NOTES ON THE PROOF ON SHOTGUNS & OTHER SMALL ARMS

Purpose and brief history

Proof is the compulsory and statutory testing of every new shotgun or other small arm before sale to ensure so far as is practicable, its safety in the hands of the user. Reproof is the similar testing of a small arm which bas previously been proved. Both necessarily involve the firing through the barrel of a considerably heavier load than is customary in the shooting field, thereby setting up pressure and stress on barrel and action much in excess of the pressure generated by standard load cartridges. Such pressure should and is intended to, disclose weakness in guns, whether new or used, for it is preferable that weakness be found at a Proof House rather than in the field, where personal injury may result Proof in Great Britain dates back to 1637, when the Gunmakers' Company of London was granted its Royal Charter. Proof was necessary to protect the public against the many unsound arms then being made and sold, which not only endangered the public but indirectly brought discredit upon reputable gunmakers. The Gunmakers' Company secured its Ordinances in 1670 and from that rime was enabled to enforce Proof in and around London. The original proof marks are in use today. The Birmingham Proof House was established for public security in 1813 by Act of Parliament requested and obtained by the Birmingham Gun Trade at its own expense At a considerably earlier date private Proof Houses were in use in Birmingham. Marks similar to those used at one of them controlled

by the gunmaker Ketland, became the first proof marks of the officially established Birmingham Proof House. Since 1813 it has been an offence to sell or offer for sale an unproved arm anywhere in the United Kingdom. These notes are intended to give the information most likely to be required by those owning or interested in the purchase or sale of shotguns, rifles, pistols and other arms; but they are not, nor are they intended to be, a complete encyclopedia on the proof of guns or of all the proof marks to be found on gun barrels.

The Law
The present law on the subject is to be found in the Gun Barrel Proof Acts 1868, 1950 and 1978 and various Rules of Proof, but particularly those of 1925, 1954, 1986 and 1989 when the metric system of measurement was introduced. Copies of the several Acts and of Rules of Proof of 1989 may be obtained from either Proof House. The maximum prices per barrel which may be charged for proof are set down in the Gun Barrel Proof Act of 1950 and subsequent statutory orders. The Proof Acts. The provisions of the Acts apply to all small arms, whether of present use or future invention, within certain fixed limits of bore size and projectile weight (with the exception of some military arms made for the use of H.M.Forces). Air guns, not being firearms, are specifically excluded. The Proof Acts lay down that no small

arm may be sold, exchanged or exported, exposed or kept for sale or exchange or pawned unless and until it has been fully proved and duly marked. The maximum penalty is 1000 for each offence, but with provision for higher penalties where, for instance, the sale of a number of guns constitutes one offence. Alteration to or the forging of proof marks is a more serious offence. Arms previously proved and bearing apparently valid proof marks are deemed unproved if the barrels have been enlarged in the bore beyond certain defined limits or if the barrel or action has been materially weakened in other respect. (See notes under Reproof and Appendix C.) The offence in dealing in unproved arms is committed by the seller, not by an unwitting purchaser.

agreement for recognition of certain foreign proof marks by international agreement. Since June 1980 when the United Kingdom became a member of the International Proof Commission (the C.I.P.), the United Kingdom has recognised all the proof marks of other member nations and reciprocally they all recognise United Kingdom marks. Further details appear on pages 10 to 26. Rules of Proof Rules, Regulations and Scales of Proof, a schedule to the Proof Act, are the working instructions of the two Proof Houses. The rules specify the pressure to be used in proof, standards of view and the marks to be impressed on guns which pass proof, together with much detail as to bore and chamber dimensions, proof and service pressures. The latest Rules of Proof, those of 1989, were approved by the Secretary of State to come into force on Ist November, 1989, but proof under earlier Rules of 1875, 1887, 1896, 1904, 1916, 1925, 1954 and 1986 remains valid provided that the barrel or action has not been materially weakened or altered so that it no longer conforms with the proof marks. Black Powder guns Many shotguns proved under Proof Rules before 1904, when the nitro proof marks were introduced and some shotguns proved before 1925, when nitro proof became compulsory, were proved only for use with Black Powder. Such guns will not bear any of the nitro proof marks. It should be clearly understood that whilst guns proved for Black Powder may be

The importation of unproved arms into the United Kingdom is subject to control See Section Importation 122(4) of the 1868 Act, amended by the Act of 1978. Notification of importation has to be given to both Proof Houses within seven days and/or the arms have to be submitted to proof within twenty-eight days of arrival in this country. These regulations do not apply to small arms imported by any person for his own personal use while they remain his own property Penalties for offences are similar to those for the sale of unproved arms. Foreign proof marks. Until June 1980, there was reciprocal

NOTES ON THE PROOF OF SHOTGUNS & OTHER SMALL ARMS

but are unlikely to be legally proved, they must be deemed unsuitable for use with present-day cartridges and until they pass nitro proof. A memorandum on this subject appears under Appendices.

Types of proof
There are two main types of proof. Provisional proof in general applies only to shotgun barrels in an early stage of manufacture and is designed to prevent the maker continuing work on defective tubes. Definitive proof applies to all arms and is effected either in the " white " or in the finished state. Additionally there is a special proof to cover loads developing pressures in excess of normal service loads, either as a voluntary proof to satisfy a particular requirement or as a compulsory proof where the arm is designed for use with unusually heavy loads. Steel Shot Proof see page 31 Repraof Reproof, or the further test of a gun after its orginal proof, may be necessary for a variety of reasons, of which the main ones are set out below : 1 Indications of weakness in action or barrel, including cracks, pitting, bulges, dents or failure of the brazing of the lump. 2 Potential weakening, such as by conversion to ejctor, repair of the action or barrel by welding, electrolytic deposit of hard chrome or other metal in the barrel.

Enlargement of the internal diameter of the barrel, or lengthening of the chamber, so that it no longer conforms with the existing proof marks. (See Appendix H) Replacement of action, barrel, barrel lug or extension. Fitting of any attachment, such as a variable choke, which must withstand the pressure of firing. Present inadequacy of earlier proof. Black Powder proved guns, most commonly proved over 90 years ago, may not be safe for use with smokeless cartridges and require reproof for nitro powders.

Procedure
Submission to proof. Any individual may submit arms for proof or reproof direct to either of the Proof Houses, but it is more usual and generally more satisfactory for all concerned that arms be submitted through a gunmaker. Primarily this is because the majority of old guns require attention prior to proof. Proof regulations require that shotgun barrels shah be "struck-up" and smooth and that insides shall be clean. Pitting should be removed so far as is practicable, bulges knocked down and dents raised. Actions should be in good safe working order and tight on the face to resist the increased strain of proof pressure. Since stocks, and particularly those with unusual "tend" or "cast", are not designed to withstand the heavy recoil of proof, it is customary for the wood to be removed. Indeed, the Proof Houses do not accept responsibility for damage to stocks resulting from proof. It will be apparent that to fulfil these requirements the preparation necessary will best be undertaken by a gunmaker who is accustomed to submitting to proof. Rejeetion In the event of a proof reject, or failure to withstand the proof test, guns inay be repaired and re-submitted. On final rejection, that is when the submitter accepts that further attempts at repair are unlikely to succeed, the existing proof marks upon the barrels and/or action will be defaced or barred out. It is unlawful for a weapon to be sold with defaced

proof marks, except where later reproof marks have been impressed. It is recommended that such a gun be deactivated, so as to ensure that it can never be used by some person unaware of its unproved condition.

If mishandled or neglected a gun may be damaged or weakened, even in a short period of service, so that work necessary to return it to serviceable condition may render invalid the proof marks upon it. Indications of weakness may only be apparent to those trained to recognise them. For that reason inspection of guns by a gunmaker at regular intervals is recommended, and advice to submit for reproof should be followed without delay to avoid undue risk of personal injury. Guns are submitted to reproof at owner's risk and the gunmaker is entitled to payment for his work, regardless of the result of proof. Guns will not be accepted for reproof unless in fit condition to be proved.

BRITISH PROOF MARKS

Because the introduction of new proof regulations and markings does not of itself render invalid earlier proof marks, guns may bear valid proof marks impressed under Rules of Proof of 1986,1954,1925 or even earlier. The majority of British proved shotguns in use at the present tune have been proved or reproved since 1925. Marks are normally impressed on the flats of shotgun barrels or otherwise near the breech and upon the action.

London 4 Special defiruHve proof

Birmingham

4 Special definitive proof

Under 1989 Rules of Proof

The proof marks at present (1993) impressed by the London and Birmingham Proof Houses are as follows:Birmingham London 1 Provisional proof

5 Reproof

Additionally, arms will bear markings to indicate the maximum mean pressure* of cartridges for which the arm has been proved together with the nominal gauge (in a diamond, as <12>) and chamber length or nominal calibre and case length. Shotguns will also bear marks to indicate the nominal bore diameter, as found at 9in. from the breech, shown in millimetres e.g.18.5. For information as to shotgun bore sizes and limits of enlargement see Appendix I (page 32).

Definitive proof for nitro powders on action

Under 1925 Rules of Proof

The Provisional, Special Proof and Reproof marks were similar to marks 1, 4 and 5, but the following different marks should be noted. London Definitive Birmingham

on barrel 3 Definitive proof for Black Powder only

and the words Ammunition Inspection

NOT NITRO

View together with the words NITRO PROOF * In exceptional cases maximum service loads may be markect in lieu of service pressures.

BRITISH PROOF MARKS

London Military proof

Birmingham

Between 1887 and 1925 the following marks were used to denote special definitive proof of barrels proved once only. They may appear on single-barrel shotguns and on certain rifled arms. London Birmingham

N.B. The encirclement of marks impressed under these Rules accompanied by the works "Not English Make" indicated proof of a foreign arm as below:

Advice as to the interpretation of marks which cannot be identified from these notes should be sought from either Proof House.

Conclusion
Additionally marks were used to indicate nominal bore diameter (such as 12 or 13 ), nominal gauge (in a diamond, as Iz ), chamber length and maximum shot load. In the case of rifles, marks indicated the nominal calibre and case length and the maximum service load of powder and bullet. Advice as to complaints The Proof Houses were established for public safety and are in being to ensure, by means of rigorous proof tests on every individual barrel and chamber, sound standards of materials and manufacture for all types of firearms and thus a greater measure of safety for those handling them. To this end one of the more important functions of the Proof Authorities is to ensure observance of the regulations and to institute proceedings against offenders where the necessary evidence is put before them and is considered to justify such action. Closer co-operation between the shooting public, gunmakers and the Proof Authorities must result in a reduction of the risks involved in buying secondhand and foreign arms, whether through chance acquaintance, unscrupulous dealers or misinformed friends. Information as to offences and all enquiries on proof matters should be addressed as below. The Proof Masters will gladly give all possible assistance and advice.

Under Rules of Proof prior to 1904

The following Definitive proof marks were in use at the Birmingham Proof House from 1813 until August 1904.

Birmingham Company Proof

View

The Proof Master The Proof House, 48 Commercial Road, London El 1LP The Proof Master The Gun Barrel Proof House, Banbury Street, Birmingham B5 5RH

These marks invariably indicate proof for Black Powder unless they are associated with the marking "Nitro Proof" in words.

(30REIGN PROOF MARKS

FOREIGN PROOF MARKS

At the present time (1993) the United Kingdom being a Signatory Member of the International Proof Commission (C.I.P.) Secretariat at the Belgian Proof House, Liege, recognises the proof marks of all other Members of the C.I..P. on a reciprocal basis. The C.I.P. or Commission Internationale Permanente has been working since 1914 for the standardisation of proof which also involves standardisation of pressure measurement, of chamber and bore sizes and cartridge dimensions. Currently its Members are Austria, Belgium, Chile, Czechoslovakia, France, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Spain, the United Kingdom and Finland.

Austrian proof marks

Proo f Houses at Vienna and Ferlach
Austrian proof marks were recognised in this country before 1939, and again since January
i~

Provisional proof

Prior to the accession of the United Kingdom to the C.I.P. there was reciprocal recognition between the U.K. and many European Countries. These included the Republic of Ireland and that recognition continues, although Ireland is not a Member of the C.I.P. It should be borne in mind that ail countries have made changes in their proof marks from ~ tune to time and it is not practical to include within these pages ail the proof marks that have been used over many years. It should be observed that proof in France was optional until 1960 and there have been marks impressed by some French gunmakers which appear to the layman to be official proof marks, but are not. Additionally there were proof marks used in Austria, Germany and Italy which were valid in this country before and up to the outbreak of World War II, but which are now invalid and have been repiaced by new marks. Care should be taken in differentiating between the old unacceptable marks, and the newer valid marks. In general only the marks which appear in this booklet are a present recognised, and arms bearing other marks must be deemed unproved until check has been made, or should be submitted to proof prior to sale. In general the importation of foreign arms bearing no proof marks or bearing marks not now recognised is an offence, unless the arms are submitted to a Proof House within 28 days of arrival. The sale of such guns unproved would constitute a further offence. This warning appes particularly to arms made in countries where there are no official Proof Houses. For advice on importation, see page 3. The foreign proof marks currently valid in this country are set out on the following pages.

Definitive proof Black Powder

Nitro proof

Voluntary additional reinforced proof Magnum

Ammunition Inspection

There are other marks used to indicate the quality of the barrel steel, the gauge of the gun, the bore diameter or calibre in millimetres, the case length, etc., but such marks are always in addition to one or more of those shown above addition to one or more of those shown

FORE1GN PROOF MARKS

Belgian proof marks

Used at the Proof House at Liege since 1968

to bore diameter without reproof. Furthermore, barrels are weighed and marked as to their weight at proof. Reduction in weight of the barrels due, for instance, to enlargement or for any other reason may render the barrel out of proof. Note: Earlier proof marks not shown here may still be valid . The Proof Masters will advise in cases of doubt.

Belgian proof marks - Since 1968

TYPE OF PROOF
1 Muzzle loading 2 View Black Powder Black Powder 3 Definitive Black Powder and Military Nitro 4 Optional provisional proof Compulsory proof Muzzle loading shotguns Black Powder Special compulsory proof Muzzle loading shotguns Black Powder Breech loading shotguns Optional provisional Nitro proof Superior Nitro proof Small bore guns

MARK NUMBER
1 2 3 2 4 5 6

PARTS MARKED
Barrel Breech screw Barrel Breech screw Barrel Barrel and action Barrel and action Barrel Bolt Barrel and bolt Barrel and bolt

5 Nitro proof

6 Nitro superior proof

7 Definitive foreign

8 Ammunition control

Prior to 1968, the following marks were in use. Such marks may still be valid.

Black Powder
Nitro proof Rifles and Carbines Nitro proof

3 2
5 5

Provisional

Double provisional

Triple provisional

Former definitive

Rifled arms

Revolvers

Black Powder
Nitro proof Automatic pistols Nitro proof Foreign arms Definitive proof Military weapons Nitro proof

2 3
5 5 7 3 2

Barrel and frame Cylinder Barrel, cylinder and frame

Barrel and other parts

Barrel and other parts Barrel Other parts

Nitro proof

Nitro superior proof

Ammunition Inspection

There are other marks used to indicate bore diaxpeter and chamber length in millimetres, but they are always in addition to the those shown opposite. In Belgium, no alteration may be made

FOREIGN PROOF MARKS

Chilean proof marks

Proof House at Santiago established in 1961

French proof marks The Proo f House at St.Etienne continued

Optional provisional proof marks Proof of barrels or tubes in the finished state.1000kg.sq.cm.

Ammunition Inspection

Czechoslovak proof marks

Marks impressed at proof by the Czechoslovak Proof Authorities were accorded recognition in this country under provision of Section 129 of the Gun Barrel Proof Act 1868, on 14th October 1963. The marks are as follows:

Double proof of barrels or tubes in the finished state.1150kg.sq.cm.

Triple proof of barrels or tubes in the finished state. 1300kg. sq.cm.

1 Voluntary provisional proof of shotguns

2 Definitive nitro proof of shotguns

3 Definitive proof of rifles, pistols and revolvers

4 Ammunition Inspection

Note: Barrels proved in the non-assembled state are marked with the letters NA between the coat of arms and the words St.Etienne. eg. NA St.Etienne

Additional marks may indicate chamber length, bore diameter, degree of choke and year of manufacture.

French proof marks

Because the proof of small arms in France was optional until July 1960, particular care should be taken to ensure that marks on French guns correspond with the marks here set down. Other marks are used to indicate the gauge of gun, bore diameter and length of chamber. The two latter will be shown in millimetres. The Paris Proof House marks are not shown, as the Proof House closed in December 1973. The marks of the Paris Proof House remain valid but are rarely encountered. They are shown in the 1960 edition of this booklet.

Continued page 15

14

15

FOREIGN PROOF MARKS

French proof marks The Proof House at St.Etienne continued

NO. TYPE OF PROOF MARK

French proof marks The Proof House at St.Etienne continued

'NO.
12
TYPE OF Pk00F MARK NO. TYP OF PROOF MARK

Rifles, Definitive Nitro proof

Sample or model proof e.g. fixing tools

13

Neutralisation mark (on ex-military arms)

Rifles of foreign origin. Definitive Nitro proof.

14

Ammunition Inspection

Short barrelled arms. Definitive Nitro proof.

Note: Earlier proof marks not shown here may still be valid. The Proof Masters will advise in cases of doubt.
7. Short barrelled arms of foreign origin. Definitive Nitro proof

Proof Marks of Germany

There were German proof marks recognised in this country before 1939, but this recognition was cancelled on the outbreak of war. These marks set down here are now acceptable in Great Britain. Recognition was accorded in September 1955. Distinctive prrof marks of the Differnt Proof Houses

Black Powder reproof

Nitro reproof

Berlin
10 Superior (special ) Nitro proof

Kiel (Eckernforde)

Hannover

11

Arms in the finished state when proved, Le. ready for sale (supplementary mark)

Mchen (Munich) 16

Ulm Kln (Baden Wrttenberg) (Cologne)

Mellrichstadt

FOREIGN PROOF MARKS

Proof marks of Germany continued

Proof marks (Since May 1973)

Proof marks of Germany continued

Proof House at Suhl 1 Definitive proof

Proof for Nitro Powder

Superior or Magnum proof

Repair proof (reproof mark)

Definitive proof of arms in which the propellant is a mixture of liquid or gas, which has a propulsive charge, or uses powder only. (Blank)

Proof for Black Powder

Proof mark on gas or liquid guns or arms using an extruded propellant

The eagle surmounting the proof marks may appear in stylised form

3 Superior or magnum proof

Prior to 1973 the following marks were in use: 4. Proof alter repair of essential parts

Provisional proof mark

Voluntary proof hand firearms

Flobert rifles

Kiel (Eckernforde) (Oakleaf)

In addition, the date of Proof is marked e.g. 5.81 5. Ammurution Inspection

Other marks are used to indicate year of proof, bore or calibre in millimetres, case length, etc., but such marks are always in addition to one or other of those shown above.

Each Proof House uses the stylized cartridge and eagle together with its own distinctive proof mark. Thus ULM for example:

FOREIGN PROOF MARKS

Pre-War German Proof Marks

Effective from October lst,1984 the following proof marks are recognised.

Pre-War German Proof Marks continued

Upon the passing of the German Proof Act of 1891, arms which were then in stock were not subject to the provisions of the Act if they were, before being dealt with, stamped with mark 12 upon the barrel and breech or action. There are other marks used, but they are always in addition to the above-mentioned.

Proof marks of Finland

Finland became a Signatory Member of C.LP. on June 27th, 1984 and recognise marks of all other Members of C.I.P. Definitive Proof Mark 9

MUZZLE-LOADING SHOT GUNS must bear the marks 1, 1, 4 and 5 upon the barrel, and 1 and 4 upon the breech, or 3 and 4 upon the barrel and breech. BREECH-LOADING SHOT GUNS of cylinder bore must bear upon the barrel the marks, 1, 1, 4 and 5; if choke-bored 1, 1, 4 and 6: if rifled in the choked portion of their bore 1, 1, 4, 6 and 8. The action must bear the marks 1 and 4. RIFLES must bear upon the barrel the marks 1,1, 4 and 7, and if constructed for heavy charges (express rifles), the mark 9 in addition. The breech or action must bear the marks 1 and 4. Under certain conditions, SHOT GUNS (except such as are choke-bored) and RIFLES may bear the marks 3 and 4 only upon the barrel, and the same upon the breech or action. Under the same conditions, MILITARY RIFLES, made according to Rifle Pattern No.88, may bear the marks 2 and 10 only upon the barrel, and the saure upon the action. REVOLVERS must bear the marks 2 and 4 upon the barrel, revolving cylinder, and frame or body of the action. REPEATING PISTOLS and SALOON PISTOLS must bear the marks 2 and 4 upon the barrel and action. ARMS which have already been, proved and marked, but have subsequently undergone some alteration necessitating their being reproved, are, upon reproof, impressed with marks 11 and 3 upon the barrel and breech or action, in addition to the original marks.

Proof for Black Powder

Proof Superieure (Magnum)

Ammunition Inspection

FOREIGN PROOF MARKS

Hungarian proof marks Proof House at Budapest

Italian proof marks Used at the Proof House at Gardone Val Trompia near Brescia

Voluntary provisional proof

2 Definitive proof of arms in the white or in finished condition 1 Provisional la Provisional Superseded by Mark No. l (may still be valid) 2 Definitive 3 Definitive

Reproof

4 Surerior or magnum proof

5 Ammunition Inspection

4 Magnum or Supenor Proof

5 Black Powder

6 Reproof

7Ammunition Inspection

Irish proof marks

The proof mark impressed by the Proof House of the Republic of Ireland at the Institute for Industrial Research and Standards, Dublin, was accorded recognition in this country under provision of Section 129 of the Gun Barrel Proof Act 1868, on 9th June, 1969. The statutory proof mark denoting both the provisional and definitive proof of shotguns is shown below:

The provisional mark comprises the star of the Republic of Italy surmounting the arms of Gardone Val Trompia. PSF is an abbreviation for Polvere Sensa Fumo, or Smokeless Powder. The Finito mark indicates proof in a state ready for sale. Additionally marks are impressed to show the bore diameter in millimetres, the nominal gauge or calibre and the barrel weight in kilogrammes. There are other marks used, but always in addition to the above mentioned. A code mark indicates the year of proof. Note: Earlier proof marks not shown here may still be valid. The Proof Masters will advise in cases of doubt.

Additional markings indicate gauge and chamber length, nominal bore diameter, the service pressure for which the gun has been proved and the year of proof shown as the last two digits of that year.

22

FOREIGN PROOF MARKS

Spanish proof marks Proo f House at Eibar

NO[ MAkkI No. MARK
TAP OFF PRIUOt TYPE OF AiRM COCTii0KI OFF M RKis

Spanish proof marks (continued)

O. ~VIIARKi TY~

b~ ~k00~

TMPf OFF ARMI

AU foreign arms TYPE OF ARM

OIAiTIOhV OIF

MAiS

Arms proved at Eibar All TYPE OF PROOF TYPE OF ARM

Action or frame or body LOCATION OF MARKS

NO.

MARK

Definitive TYPE OF PROOF

Corresponding position to 2,4,6,7and5 LOCATION OF MARKS according to the type of arm

Definitive Black Powder

Muzzle loading smooth bore guns

Barrel and breech closure

Ammunition Inspection

Provisional Black Powder

Tubes of breech loading shotguns

Barrel

There are other marks used, as for instance to indicate gauge, bore diameter and chamber length in millimetres, but they are in addition to those described above.

Obligatory nitro proof

All breech loading shotguns

Barrel and action or frame

Note: Earlier proof marks not shown here may still be valid. The Proof Masters will advise in cases of doubt.

Yugoslav proof marks (Valid up to 1992)

Proof House at Kragujevec established in 1969
5 Supplementary or magnum nitro proof Breech loading shotguns Barrel and action or frame 1 Ordinary proof for Black Powder Finished arms a 4 Supplementary mark, indicating that the arm has been proved in state of delivery or sale.

Definitive

Saloon pistols and small bore guns

Barrel, frame or body, bolt or slide

2 Ordinary proof for Smokeless Powder - Finished arms

Reproof for Black Powder

Definitive

Long barrelled rifled arms

Barrel, frame and bolt

3 Superior proof for Smokeless Powder - Finished arms

6 Reproof for Smokeless Powder

F0REIGN PROOF MARKS

APPEND1CES
Being memoranda issued jointly from time to tune by the two Proof Authorities

Yugoslav proof marks Proof House at Kragujevec established in 1969

7 Voluntary provisional proof of rough barrels 10 International mark impressed on pressure barrels

Memorandum on Black Powder guns

Appendix A Up to 1887 there was provision only for the proof of guns for Black Powder; but by that time the use of smokeless or nitro powders was common, and in that year a proof to cover their use, supplementary to defiriitive proof, was introduced. The service load of the powder intended for use, ie. E.C. or Schultze, was then impressed on the barrel at proof. Under the 1896 Rules, proof to cover the use of nitro powders was still supplementary to the ordinary proof for Black Powder, but the words "Nitro Proof" were introduced as a proof mark. The NP marks were introduced in 1904 but the nitro proof test remained oponal until 1925, when new Rules of Proof made it obligatory. By that time most gunmakers had been voluntarily submitting their guns to nitro proof for many years. A gun is proved for Black Powder only (and is almost certainly over 90 years old) unless the markings on the barrel include one of the following marks.

8 Proof mark

11 Proof mark for foreign arms

9 Mark impressed on the breech

12 Ammunition Inspection

And /or the words NITRO PROOF Except on guns proved since February 1955 the NP marks were always used in conjunction with the words "Nitro Proof". The Black Powder proof marks remain valid, and a gun bearing them may still legally be dealt with and be used with Black Powder cartridges, provided it has not undergone any alteration taking it out of the category and state in which it was originally proved. Such alterations include conversion to ejector, rebrazing the lumps, increasing the depth of the chambers to take a longer cartridge or the enlargement of barrels beyond certain defined limits. A gun may through neglect or misuse become unsafe in a short time, and a gun made over fifty years ago may be extremely dangerous. Shooting men are therefore urged most strongly to buy only guns bearing the marks of nitro proof and not to permit the use of nitro or smokeless cartridges in any Black Powder gun already in their possession until it has passed nitro proof. If owners wish to use such guns with nitro powders, they should send them to their makers or any other gun firm for advice, estimate for preparation in accordance with the Rules of Proof, the carrying out of such work, and submission for nitro proof. The charges involved must of course be paid whether or not a gun passes the proof test but it is better than any weakness should be revealed at the Proof House rather than in the field. Muzzle loading and Black Powder proved guns may be reproved for Black Powder. It will

N.B. The foreign proof marks illustrated together with the notes thereonhave been verified with the various authorities concerned and were correct at the time of going to press.

APPENDICES

hardly be necessary to point out to members of the gun trade that neither their own interests nor those of their customers can be served by the sale of Black Powder guns which may have become dangerous. For many years some firms have not sold Black Powder guns and, in addition, will not do any work to such weapons except preparation for and submission to proof. Such a policy may not be possible in all cases, but apart from any question of legal liability for repairs carried out, it is urged that there is a heavy moral responsibility to point out the age and condition of any of these veteran guns before accepting them for repair. N.B. Muzzle loading arme should never be fired with nitro powders. Issued February 1948 Revised May 1,960, November 1975 and May 1981

Appendix B

The proof of guns for magnum cartridges

A memorandum on this subject is available from either Proof House at a nominal cost.

Appendix C

arme were subject to proof by the British Proof Authorities and do not require reproof. There is no provision in Proof Regulations to permit the sale of unproved arms as ornaments, nor is there any exemption for antiques. Used small arms, particularly shotguns, may appear properly proved and marked but may have been weakened and the proof marks rendered invalid by enlargement of the bore to remove rust or pitting or by other material alteration. This is not uncommon. Special equipment and knowledge of the subject are necessary to determine whether proof marks are valid or otherwise. The advice of the Proof Authorities as to the disposal of guns bearing proof marks where the barrels are beyond repair (and it is understood that this is already the practice in many auction sales specialising in arms) is that the stock, action and fore-end may be sold but the barrel may not. Where the barrels are repairable and can be reproved this must be done before sale. A certificate is available on payment from either Proof House for guns which are not to be used as, for example, antiques or collectons items, or which cannot be proved, as where no ammunition is available. An increasing number of complaints is received of the unlawful sale of small arms at auction - at times in condition dangerous to the user. Recommendation is made that auctioneers take expert advice before offering small arms for sale. The Proof Houses will give every reasonable assistance but must warn that they will institute proceedings where offences are considered to justify such action. The auctioneer, the owner of the arm and the person submitting the arm to auction bear equal responsibility at law. Revised October 1975, May 1981 and July 1992

The sale at auction of shotguns and other small arms

Care should be taken in accepting small arms for sale, because under the Gun Barrel Proof Acts of 1868 to 1978, it is an absolute offence to sell or offer for sale by auction or otherwise, any small arm, ie. a shotgun, rifle, revolver, pistol or other firearm, unless it bears lawfully impressed and valid proof marks. Caveat emptor does not apply if the arm is unproved. It must be emphasised that the sale of unproved arms between auctioneers and registered gunsmiths, or dealers, is as much an offence under the Act as is the more obvious offence of selling an unsafe and unproved gun to a member of the public. The Act makes no distinction between the Gun Trade, Auctioneers and the public. The offence is absolute. All arms made in Great Britain are proved and marked as such at either the London or Birmingham Proof House prior to sale to the public. Valid proof marks of certain other countries with which reciprocal agreements are in force also legalise sale in this country. All ex-military arms proofed by the Government Arsenals must pass the civil proof tests, prior to sale to the public. Following privatisation of small arms manufacture in 1982, all small

APPENDICES

Appendix D

FIREARMS LAW: Specifications for the Adaptation of Shot Gun Magazines and the De-activation of Firearms
Section 1 (3) of the Firearms Act 1968 as amended by section 2 of the Firearms (Amendment) Act 1988 defines the types of smooth-bore guns which may be held on a shot gun certificate. It includes a smooth-bore gun which has been adapted to have a non-detachable magazine incapable of holding more than two cartridges. In such a case, the magazine must bear a mark approved by the Secretary of State and the adaptation must be certificated in writing by the London or Birmingham Proof House as having been carried out in a manner approved by him. Schedule I to this guide sets out the proof house marks approved by the Secretary of State under section 1(3A) of the 1968 Act for denoting that guns have been so adapted. Schedule 2 sets out the manner of adaptation of different types of smooth-bore guns which has been approved by the Secretary of State. Section 8 of the Firearms (Amendment) Act 1988 provides that a firearm which has been certified by one of the above Proof Houses as having been de-activated in a manner approved by the Secretary of State, and marked to that effect, shall no longer be regarded as a firearm (unless the contrary is shown). Schedule 3 sets out the proof house marks approved by the Secretary of State under section 8 of the Firearms (Amendment) Act 1988 for denoting that firearms have been so de-activated. Schedule 4 sets out the manner of de-activation of different types of firearms which has been approved by the Secretary of State. Schedule 1 Proof house marks approved by the Secretary of State for denoting that smooth-bore guns have been adapted in accordance with the approved manner under Section 1(3A) of the Firearms Act 1968 as amended by Section 2 of the Firearms (Amendment) Act 1988. London Birmingham Proof House Proof House

Schedule 3 Proof house marks approved by the Secretary of State for the identification of firearms deactivated in accordance with Section 8 of the Firearms (Amendment) Act 1988. London Birmingham Proof House Proof House

The figures "89" relate to the calendar year of 1989 and changes as appropriate. Appendix E

Proof for steel shot

In 1993 a C.I.P. specification was adopted covering special proof for guns which can be used with steel shot. The specification lays down shot size and hardness, the number of proof rounds to be fired through each barrel and the pressure to be generated at 25mm and 162mm. A special "Steel Shot" proof mark will be stamped on each barrel. Appendix F

The use of welding in the repair of guns

A memorandum on this subject is available from either Proof House at a nominal cost. Appendix G

The repair of gun barrels by the sleeving method

A memorandum on this subject is available from either Proof House at a nominal cost. Appendix H

Warning about reloading

Shooters should be aware of the potential dangers from reloaded cartridges. As a safety precaution it is recommended that sample hand loads should be pressure tested at one of the Proof Houses before being used. The figures "89" relate to the calendar year of 1989 and changes as appropriate.

APPENDICES

Appendix 1

Information as to barrel enlargement - details of proof sizes

The nominal bore sizes under the 1989 and 1954 Rules of Proof and the corresponding nominal figures under the Rules of 1925, are set out below.
Rules of 1925 Old marking nominal size Rules of 1954 nominal diameter Rules of 1986-1989 Metric marking

Bore

.740" .729" .719" .710"

16 i

the User and Wear and Tear thereof, be so enlarged in the bore that it will accept to a depth of 9" from its breech face, a plug gauge of the next larger diameter to that marked on the occasion of last proof or reproof, and thereby be unduly reduced in substance and strength ie, as to become dangerous to the user , such barrel shall be deemed unproved. A Barrel enlarged in the bore by 0.2mm beyond the size marked shall be deemed to be unproved. Guns proved in Europe under C.LP. Regulations, where bore sizes are marked in millimetres or fractions of a millimetre, become out of proof when they are enlarged by .2mm, that is .008". Where adjustable barrel gauges are not available a check as to whether a bore is so enlarged as to be unproved may be made by entering the next larger plug gauge. The differences between the nominal sizes vary but are in general about.OlOin. Properly equipped gunmakers and gunsmiths can carry out this check.

down to 18.2mm 17.3mm

Issued 3rd June 1959, revised 1966,1981 and 1992.

Appendix J

Pimple bulges in shotgun barrels

A memorandum on this subject is available from either Proof House at a nominal cost. Appendix K

.669" .662" .655" .649" .637"

16
17 i

down to

17 18 19 20 21 22

Notes on the purchase of second-hand shotguns

The purchase of a second-hand shotgun involves somewhat similar risks to those inlcurred in buying a second-hand motor car, or an expensive second-hand watch. Each to a degree is the product of skilled craftsmen and in none is it a simple malter for the layman to detect every defect or weakness. To suggest that one should go to a reputable gunnlaker or gunsmith and buy the best gun one can afford may be sound advice, but it is cold comfort to those who really cannot afford a good second-hand gun or to those who may be tempted to purchase a second-hand gun from an acquaintance, in the market place, at an auction or sale room or at the local tavern. When contemplating the purchase or sale of a used gun, check must be made that the proof marks remain valid. Proof marks indicate the soundness of the gun when it was last proved, but the gun may have been so altered that it is unproved at law although the proof marks remain. The incidence of VAT on new guns, added to their already high cost, has placed a premium on the better class of second-hand gun, so that there are many old guns being offered for sale which in more normal tunes would have been considered past further service. Where purchase is contemplated from sources other than reputable gunmakers, gunsmiths or dealers, it is suggested that the gun be submitted to a reputable gunmaker for a report on its condition prior to completion of the deal. Where difficulty is experienced in obtaining such a report, request may be

16.8mm 16.2mm

20

.626" .615" .605" 596"

Though-figures are only included here for 12,16 and 20 bores, other sizes can be obtained on request. At proof if a plug gauge of .729" diameter (but not one of .740") will enter the bore to a depth of 9in., that barrel is at present marked .729" and under the 1925 Rules of Proof would have been marked 12 - and so on for the other bore sizes. The same system is used for the metric marks, but the tolerance has changed to 0.2 of a millimetre. Rule 6 of Rules of Proof 1989 reads as follows: "If any Barrel of the First Class which shall be marked as proved under the Principal Act or these Rules, shall by any Process of Manufacture or by any other Means whatsoever other than

APPENDICES

INDEX

made to one of the Proof Houses for advice as to whether the gun is or is not in fully proved condition. The Proof Houses should not be expected to advise as to mechanical condition, quality, or value. A report of this nature is suggested and may be invaluable because a gun may have a number of faults not apparent to the inexpert eye. An expert examination of the gun should determine: 1 Whether the gun has been nitro proved, bears the relative proof marks and is suitable for use with modem cartridges. 2 Whether the bores have been enlarged since the barrels were last proved and if so to what extent. 3 Whether the barrels are in good condition generally; that is, free from rust, pitting, dents and bulges. 4 Whether the chambers have been altered to accept a longer case since the gun was last proved. 5 Whether the action is "off the face" of the barrels, or otherwise loose. 6 Whether the action is in good, safe working order. 7 Whether the gun patterns well at normal distances. This is not a matter affecting the safety of the gun or its state in proof, but is of importance to the prospective purchaser. It is regrettably true that there are guns offered for sale by irresponsible persons which would not pass examination satisfactorily on any one of the several points enumerated above. Such a gun may well be unproved, unsafe, and fit only for use as a wall ornament. The shooting public are given protection by the Gun Barrel Proof Acts of 1868 to 1978 under which it is an offence to offer for sale an unproved arm. Every shotgun must pass the proof test and bear proof marks, and where certain alterations have been effected since proof such as the opening out or enlargement of the bore beyond defined limits to remove pitting, or the deepening of the chambers, the proof marks are rendered invahd, the gun becomes an unproved weapon, and must be submitted to a further proof test prior to sale. The Proof Authorities and the Proof Houses were established for public security and one of their more important functions is to institute proceedings against offenders where the necessary evidence is put before them and is considered to justify such action. Proceedings have been instituted by one or other of the Proof Authorities on a number of occasions in recent years and in each case a substantial fine has been imposed. The offence in, dealing in unproved arms is committed by the seller not by the purchaser. The maximum penalty is 1,000 and possible confiscation of weapons. Closer co-operation betweenothe shooting public, gunmakers, and the Proof Authorities must result in a reduction of the risks involved in the purchase of second-band shotguns from chance acquaintance, unscmpulous dealers, or misinformed friends.

Published in "The Shooting Times" 1st July 1955

Revised October 1975,1981 and 1993

Addresses . ........................................................................9 Auction Sale of guns ................................................. 28 Birmingham Company ...................................................8 Birmingham Proof House . ...................................2, 6, 9 Black Powder Proof ............................................3, 4, 27 Bores, oversizes ............................................................ 32 Choke Attachment ..........................................................4 C.I.P................................................................................. 10 Complaints .......................................................................9 Conditions of proof ........................................................5 Defacement of Marks .....................................................5 Enlargement ..........................................................3, 4, 32 Enquiries . .........................................................................9 Foreign Marks ...................................................... 10 - 26 Austrian, Belgian, Chilean, Czechoslovak, Finnish, French, German, Hungarian, Irish, Italian, Spanish, Yugoslav. Gunmakers Company .....................................................2 History................................................................ 2 Importation ........................................................ 3 Law ....................................................................................2 Limitations ..................................................... 2, 3 London Proof House ............................................... 6, 9 Marks British ..........................................................................6 - 9 Foreign ................................................................... 10 - 26 Memoranda Black Powder Guns . .................................................... 27 De-activation ................................................................. 30 Magazines ....................................................................... 30 Steel Shot ....................................................................... 31 Notes on purchase of second-hand shotguns 33 Pimple bulges in shotgun barrels ............................... 33 Proof for magnum cartridges ..................................... 28 Proof sizes, enlargement limits .................................. 32 Repair by sleeving ......................................................... 31 Repair by welding . ........................................................ 31

Sale by auction . ..............................................................28 Notes ......................................................................... 36, 37 Offences ............................................................................3 Penalties ............................................................................3 Position of Marks ............................................................6 Preparation of Proof .......................................................5 Prices ..................................................................................2 Procedure...................................................................... 5, 9 Proof Definitive ................................................................4, 6 - 9 Provisional ..............................................................4, 6 - 9 Special ......................................................................4, 6 - 9 Proof Acts . ............................................................2, 3, 34 Proof sizes . .....................................................................32 Purchase ..........................................................................33 Purpose of Proof .............................................................2 Reduction in strength . .........................2, 3, 4,13, 32, 33 Rejection of Proof ...........................................................5 Reproof, reasons for .......................................................4 Rules of proof ............................................................. 3, 4 Sale ............................................................................... 2, 28 Small arms definition . .....................Inside Front Cover ...............................................................................title page Submission to proof .......................................................5 Weight of Projectile ........................................................2 g 4, 31