Revised RDA for Indians 2010

(Report of the Expert Group of ICMR)

Dr. B. Sesikeran, MD, FAMS Director National Institute of Nutrition

(Indian Council Medical Research)

Hyderabad 500 007

1

15th November, 2010 New Delhi

 The amount of nutrient considered adequate to meet the needs of practically all healthy people. The RDA are based on scientific knowledge. Prepared by the National Nutrition Advisory Committee (ICMR). The committee revise the RDA every 10 years.

Current RDA of Indians was set up in 2010.

RDA - Basis
Provides a guideline for nutrient intake, preventing deficiency or excess of a population. adequacy,

Basis: Nutrient intake is assumed to follow Gaussian distribution, unless it is known to be otherwise
Gaussian distribution
EAR

RDA

SUL

UL Def Av Toxicity

Nutrient Intake

Av RDA

: Mean : Mean + 2SD, 97.5% In case of energy no safe allowances are made, only average requirement is made.
4

Components required to derive RDA

Reference body weight

Intake: Nutrient intake is assumed to follow Gaussian distribution, unless it is known to be otherwise Bioavailability
Healthy well being Based on the evidence review most recent scientific

Reference body weight for deriving RDAs

Comparison of 95th Centile values of weight, height by age and gender Rural India (16 States) and WHO/MGRS median values
Males Weight (kg) 11.2 (10.9)
13.0 (13.3)

Height (cm) 82.4 (82.3)

90.7 (91.9)

Age (years) 1+ 2+ 3+

Females Weight (kg) 10.79 (10.2) 12.6 (12.7) 14.4 (15.0) Height (cm) 81.6 (80.7)
89.8 (90.7)
WHO Mean

95%

14.8 (15.3)

99.1 (99.9)

98.2 (99.0)

Values in parenthesis -reference body weight considered for fixing Indian RDAs for 1-3 y.

ICMR RDA (2010)6

REFERENCE BODY WEIGHT

The definition for reference Indian adult man and

woman were modified with regard to age (20- 39y to 18-29y of age) with a normal BMI and a body weight
of 60kg and 55kg respectively.

Definition-Energy
Is for a healthy, well nourished and active population.

Specify energy requirements in terms of energy output for productive work and leisure activity of adults and tissue deposition in infants, children and during pregnancy and milk secretion during lactation. Need to specify an appropriate body weight and quantum of physical activity desirable.
Intake above the actual requirement-obesity Below-under nutrition. No safe allowances
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RDA: Basis for requirements

ENERGY
Requirement = total energy expenditure (TEE) + energy deposition TEE= - 99.4 + 88.6* kg, FAO/WHO/UNU (2004) DLW method Energy deposition during growth = weight gain (g/d) x energy deposited (kcal/d) 1-3 years
Age Body wt kg 10.9 13.3 Wt gain kg/y 2.4 2.0 Energy cost kcal/d @2kcal/g wt gain 13.15 10.96 TEE kcal/d Requirement kcal/d (/kg/d)

1-2 2-3

901 1106

910 (85) 1120 (85)

* Ref. equitation on Table 48

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ENERGY
A reduction of 4-8 % of energy (100kcal, 145 for moderate and 310 kcal for heavy work per day) has been recommended on account of a lower physical activity level in men. In women the requirement remains similar on account of a higher reference body weight. Current estimate of energy requirement for infants is lower by 11- 20% than the 1988 estimate. Committee considered the requirement for children at different physical activity levels at different ages. 13-17 years there is an increase in requirements based on a higher physical activity level of Indian children of that age group.
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BMR of Indians is about 5% lower compared to the BMR of developed countries (Shetty et al, 1986)

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RDA: Basis for requirements

PROTEIN
Safe level of protein intake= Maintenance requirements(from N balance studies) + growth (equation adapted from FAO/WHO 2007)+ 2 SD.
g protein/kg/day
Age 1 2 Maintenance 0.66 0.66 Growth 0.46 0.29 total 1.12 0.95 Safe level (2SD) 1.31 1.14 Safe level Indian diet* 1.69 1.47

* Cereal-pulse-milk diet having PDCAAS of 77.4% PDCAAS= protein digestibility corrected amino acid score =protein digestibility x AAS

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PROTEIN
Given that surveys such as the NFHS and NNMB have reported pre-pregnancy weight of 47 kg, and GWG of only 8 kg, it is worth recording that the additional high quality protein requirement in such a pregnant woman gaining 8 kg during pregnancy, is 0.4, 5.5 and 18.2 g/day.

It is important that the higher intake of protein recommended during pregnancy should come from a normal, varied diet, and not from commercial highprotein supplements.
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Extra allowances of nutrients during pregnancy

Group Particulars Net energy Kcal/d Protein g/d Visible Fat g/d Ca mg/d Iron mg/d Zn mg/d

Moderate work
Woman 55 Kg

2230 +350
+600

55.0 +23
+19

25 30
30

600 1200 1200

21 35 25

10 12

Pregnant
Lactation 0-6 m

6-12 m Vit. A mg/d Retinol 600 800 900 b-carotene 4800 6400 7600 Thia mine mg/d

+520 Riboflavin mg/d

+13 Niacin equivale nt mg/d 14 +2

+4

30 Pyridoxine mg/d

Ascor-bic Acid mg/d

Folic acid mg/d

Vit.B1
2

mg/d

1.1 +0.2
+0.3

1.3 +0.3
+0.4

2.0 2.5
2.5

40 60 80

200 500 300

1.0 1.2 1.5

+0.2

+0.3

+3

2.5

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FAT
Minimum total fat intakes for adults:
15%E to ensure adequate consumption of total energy, essential fatty acids and fat soluble vitamins for most individuals. 20% E for women of reproductive age and adults with BMI <18.5, especially in developing countries in which dietary fat may be important to achieve adequate energy intake in malnourished populations. Maximum Total fat intakes for adults: 30-35%E for most individuals.

Minimal intakes of visible fat in Indian adults range between 20-40 g/p/day
To ensure optimal fat quality, the use of correct combination of vegetable oils is recommended.
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16

Fiber: 40 g/ 2000 kcal

Minerals: Minerals like zinc, selenium and iodine has been included as separate chapters in the new document.
Calcium and Phosphorous: Current level of calcium consumption is reported to be providing less than 400 mg Ca/d/Cu. The present Committee, in view of the evidences, made upward revision of calcium requirements for adults (600 mg/d). During pregnancy and lactation the requirement is further enhanced to 1200 mg. Elemental Ca:P ratio of 1:1 is maintained.
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 Recent studies: The mean fractional absorption in irondeficient subjects was 17.5% and in normal women 7.3% These values are greater than absorption values (5%) used earlier for calculating iron RDA of for adult women. Considering the fact that iron absorption is inversely related to body iron stores and that Indians have reduced iron stores compared to their peers in developed countries, a realistic estimate of iron absorption would be 5% for adult male and 8% for adult female.

These figures are in agreement with the recommendations of WHO/FAO, lists three bio-availability levels of 5, 10, and 15%.
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IRON-Basis International recommendations are 2-3 times lower than the Indian RDA.

Higher bioavailability of iron attributable to increased ascorbic acid content and heme iron consumption. This magnitude of difference in RDA in itself is cause for concern as physiological requirements for the different age/sex categories do not vary to this extent across populations.
This implies that enhancing bioavailability rather than density or content is of paramount importance for addressing iron requirement for Indians.
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Magnesium: Recommended 340 mg of dietary Mg Zinc: For adult man and NPNL woman for zinc is set at 12 and 10 mg/day respectively recommendations for all physiological groups for zinc has been added. Selenium: 40 g/day Iodine: 150g/day is retained Iron: iron has been reduced significantly among all physiological groups. To achieve this, the committee recommended that the density of ascorbic acid should be atleast 20mg/ 1000 kcal. Absorption earlier 2 - 5%, Now 5 - 8% Sodium & Potassium: A safe intake of 2500 mg/day which amounts to 5g/day of salt, desirable sodium : potassium ratio in the diet was fixed at 1:1 (in mmol). 1 g Nacl contain 39% Na++
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WATER SOLUBLE VITAMINS: Folate: Allowance of folic acid is given in terms of dietary folate rather than free folic acid. Committee retains the 75 ug physiological requirement of folic acid which can be obtained from 200ug of dietary folate per day. Vitamin B12: The present ICMR Committee retains the earlier recommendation of 1g/day. Ascorbic acid (Vitamin C): Decided to retain the earlier recommendations of RDA for ascorbic acid for all age groups except for pregnancy where an additional 20mg/day is recommended for meeting extra needs of foetal growth.
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FAT SOLUBLE VITAMINS: Vitamin A: The present Committee modified the extent of conversion efficiency of 1:4 to 1:8. Upward revision of retinol to 800 g is recommended during pregnancy. Committee recommends that a minimum of 50% RE be drawn from animal sources.

Vitamin D:
Committee retains the earlier recommendations on vitamin D considering outdoor physical activity as a means of achieving adequate vitamin D status, Under situations of minimal exposure to sunlight, a specific recommendation of a daily supplement of 400 IU (10 g) is retained.
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FAT SOLUBLE VITAMINS: Vitamin E: Requirement of alpha tocopherol suggested is 0.8 mg/ g of dietary essential fatty acids. This roughly works out to 8-10 mg tocopherol /d, depending on the edible oil used.

55 g of vitamin K /d for adults

Antioxidants:

Recommended 400g/day of fruits and vegetables to.

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GROUP

CATEGORY
Sedentary

Body Weight (Kg)

Energy (Kcal/Day)

Proteins (g/day)

Revised 60

Old 60

MAN

Moderate

Heavy Sedentary
Moderate
WOMAN

Heavy Pregnant
Lact. <6 mths

55

50

Lact. 6-12 mths

INFANTS

Revised 2320 2730 3490 1900 2230 2850 +350 +600 +520 92/kg 80/kg 1060 1350 1690 2190 2010 2750 2330 3020 2440

Old 2425 2875 3800 1875 2225 2925 +300 +550 +400 108/kg 98/kg 1240 1690 1950 2190 1970 2450 2060 2640 2060

Revised 60

Old 60

55 78 74 68 1.16/kg 1.69/kg 16.7 20.1 29.5 39.9 40.4 54.3 51.9 61.5 55.5

50 65 75 68 2.05/kg 1.65/kg 22 30 41 54 57 70 65 78 63
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0 6 mths 6 12 mths 1 - 3 yrs 4 - 6 yrs 7 - 9 yrs

10 - 12 yrs

CHILDREN

BOYS
GIRLS

10 - 12 yrs 13 - 15 yrs
13 - 15 yrs

BOYS GIRLS
BOYS

16 - 17 yrs 16 - 17 yrs

GIRLS

5.4 8.4 12.9 18.0 25.1 34.3 35.0 47.6 46.6 55.4 52.1

8.6 12.2 19.0 26.9 35.4 31.5 47.8 46.7 57.1 49.9

GROUP

CATEGORY Sedentary

Visible Fat (g/day) Revised 25 30

40 20 25 30 30 30 30 19 27 25 30 35 35 45 40 50 35

Calcium (mgl/Day) Revised 600 Old 400

Iron (mg/day) Revised 17 Old 28

Old 20

MAN

Moderate
Heavy Sedentary Moderate Heavy Pregnant
Lact. <6 mths Lact. 6-12 mths
0 6 mths

20 30 45 25

600 1200 1200 500

400 1000 1000 500

21 35 21 46 g/kg 5 9 13 16 21 27 32 27 28 26

30 38 30 12 18 26 34 19 41 28 50 30
25

WOMAN

INFANTS

6 12 mths 1 - 3 yrs
4 - 6 yrs

CHILDREN

600

400

7 - 9 yrs
BOYS GIRLS
BOYS

10 - 12 yrs 10 - 12 yrs 13 - 15 yrs 13 - 15 yrs 16 - 17 yrs 16 - 17 yrs

22
22

800
800

600
600

GIRLS BOYS
GIRLS

22

800

500

GROUP

CATEGORY Sedentary

Retinol (g/day) Revised Old

Carotene (g/day)
Revised Old

Thiamin (mg/day) Revised 1.2 Old 1.2

MAN

Moderate Heavy Sedentary Moderate Heavy Pregnant

Lact. <6 mths
Lact. 6-12 mths

600

600

4800

2400

1.4 1.7 1.0 1.1 1.4 +0.2

+0.3

1.4 1.6 0.9 1.1 1.2 +0.2 +0.3 +0.2 55 g/kg 50 g/kg 0.6 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.0 1.2 1.0 1.3 1.0
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600 800 950 350 400 600

600 600 950 350 400 600

4800 6400 7600

2800

2400 2400 3800

1200

WOMAN

+0.2
0.2 0.3 0.5 0.7 0.8 1.1 1.0 1.4 1.2 1.5 1.0

INFANTS

0 6 mths
6 12 mths

1 - 3 yrs
CHILDREN

4 - 6 yrs
7 - 9 yrs

3200 4800

1600 2400

BOYS

10 - 12 yrs 10 - 12 yrs
13 - 15 yrs

GIRLS BOYS
GIRLS

13 - 15 yrs 16 - 17 yrs
16 - 17 yrs

600

600

4800

2400

BOYS GIRLS

GROUP

CATEGORY Sedentary

Riboflavin (mg/day)

Niacin Eq. (mg/day) Revised 16 18

21 12 14 16 +2 +4 +3 710 g/kg 650 g/kg 8 11 13 15 13 16 14 17 14

Vit. B6 (mg/day)

Revised 1.4 1.6

2.1 1.1 1.3 1.7 +0.3 +0.4 +0.3 0.3 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.3 1.2 1.6 1.4 1.8 1.2

Old 1.4 1.6

1.9 1.1 1.3 1.5 +0.2 +0.3 +0.2 65 g/kg 60 g/kg 0.7 1.0 1.2 1.3 1.2 1.5 1.2 1.6 1.2

Old 16 18
21 12 14 16 +2 +4 +3 710 g/kg 650 g/kg 8 11 13 15 13 16 14 17 14

Revised 2.0

Old 2.0

MAN

Moderate
Heavy Sedentary Moderate Heavy Pregnant
Lact. <6 mths Lact. 6-12 mths 0 6 mths 6 12 mths 1 - 3 yrs 4 - 6 yrs 7 - 9 yrs
10 - 12 yrs

2.0

2.0

WOMAN

2.5 0.1 0.4 0.9

1.6

2.5 0.1 0.4 0.9

1.6

INFANTS

CHILDREN

BOYS
GIRLS

10 - 12 yrs 13 - 15 yrs
13 - 15 yrs

1.6

1.6

BOYS GIRLS
BOYS

16 - 17 yrs 16 - 17 yrs

2.0

2.0

GIRLS

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GROUP

Category Sedentary Moderate Heavy Sedentary Moderate Heavy Pregnant

Lact. <6 mths Lact. 6-12 mths 0 6 mths 6 12 mths

Vit C (mg/day)
Revised Old

Dietary Folate (g/day)

Revised Old (FF)

Vit. B12 (g/Day)

Revised Old

MAN

40

40

200

100

40 60
80

40 40
80

200 500
300

100 400
150

1 1.2
1.5

1 1
1.5

WOMAN

INFANTS

25

25

25
80 100 120 140

25
30 40 60 70

0.2 0.2 1.0

0.2 1.0

0.2 0.2 1.0

0.2 1.0

1 - 3 yrs
CHILDREN

4 - 6 yrs 7 - 9 yrs
10 - 12 10 - 12 13 - 15 13 - 15 16 - 17 16 - 17 yrs yrs yrs yrs yrs yrs

40

40

BOYS
GIRLS BOYS

40

40

GIRLS BOYS
GIRLS

40 40

40 40

150 200

100 100

0.2 1.0 0.2 1.0

0.2 1.0 0.2 1.0

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GROUP
MAN

CATEGORY
Sedentary Moderate Heavy Sedentary Moderate Heavy Pregnant
Lact. <6 mths Lact. 6-12 mths

Zinc (mg/Day) 12

Magnesium (mg/Day) 340

10

310

WOMAN

12
5 7 8 9 9 11 11 12 12

310
30 45 50 70 100 120 160 165 210 195 235
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INFANTS

0 6 mths
6 12 mths

1 - 3 yrs
CHILDREN

4 - 6 yrs
7 - 9 yrs

BOYS

10 - 12 yrs 10 - 12 yrs
13 - 15 yrs

GIRLS BOYS
GIRLS

13 - 15 yrs 16 - 17 yrs 16 - 17 yrs

BOYS GIRLS

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