3-Phase Induction Machines

Torque Speed characteristics

2
Importance of T-speed
characteristics
Torque speed characteristic of a motor is important
from the point of view of its applications to specific
situations. To calculate the torque produced by the
machine, first, we compute the motor power. The
motor power, or the mechanical power supplied to
the load is


The electrical power inputted to the machine can be
calculated from the eq. circuit given below
losses in em
P P P =
3
Importance of T-speed
characteristics
4
Machine Torque
Power dissipated is


Motor power P
em
is


Motor torque can be calculated from
{ }
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ = =
s
R
R I I V P
'
2
1
2
1
*
1 1 1
3
~ ~
Re 3
ext rotor
R R R
X a X
R a R
+ =
=
=
2
2
2 '
2
2
2 '
2
( ) ( )
'
2 1
2
1 2
2
1
2
1
3 3 R R I R a R I P + = + =
O
( )
2
1
'
2
'
2 1
'
2
1
2
1
1
3 3 I R
s
s
R R
s
R
R I P
em

=
(

+
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ =
m em em
T P e =
2
1
'
2
1 3
I R
s
s
T
m
em
|
.
|

\
|

=
e
5
Machine Torque
Since T
m
can be written as




Substituting for I
1
in equation (3), we will have
( ) s
sync m
= 1 e e
2
1
'
2
3
I
s
R
T
sync
em
e
=
( )
2
'
2 1
2
'
2
1
2
1
2
1
X X
s
R
R
V
I
+ +
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
=
( )
2
'
2 1
2
'
2
1
2
1
'
2
3
X X
s
R
R
V
s
R
T
sync
em
+ +
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
=
e
6
Power calculations
Figure 2 shows the plot of equation (3) for the values of
slip from zero to unity. In Fig.1 . This
corresponds to the normal range of the speed of an
induction motor from starting (e
m
=0, s=1) to the
synchronous speed (e
m
=e
sync
, s=0)
( )
ext
R R a R + =
2
2 '
2
7
s
max
and T
max
calculation
To find s
max
first set derivative of (4) with respect to s
equal to zero.


Which will results in


substituting s
max
in (4) will result in T
max

0 =
ds
dT
m
( )
2
'
2 1
2
1
'
2
max
X X R
R
s
+ +
=
( )
(

+ + +
=
2
'
2 1
2
1 1
2
max
2
3
X X R R
V
T
sync
e
8
Torque-speed characteristic
Equation (5) shows that the slip at which the maximum
torque occurs is proportional to the rotor resistance.
Equation (6) shows that the maximum torque is
independent of the rotor resistance
9
Torque-speed characteristic
The machine is operating as a motor for the
range of s for which the torque-speed curves are
shown in fig.1 and fig.2. In this range, torque is
positive and e
sync
is greater than rotor speed e
m
.
Note that the torque is zero at slip equal to zero.
As was state before, slip is given by



Let us consider three different cases:

sync
m sync
s
e
e e
=
10
Torque-speed characteristic
Case 1: e
sync
and e
m
are rotating in the same direction
and e
sync
is rotating faster than e
m
.

Case 2: e
sync
and e
m
are rotating in the same direction
and e
sync
is rotating slower than e
m
.

Case 3: e
sync
and e
m
are rotating in different
directions.
11
Torque-speed characteristic. Case 1.
Case 1: e
sync
and e
m
are rotating in the same direction
and e
sync
is rotating faster than e
m
.
This case is the normal operation of the induction machine.
Machine operates as a motor. Note also in equation (7) e
sync

and e
m
are in the same direction and the slip is positive for
motor operation
12
Torque-speed characteristic. Case 2.
Case 2: e
sync
and e
m
are rotating in the same direction
and e
sync
is rotating slower than e
m
.
If the speed of the machine is increased beyond its
synchronous speed by an external prime motor, but still
rotated in the same direction as the stator field, the slip will be
negative (s<0). This region (s<0) corresponds to the generator
operation. For this region, torque is negative. This means that
the mechanical power is required to drive the machine, which
in turn delivers electric power at the stator terminals
13
Torque-speed characteristic. Case 3.
Case 3: e
sync
and e
m
are rotating in different
directions.
Suppose an induction motor is operating under normal
conditions at the same value of positive slip in stable region
(0<s<s
max
). Now we interchange any two terminals of the
stator. This reverses the direction of the stator rotating field.
The rotor speed e
m
may now be considered as a negative
with respect to that of the stator field. For this case, s>1 and
power loss in the variable resistance is

negative, indicating that mechanical energy is being
converted to electric energy. Both the power fed from stator
and power fed from rotor are lost as heat in the rotor
resistance. This region is called the braking region
'
2
1
R
s
s