Power System Transients and Controlled Switching

Dr. John H. Brunke, P.E.

Senior Project Manager POWER Engineers Freeland Washington, USA

High Voltage Circuit Breakers

Closing withstand

Withstand Voltage

Contact position

Closing Voltage Withstand PCB with Prestrike

kV

Time ms

Closing Voltage Withstand Suitability - Electrical

kV

Time ms

Closing Accuracy Suitability Mechanical

kV

Time ms

GIS Theory
Inductance

V sin 377t

C R

Opening Voltage Withstand -PCB

kV

Time ms

Controlled switching applications

Shunt capacitor switching Line and cable switching Transformer switching

Shunt reactor switching

Switching shunt capacitor banks

Capacitor Switching Circuit

Source Impedance Local Bus Impedance

Switched Capacitor Bank

Bus Capacitance only Single Bank Connected Capacitor Bank capacitance Back to Back

Shunt Capacitor Switching, single bank

Shunt Capacitor Switching Back to Back

Back to back with CLR

Now L is much larger

Capacitor Controlled Closing

At peak voltage At zero voltage

Capacitor Switching Targeting

kV

Time ms
Optimal target is when capacitor voltage and bus voltage are equal (usually zero as capacitors discharge fully in ~10 minutes Deviations result in peak currents proportional to the sin of the error angle and over-voltages eliminated for most errors

Switching Transmission Lines

Optimal controlled closing on capacitors

Transformers

Transformer Core Characteristics

Flux

Current

Effect of Asymmetrical Flux on Inrush Current

Magnetizing Current Core Flux Saturation Characteristic

Inrush Current

Energizing a Transformer

Transformer Inrush Current

4000

T im e 0 .0 5 m s /d iv

0 .0

A m p e re s

4000

Why do we care?

Inrush currents cause forces in the winding that are equal to or greater than a short circuit, and much longer in duration

Optimal controlled closing on capacitors

Optimal controlled closing

Three Phase Transformers

Core Flux - No residual

Flux

Current

Prospective and Dynamic Flux

0 .8 0 F lu x , z e r o r e s id u a l

0 .0

4 2 .0

4 6 .0

5 0 .0

5 4 .0

5 8 .0 T im e m s 1

F lu x kVs -0 .8 0

Three phase residual flux

C U R R E N T A N D F L U X

T im e 3 m s /d iv

Core flux with residual flux

Flux
800
C ore flux, EM TPStudy

Current
0.0
Tim e6m s/div

Vs -800

Prospective and Dynamic Flux

0 .8 0

F lu x , r e s id u a l 0 % , - 7 0 % , 7 0 %
B C A

0 .0

4 2 .0

4 6 .0

5 0 .0

5 4 .0

5 8 .0 T im e m s

F lu x k V s - 0 .8 0

Prestrike effects, rapid closing

400 V oltageA crossB reaker C ham bers

400

Voltage A cross C ircuit B reaker

0.0

0.0 Tim e3m s/div

kV -400

kV -400

Prospective and Dynamic Flux

800

0 .0

T i m e 6 m s /d iv

Vs -8 0 0

Three Phase Closing Strategy

0 .8 0

F lu x , r e s id u a l 0 % , - 7 0 % , 7 0 %
B C A

0 .0

4 2 .0

4 6 .0

5 0 .0

5 4 .0

5 8 .0 T im e m s

F lu x k V s -0 .8 0

Pre-strike, three phase close

800

0 .0 T im e 2 m s /d iv

kV -8 0 0

Closing Strategies
Independent strategy for single phase transformers Rapid closing strategy

Requires detailed transformer data and look up table Generalized approach Limited to high residual flux scenarios

Delayed Closing strategy

Three phase strategy

Transformer Model

Statistical Studies
Benchmarks - linear bias runs with statistical pole span 1000 studies/run Controlled studies - 200 studies/run 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0 ms closing time scatters (3 sigma) Residual flux levels, patterns

Inrush Random Closing

Case 3 Phase, Zero Residual on all Phases 3 Phase, 0, 70, -70% Residual 3 Phase, 0, 35, -35 % Residual Mean (A) 1021 1267 1076 2% Current Level (A) 1380 2280 1775

Performance Improvement Using Rapid Closing Strategy, 70, 0, -70% Residual Flux (first phase to close has 70% residual flux)

3 Closing (ms) 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0

2% Current Level (A) 45 125 192 320

Reduction From Random (%) 98.0 94.5 91.6 86.0

Measurement of Residual Flux

Faradays Law

v (t ) n ( d dt )

(t ) 1 / n v (t ) dt
Measured error with analog integrators, 3-4% Digital micro-processors are capable of improved accuracy with modern algorithms

Verification - Laboratory Tests

Rapid Closing Strategy
. 8 0 0 0

V .
.

s 0
0

8
8

0
0

0
0

V . 8 0 0

s 0

0
T i m e 2 0 . 5 m s / d i v

V . 8 0 0

s 0
2 0

0 T i m e 2 0 . 5 m s / d i v

A -

m 2 0

Verification - Laboratory Tests

Delayed Closing Strategy

.8 0 0 0

0 .0

Vs -.8 0 0 0

T im e 6 m s /d iv

Field Test - Test Transformer

Test Transformer

Test Breaker

Core De-magnetization

500 kV Transformer Inrush

1500 1000

500

-500

-1000

-1500

-2000

-2500

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.2

1.4

1.6

1.8

500 kV Bank with Control

80 60

40

20

-20

-40

-60

-80

-100

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.2

1.4

1.6

1.8

Shunt Reactor Switching

Controlled Opening
Controls arcing time when opening Reactor switching

Standard for most manufacturers

Reactor Switching

Some of the higher frequency components

Failure to interrupt

Controlled Opening of Shunt Reactors

Uncontrolled and Controlled Reactor Switching - Closing

Controlled Switching

Capacitors

Closing :Improves power quality, reduces stresses Opening : Eliminates restrikes Reduces line switching over-voltages and stress on line connected arresters

Transmission lines

Controlled Switching

Transformers (enegization)

Reduces inrush currents and stresses on windings Reduces false relay operations Opening : Reduces interruption failures Closing : Reduces inrush currents

Shunt reactors

Controlled Switching Issues

Operation without control must be tolerated A circuit breaker with independent pole operation is required for many but not all cases (options) Timing accuracy, especially after a long time period of no operations (special designs avaible)

Control devices
Offered by almost all manufacturers of high voltage circuit breakers on their circuit breakers Offered by relay manufacturers (e.g. SEL 352)

Conclusions
Controlled closing is an effective method to reduce power system transients and improve power quality Controlled opening reduces the probability of restrike/failure to interrupt When research is conducted it is often before the need is recognized