DIN 1055-6:2005-03 (7) The above table notwithstanding, silos of category 1 can be dimensioned using the

mean values of the bulk material parameters, namely the mean value of the coefficient of wall friction m , the mean value of the horizontal load ratio K m and the mean value of the angle of internal friction im . (8) The fundamental equations for calculating the silo loads are given in sections 7

and 8. These are to be taken as the basis for the calculation of the following characteristic loads: Filling loads on vertical wall sections (see section 7) Discharge loads on vertical wall sections (see section 7) fill and discharge loads on horizontal bottoms (see section 8) Fill loads on hoppers (see section 8) Discharge loads on hoppers (see section 8)

5.3

CALCULATING

CONDITIONS

CAUSED

BY

DIFFERING

GEOMETRIC

DESIGNS OF THE SILO GEOMETRY (1) Differences in slimness of silos (ratio of height to diameter), hopper geometries and arrangements of vents lead to differences in calculating conditions and these have to be observed. (2) In a silo that has been filled-up, the trajectory of the filling stream of the filled up bulk material may at times cause the build-up of an eccentric back-fill cone at the bulk material surface (see fig 1b) and when this happens different storage densities can arise in different parts of the silo which lead to un-symmetric loads. While calculating the size of these loads, the largest possible eccentricity of the filling stream is to be taken as a basis (see 7.2.1.2 and 7.3.1.2)

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DIN 1055-6:2005-03 (3) While dimensioning, the effects of the flow profiles are to be observed which can be divided into the following Categories (see fig. 2): -- Mass flow -- funnel flow -- mixed flow

2 1 3 5

3 4 4 4 4

a) MASS FLOW

b) CORE FLOW (FUNNEL FLOW)

C)CORE FLOW (MIXED FLOW)

Legend 1 2 3 Entire bulk material in motion flow Limits of flow channel 4 Bulk material at rest 5 Effective passages 6 Effective hopper

Figure 2 BASIC FLOW PROFILES

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DIN 1055-6:2005-03

(4)

If it can be additionally ensured during funnel flow that the flow channel is always

located within the bulk material without coming into contact with the silo wall (see figures 3a and 3b), the emptying pressures can be ignored. Low silos with concentric discharge aided by gravity and silos with a mechanical discharge system located at the bulk material surface which ensures a build-up of funnel flow (see fig. 5a, 5b and 6a) fulfill these conditions (see fig. 7.1 (9) and 7.3.2.1(2) and (4)). NOTE A suitably designed central tube with lateral vents (anti dynamic tube) can

also ensure that this condition - i.e. building up an internal funnel flow - is fulfilled. (5) In case of symmetric mass flow or a mixed flow (see fig. 2), the un-symmetric loads that usually occur are to be taken into account during the dimensioning (see 7.2.2.2 and 7.3.2.2). (6) In case of flow profiles with core flow (see fig 2) and partial contact of the moving bulk material mass with the silo wall, other un-symmetric load components which may arise specifically in this case are to be taken into account during dimensioning (see fig 3c and 3d as well as fig 4b and 4c) (see 7.2.4). (7) For silos with several vents and presuming a state of maximum fullness, one has to take into account that during operation either all the vents may be opened simultaneously or a single vent alone may be open. (8) For silos with several vents, provisions of the combination of active vents for the operation are to be regarded as normal calculating conditions. Other openings which are not part of the planned operation are to be regarded as extraordinary calculating conditions.

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DIN 1055-6:2005-03
h In case of an eccentrically filled very slim silo i.e. c d > 4 , the effects of mixed c

(9)

flow in different areas could lead to either differing packing densities or cohesion of the bulk material. In such cases the asymmetric alignment of the bulk material particles can set off a un- symmetric core flow (see fig. 5d). This creates zones in the silo where the bulk material flows along the silo wall and thereby gives rise to un-symmetric loads. For such cases special load computations are to be used (see 7.2.4.1 (2)).

4 3 3 3

4 3

INTERNAL PARALLEL

INTERNAL CONVERGENT

ECCENTRIC PARALLEL

ECCENTRIC CONVERGENT

Funnel flow

funnel flow

funnel flow

funnel flow

Legend 1 2 3 4 flow flow channel limits flowing funnel bulk material at rest

Figure 3 FLOW PROFILES WITH FUNNEL FLOW

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DIN 1055-6:2005-03

6 4 2 1 3 5 1

(A)

(B)

(C)

a) Concentric mixed flow b) Fully eccentric mixed flow c) Partially eccentric mixed flow Legend 1 2 3 4 5 6 At rest Effective hopper Limits of flow channel Effective passage Flow zone Effective passage varies in the silos circumferential direction

Figure 4 FLOW PROFILE WITH MIXED FLOW OF BULK MATERIAL

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DIN 1055-6:2005-03

5 2 4 2 5 1 1 ] 1 1 3

a) Braced wall silo

b) Low silo

c) Slim silo

d) Very slim silo

Legend 1 2 3 4 5 Bulk material at rest Flow channel limits Effective hopper Effective passage Flow

Figure 5 EFFECTS OF THE SLIMNESS (RATIO OF HEIGHT TO DIAMETER) ON THE MIXED FLOW OF THE BULK MATERIAL AND THE FUNNEL FLOW

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DIN 1055-6:2005-03

(10)

For silos with pneumatically conveyed powdery bulk materials two calculating conditions, both at maximum fullness, are to be considered:

The bulk material filled in can develop a cone, as is the case with other bulk materials.

It is to be taken into account that the bulk material surface, independent of the gradient of slope and the filling eccentricities, could possibly also be of even shape (see fig 6c). In this case the eccentricities e f and et can be fixed at zero.

(11)

In case of silos for storage of powdery bulk material where air-injection is used as a discharge aid in the bottom area, (see fig 6b), the entire bulk material zone near the bottom can become fluidized, which can generate an effective mass flow even in low silos. Such silos are to be computed in accordance with the procedure for slim silos, regardless of their actual slimness

hc

dc

(12)

In case of silos for storage of powdery bulk material where air-injection is used as a discharge aid in the bottom area, (see fig 6b), just a part of the bulk material zone near the bottom can become fluidized. This can generate an eccentric mass flow (see fig 4b), which is to be taken into account while dimensioning. The eccentricity of the resultant flow channel and the resultant value of the eccentricity

e0 that is to be computed are to be derived keeping in mind the fluidized zone, in

addition to the position of the vent. (13) The vertical silo walls with a discharge hopper which causes an expanded flow (see fig 6d), can form the basis of the conditions for a mixed bulk material flow. This can lead to un-symmetric discharge loads. In this type of silo the ratio

hb

dc

can be fixed for slimness instead of

hc

dc

(see fig 1a).

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DIN 1055-6:2005-03 (14) A silo with a slimness of

hc

dc

smaller than 0.4 and with a funnel hopper is to be

graded as a low silo. In case of a horizontal silo bottom this silo is to be graded as a braced wall silo.

a) Mechanically aided discharge e.g. with a rotating space arm

b) Air injection and air vents generate mass flow

c) Pneumatic filling of powdery bulk material generally results in a level bulk material surface

d) Expanded flow hoppers lead to mass flow at least in the lower hopper

Figure 6 - SPECIAL FILLING AND SICHARGE ARRANGEMENTS

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DIN 1055-6:2005-03 5.4 CALCULATING CONDITIONS CAUSED BY SPECIFIC STRUCTURAL SHAPES OF SILOS (1) In case of dimensioning of silos fro usability, the size of fissures is to be limited to suitable dimensions. The inspection of fissure size has to comply with the fissure size limitation specified in DIN 1045-1 subject to the exposition categories based on the ambient conditions of the silo. (2) For metal silos which mainly consist of nuts and bolts, the specifications for unsymmetric load values (reference surface loads) are to be complied with.

(3)

For metal silos with rectangular cross-sections that contain beam ties within the silo shaft for reducing the walls bending moment, the specifications in 7.7 are to be followed.

(4)

The effects of fatigue in silos and tanks are to be taken into account if they are exposed to a load cycle more than once a day on an average. A load cycle is equivalent to a complete filling and emptying cycle of a silo or, in the case of a airinjection silo, a complete process conclusion (rotation) of the sectors subjected to air-injection. Fatigue effects are also to be taken into consideration in silos which are exposed to the influence of vibrating machines/equipment components.

(5)

Prefabricated silos are to be dimensioned for the influences related to manufacture, transport and assembly.

(6)

In case of slip openings or observation holes in the silo or hopper walls, the loads on the stopper covers are to be taken into account using double the value of the maximum load-values upon the adjacent wall sections. These loads are to be computed only for the dimensioning of the stopper cover and its support or attachment structures.

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DIN 1055-6:2005-03

(7)

If the silo roof has to bear loads imposed by dust filtering equipment, cyclones or mechanical transporting equipment, then these loads are to be treated as live loads.

(8)

If pneumatic transport systems are used for filling and emptying of silos, then loads resulting from differences in air-pressure are to be taken into account.

NOTE

These loads normally amount to <10kPa as a rule, but higher sub

pressures (generally 40kpa 0.4 bar) may also arise as a result of defective dimensioning of specific transporting equipment or in case of an operational fault. Silos must therefore be equipped with suitable pressure-relief devices for unforeseen occurrences, if the designing engineer cannot otherwise rule out the same. (9) If vibrating equipment, air guns or rotary extraction arms on the silo bottom have been used, the load changes caused by these have to be examined with respect to the boundary state of fatigue, vibrations due to pneumatic transporting equipment are likewise to be taken into consideration. (10) In case of reconditioning of existing silos by putting a lining on the silo walls, the effects of modified wall friction on silo dimensioning are to be considered, including the possible effects of a flow profile that may have undergone a change.

5.5

DIMENSIONING CONDITIONS CAUSED BUY FLUIDS STORED IN TANKS maximum fullness.

Loads on tanks caused by the fluids stored therein are to be calculated for the state of

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DIN 1055-6:2005-03 5.6 (1) PRINCIPLES OF DIMENSIONING FOR EXPLOSIONS As the liquids or bulk material stored in tanks or silos respectively may have a tendency to explode, the potential damage could be limited or avoided by means of the following measures: ---(2) (3) Arrangement of adequate pressure relief areas Arrangement of adequate explosion suppression systems designing/dimensioning the structure for absorbing the explosive pressures A few bulk materials which are prone to explosions are listed in Annex I. The instructions given in Annex I for the explosion loads are to be followed. Further instructions including rules for dimensioning for dust explosions can be taken from DIN-Fachbericht 140. (4) The effects of silo structure dust explosions upon the surrounding structures or structural parts are to be taken into account.

BULK MATERIAL PARAMETERS

6.1 (1)

General For the estimation of silo loads the following influences have to be taken into account: the divergences from the bulk material parameters the fluctuations of the wall friction at the silo wall the silo geometry the filling and emptying processes

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DIN 1055-6:2005-03

(2)

Influences which have a favourable impact upon the bulk material stiffness may not be taken into account while determining the loads and examining the stability of the wall. A positive impact of a wall deformation upon the pressures which develop in the bulk material may not be estimated, except if a reasonable and verified method of calculation can be proved.

(3)

If required, the manner of the flow profile (mass or core flow) is to be determined from figure 7. Figure 7 may be used on the grounds of simplifying hypotheses that have been taken as a basis - for example, the influence of internal friction is ignored but may not be used for technical layout of silos.

NOTE

The layout of the silo geometry for a mass flow is beyond the scope of this standard. The

methods and procedures specific to bulk material technology have to be used for this purpose.

Co-efficient of wall friction in the hopper h

(a) conical hopper 1.2 1 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 0 20 24 40 60

1 Series1 2

Angle of inclination of hopper

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DIN 1055-6:2005-03

Co-efficient of wall friction in the hopper h

(b) cuneiform hopper 1.2 1 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 0 20 40 60 80

1 2
Series1

Angle of inclination of hopper

Legend 1 2 area with core flow areas with the possibility of mass flow

Figure 7 CONDITIONS UNDER WHICH PRESSURES CAUSED BY MASS FLOW ARISE 6.2 Bulk Material Parameters

6.2.1 General (1) The material properties of the bulk material stored in the silos, which are to be

quantified for calculating the loads, are to be derived or obtained either as test results or as data in any other suitable form. (2) While using values from test results and other sources of data, the same are to be

evaluated in a suitable manner keeping in mind the type of load in question in each case.

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DIN 1055-6:2005-03 (3) It should be kept in mind that there may be significant differences between the

material parameters measured in tests and the parameters that are determined by the actual behaviour of the bulk material in the silo. (4) While evaluating the differences in bulk material parameters mentioned in (3), the

following are some of the factors that must be kept in mind: a lot of parameters are not constant, and may be dependant upon the stress level and the background of load application Influences on account of particle shape, sizes and distribution of grain size can have a strong impact on the test and the silo in a variety of ways. temporal influences fluctuations of the moisture content influences of dynamic actions brittleness or ductility of the tested bulk material the manner of putting-in the bulk material in the silo and in the testing apparatus (5) While evaluating the differences in bulk material parameters mentioned in (3) with

ref. to the coefficients of wall friction, the following factors must be kept in mind: corrosion and chemical reaction of the bulk material particles, dampness and the wall abrasion and wear which can roughen or smoothen the wall of the silo

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DIN 1055-6:2005-03

polishing of the wall surface accumulation of fat deposits on the wall particles which get impressed in the wall surface (usually an influence which leads to the roughening of the wall surface) (6) While determining the values for the material parameters the following is to be

kept in mind: the facts regarding the application of the relevant tests should be wellpublicised and common knowledge a comparison of the values of the individual parameters which have been measured in the tests with the corresponding published parameters, taking into account the experimental values the deviation of the parameters relevant to the calculations the results obtained from the large scale measurements on silos of similar styles correlation of results from different types of tests perceptible changes in the material parameters during the period when the silo is in use (7) The choice of the characteristic material parameters has to be made on the basis of values the have been determined through laboratory tests, with due regard for know-how acquired through experience.

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