1

Field symmetries


Ion Rosu
a


a
Theoretical high school Tudor Arghezi, Craiova, Romania.

Corresponding author: Ion Rosu. Postal address: Street Dr. Victor Papillian, no. 6, bl. E12, apt.
4, Craiova 200323, Dolj, Romania. E-mail: rosuion@gmail.com. Phone: +40765399432.

Abstract. It is developed a gravitational, electroweak and strong nuclear fields theory in a space
with 4+n dimensions. All the fields depend upon only of coordinates from subspace with four
dimensions, and the energy resides only in this subspace. Any interaction implies the existence of
energy, for this reason the space with n dimensions cannot be observed. The gravitational fields
equations can be written in a space with 4+3 dimensions and therefore to the respective symmetry
correspond two particle which interacts with each other only gravitationally. If the elements of
the gauge transformation matrix are the components of a tensor, then in a transformation of the
base of the n dimensions subspace the fields lagrangian in the new base differs from the fields
lagrangian in the old base by the divergence of the 4 dimensional vector field subspace.

Keywords: Gauge fields, Field equations, Group generators, Covariant derivative.
MSC Codes: 34A26, 34G20, 37K25, 53A35
Subject classification: Classical and Quantum Field Theory, General Relativity



The field equations can be written in the space
n
M
+ 4
with n + 4 dimensions [1, 2]. Let
4 , 3 , 2 , 1 , = o
o
x the
4
M coordinates. The subspace
n n
M M
+
c
4
is the space of electromagnetic,
weak and strong colored interactions. Let n k y
k
,..., 2 , 1 , = the
n
M coordinates. We will suppose
that all fields depend on { }
4
M x x e =
o
, but do not depend on { }
n k
M y y e = . In the tangent
space ) (
4 n
M T
+
, for the basis { }
k a
e e e ,
o
= and the dual basis { }
k a
dy dx dx ,
o
= , where
n k ,..., 2 , 1 , 4 , 3 , 2 , 1 = = o and

n a + = 4 ,..., 2 , 1 , we choose the transformations

( )
v
v
o o
e x a e

= '
(1)
( )
r
r
k k
e x a e

= '
, { }
o
x x = (2)
( ) ( )
v o
v
v o
v
o
dx x a dx x x x d

= ' c = '
(3)
( )
r k
r
k
dy x a y d

= ' (4)

The line element in
n
M
+ 4
space is


k r
rk
dy dy g dx dx G dS + =
| o
o|
2
(5)

2
where ( ) x G G
o| o|
= and
kr
g are constant.
The scalar product ( )
ab b a
g e e g = , , is an operation by which the vectors
a
e and
b
e are put into
correspondence with the scalars
ab
g , which are components of the metric tensor. Similarly, if we
consider an operation named bracketing, | |
h
h
ab b a
e C e e = , , by which the vectors
a
e and
b
e are put
into correspondence with vectors
h
h
ba h
h
ab
e C e C = . We choose the base
a
e

in such a way as
| | , 0 , =
| o
e e | | 0 , =
k
e e
o

and | |
s
s
kr r k
e C e e = , . In particular, the base of the tangent space ( )
4
M T
has a dimension of inverse length ( )
1
L . We choose the system of units for which 1 = = c h . In
this case ( ) Joule J L =
1
or J eV
19
10 6 , 1

= . If
o
e and
k
e are measured in Joules, then also
s
kr
C
are also measured in Joules.
Every element
k
e

is an operator which acts on the tangent space () of the differential manifold
S. Let us consider G a group of transformations which acts on the () space and
( )
G e U
x e
k
k
e =
e

where ( ) x
k
e are parameters of the transformations group. The
k
e basis can be
transformed as
1
= U Ue e
k k
. For infinitesimal transformations ( ) ( ) = + =
r
r k
r
r k
e e e e e e 1 1
( ) ( ) ( )
s
rk r
C s
k s
s
k s
r s
rk
s
k
C C e a a e a e C
r
r
= = = = + =

, ,
e
e o . Similarly,
r
r
k k
e a e

= ' U e U
k
1
= , which
implies
s
rk
s
rk
s
rk
C C C = = ' . We will suppose
s
rk
C constant and we choose
2
= J C C g
i
rj
j
ki kr
.
Let us consider two vectors ( )
a
a
e x V V = and ( )
a
a
e x Y Y = from ( )
n
M T
+ 4
. It is known that the
covariant derivative is ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
c
b c
ab
c
a
a
b
b
e
a
V
e x Y x Y x V e x Y D x V Y D
a
+ c = = , where
( ) ( ) x Y x Y
c
x
c
a
a
c = c and
c
c
ab b a b e
e e D e D
a
= = [3]. From
c
c
ab b a
e e D = results:


s
s
kr kr r k k r
r
k k
s
s
k r
r
k k
e e e D e e e D
e e e D e e e D


v
v
v
v
o o o
o| v
v
o| | o v
v
o o o
+ = + =
+ I = + =
,
,
(6)

In report with transformations (2) and (4), the connection coefficients transform as:

( ) ( )
r
k
a a a a
o o o o o
= c = '

,
1 1

(7)

r s
r
s
r
r
k k r
r
k k
a a a
o| o|
v
o
v
o
v
o
v
o



= ' = ' = ' , ,

(8)

j
r
i
k
n
ij
s
n
s
kr
s
r
n
k ns kr
s
k
n
s
r
n
r
k
a a a a a a a

= ' = ' = '

v v
o o
, ,

(9)

We can make the following choice:


( )
( )
k
rk r r
r
s
k r
ks
r
s
s k r
ks
r r r
k
rs rs
g G g C
g g C g g
G G G G
co
vc v
o
v
o o o o
| o o | | o o|
v
|v c cv | c| v
oc o
|v
o
|v

= = = =
+ c c =
= =
c c + c = I =
,
2
1
0 , 0
2
1
(10)

3
The only torsion tensor components which are
r r
T
o| o|
2 = .

We observe that ( ) ( )
s
rk r r
r
C C C = + c c = , 2
o | | o o | | o o|
. Using
1
= ' a aC a C
i
k
i k

from
(7) and (10) results ( )
r r k
r
k
g a g e
o o o
c = '

.
The number of
k
A
o

fields is equal to the number of G groups parameters. For electromagnetic,
weak and strong colored interactions, symmetry groups are ) 2 ( , ) 1 ( SU U and ) 3 ( SU . We have 12
fields in total. We define the fields ( ) x A
i
r
o

by relation ( ) ( ) x A g x g
i i
r
i
r
o o
= where 3 , 2 , 1 , = i g
i

is the
coupling constant and ( ) x A
i
r
o
are the fields potentials. Potentials ( ) x A
i
r
o
are measured in Joules
so the constants
i
g must be measured in
1
J . We will consider in the following the case when the
interactions are uncoupled and every interaction type is characterized by a different coupling
constant. In this case
i i
k k
JX e = , where
i
k
X are the generators of symmetry groups. The product
s
rk
gC

has no measurement unit and we can therefore consider that in this product g and
s
kr
C have
no unit of measurement.
For electromagnetism we will chose the base 4 ,
1
1
= r e
r
and the fields
1 1
1
r r
A g g
o o
= , where
1
g is the
coupling constant for electromagnetic interactions. The symmetry group is the local group
( ) 1
1
U G = and we use the relations:


| |
1 1 1 1 1
1 1
1
1
1 1
1
1 1 1 1
, 0
1 , 0 , 0 ,
1
r r r s r
s k
k
r
r r
s
r k r r
A A F A C g
g C e e
o | | o o| | |
c c = = =
= = =
(11)

For the weak interactions we consider the base 7 , 6 , 5 ,
2
2
= r e
r
and the fields
2 2
2
r r
A g g
o o
= with
2
g
the coupling constant for weak interactions. So we will use the relations:


| |
2 2 2
2 2
2 2 2
2 2
2 2
2
2
2
2 2
2
2 2 2 2 2
2
2 2 2 2
2
2
2
, , ,
s k r
s k
r r r
s r
k s
r
k
s
k n
n
r s k r s
s
r k r k
A A C g A A F
A C g J C C g e C e e
| o o | | o o|
| |

+ c c =
= = =

(12)

where
2
2 2
1 s
k r
C J

are the structural constants for the local group ( )

L
SU G 2
2
= . The left electron and
left neutrino are the fundamental particles for electroweak interactions. We will note those with
4 , 3 ,
2
2
=

.
For the strong nuclear interactions between quarks, we will consider the base ,
3
r
e
15 , 14 , 13 , 12 , 11 , 10 , 9 , 8
3
= r and the fields
3 3
3
r r
A g g
o o
= with
3
g the coupling constant of strong
interactions. In this case, we will use the relations:

4

| |
3 3 3
3 3
3 3 3
3 3
3 3
3
3
3
3 3
3
3 3 3 3 3
3
3 3 3 3
3
3
2
, , ,
s k r
s k
r r r
s r
k s
r
k
s
k n
n
r s k r s
s
r k r k
A A C g A A F
A C g J C C g e C e e
| o o | | o o|
| |

+ c c =
= = =

(13)

where
3
3 3
1 s
k r
C J

are the structural constants for the local color group ( ) 3

3
c
SU G = . Quarks are the
fundamental particles for the ( ) 3
c
SU symmetry. We will use for quarks the notation
7 , 6 , 5 ,
3
3
=

. For all interactions, we can write the more compact relations:


| |
i i i
i i
i i i i i
i i
i i
i
i
i
i i
i
i i i i i
i
i i i i
s k r
s k i
r r r s
i
s
s r
k s i
r
k
s
k n
n
r s k r s
s
r k r k
A A C g A A F A g g
A C g J C C g e C e e
| o o | | o o| | |
| |

+ c c = =
= = =

, , ,
2
(14)

where i

is fixed and has one of the values 1,2,3.
The transformations acting on the
i
S space have the form


i
k
i
k
e
i
e U
e
= (15)

We note
i
U with U . In relation to the transformations (15), the covariant derivation operator is


i
i
i
i
k
k
k
k
i
e g e A g Y Y D
o o o o o o
= = + c = , (16)

and results


( )
e
e
o o o
o o o o o o o
U U Ue g U Ue e g
Ue U e g Y U U U UY Y
i
i
i
i i
i
i
i i
i
k
k
k
k k
k
k
k k
k
= ' c = '
c = c ' = ' c = '


,
, ,
1 1
1 1

(17)

Because
1
= U Ue e
i i
k k
i
i
i
r
r
k
e a

= results


( )
i i i
i
i
k k r
k
r
g a g e
o o o
c = '


(18)

For infinitesimal transformations we obtain


( )
i i i i i
i i
i i i
k k r s k
r s
k k k
D g g C g g e c e e c
o o o o o o
= + c = '

(19)

( )
i i i i i
i i
i i i
k r r s k
r s
k
i
r r
D g A g C g A A e c e e c
o o o o o o
1 1
= + c = '

(20)

The field equations are Einstein equations [4]

5

ac ac ac
J R g R =
2
1

(21)

where


ac
ac
R g R =

(22)

d
ba
b
cd
d
ca
b
bd
b
ba c
b
ca b ac
R + c c = (23)

and
ac
J is the current tensor for matter.
From (23), (6) and (10) results


( )
v
o v| vo
v
| o| o|

i
i i
i
r
r r
r
R R + =
4
(24)

( )
v
o u
c
v
v
oc
c
o
v
vc
v
o v o o

i
i
i i i i i i
r
r
k k k k k k
R R I I + c = =
(25)

c
v
v
c

i j j i
r k k r
R =
(26)

where


c
vo
v
|c
c
|o
v
vc
v
vo |
v
|o v o|
I I I I + I c I c =
4
R
(27)

The scalar curvature is


j i
j i
k r
k r
R g R G R
0
+ =
o|
o|
(28)

and we obtain


2 4
+ = R R
(29)

where


i
i
r
r
R G R
c
v
v
c o|
o|
= =
2 4 4
,

(30)

If we replace the connection coefficients from the relation (10) in (23), we obtain the fields
equations in
n
M
+ 4


( )
o|
v
o |v ov
v
| o| o| o|
J G R G R
i
i i
i
r
r r
r
=
(

+
2 4 4
2
1
2
1
(31)
3 , 2 , 1 , = = + I I + c i J
i i i
i
i i i
k r k
r
k k k
o
v
o u
c
v
v
oc
c
o
v
vc
v
o v
(32)

These equations couple the gravitational field with the other fields.
6
Well consider that the matrix elements ( )
r
k
a a

= are the components of a tensor. From
( )
1 1
c = ' a a a a
o o o
we obtain ( )
1
= ' a a D
o o o
, where
o o o o
a a a a D + c = . We
imposed the conditions ( ) ,
1

o o
D a a D =

0 =
o o
D D with ( )
k
r
= . Now
o o o
D = ' and
because
o o o o
c = D it results
o o o o
c = ' c . The gauge condition 0 = c
o o

is true for every base.
We can write
s j
s j js
s
s
i
ks
j
j
k
ij
g g m m k g m C g m C
o o o o o o
o ' ' = ' ' = ' ' where k is a constant which depends on
the symmetry group and
j
m is the rest mass of the field quantum
j
g
o
. We obtain = ' '
o o

( ) ( )
o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o
D D D D D D D c = + = 2 and
( )
o o o o o o o
D g g km g g km
j j
j
j j
j
c = ' ' 2
2 2
. If we transform
k
k
r r
e a e

= ' , the field lagrangian it
transforms: ( )
o o o
D L L c = ' 2 . Notice that the Higgs field is not required in order for the
equations to be invariant when reported to local gauge transformations.
Observation: ( )
1
= ' a a D
o o o
. We note with
0
the base in which 0 = '
o
and with
0
a =
the field in the base in which 0 =
o
. We obtain the equation a a
o o
= c with the solution
( )
}
=
o
o
dx a exp . Because ( )
o | | o o | | o o|
+ c c = 2 1
r
r
C is a tensor, 0 =
o
but
0 = c
o |
.
Every interaction implies the existence of energy. All fields and their associated energies are
functions defined on
4
M , and from this reason the energy is found only in
4
M . Because
n
M
doesnt contain energy at all, it cannot be observed. The existence of
n
M subspace implies that
the equations (31) and (32) are verified. The evolution of fields is not described by the
components of curvature tensor for
4
M (27), but is described by the components of curvature
tensor for
n
M
+ 4
(31, 32). The movement of an object in
4
M doesnt follow the geodesic of
4
M
space. A movement on the geodesic of
n
M
+ 4
space has a corresponding movement in
4
M . The
fields
o|
G and
i
k
g
o
defines the space
n
M
+ 4
and the fields ; 4 , 3
2
= 7 , 6 , 5
3
=

define the
space
5
S with five dimensions. Using these fields we can describe the physical phenomena from
4
M .
The geodesics equations in
n
M
+ 4
are



3 , 2 , 1 , 0
, 0 2
2
= = +
= = + I +
i u u u
dx dx G ds u u u u u
i i
i
i
i
i
r k
r
k
r
r
|
|
| o
o|
| o
|
| v o
|v
o

(33)


Movement in
n
M
+ 4

obeys to the equations (33).
In the following we will consider that the gravitational fields correspond to the energy and
impulse. Because the rest mass of the graviton is null, we can consider the impulse components
as independent. It results that for gravity we have three independent fields and the symmetry
group is ) 2 ( SU . We designate these fields with 3 , 2 , 1 ,
0
0
= k A
k
o
. The total number of fields will
be 15 12 3 = + = n . The subspace
n
M M
+
c
4 4
0
is called the Minkowski space, inside which act the
Lorentz transformations. The subspace
n n
M M
+
c
4
is the space of gravitational, electroweak,
and strong colored interactions. The line element in
n
M
+ 4
space is
i

7


k r
rk
dy dy g dx dx G dS + =
| o
o|
0 2
(34)

where { } 1 , 1
0
44
0
33
0
22
0
11
0
= = = = = G G G G G
o|
and
kr
g is constant.
For gravitation the base is 3 , 2 , 1 ,
0
0
= k e
k
. The gauge fields are
0 0
0
k k
A g g
o o
= , with
0
g the
coupling constant for gravitational interactions and we have the relations



| |
0 0 0
0 0
0 0 0
0 0
0 0
0
0
0
0 0
0
0
0 0 0 0
0
0 0 0 0
0
0
2
, , ,
s k r
s k
r r r
s r
k s
r
k
s
k n
n
s k r s
s
r k r k
A A C g A A F
A C g J C C g e C e e
r
| o o | | o o|
| |

+ c c =
= = =


(35)

where
0
0 0
1 s
r k
C J

are the structural constants for

0
G =SU(2), which is a local group for gravitation.
All particles interact gravitationally. It results that all particles have two states 2 , 1 ,
0
0
=


which interact gravitationally only. Also, the two states have correspondent particles which
interact only gravitationally, and the dark matter is formed by such particles. Because these
particles interact only gravitationally, they do not absorb or emit electromagnetic radiation. They
can be observed only by their gravitational interactions. The connection coefficients
v
o|
I are null.
From (10) and (23) we obtain the fields equations in
n
M
+ 4



3 , 2 , 1 , 0 , = = + c i J
i i i
i
i
k r k
r
k
o
v
o u
v
o v


(36)

If we consider the link 3 , 2 , 1 ,
0
0 0
= = k dx g dy
k k o
o
then
j
i
j i
k
r
k r
dy dy g dx dx G dS + =
| o
o|
2
12 ,..., 2 , 1 , =
j i
k r ,
0
0
4
r
r
e g e e
o o o
+ = and the space is
( ) n n
M M
+ +
c
4 3 4
. In the subspace
( )
( )
3 4 + n
M T
the transformations are: ( )
|
|
o o
e x a e

= ' , ( ) ,
j
j
i i
r
r
k k
e x a e

= '
3 , 2 , 1 , = j i and ( )
0 0
k k
g x a g
|
|
o o
= ' . Here
0
k
g
o

represents the gravitational field and
0 0
0 0
0
k r
k r
g g g G G
| o o| o|
+ = are the components of the metric
tensor for the subspace
( ) 3 4 4 +
c
n
M M .
The field equations in
( )
( )
3 4 + n
M T are (31) and (32).
From the definition relation of the curvature tensor we obtain:


0 0
0 0
0
0
0
0
4
k r
k r
r
r
r
r
cd
d c
R g g R g R g R R b b R
| o o | | o o| | o o|
+ + + = =

(37)

where
v
o v
v
o v o
v
c
c
v
v
o v| o|

0
0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0
, , 2
k
k
r r r r k k r r
r
R R R + c = = = are components of curvature tensor
for
n
M
+ 4
. Because in
n
M
+ 4
the gravitational field equations are
0 0
r r
j R
o o
= it results that the
condition J G J R g g j g j g R R
k r
k r
r
r
r
r
o| o| | o o | | o o| o|
2
1
0 0
0 0
0
0
0
0
4
= + + + =

is satisfied. The geodesics
equations in
n
M
+ 4
are
8


| o
o|
|
|
o
o
o
o | o
|
o

dx dx G ds
ds
du
u
ds
dy
u u u u
i
ds
du
u
ds
dx
u u u u
o
k
k
k
k r k
r
k
r
r
i
i
i
i i i
i
i
i
i
= = = = +
= = = = +
2
0
0 0
0 0
, , , 0
3 , 2 , 1 , 0 , , , 0 2


(38)
We observe that in
n
M
+ 4
, 3 , 2 , 1 , 0 , = i u
i
k
can take any value. In
( ) 3 4 + n
M , 3 , 2 , 1 , = i u
i
k
can take
any value but
o
o
u g u
k k
0 0
= .
In
n
M
+ 4
, the fields satisfy the equations (36) both for ordinary and for dark matter, and the
particles satisfy the equations (38). In
( ) 3 4 + n
M the fields satisfy the equations (31) and (32), and
the particles for 3 , 2 , 1 = i , satisfy the equations (33) and
o
o
u g u
k k
0 0
= .
From the condition
o
o
dx g dy
k k
0 0
= and the geodesics equations of
n
M
+ 4
we obtain the
geodesics equations of
( ) 3 4 + n
M


3 , 2 , 1 , 0
, 0 2
2
= = +
= = + I +
i u u u
dx dx G ds u u u u u
i i
i
i
i
i
r k
r
k
r
r
|
|
| o
o|
| o
|
| v o
|v
o

(39)

where ( ),
2
1
0
0
0
0
|v c c| v cv |
oc
|
o
v v
o
|
o
|v
G G G G g g
r
r
r
r
c c + c = + = I
0 0
0 r r
G
c|
oc o
|
=
From (38) and ,
0 0
o
o
u g u
s s
=

we obtain

( ) 0 2 / 1
0 0 0 0
= c + c + =
v o
v o o v
o
o
u u g g u g u
k k k k
where we
replace
| v
v
o
|
| o
|
o
u u g u u u
r
r
r
r
0
0
0
0
2 2 = = . Using the fact that
0
0
0 r
r
g g G G
| o o| o|
+ = , after
calculations it results:


( ) ( )
v |
|v c c| v cv |
oc v |
|
o
v v
o
|
v | o
|v
u u G G G G u u g g u u
r
r
r
r
c c + c = + = I
2
1
0
0
0
0

(40)
The forces are a consequence of the interactions between the charges. In the gravitational field
theory, the forces are replaced by the curved space
4
M
. We showed that the curved space
4
M
can be replaced by a space with linear connection
3 4+
M
such as the subspace
3 4 4 +
c M M
is flat.
It results that the subspace
3 4 3 +
c M M
represents the gravitational charges. Similarly,
n n
M M
+
c
4
represents the charges. We can affirm that the geometrical interpretation of the
charges is given by the supplemental dimensions of the space.

Conclusions

The equations for particles and fields can be obtained in
n
M
+ 4
but the interactions are not unified.
If we dont include gravity, there are five fundamental particles: the quarks, the electron and the
neutrino. The symmetry group for unifying the interactions is ) 5 ( SU . If we include the gravity,
we have two more particles. The symmetry group for unifying the interactions should be ( ) 7 SU .
Some quanta of the unified fields will have rest mass. This is not a problem because
( )
o o o
D L L c = ' 2 .
9

Acknowledgements

I am in debt to Mr. O. Zlatian for English translation and meaningful discussions.











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