCIPLES BEHIND ALARM AND
STANDARD SETTING
Planning figure
Alarm
Standard
Target
Ceiling
B
K-I E T C
Improvement direction
F
Increasing score loss
200:1 (99.5%)
5:1 (80%)
1:1 (50%)
20:1 (95%)
Impossible Best Ever Benchmarked Stretch Expected Slack
Target Appraisal
Aim: To provide executive management with a
view on the targets set by the individual line
groups
50% 20%
Sustainability Index
Measure Weight Jun-03 Jul-03 YEP
Overall Score
90.97 90.97 90.70
Generation
Energy Availability Factor (Availabilty) 6.10 Alarm Alarm Alarm
Unplanned Capability Loss Factor (Reliability) 6.10 Score= 66% Score= 66% Score= 66%
Unplanned Automatic Grid Separations (Reliability) 6.10 OK OK OK
Long Term Plant Health (Health) 6.10 OK OK OK
Nuclear Performance (Health) 6.10 Alarm Alarm Alarm
Low Frequency Incidents (Generation Contribution) 2.75 OK OK OK
Transmission
Transmission Availability 6.10 Score= 89% Score= 89% Score= 89%
Transmission Reliability 9.76 OK OK OK
Transmission Disturbance 2.89 OK OK OK
Transmission Waveform 1.73 OK OK OK
Transmission Customer 2.25 Alarm OK Alarm
Distribution
Distribution Reliability 2.11 Alarm Alarm OK
Distribution Disturbance 4.40 OK OK Alarm
Distribution Waveform 3.60 OK OK OK
Distribution Customer 15.63 Score= 83% Score= 83% Score= 82%
Common
NER Compliance 6.10 Alarm Alarm Alarm
Conventional Safety 6.10 Score= 40% Score= 40% Score= 40%
Environmental 6.10 Alarm OK OK
Experience: Voltage Magnitude
In 2000 relays on PQ instruments at T&D interfaces
used to send alarms based on 10-minute values to
National Control
Together with automatic tap changer optimisation
resulted in a dramatic improvement in performance
Upper limit
Lower limit
0
0
h
0
0
.
X (alarm on)
Y (alarm off)
Time
0
0
h
1
0
0
0
h
2
0
0
0
h
3
0
0
0
h
4
0
V
o
l
t
a
g
e
Technical Interventions
Percentage of sites exceeding voltage magnitude
objectives at T&D interface points
17.4
14.3
7.1
5.4
3.6 3.6
21.4
21.4
18.8
19.7
5
4
1
6
11
16
21
26
F
e
b
-
0
0
M
a
r
-
0
0
A
p
r
-
0
0
M
a
y
-
0
0
J
u
n
-
0
0
J
u
l
-
0
0
A
u
g
-
0
0
S
e
p
-
0
0
O
c
t
-
0
0
N
o
v
-
0
0
D
e
c
-
0
0
J
a
n
-
0
1
2000/2001
%
12 MMI
SI Standard
SI Alarm
Sustainability Index
Technical Audit Department
Transmission - Quality of Supply
QOS - Voltage Regulation
15.9
17
6.2
4.5 4.5
16.2
4
5
0
5
10
15
20
1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005
%

S
i
t
e
s

>

N
E
R
/
S
A

L
i
m
i
t
Actuals Standard Alarm NER, 1999 - 2002 TBP congruant 2003 TBP
2002 Actual - Aug YEP
Pre-2001 discounting not applied.
Month by month information based on new rules not available.
Eskom retail customer Eskom retail customer
complaints management complaints management
Receive and
allocate PIC no
Random Contact
Call / fax / letter
Redirect to QMS
Interaction Center
QMS Contact
Call / fax / letter
power
problems ?
y
Standard questions
Known
event ?
Log against
IR number
NCR ?
n
y
IR ?
y
n
Power
off ?
y
n
Complaint
y
n
Special
case
Investigation
required ?
Forward
to DC
Inform, forward
fax form
Provide PIC
ref. number
Forward
to WMC
Customer
complains
Inform customer
and WMC
y
n
Populate and
provide PIC
ref. number
History of
complaints
n
Provide PIC
ref. number
n
y
Populate and
provide PIC
ref. number
Claim
n
y
Forward to FSE
or PE as technical
investigation
trigger
Forward
to CS Area
Manager
Receive NCR
Log NCR
Does the customer
voice concern over
frequent similar events ?
Does the system
show a history of
complaints ?
Customer Services Area Manager and
Regional Engineering Manager review
System provides
interaction log
Evaluation
of complaint
Forward to FSE
or PE for
investigation
Allocate Ref .No.
DC contact customer
communicate
rights / milestones
n
y
DC contact
customer
Forward to DC
n
Customer rights
Contact within 2 working days
If measurements required, free for first 2 weeks
If not conclusive, IR process (e.g. problem
gone)
If solution is practical and economic, Eskom will
put in place actions to resolve
Report within 6 weeks, otherwise regular
feedback
NCR process to NER
Provision of investigation number
Managed contract: install a meter at customer
cost, and a monthly cost
What are typical What are typical
equipment failure equipment failure
statistics for MV and LV statistics for MV and LV
customers ? customers ?
MV Power Quality and Reliability
PIC
PIC
CC-Maximo
CC-Maximo
OIDs/NEPS
OIDs/NEPS
Maximo
Maximo
12 months
13,000 claims /
complaints
call centre
rural/urban
connection
detail (text)
Direct Contact
Direct Contact
MV Power Quality and Reliability
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
Number
B
e
llv
ille
B
lo
e
m
f
o
n
t
e
in
M
k
o
n
d
e
n
i
J
o
h
a
n
n
e
s
b
u
r
g
N
o
r
t
h

E
a
s
t
N
o
r
t
h
e
r
n
S
o
u
t
h
e
r
n
TOTAL CLAIMS LOGGED ON PIC
1 Jul 2002 - 30 Jun 2003
SUPPLY-RELATED CLAIMS LOGGED ON PIC
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun
2002/2003
N
u
m
b
e
r
Bellville
Bloemfontein
Mkondeni
Johannesburg
North East
Northern
Southern
MV Power Quality and Reliability
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
Number
T
V
's
F
r
id
g
e
s
C
o
m
p
u
t
e
r
s
P
u
m
p
s

R
a
d
io
's
M
o
t
o
r
s
C
D
/
D
V
D
's
H
I
F
I
's
M
ic
r
o
w
a
v
e
s
V
C
R
's

K
e
t
t
le
s
I
r
o
n
s
F
a
x

m
a
c
h
in
e
s
L
ig
h
t

b
u
lb
s
LOSSES REGISTERED ON PIC: JULY 2002-JUNE 2003
(Excluding faxes and letters referred to in PIC)
Power Quality Contracts Power Quality Contracts
Contractual PQ Relationships
Eskom
Transmission
Eskom
Customers
T&D
Interfaces
Formal Internal
T&D agreements
Eskom
Distribution
International
Connections
Re-distributors
Re-distributor
Customers
Customer
Interfaces
Formal Supply
Contracts
Contracts with re-distributors supplied from the transmission system
are developed and managed by Eskom Distribution.
Contractual relationships
T&D agreements at internal supply points and supply
contracts at bulk delivery points are based on
The requirements of NRS-048
Contracts with customers supplied at HV or EHV
Historical performance data
Customer Contracts
Eskom PQ performance defined
Customer disturbance limits
Based on NRS 048:2
Quality Options
Standard
Managed
(Network Specific)
Premium power
Standard Contract:
This will make reference to NRS-048, i.e.
that Eskom as a company will meet NER
requirements
This includes the 5% allowable exceedances
This is predominantly for customers who will
not be concerned with voltage dips
No cost implications to the customer
Power Quality Contract Options
Power Quality Service Contract:
Eskom will provide:
historic dip performance
on-going dip performance information
location of faults
causes of faults where known
any action plans to improve the dip
performance
The customer could pay for this service and
the meter
This information will be published on the
website
Power Quality Contract Options
Network Performance Contract:
This includes the Power Quality Service
Contract option
Contracted limits based on valid dip
performance data
At least 5 years of data with an instrument
availability of at least 300 days per year
This contract is usually only entered into after
a period that the Power Quality Service
Contract has been in place
Power Quality Contract Options
Premium Power Contract:
Eskom will provide a guaranteed level of
quality that meets the customers specific
needs
The full cost of the solution, maintenance
costs, service costs, and risk costs will be
charged to the customer
This contract can be entered into at any
time with a customer
Power Quality Contract Options
How do international How do international
utilities view PQ utilities view PQ
contracts ? contracts ?
Contracting
POWER QUALITY CONTRACTS
Degr ee of Int er est i n Impl ement at i on
(aver age non-excl usi ve wei ght i ng)
- St andar d
- Net wor k Speci f i c
- Pr emi um Power
LOW MEDIUM HIGH
Survey: 27 Utilities
Formal program: active implementation
Informal program: ad-hoc
implementation
Under consideration: presently
considering implementation
No program: no program and no
intention to implement such a program
Survey: 27 Utilities
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
35%
40%
45%
50%
Percentage of
Utilities
Contracts Custom Power
UTILITY POWER QUALITY SERVICES
Formal Program
Informal Program
Under Consideration
No
Survey: 27 Utilities
PQ contracting: impacted by regulatory
conditions, standards for benchmarking,
and litigation concerns in the US
Custom power programs: in all most all
cases the customer is required to pay for
the solutions
CASE STUDY: CASE STUDY:
EDF Quality Plan EDF Quality Plan
Case Study: EDF Contracts
Contracts put in place first with 6000 MV customers,
and then all MV customers (>250 kW).
Reflected the improvement in the guaranteed
individual customer interruption performance
statistics over a 5-year improvement plan.
Called the Emeraulde Contract.
Reflects the utilitys commitment to power quality
and applies the principle of offering financial
compensation based on overall damages incurred if
one of the agreed limits is exceeded.
These limits determined at national level.
Case Study: EDF Contracts
Customer
categories
Interruptions Area
categories
No.
Customers supply All interruptions
1
36
with two feeders > 1 s
2
13
and automatic
3
6
change over
4
4

1
6
Sustained interruptions
2
3
Other customers > 3 min
3
3

4
2
Momentary interruptions
1
30

1s < duration < 3 min. 2
10

3
3

4
2

EDF-RTE Contracts
Based on EDF Emerauld Contracts: 1980/90s
Flicker, magnitude, unbalance, frequency:
contracted
Harmonics: indicative
Interruptions p.a.: 1 long, 5 short
Report: within 3 days to customers + annual
Liability: All damages after expert assessment
Voltage dips (600ms, 30%): optional -
typically in the range from 3 to 5
How are limits for large How are limits for large
customers negotiated ? customers negotiated ?
STAGE 2
Specific
contractual limits
Load emission evaluated
w.r.t. total emission from
other loads
(standard procedure)
exceeds
Stage 1
STAGE 3
Specific
contractual limits
and specified
conditions
Load emission evaluated
w.r.t. total emission from
other loads and specific
local conditions
(special study)
exceeds
Stage 2
Design mitigation
strategy to reduce load
emission or network
sensitivity
exceeds
Stage 3
Standard
contractual
clauses
Load too small to
impact PCC levels
START
(standard tables)
STAGE 1
Defining plant emission levels
Voltage Quality
Voltage Quality
ALLOCATION ALLOCATION ( (LIMIT LIMIT - - BACKGROUND BACKGROUND). ).
MVA MVA
1 1
MVA MVA
i i
}
}
}
STAGE 2 allocation
Concession based on technical
motivation (no additional risk)
Concession with risk transferred
to customer
STAGE 3
STAGE 2
Contractual risk management
Contractual risk management Contractual risk management
Examples of technically justified concessions:
large non-flicker-generating load at PCC
high HV/LV attenuation ratios
Examples of risk transferred
future emission-producing loads
generator availability / nuclear station future
long-term equipment outages
customer complaints (if above standard)
concessions by the NER to temporarily
allow higher levels