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SUMMARY

Bahrain is one of the most diversified economies in the Persian Gulf. Highly developed c ommunication and transport facilities make Bahrain home to numerous multinational fir ms with business in the Gulf. As part of its diversification plans, Bahrain implemented a Free Trade Agreement (FTA) with the US in August 2006, the first FTA between the US a nd a Gulf state. Bahrain's economy, however, continues to depend heavily on oil. Petrol eum production and refining account for more than 60% of Bahrain's export receipts, 70 % of government revenues, and 11% of GDP (exclusive of allied industries). Other major economic activities are production of aluminum - Bahrain's second biggest export after oil - finance, and construction. Bahrain competes with Malaysia as a worldwide center f or Islamic banking and continues to seek new natural gas supplies as feedstock to suppo rt its expanding petrochemical and aluminum industries. In 2011 and continuing into 20 12, Bahrain experienced economic setbacks as a result of domestic unrest. Bahrain's rep utation as a financial hub of the Gulf has been damaged, and the country now risks losin g financial institutions to other regional centers such as Dubai or Doha. Economic policie s aimed at restoring confidence in Bahrain's economy, such as the suspension of an expa triate labor tax, will make Bahrain's foremost long-term economic challenges - youth un employment and the growth of government debt - more difficult to address.

In 1783, the Sunni Al-Khalifa family captured Bahrain from the Persians. In order to secu re these holdings, it entered into a series of treaties with the UK during the 19th century that made Bahrain a British protectorate. The archipelago attained its independence in 1971. Facing declining oil reserves, Bahrain has turned to petroleum processing and refi ning and has transformed itself into an international banking center. Bahrain's small size and central location among Persian Gulf countries require it to play a delicate balancing act in foreign affairs among its larger neighbors. In addition, the Sunni-led government h as struggled to manage relations with its large Shia-majority population. During the mid1

to-late 1990s, Shia activists mounted a low-intensity uprising to demand that the Sunni-l ed government stop systemic economic, social, and political discrimination against Shia Bahrainis. King HAMAD bin Isa Al-Khalifa, after succeeding his late father in 1999, pushe d economic and political reforms in part to improve relations with the Shia community. After boycotting the country's first round of national elections under the newly-promulg ated constitution in 2002, the main Shia political opposition group Wifaq participated in 2006 and 2010, winning the largest bloc of seats in the elected lower house of the legisl ature both times. In early 2011, Bahrain's fractious opposition sought to ride a rising tide of popular Arab protests to petition for the redress of popular grievance. Behind the sce nes, the reform-minded Crown Prince Salman bin HAMAD Al-Khalifa worked with the Shi a-led opposition to reach a deal to calm the situation. However, in mid-March 2011, wit h the backing of Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) - including a contingent of mostly Saudi and Emirati forces - King HAMAD put a sudden end to the unrest in the capital and the b ackchannel talks by declaring a state of emergency. The crackdown on the Shia populati on that accompanied the state of emergency compounded longstanding grievances. Sinc e that time, intermittent efforts at political dialogue between the government and main stream opposition have remained at a stalemate, empowering hardline Shia voices that seek to force political change through violence rather than talks. Despite this impasse, Manama has unilaterally implemented selective reforms, including minor constitutional amendments to the operation of the legislature and a host of administrative changes an d reparations pursuant to the recommendations of the Bahrain Independent Commissio n of Inquiry (BICI), a fact-finding commission formed at Manama's invitation to investiga te abuses during the unrest and state of emergency.

Bahrain, although having been actively involved in managing its fisheries (particularly sh rimp fisheries) since the 1960s, face significant issues because of its island-state status a nd the subsequent sharing of most of its fish stocks with neighboring countries. As a res ult, management activity in Bahrain has not been particularly successful in leading to sus tainable fish stocks and fisheries.
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In addition to the problems posed by shared stocks, Bahrains fisheries managent regim e has not been able to address the important national issues of capacity limitation or ma rine environmental degradation in its national fisheries. Compliance with the few manag ement regulations has also been weak because of the lack of adequate enforcement. As a result, illegal fishing is a major issue in Bahran.

At least some of the important commercial fish stocks of Bahrain (such as shrimp and gr ouper) have apparently declined in recent years. It also appears as if total landings have been maintained by the retention of species that were previously discarded, particularly portunid crabs. This may have masked declines in some other, preferred, finfish species.

Environmental degradation in its coastal waters is an important issue for Bahrain, partic ularly the loss of coastal habitat through extensive land reclamation. Such coastal habita t destruction may have contributed to the apparent declines in commercial fish stock ab undance although, like many other countries in the region, adequate dataa is lacking to assess these impacts.

Although Bahrain has taken some initiatives in addressing issues such as illegal fishing an d rehabilitation of its coastal marine environment, many problems still remain and illega l fishing in particular remains a significant issue. The limited resources of the DFMR mak e addressing these problems in any meaningful way a major challenge. Even if Bahrain w ere able to bring its fisheries under better management, the apparent shared nature of many stocks with other countries in the region and the weakness of the regional fisherie s management commission, RECOFI, may limit the effectiveness of such national action i n fisheries management.

Bahrain is an attractive investment location. The wide range of opportunities and advantages offered to potential investors are based on its sophisticated market infrastructure and strong growth prospects as well as its financial and commercial incentives and the amenities of its lifestyl. The market of bahrain is attractive because it provides a strategic location in western asia and it is situated halfway between eastern and western time zones. Bahrains market is a regional market of 100 million people and it is also called as the hubof aviation in western asia because its having modern integrated air, sea, and road transportation. The financial advantages of behrain are like the govt. does not charge any personal, corporate or withholding taxes. The behrain having its own freely convertible and stable currency linked at a fixed rate to the US dollar which is known as dinar. In bahrain the labour cost is one third of those in industrialized countries and the service factory and warehouse sites available at very low cost. The other advantages are like foreign ownership of companies are permitted to do business. They are Welcoming attitude toward expatriates and their families. Bahrain is having Uniquely popular Arabian vacation resort attracting 2 millions visitors per annum.

Gujarat formed in May 1960, has longest coastline of 1663 km which accounts for onethird of the Indian coastline. The state is encircled by Gulf of Cambay and Gulf of Kutch and has a continental shelf area of 99373 sq. km. The coastline is broken by several bays, inlets, roadsteads and marsh lands. The coastal district are Junagadh, Amreli, Jamnagar, Kutch, Rajkot, Bhavanagar, Kheda, Bharuch, Surat and Valsad.

Gujarat has one of the richest fishing grounds in India and the most important commercial varieties of fish such as pomfrets, Indian salmon, hilsa, choldara, and crustaceans such as prawns and lobsters are found in abundance. The climate of the state is extreme. The temperature varies between 2 C to 9 C in winter and goes up to 41 C to 46 C. in summer. The only source of rain for the state is the southwest monsoons.
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The sea-food industry especially fishing has emerged as a major revenue generation busi ness not only for the private players but also to the state exchequer. According to a stat e government report, during the year 2008-09, total fish production in the Gujarat State has been estimated at 7.66 lakh tonnes worth Rs.3063.23 crore. The marine fish product ion constitutes about 89.16% of total fish production of the State. During the year 200809 the state earned Rs.1064.50 crore (provisional) from export of 112800 tonnes of fish and fish products.

Meanwhile the provisional figures from the state fisheries department depict that durin g the year, 2009-10 (April- September 2009) the total fish production has been estimate d at 2.23 lakh tonnes worth of Rs.889.97 crore. The exports of fish and fish products, is e stimated at 38816 tonnes, worth Rs.370 crore, at the end of September 2009.

Historically, fishing has been a common business activity in the coastal area of the state. However, with recent business proposition emerging from the export potential of fishin g and allied products, the sector has seen some of the highly sophisticated technologies getting into the sector. Recently, the union government had proposed to bring highly m echanized motor boats for the fishermen so as to reduce efforts for fishing and improve the quantity of the catch. However, most of the fishermen rejected the draft proposal sa ying, it might harm marine life in long term with severely impacting local employment as well, hence the proposal was put on hold and the union government will consider the e ntire issue afresh in coming months.

In Gujarat, some of the important fish varieties are found that includes Pomfret, Jew Fis h, Bombay duck, Shrimp, Lobster, Squid, Cuttle fish, Silver bar, Hilsa, Shark, Catfish, Mull ets etc. However, over the years, due to chemical pollution and constant fishing activity, fish availability from the shore has been decreasing constantly. According to experts in t
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he field, availability of fish has reduced significantly on the southern part of the coastal belt. The fish availability has gone far deep in to the sea up to 12-25 nautical miles, prom pting the fishermen to sail deep into the sea till 150 nautical miles.

According to the State government data, Gujarat holds more than 10% share of the tota l fish production in India with the State producing 0.76 million tonnes of fish against 7.1 million tonnes produced nationally during 2007-08.

Its not merely the fish production anymore happening on the coast of Gujarat, but the s tate has been proactively looking at the opportunities in the field of seafood processing and freezing. The state coast has now become more diversified with these industries sta rted sailing on high seas. Today, frozenfish from Gujarat has become a big hit in countrie s like South-East Asia. Pipavav port has emerged as a biggest port for seafood export in t he country.

Kerala, which has been on the forefront of seafood production in the country, is now ch allenged from the emergence of Gujarat as a processing and freezing center in the count ry. Gujarat has almost broken the monopoly of Kerala being a dominant place for export of seafood exports from India.

This seems to be one of the significant achievements of the State after its formation as a separate State on 1st May, 1960. The state has successfully benefited in terms of devel opment of coastal region, marine resources, employment to the people living on the coa stal region and business opportunities for entrepreneurs.

According to rough estimates, fishing and allied industries in the state employ nearly eig ht lakh people in the state. The export-oriented seafood industry alone employs about 1 5000 directly, with seaseafood exports of around Rs.900 crore from the region.

Interestingly, Gujarat, being at the top position in fish and seafood production, has very l ess in the kitty for the local consumption. The state has been grossly vegetarian leaving t he domestic consumption to its lowest among other states of the country. However, fig ures suggest that grossly inland fish is consumed exclusively in the State. According to of ficial statistics, inland fish cultivation in Gujarat has increased by 62.05% during 2004-05 to 2008-09 against a mere rise of 17% in the catch off the coastline during the said perio d.

PART I: COUNTRY STUDY AND BUSINESS OPPORTUNITIES FOR GUJARAT / INDIA: MACRO ANALYSIS
Introduction of Bahrain fishing industry
The Kingdom of Bahrain is an archipelago of 33 islands located in the heart of the Arabian Gulf. Bahrain is an Arabic word which literally means two seas. The reason behind its naming is that it contains two sources of water; sweet water from its pure springs, and salty water from the surrounding seas. The other reason is due to the existence of the North and South waters of the gulf, which separate Bahrain from the Iranian and Arabic coast. Bahrain is a small island state on the western side of the Gulf that separates the Arabian Peninsula and Iran and, as such, has a long and well-established history of maritime activity, including fishing. The sea area and coastline of Bahrain that borders the Arabian Gulf is characterized by extreme meteorological and hydrological conditions with water temperatures reaching over 35 C during summer months (air temperatures of over 50C), very high evaporation rates and high salinities. Seasonal variation in hydrological parameters is also high with water temperatures varying from around 18C in winter to 35C in summer. As a result, and also as a result of the small area of Bahrains territorial waters, a significant number of the fish species found more generally in Gulf waters utilize Bahrains territorial waters on a seasonal basis, often for spawning, although some major species are found in the area throughout the year. Bahrain therefore shares many of its fish stocks with other countries of the region. All fisheries in Bahrain are artisanal in nature with no large-scale industrial fisheries being undertaken. Previous large-scale industrial shrimp fishing was banned in 1998.

Recreational fishing (mainly from boats) is growing in popularity with a small charter boat fleet developing to take sport fish such as large pelagics and demersal species. Management of fisheries in Bahrain has been undertaken since at least the 1960s although management practices continue to be relatively simple and often have a combined focus of fish stock and marine environmental protection and fishermens welfare and social issues. Although fisheries are insignificant from an economic point of view in Bahrain, they are often seen as being of heritage value since the early economy (pre-1960) very much depended on fishing and trading activities. Bahrain is currently facing a number of challenges with fisheries management issues. Marine habitat destruction (particularly from land reclamation) has become a major area of concern while enforcement of fisheries regulations has been increasingly ineffective, resulting in a significant amount of illegal fishing. However, steps have recently been taken (including an artificial reef development program and the setting up of a Fisheries Enforcement Committee) which is addressing these problems and, in particular, is bringing the illegal fishing problem under control. The recreational fishing sector, while rapidly growing in popularity, is essentially unregulated and un-monitored but may be taking a significant quantity of the more important commercial fish species. The management and rehabilitation of Bahrains marine environment generally, Production Imports Exports 000 tonnes liveweight Fish for direct consumption Fish for animal feed and other purposes 11.23 Nil 4.08 na 5.99 na 9.311 Total Supply Per caputsupply kg/year 13.4

including its fish stocks therefore poses significant problems for the national management authority, a task that is not made easier by the need to share such
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management with regional authorities and the lack of any explicit management planning process for any fishery.

Overview of Bahrain fishing industry FISHERIES DATA


Estimated employment (2001): (i) Primary sector (including aquaculture): 6830 (4202 full time) (ii) Secondary sector: Gross value of fisheries output (2001): Trade value of fisheries imports (2001): Value of fisheries exports (2001): Est. 2000 Est. $US 17.9 million $US 6 552 000 $US 9 913 000

FISH appears to be the dish of choice in Bahrain with each person consuming an average of 16.7kg in 2003, according to statistics released by the Public Commission for the Protection of Marine Resources, Environment and Wildlife. They show that fish consumption for that year increased by 25 per cent over 2002.A total of 13,638 metric tonnes of fish, worth BD9.8 million, were caught in Bahraini waters. Meanwhile, Bahrain imported 5,006 metric tonnes of fish worth BD3.9m and exported 7,193 metric tonnes worth BD4.3m.The biggest importer of Bahraini fish was Saudi Arabia, which bought shipments worth BD1.7m.That accounted for 44.5pc of the total quantity and 40.5pc of the total value. South Korea was the highest exporter of fish to Bahrain - sending BD1.5m worth of fish in 2003. This accounts for 35.1pc of the total value of imports and represents 32.6pc of the total quantity. Meanwhile, Bahrain's fishing industry employed 1,714 full-time Bahraini fishermen in 2003, compared to 2,993 expatriate fishermen, according to the commission.

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In the last two years, a number of private investors have shown serious interest in establishing fish farms, some are in final stages of signing required agreements. The Directorate of Marine Resources conducted site surveys to determine and allocate suitable locations for these farms, on land and offshore. Two offshore sites were determined and allocated for cage system and six land sites were allocated for landbased systems. Three farms are expected to start operation next year, this will be an important step in enhancing food security of the nation and contributing in narrowing the gap between demand and supply. The National Marine culture Center has to be developed and equipped to give the necessary technical support for the upcoming industry.

The future strategy of the Directorate of Marine Resources will diversify to cover many important marine culture and marine issues such as legislation and the integration of the approval process, environmental monitoring, fish disease control, sustainable management and development. This strategy will also include the nature of involvement of the different government authorities as well as the private sector in the management process of the marine culture sector.

More research in different fields of aquaculture is needed for improved future management of this growing sector. The main areas of research that could be focused on in future are:

Identification of suitable local and exotic species for culture. Environment monitoring programmes. Fish health and disease control. Enhancement of the legal and administrative framework.

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Introduction of Gujarat fishing industry:


Seafood industry is important sector of our national economy as well as world economy. This sector has been developed not only in India but in foreign countries like China, Brazil, U.S.A., Japan and Indonesia also.

India has rich resources of marine fish having 8041 Km. length of coastal line, 506000 sq. Km. of continental self area 2333 fish landing centers and 3726 fishing villages. In addition to this there are large resources of Inland water also. There are 171334 Km. length of rivers 20.50 lakh hectors of reservoirs, 31.30 lakh hectors of tanks and ponds, 8.27 lakh hector of Bell oxbow and derelict water and 16.44 lakh hector of Brackish water area.

First stage of development started with mechanization, to begin with Gujarat and Maharashtra, of their suitable existing traditional craft .The second stage was the introduction of new designs of craft, installation engine and importation of crafts, particularly in Kerala, Tamilnadu, Karnatakaand and Maharashtra. Pablo boats, 9-meter stern trawlers, Satpathi type trawlers, designs imported by Indo Norwegian Project etc are the major developments. Motorization of traditional crafts particularly canons in Gujarat, Orissa and Kerala forms the third stage. The period also saw the introduction of plywood and fiberglass boats. The fourth stage consists in the breakthrough in deep-sea fishing. This began through construction of 40 trawlers (17.5m), permission to import 30 Mexican trawlers (21m) and requesting 200 boats by mid 80s.

Gujarat formed in May 1960, has longest coastline of 1663 km which accounts for onethird of the Indian coastline. The state is encircled by Gulf of Cambay and Gulf of Kutch and has a continental shelf area of 99373 sq. km. The coastline is broken by several bays, inlets, roadsteads and marsh lands. The coastal districts are Junagadh, Amreli, Jamnagar, Kutch, Rajkot, Bhavanagar, Kheda, Bharuch, Surat and Valsad. Gujarat has one of the richest fishing grounds in India and the most important commercial varieties
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of fish such as pomfrets, Indian salmon, hilsa, choldara, and crustaceans such as prawns and lobsters are found in abundance. The climate of the state is extreme. The temperature varies between 2 C to 9 C in winter and goes up to 41 C to 46 C. in summer. The only source of rain for the state is the southwest monsoons.

Gujarat has a long coastal-line of 1600 kms., which is broken by several bays, inlets, estuaries and marshy lands. The area available for fishing activities extends from Lakhpat in Kachchh district in north to Umargaon in Valsad district in south. Important commercial varieties of fish namely Pomflet, Jew fish, Bombay duck, Shrimp, Lobster, Squid, Cuttle fish, Silver bar, Hilsa, Shark, Catfish, Mullets, etc. are caught in large quantities in these areas. In addition, the Gulf of Kachchh has congenial conditions for growth and sustenance of different type of Oysters, Shell fish and Sea-Weeds.

According to the Seventeenth Live Stock Census 2003, there are 970 fishing landing centres scattered in the remote places of the State, classified into Marine (217), Inland (665), Estuarine (88) villages inhabited by 4.93 lakh fishermen, out of which 1.72 lakh were active fishermen who were engaged in fishing, marketing of fish and repairing of boats/nets, etc.

During the year 2006-07, total fish production in the Gujarat State has been estimated at 7.54 lakh tonnes worth Rs.2705.33 crore. The marine fish production constitutes about 89.81 percent of total fish production of the State. There were 31370 fishing boats in the State, out of which 20359 were
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mechanised boats and 11011 were non-mechanised boats. During the year 2006-07 through foreign export of 188166 tonnes fish and fish products, the State has obtained an exchequer of Rs.1264.61crore. During the year 2007-08 (April-September-2007), the total fish production has been estimated at 1.80 lakh tonnes (Marine fish production is 1.54 lakh tonnes and the remaining inland) worth of Rs.665.20 crore. Foreign Export of fish and fish products is estimated at 38127 tonnes, worth of Rs.303.22 crore. At the end of September-2007, there were 32029 fishing boats registered in the State, out of which 21145 were mechanised boats and 10884 were non-mechanised boats. During the year 2007-08, 6310.32 lakh fish seed (spawn) have been produced to meet the ever growing demand of the State in inland sector. For the development of reservoir fisheries, particularly in tribal area, all the reservoirs in tribal area have been reserved for the tribal fisheries co-operative societies or the project affected beneficiaries and are allotted on upset price

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So, as we can see above that in Bahrain and Gujarat both place have wide opportunity for trade in the sector of fishing industry and Bahrain have more consumption of fishing product and Gujarat have waste area in shipping business so that by that we can see the opportunity for trade with Bahrain in the fishing industry.

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STEEPLED Analysis of BAHRAIN :Although the more than 300 species of fish found in Bahraini waters constitute an important food source for much of the population, local fishing and pearl diving have declined because of industrial pollution. The catch totaled 13,641 tons in 2003. The government operates a fleet of seven trawlers. By encouraging traditional angling, giving incentives to fishermen, improving fishing and freezing equipment, and establishing cooperatives, the government is attempting to increase the annual catch. There is a modern fishing harbor at Al Muharraq, which provides docking and landing facilities, storage areas, an ice plant, and a water supply.

Social :In terms of fishery activities, the waters surrounding Bahrain traditionally have been rich in varieties of fish. Before the 1930s, most Bahrainis were engaged in some form of fishing. After 1935 fishing as a profession gradually declined as a result of the prospect of steady wages that attracted many fishermen to other jobs. In 1998, only 1,655 Bahrain fishermen were working full time in this industry despite rising demand. The consequence of this situation was an increase in fish imports to satisfy the local demand.

As the rate of land reclamation and level of pollution in the Arabian Gulf were increasing, the fishing industry was affected significantly and fish almost disappeared from waters near Bahrain. Pollution was severe in the early 1980s and 1990s as a result of damaged oil facilities during the gulf wars. The oil seep out, especially those of 1991, destructively affected the regional fishing industry. As it is now, the long term ecological impact of the pollution remained uncertain. Bahrain government fishery agencies launched several programs to restore the fishing industry by increasing and expanding the landing stages, constructing cold storage

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facilities, and offering training programs on how to utilize and maintain the modern fishing equipments. These courses contributed to an increase in the total fish catch, which was 11,204 tons in 2002 (Directorate of Marine Resources, 2003a, b).

Employment (Fishery Census 2004) Fishery classified into types: full-time, part-time, occasional and recreational. 2 727 vessels;

-9 164 fishermen; - Secondary Sector (700 rough estimate)

Recently, officials called for closer cooperation with fishermen to preserve and enhance Bahrain's fish stocks to protect the present and future generations. Officials also called for more enforcement of the existing laws regulating the sector in order to control fishing abuses. The decline in Bahrain's fish stocks could also be attributed to illegal fishing practices which stress the need for a better understanding of fishing practices and of compliance with regulations. Absence of a law-enforcement department makes it very difficult to apprehend the violators in terms of over fishing problem. That is, fail to not enhance and maintain the existing stocks of the fishing sources may face serious consequences in future.

As a national obligation, with regional and international commitments to protect the marine area, The Environmental Affairs Agency (EA) has coordinated a number of activities aiming at protection of marine resources. A committee for the Protection of the Marine Environment was formed from various stakeholders including NGOs in the country. The committee is chaired by the National Committee for the Protection of Wildlife, with members representing the Directorate of Fisheries, Bahrain Centre for Studies and Research, University of Bahrain, Ministry of Housing, Municipalities and Environment, Ministry of Education, Bahrain National History Society. In the sustainable

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development policy resulting from these consultations, Terrestrial and Marine Resources is one of the six main priority issues of national policy. The main tasks of this committee include: (1) Prepare guidelines to protect coastal zones, (2) Prepare an action plan to protect nationally and internationally important marine resources, (3) study the effects of sea level rise due to climate change on coastal areas, and (4) Prepare a plan to encourage research related to marine environment and effecting factors.

The committee has called for the adoption of an integrated approach for land reclamation procedures that harmonize the need for development with sustainability of the environmental resources in the country. To this end, the EA in coordination with other relevant Governmental authorities undertook an assessment of the impact of dredging and land reclamation on the environment. Appropriate alternative approaches concerning environmentally sound management of such activities have been formulated through the involvement of all authorities concerned with the process and impact of reclamation and land dredging on the environment to ensure sound decisions and reduced impacts. An integrated coastal zone management approach has since been adopted as the most effective mechanism that could manage the marine environment and achieve sustainability. Included in this approach is the designation of Sensitive Natural Areas. A number of laws were enacted to protect marine and coastal environment; however, these laws need updates, revisions and clear emphasis on sustainable development of coastal and marine resources. The EA plan is concentrating on the development of strategic plans for coastal zone management and integrated management of marine resources.

As an island state, the importance of marine and coastal ecosystems in Bahrain cannot be under-estimated. Bahrain, being a small island developing state suffers tremendously
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of small land areas. Great attention is, therefore, being given to this issue to enable a sound utilization of coastal areas and resources. Expansion of land at the expense of coastal areas constitutes a major concern. There is a pressing need to develop an integrated approach to the protection and management of land and marine resources, taking into account the opportunities of tourism and much needed coastal and off-shore development. Bahrain is limited in geographical space and area, and the policy is to expand the development on reclaimed area gained from the intertidal zone. There is definitely a need for an integrated approach for land reclamation procedures. Such an approach will provide a full, comprehensive picture to ensure the best and wisest use of land, water and other resources, with the minimum of conflict and the sustainability of the Bahrain environment. The proposed project will also ensure that conservation of Bahrains Biodiversity becomes an integral part of its development strategy thus ensuring the provision of institutional, human and financial resources through both public and private sources. The country has about 126 km of coastlines and 8,000 km2 of marine area. Bahrain marine area is an important natural resource. It is a main source of wealth and has supported people with fish and pearls for hundreds of years. The total annual seafood consumption is estimated at 16.7 kg/person; however these resources are subject to pollution, to over-exploitation, and to coastal development projects that require extensive dredging and land reclamation. Most important sources of pollutants are oil spillage from tanker accidents, oil explorations, oil shipping and loading operations. Additional sources include land-based pollutants where treated, partially treated and untreated domestic sewage, agricultural and industrial wastes are discharged directly or indirectly into the shallow coastal water. Nearly 106,000 m3/day of secondary treated water is dumped into the sea causing eutrophication problems and affecting mangrove stands.

Fish consumed in Bahrain Until the year 1997, the fish consumed in Bahrain consisted of fish from both the traditional and industrial sectors plus fish quantities imported minus exported fish. The
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contribution of the traditional sector to this consumption is highest, followed by the fish imports and then the industrial sector. Fish production and fish consumption is detailed in Figure 7 below.

The previous results have been used for the development of the fishery sector to design and Identification of programs and projects selected for development of this sector. The understanding of the issues and problems of the fishermen and their effects on the exploitation of fish stocks is critical to develop ways to protect the fishery and fishermen. It is observed from previous results that the theft, and competition of gillnets fishing represent about 50 percent of the fishermen's problems while the problems of landing and operating costs and marketing about 18.8 percent. Previously, the term artisanal was used to distinguish the smaller wooden boats from the steel hull ones. The artisanal fleet is now dominant in the shrimp fishery in term of fishing power. The term artisanal is not used anymore to describe this sector. In 1976, among the 26 wooden boats, ranging from 6 to 17 m in length, involved on a full time basis in shrimp fishing (FAO, 1978), 18 were operating from Sitrah pier. Their

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fishing area was restricted to the shallow areas found in the south and around Muharaq Island. All fishermen working on these boats were Bahraini (personal observation). Boats were managed on a family basis and, normally, own by their captains. Fishing revenues were distributed y2859ely to members of the family. As trawling was introduced only in 1971, the experience of these fishermen was limited. Nets were retrieved manually, resulting in the use of small nets and the need for relatively large crew. From the mid 1980s, the number of foreign fishermen on shrimp boats increased because they were less costly. Also, use of foreign workers was encouraged by the government to meet country development requirements in all sectors. This resulted in the appearance of another type of boat ownership. The new owners were investors who did not directly participate anymore in shrimp fishing and depended on foreign crews. Using foreign crews allowed the owners/investors to operate several boats. Now, some owners own up to 7 boats. About 95% of the shrimp fishermen are foreigners. Foreign fishermen come from different cultures, but primarily from India. A considerable percentage of these fishermen possesses only a basic education. The increase in foreign fishermen has resulted in less Bahraini going for fishing. A number of Bahraini, former fishermen, now owns and manages two or more boats. Most of the shrimp fishing boats are found at three landing sites. These are Manama, Sitrah, and Muharaqe pier. The basic services (electricity, water and jetty) are found in these landing sites. Dry docks and mooring areas are available for hull etenance.

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Technological
Equipment includes screen filters, bio-filters, tanks, and ozone applications.

FILTERS o Screen Filters


This self-cleaning screen filter is an essential first in any aquaculture system. It removes the majority of particles in an initial cleaning step and thereby removes the major biological load allowing the biofilters to work effectively and decrease biological oxygen demand. The screen filters are available with self-cleaning wedge wire screens of 400 or 600 m, with options for screen widths as requested. The filters are designed to screen either 30,000 (870mm wide 1200mm long x 840mm minimum height) or 45,000 (1270mm wide 1210mm long x 840mm minimum height) Litres per hour. All components are 316 stainless steel. Screen filters can also be built to specifications on request.

o Biological Filters
Our biofilters are easy-care and low maintenance. Based on our experience we are able to provide pressurised and gravity flow biofilters designed to suit your system optimising carrying capacity and fish growth. We provide biofiltration solutions that are based on your requirements depending on system size, culture species, and feeding regimes.

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FILTERS o Screen Filters


This self-cleaning screen filter is an essential first in any aquaculture system. It removes the majority of particles in an initial cleaning step and thereby removes the major biological load allowing the biofilters to work effectively and decrease biological oxygen demand. The screen filters are available with self-cleaning wedge wire screens of 400 or 600 m, with options for screen widths as requested. The filters are designed to screen either 30,000 (870mm wide 1200mm long x 840mm minimum height) or 45,000 (1270mm wide 1210mm long x 840mm minimum height) Litres per hour. All components are 316 stainless steel. Screen filters can also be built to specifications on request.

o Biological Filters
Our biofilters are easy-care and low maintenance. Based on our experience we are able to provide pressurised and gravity flow biofilters designed to suit your system optimising carrying capacity and fish growth. We provide biofiltration solutions that are based on your requirements depending on system size, culture species, and feeding regimes.

o Aquaculture Tanks
Our custom designed tanks are specifically tailored to the requirements of aquaculture. They are designed to rapidly remove waste and minimise the retention time of particulates in the water. Our tanks have been thoroughly proven, and are the result of extensive trials to achieve the optimum design for fish grow-out. Tanks are available in 2000, 3000 and 10,000 Litres capacities. We are also able to provide purpose built, cost effective tanks in sizes from 100 to 50,000 Litres.

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o Ozone in Aquaculture
Ozone is an incredibly effective cleansing agent when used appropriately. We use ozone as an essential component of our grow-out systems and have developed specialised units for small aquaculture applications in collaboration with industry leaders in ozone research and development. These units are ideal for all aquaculture applications ranging from fish grow-out to purging of aquaculture species including fish, yabbies and oysters to guarantee product quality. We will provide a solution to your requirements that is small, safe, functional, easy to use and cost-effective.

o Aerators
We provide solutions to aeration using aerators and airlift options. We supply airblowers, and are the sole Australian agent for Hex-Air air diffusers in aquaculture, which optimise the oxygenation of water using air. Hex-Air diffusers and Airlift designs have been used extensively overseas in the water treatment industry and are designed to optimise the dissolution of oxygen into water providing. maximum feed conversion, growth and biofiltration. We will design a cost-effective solution to your aeration needs based on your system design and requirements.

o System Design
The solution to successful aquaculture is to effectively and efficiently combine the components of your aquaculture system. Each individual component is only as effective as its integration into the total system. We have been very successful in combining and integrating the best equipment into functional high performance systems, and optimising systems to individual requirements. We provide a custom design and layout service based on our extensive experience and success as a quality producer of fish

Water Filter & Tank


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Economic :Bahrain is a group of islands with a land area of 740 km2, a coastline of 590 km, and a fishery zone of 3 800 km2. Fishery GDP at purchasers value in 2009 totaled BD10.90 million, and comprised 0.15 percent of total national GDP. Since mid of 1980s the average annual landings of finfish fluctuated between 6 000 and 9 000 tonnes. Recorded crustacean production increased to 6 040 tonnes in 2007 from 1 869 tonnes in 1985.

Bahrain has unique social, political and economic structures that combine to set it apart from other Arab oil-producing Gulf States. Bahrain have limited oil reserves, Bahrain began its economic development process in the 1920s, when it first discovered oil. Since then, its economic growth has revolved around the petroleum sector. However, in part as a result of the countrys trading and pearling traditions, its more developed educational system and its small size and extremely limited oil reserves, Bahrain also became one of the first Gulf countries to begin diversifying its economy. It was among the first countries in the region to industrialize and has been by far the most innovative in attracting foreign participation, including regional participation in its industrial development . Bahrain has a mixed economy, with government control of many basic industries. Between 1981 and 1993, Bahrain Government expenditures increased by 64%. During that same time, government revenues continued to be largely dependent on the oil industry and increased by only 4%. Bahrain has received significant budgetary support
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and project grants from Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, and the United Arab Emirates. fisheries are insignificant from an economic point of view in Bahrain, they are often seen as being of heritage value since the early economy (pre-1960) very much depended on fishing and trading activities. Oil drives Bahrain's economy, but fishing remains an important industry in Bahrain. Fish is both exported and used for domestic consumption, including shrimp, finfish, crabs, lobster, rabbit fish and cuttlefish. The most important fishery in Bahrain is the shrimp fishery. Bahrain is a small country, any diversification efforts require increased reliance on external marketsboth as an outlet for production and as a source of productive inputs. In turn, survival in this environment requires a high degree of economic liberalization to bolster the countrys competitiveness. In this regard, the country has made considerable progress in liberalizing its economy.

In 1997, the Ministerial Decree (No.7) was issued to terminate finfish trawling by industrial steel hulled vessels in Bahrain, since which time there have been only artisanal fishing boats in Bahrain. These fishing boats of the artisanal sector are classified into three types based on their keel-length and type of powered engines. The main gears used in the artisanal sector include; Gargoor (wire-trap, hook and line, gillnet, shrimp trawl, barrier trap (Haddrah). Fishermen in Bahrain are categorized into fulltime, part-time, occasional and recreational. The last two types of fishermen have other vocations on land and fishing is a second job to improve their income. Over-fishing and conservation are considered the major challenges to Bahrain fisheries and marine resources. The fishing fleet for both fish and shrimp fishery has increased thus resulting in less catch per boat. Dredging for sand and land reclamations caused destruction of huge areas of mari.

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Environmental
Located in the Persian Gulf, The Kingdom of Bahrain is an archipelago of 33 islands. The largest island is Bahrain, which translates as "two seas." Bahrain comprises 83 percent of the country's total land mass.

Bahrains climate is warm and dry with a little rain, the average rainfall is 74mm per year with relatively high humidity and the most dominant wind is the northern (Shamal) wind which brings moist air, while summer brings warm and dry wind from the southwest (Kauws). Wind speed rarely exceeds 30 knots. The atmospheric temperatures range from 12-46C. The relative humidity ranges between 29-90%.

Approximately 8 million tourists each year visit Bahrain. Many of them come from other Arab countries, though the number of tourists from beyond the region is increasing. Bahrain offers visitors a rich history, relaxing beaches and opportunities for fishing and diving.

The sea around Bahrain is generally clear and is characterized by a relatively high salinity ranging from 40-60 parts per thousand (high readings on the Western side), a high water temperature ranging between 8 C and 37 C, and an average pH value of around 7.9. Daily water temperature can also fluctuate widely. Changes of 3.5C have been recorded within a 24h period. The seabed substrate is mostly silt, sand, limestone pavement and rocks, with extensive remains of coral beds fringing the islands, but few live coral reefs. The inter-tidal zone, particularly in the northern parts of the island, is very extensive and may extend 3-5 km. from the shore. Major habitats include: seagrass areas, algal areas, oyster beds, coral reefs, and mangrove areas.

Bahrain's principal environmental problems are scarcity of fresh water, desertification, and pollution from oil production. Population growth and industrial development have reduced the amount of agricultural land and lowered the water table, leaving aquifers
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vulnerable to saline contamination. In recent years, the government has attempted to limit extraction of groundwater (in part by expansion of seawater desalinization facilities) and to protect vegetation from further erosion. Marine Environment The water surrounding Bahrain is shallow. Many land reclamation projects are underway. Coral reefs lie close to the island, many along the eastern and northern sides of the island. Over 300 species can be found in Bahrain's waters. Some types of tropical fish include angel fish, parrot fish, barracuda, grouper and clown fish. In the spring, sting rays can be seen sunning themselves on the sand banks. Environmental Concerns Due land reclamation, industrial pollution and over-fishing, Bahrain's fishing industry is severely threatened. Fish stocks are quickly being depleted and immature fish are being caught before they have a chance to reproduce. Approximately 3 million tons of sand is taken from Bahrain's waters each year for construction purposes, harming the marine environment. The coral reefs are dying at a rapid rate.

In 2009, the General Directorate for the Protection of Marine Resources (GDPMR) of Kingdom of Bahrain renewed a marine resources pact with the United Arab Emirates with the goal of protecting and conserving marine life.

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Political
Bahrain is composed of a group of islands with a total area of 716 sq km, a total population of 742,561 and with population growth of 1.45 per cent (2007 estimate).

A National Charter on Political Reforms was approved by the ruler in 2001, launching ambitious plans for democratization. The Charter offers substantive reforms including establishing a bicameral Assembly with an upper house of appointed experts and scholars and a lower house of elected deputies, and a public accountability council.

Protection and development of marine environment The strengthening of natural marine resources is reflected in the protection factors of the pollutants and the harmful effects that can have on this wealth is important. Since this policy-relevant interactions between the fisheries sector and other sectors as well as social and economic aspects, they are more issues important in the study and discussed as needed, for example, drilling for oil and filling to expand the area of urban and sewage pumping waste as well as linked to laboratory and industries and the interaction of all these activities on the ground economically and politically. To avoid or reduce these activities in the process of demolition and destruction of fisheries should involved a wide spectrum of experts from all these activities in development of programs and plans to put priority to protection of marine environment. In addition, to activation of other activities by finding alternative ways to get rid of the negative impacts of these activities without compromising the sources of Fisheries, At present the government is working on artificial reefs for development of marine environments, government is working to enhancement fish stocks with release of fingerlings for some Important species such as grouper and rabbit fish and sea breams

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Concerns Of Government To Develop The Fisheries Sector:-

1. Establishment of Directorate of fishery resources The government established the Office of Fisheries in 1968 for the exploitation of this national wealth. Initially its mandate had been confined to the study of the status of the fishery and on research and surveys of fish stocks in the territorial waters of Bahrain. It has since expanded to cover more fisheries issues, aspects and activities. Accordingly, the Fish Bureau was transferred to the Directorate of Fisheries. Initially the administration was utilized to develop small programs designed to raise performance in the traditional fisheries sector through training for fishermen on how to use and repair, repairing nets, and worked to encourage young people to work in fishing through government fishing projects. These projects contributed in providing fish for citizens and residents of Bahrain and at reasonable prices.

2. A plan to develop fisheries sector (19811986)

This plan is within the government's plan for developing productivity and achieving national objectives designed to provide healthy food for all citizens and residents. The fisheries sector has contributed by developing an integrated program designed to support and develop this sector and its employees. It has developed a plan (19811986) for integrated social and economic development in the fisheries sector. The aim of this plan was to provide fish locally at reasonable prices through the local organizations, and supporting and development this sector by maintaining fishing areas and protecting fishery wealth. The government provided basic facilities and support material and guidance to traditional fishermen to ensure they continue in this profession and to attract young people through incentives and facilities provided to them. Key objectives of the plan included: o Improve the economic and social situation of the fishermen; o Regulating profession of fishing and protection of fisheries wealth;
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o Training of national young people and researchers in fisheries field; o Expanding in researches, studies and guidance to encourage investors to invest in the fisheries o sector; o Increase total fish production to raise the per capita consumption of fish in Bahrain.

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Legal
Fishery regulations

In 2002, Decree law No (20) was issued concerning the regulation of Fishing, Exploiting and Protecting Marine Fisheries; Ministerial Decree established a shrimp fishing ban period; The Ministerial Decree (No.7 for 1997) was issued to terminate fish trawling by industrial steel hulled vessels in Bahrain from 1st June 1998. Fishery gears

Artisanal fishery sector only; Small scale gears such as; gargoor (wire-trap), haddrah (barrier trap), hook and line, gill-net and shrimp trawl, and as well long line is a recent addition; Productivity has a low catch per unit effort (CPUE); usually not exceeding a few kg/boat/day. Legislation and regulations in the fisheries sector In 1981, the Amiri Decree was issued to regulate the exploitation of fisheries as well as ministerial decisions issued to protect fisheries. One of these decisions was to open and close fishing seasons of shrimp. It also publishes ministerial decisions to clarify issues, for example Ministerial Decree No. 7 of 1997, which ended industrial sector trawling in Bahrain in 1998. In 2002, a new Fisheries Decree No. 20 of 2002 was issued and included a comprehensive review of all previous legislation and drafting new laws consistent with the changes and developments in the fisheries sector and marine resources. Thus, fishing does not mean exploitation of fisheries to limit deterioration or significant
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expansion in improving services but combines with a good exploitation of these resources with continuous monitoring and prohibiting illegal methods with appropriate enforcement, including, for example nets with three layers which leads to overexploitation. The law seeks to reduce fishing operations and improving the efficiency of fisheries and raising the revenue and profitability for fishermen.

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Ethical
The moral dimensions of fisheries are manifold, but the main ethical issues Concern overfishing, interwoven with those of poverty, food security, food safety and ecosystem degradation. Each of these issues could be broken down into a number of related subissues, for instance: genetic modification of living organisms, introduction of alien species, protection of endangered or emblematic species, discarding practices, cultural sustainability, knowledgesharing, transboundary impacts, food contamination and safety. All research and production efforts are focused on development and refinement of appropriate economically-efficient technology. The major part of activities at the National Mariculture Center is now aimed at producing fish juveniles for sale and for release programs, a modest contribution of mariculture towards natural resource rehabilitation, and also for use in a limited grow-out activity in concrete ponds. The only effect on the marine environment from the center could come from the effluent water, which at present does not exceed 100m3/hour. This effluent water, however, goes to a settling reservoir before discharging into the sea.

With the absence of any aquaculture activity, there is no clash between aquaculture and fisheries. But the economic development, represented by encroachment of urban development into the sea has created a clash with fisheries. Such clash is evident in the damage to fishing grounds and complaints from the fishermen community.

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Demographic
Bahrain is a much smaller country, with a population of just over 700,000 Bahrains indigenous population is sharply divided along class and religious lines, and its native industrial workforce has a history of political activism that is unmatched in neighbouring states.

The countrys population is divided largely along sectarian lines. About a third of the population follows the tenets of the majority Sunni branch of Islam, whereas the remaining two-thirds belong to the largest of the religions Shia offshoots. Despite their numerical disadvantage, Sunnis dominate the countrys politics and economy. The ruling Al Khaliftah family, a majority of the prominent merchant clans, and the powerful Arab tribes aligned with the Al Khaliftah are all Sunni. The increasingly rancorous Shia claim that Sunni dominance is buttressed by nepotism and point to the security services, in which Shia make up less than 3 per cent of the army and police forces.

Bahraini society is divided into distinct classes: the dominant class of retainers made up of the Arab tribes allied to the Al Khaliftah; the staff of the countrys central administration; the smaller traders and shopkeepers in the larger cities and towns, and a subordinate class composed of urban and rural workers, artisans and craftspeople, fisherman and subsistence farmers. Conflicts of interest among Bahrains classes and religious groups have led to the formation of coalitions as well as to sometimes violent demonstrations of political discontent. In addition, Bahrains rulers confront problems associated with rapid urbanization, increasing numbers of immigrant labourers, dramatic fluctuations in the price of petroleum on international markets and growing regional instability.

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Overview of Industry, Trade and Commerce in the Selected Country


The independent State of Bahrain consists of a group of 35 islands situated in the Arabian Gulf between the Qatar peninsula and the north-east coast of Saudi Arabia. The capital city is Manama which is also the main commercial centre. Other major cities include Isa Town, Rifa, Hamad Town and Al Muharraq which has Bahrain's international airport, major fishing and ship building industry. Sitra is the main industrial island and Awali is an oil town located on the main island of Bahrain. The official language is Arabic, however English, Farsi and Urdu are widely spoken. The local currency is the Bahraini dinar (BD) broken into 100 fils. Bahrain is a monarchy. Bahrain has one oil field Awali, with proven oil reserves of 148 million barrels. The field was discovered in 1932. The country is more important as a refining centre. It has a refinery south of Manama with a capacity of 248,900 bbl/d. The Bahrain Petroleum Company (Bapco) refinery is undergoing a modernisation project that began in 1998, and is expected to be completed in 2004. Bahrain is in a dispute with Qatar over the Hawar Islands off Qatar's west coast. The Hawar Islands may contain oil deposits. Bahrain has natural gas reserves of about 3.9 trillion cubic feet (Tcf), most of which consists of associated gas from the Awali oilfield. Bahrain has transformed itself into an international banking centre, focusing on mainly offshore banking utilizing the country's excellent communication and transportation facilities. Principal agricultural products are mainly dates, melons and tomatoes. The country produces meat, dairy and poultry as well as fish for domestic consumption and export purposes.

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The transport system in Bahrain is excellent and there is an international airport in Al Muharraq. You can fly to Bahrain from most countries in Europe and the Middle East. The international time zone is GMT + 3. The international dialing code is + 973. All nationals' require visas unless they hold passports from the Gulf Co-operations Council (GCC) states or the UK. The state of health, the current immunization status, location and the local disease situation lead to the risk of contraction of hepatitis A and B. A yellow fever certificate is required if entering from a yellow fever zone. Marine fisheries In 1998, there were 2 274 fishing boats in Bahrain, an increase of 242 fishing boats compared with 1988. These were mainly fiberglass boats (85 percent), with the rest made of wood (15 percent). There was 1 590 fishing boats less than 25.9 ft in length; 525 fishing boats measuring from 26 to 35.9 ft, and 159 fishing boats of more than 36.0ft

Prior to 1998, up to nine steel hulled fish trawlers operated in Bahraini waters. These vessels were supposed to fish in waters deeper than 20 m. However, they often trawled in shallow water areas. This caused conflict with other fishermen. These fish trawlers were banned on 1 June 1998.

The main fishing gears used in Bahrain include shrimp trawls, gillnet, large wire traps (local name gargoor), small gargoor, and hook-and-line. Many boats use a combination of fishing gear. In 1998, there were 229 shrimp trawl boats, 213 gillnet boats, 119 large gargoor boats, 419 small gargoor boats, and 462 boats that used both large and small gargoor. In addition, there were about 800 hook-and-line boats. Only 22 of these hook-and-line boats fished commercially.

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In

1998,

502

commercial

licences

were

issued

to

catch

fish.

In Bahrain, the shallow inshore area is fished by barrier trap (local name haddrah). The number of active haddrah has declined, from a high of 971 units in 1978 to 377 units in 1998, although only 73 haddrah were licensed.

The fishing sector is classified into full-time, part-time, occasional and recreational fishermen. The number of full-time fishermen increased from 2 533 in 1978 to 4 202 in 1988. Of these, 4 202 full-time fishermen in 1998, 1 655 were Bahraini, while 2 547 were foreign. In addition, in 1998, there were 568 part-time fishermen (all Bahraini), 573 occasional fishermen (471 Bahraini and 102 foreign), and 1 487 recreational fishermen (all Bahraini). Total fish landings in Bahrain have almost doubled since 1980 (from 5 115 t in 1980 to 9 849 t in 1998). Landings peaked in 1996, at 12 940 t. This increase is primarily due to the increase in harvest of secondary fish species. Local landings for 1998 were composed primarily of shrimp (2 530 t; 25.7 percent), rabbitfish (Chimaera monstrosa) (1 523 t; 15.5 percent), and crab (1 017 t; 10.3 percent).

For certain preferred fish species, landings have actually declined over the last ten years. Landings of orange-spotted grouper (Epinephelus coioides) (local name hamoor) peaked in 1989 at 1 077 t, but fell to 331 t in 1998. This is a drop of 70 percent.

In 1998, landings were primarily from shrimp trawls (3 693 t; 37.5 percent), wire traps (2 924 t; 29.7 percent), and haddrah (1 723 t; 17.5 percent). Gillnet and hook-and-line accounted for only 9.6 percent of total landings.

The shrimp fishery is the most important fishery in Bahrain. Over 90 percent of
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the shrimp catch is of Penaeus semisulcatus. Six other shrimp species are caught, but are of minor importance. Bahrains shrimp fishery started in 1967, with the establishment of the Bahrain Fishing Company. Catches declined sharply in the 1978/79 season, resulting in the closure of this company. Industrial fishing was re-started in the 1980/81 shrimp season, with four steelhulled vessels. The artisanal fishery started in 1971, and continues to this day. Artisanal boats initially pulled trawl nets by hand. By the 1990/91 season, 90 percent of these vessels used hydraulic winches. Fisheries models indicate that this fishery can support 73 full-time boats. In 1998, 402 shrimp fishing licenses were issued. In that year, there were 229 boats active in the shrimp trawl fishery. In Bahrain, all commercial fishing is by one-day trips. Shrimp trawlers usually leave in the late afternoon and return the next morning. Fishing boats usually take day or overnight trips. Catch is landed and iced on deck.

The marine fisheries also face grave environmental issues. In both 1996 and 1998, summer water temperatures exceeded 36 C. This resulted in massive coral bleaching in Bahraini waters. By 1999, 99 percent of inshore and near shore coral reefs had died. In addition, land reclamation and dredging continue at a frantic pace. From 1991 to 1997, Bahrain increased in area from 695 km2 to 706 km2. This has resulted in destruction of areas of seabed and siltation of adjacent seabed areas.

Total fish landings in Bahrain have almost doubled since 1980 (from 5 115 t in 1980 to 9 849 t in 1998). Landings peaked in 1996, at 12 940 t. This increase is primarily due to the increase in harvest of secondary fish species. Local landings for 1998 were composed primarily of shrimp (2 530 t; 25.7 percent), rabbitfish (Chimaera monstrosa) (1 523 t; 15.5 percent), and crab (1 017 t; 10.3 percent).

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For certain preferred fish species, landings have actually declined over the last ten years. Landings of orange-spotted grouper (Epinephelus coioides) (local name hamoor) peaked in 1989 at 1 077 t, but fell to 331 t in 1998. This is a drop of 70 percent.

In 1998, landings were primarily from shrimp trawls (3 693 t; 37.5 percent), wire traps (2 924 t; 29.7 percent), and haddrah (1 723 t; 17.5 percent). Gillnet and hook-and-line accounted for only 9.6 percent of total landings.

The shrimp fishery is the most important fishery in Bahrain. Over 90 percent of the shrimp catch is of Penaeus semisulcatus. Six other shrimp species are caught, but are of minor importance. Bahrains shrimp fishery started in 1967, with the establishment of the Bahrain Fishing Company. Catches declined sharply in the 1978/79 season, resulting in the closure of this company. Industrial fishing was re-started in the 1980/81 shrimp season, with four steelhulled vessels. The artisanal fishery started in 1971, and continues to this day. Artisanal boats initially pulled trawl nets by hand. By the 1990/91 season, 90 percent of these vessels used hydraulic winches. Fisheries models indicate that this fishery can support 73 full-time boats. In 1998, 402 shrimp fishing licenses were issued. In that year, there were 229 boats active in the shrimp trawl fishery. In Bahrain, all commercial fishing is by one-day trips. Shrimp trawlers usually leave in the late afternoon and return the next morning. Fishing boats usually take day or overnight trips. Catch is landed and iced on deck.

The marine fisheries also face grave environmental issues. In both 1996 and 1998, summer water temperatures exceeded 36 C. This resulted in massive coral bleaching in Bahraini waters. By 1999, 99 percent of inshore and near shore coral reefs had died. In addition, land reclamation and dredging continue at a frantic pace. From 1991 to 1997, Bahrain increased in area from 695 km2
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to 706 km2. This has resulted in destruction of areas of seabed and siltation of adjacent seabed areas. The fisheries industry in Bahrain has been in decline since the 1970s, largely due to marine pollution, dredging, land reclamation, overfishing and illegal fishing in the region. Traditionally an exporter of fish and shrimp, Bahrain has, since then, curbed its exports of marine products in order to meet domestic demand. The sector recovered during the early 1980s, and during the 1990s shrimp has been identified as having a major export potential. Currently comprising two main sectors, artisanal and foreign landings (the industrial fisheries sector was discontinued in 1998), the industry has grown in recent years, with total fish landings increasing from 3,800 tonnes in 1979 to 9,209 tonnes by 1989, at an annual average rate of 9.2%; growth has been slower since then, at an annual average rate of some 1.1%, reaching 10,500 tonnes in 1997. Around 90% of the total catch is accounted for by artisanal landings. Bahrain's exports of fish products (including re-exports) form the bulk of its agricultural exports, around US$3.8 million in 1999, or 71.6% of agricultural exports (Chart IV.2); much of this is destined for Saudi Arabia while some frozen seafood is exported to other parts of the world. The value of imports was US$1.2 million for fish and US$4.1 million for fish products or 3.9% of total agricultural imports in 1999. Due to SPS regulations in the EU, Bahrain has been unable to export fish products; technical assistance has been requested from the EU to rectify this situation. Policy with regard to fisheries is formulated and implemented by the Directorate of Fisheries and Marine Resources under the Ministry of Works and Agriculture. In the past, substantial subsidies for fishing gear and equipment, as well as free technical and extension services and storage facilities were provided by the Government to assist the fishing industry. More recently, there has been a move away from direct subsidies to infrastructural and technical and maintenance assistance. In 1993, the National Mariculture Centre,which provides fish stocks to fish farmers, and a new fishing port on the island of Muharraq were established; in addition, works are under way to develop
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the existing port at Sitra. The authorities are also involved in negotiations with the Bahrain Development Bank to develop a small loan scheme for the sector. The Government restricts fishing licences to Bahraini-registered ships and fishermen; the licences are renewable annually by the Directorate of Fisheries and Marine Resources. According to the authorities, all trawlers have been banned from operating in Bahraini waters. Aquaculture Aquaculture is not a traditional activity in Bahrain. In 1979, FAO conducted an initial assessment of aquaculture in Bahrain. This led to construction of basic facilities and small-scale culture experiments in the 1980s. Since 52 percent of the freshwater produced in Bahrain (1997) was from desalinization plants, aquaculture has targeted marine fish species.

In 1993, the National Mariculture Center (NaMaC) was established. NaMaC is under the Directorate of Fisheries and Marine Resources (DFMR), Ministry of Works and Agriculture. Initial work focused on orange-spotted grouper (E. coioides), pearlspotted rabbitfish (Siganus canaliculats) and yellow-finned black seabream (Acanthopagrus latus). More recently, mass culture of the sobaity bream, Sparidentex hasta, has been successful. In 1999, NaMaC produced 659 000 sobaity fry.

Hatchery production has provided seed for (1) grow-out trials, (2) nutrition experiments, (3) fish stock enhancement, (4) a local private sector farm, and (5) export to neighboring countries (Oman, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates). In 1998, a joint private/public sector project was initiated to support local grow-out

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trials. Fry feed is imported from Japan. Grow-out feed is imported from Saudi Arabia. Production from grow-out trials has been limited to a few tons per year. These fish have been test-marketed locally. Results from rabbitfish and sobaity bream market studies indicate that the cultured product is acceptable to the public. Utilization of the catch Fish and shrimp landed is taken by fishermen or middlemen to the fish auction which is held each day between 0400 and 0600 hours at the Manama Central Market. Fish retailers purchase fish at this auction and transport the whole product to their shops for sale to the public. For the local market, fish and shrimp are sold primarily whole, fresh chilled. However, when there is a surplus, the product can be frozen or dried for later sale.

There are two major fish markets in Bahrain: Manama Central Market, and Jidhafs Market. In 1998, Manama Central Market accounted for 64.7 percent of the total landings, while Jidhafs Market accounted for 12.6 percent of total landings.

There are four seafood processing companies in Bahrain that purchase surplus shrimp. Prior to 1999, shrimp was exported to the European Union (EU) and USA. However, the EU has since established new health regulations requirements and has banned imports from countries not certified. Bahrain is in the process of getting certification. The USA recently banned all shrimp imports not caught using a proper turtle exclusion device (TED). Bahrain has a TED programme that is being promoted to local shrimp fishermen. At this time, surplus shrimp landings are exported to the regional markets. State of the industry Total landings and the number of fishing boats have increased steadily over the last 20 years. Much of the increase in landings has been from increased landings of secondary species. For some preferred species, such as orange-spotted grouper, landings have declined about 70 percent in the last ten years. Fisheries models suggest that about 70
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shrimp vessels could harvest Bahrains shrimp stocks. However, there are now more than 200 active in this fishery. This suggests that there are too many fishermen and not enough (preferred) fish.

Fisheries regulations are codified in a 1981 Amiri Decree and various ministerial decrees. However, there is limited compliance with these regulations. For example, of the 377 haddrah, only 73 (19.4 percent) were licensed (in 1998). Driftnets are banned, but continue to be used routinely by fishermen. On the bright side, in 1997, the Cabinet established the Fisheries Enforcement Committee. Prior to 1997, there were about 100 shrimp boats operating during the closed season. Now there are only a few. In 1998, there were 43 landing sites (boat mooring areas) around Bahrain. Only one, the Muharraq Pier, had basic facilities such as access channel, fuel, water, toilets and shaded work area. The others were all rather underdeveloped sites. Recently, the Manama Central Market was renovated. There is now a new fish auction area, and new retail fish market building.

DEVELOPMENT PROSPECTS
Bahrains fishery is at maturity. For certain species it is in decline or has almost collapsed. Since there are already too many fishermen and not enough fish in Bahrain, it is inappropriate to consider further "development" of Bahrains fishery. FISHERIES MANAGEMENT Although total landings have increased, catches of certain preferred species have declined dramatically in the last ten years. Fisheries regulations are in-place, but compliance has been limited. Illegal fishing methods are commonly being used. Studies have been completed indicating optimal shrimp fleet size. However, results have yet to be implemented. Also, there is a growing recreational fishing sector that is in direct

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competition with commercial fishermen.

In Bahrain, it is time for extremely difficult management decisions and actions on resource allocation between competing user groups. In addition, environmental challenges continue, with extremely high water temperatures in summer and environmental degradation from dredging and land reclamation. DEMAND From the mid-1980s to present, total fish consumption in Bahrain has been rather stable at between 8000 and 11000 t/yr. However, with population increases, per caput consumption has halved in a decade, from a high of 27.2 kg per caput (1985) to 13.5 kg per caput (1998). This local demand has been met by local landings and relatively stable fish imports.

The government controls the local seafood market in Bahrain. Exports of seafood are allowed only when there are adequate supplies to meet local demand. Export certificates are only issued when there are such surpluses. These permits are specified for fish, crabs, shrimp, lobsters, cuttlefish and oysters. In 1998, a total of 2 149 export permits were issued.

With the dramatic declines in landings of certain preferred fish species, the economics of fish culture are improving. As pricing improves, the economic viability of systems being developed by the NaMaC may be soon realized. RESEARCH Directorate of Fisheries and Marine Resources (DFMR) is responsible for assessment and management of fisheries in Bahrain. It routinely collects landing and market data for the Fisheries Database. It also collects shrimp trawler trip data for the Bahrain Shrimp Fishery Monitoring System database. In addition, it executes surveys and

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studies as necessary, such as participation in the global Reef Check programme.

National Mariculture Center (NaMaC) is developing appropriate culture technology for key species of fish. As part of this work, various micro-organisms, hatchery, grow-out, nutrition and fish disease studies are conducted.

Other agencies that are periodically involved in marine resource research include the University of Bahrain, the Bahrain Center for Studies and Research, and the Environmental Affairs Directorate. Collaborative research is ongoing on topics such as (1) slipper lobster trap preference, (2) shrimp turtle exclusions devices, (3) regional shrimp stock assessment, (4) regional Spanish mackerel stock assessment, (5) marine environmental monitoring, and (6) GIS marine mapping. AID There is no direct foreign assistance for Bahrain fisheries. From the mid-1980s to the mid-1990s, Bahrain hosted foreign experts from Japan and Taiwan to assist in developing Marine culture in Bahrain. During this same period, UNDP provided support for development of the National Marine culture Center in Bahrain.

In the past, there have been various aid programmes to assist local fishermen. These have included training, equipment subsidies, and equipment repair and bank loans. In 1999, the Government initiated a new loan programme for fishermen. INTERNET LINKS There are a few web pages with articles related to Bahrains fisheries. However, these are neither organized nor linked yet.

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Marine Pollution Control


Great attention is paid to prevent marine pollution by controlling land based sources of pollution. There are marine monitoring programs (since 1983) to check the status of the marine life. Sea water, sediments, and fish samples are analyzed to determine nutrients, heavy metals, chlorinated pesticides, organic matter and hydrocarbons in order to preserve the health of the sea. An effluent guidelines to control and prevent pollutants from industrial effluents that may harm the marine environment was developed and enforced. Other tools to control discharge of pollutants into the marine environment are through the regional protocols that Bahrain had signed and ratified such as Protocol for the protection of the marine environment against pollution from land based sources, and Protocol concerning marine pollution resulting from exploration and exploitation of the continental shelf.

Sustainable Fisheries Development


Fish catch had been reduced due to the increase on fishing efforts (both the number of boats and fishermen) , in addition to indiscriminate land reclamation and excavation activities and destruction of coral reefs. An artificial reef development program has been undertaken by the Fisheries Directorate and has paid well. They have succeeded in breeding juvenile fish in these reefs. A commercial pilot project is underway to keep artificial reefs in various areas. This could enhance the marine ecosystems in a manner that maintains productivity and preservation for future generations. In Bahrain, the landings of certain preferred fish species have actually declined over the last ten years. For example, landings of orange-spotted grouper, Epinephelus coioides ( local name Hamoor ) peaked in 1989 at 1,077 tons and
47

has declined to 331 tons in 1998 ( Fisheries Statistical Service 2003 ). This is about 70% decline. The grouper ( hamoor ) is considered a first class, preferred fish species ( Radhi et al. 1998). Declines in total landings and/or catch per effort have also been noted preferred species such as shrimp, and Spanish mackerel ( Narrow banded Spanish Mackerel migratory fish ). However, these declines have not been observed in all preferred fish species Table 1. (Fisheries Statistical Service, 2004).

However, in 1994, an internal plan of actions was formulated by the General Directorate for the Protection of Marine Resources (thereafter referred to as GDPMR) entitled A marine resource management plan for Bahrain: addressing user-identified priorities with the project management approach. The overall objectives stated in this plan were to minimize social conflict. Critical issues included: lack of compliance with existing regulations; pollution and degradation of the marine environment; and competition between different
48

groups for the limited marine resources of Bahrain.

FISHERIES MANAGEMENT:

Monitoring and Surveillance systems: these are not currently used, perhaps mainly due to Cost. For the better management of Bahrain fisheries and marine resources the following measures need to be taken: 1. Reducing the size of the fishing fleet to improve their economic performance. 2. Greatly restricting the harvest of declining fish stocks so that these stocks can Recover. 3. Increasing the enforcement of existing regulations to reduce illegal fishing. 4. Constructing the basic facilities at all fishing jetties. 5. Ensuring that land reclamation follows appropriate environmental safeguards and phase out the dredging for sand. 6. Reducing industrial pollution to the marine environment. 7. Industrial fishing and shrimp trawling are terminated in Bahrain. 8. Drift nets (floating nets, nylon single core net or multi core net) are not allowed to use for fishing in Bahrain. 9. Larvae and fingerlings of the marine fishes and juvenile fishes which size is less than the size permitted are not allowed to be caught. 10. Shrimp trawling is limited to Dhow boats or artisanal fishery only. 11. Shrimp seasons to be determined by the Fisheries Authority. 12. Shrimp fishing boats are not allowed to fish in coral reefs, rock and grass Fishing grounds. Industrial shrimp trawling has been banned in Bahrain in since 1998 and shrimp catches are taken entirely from artisanal sector. There is a regional Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) effort to harmonize shrimp closed seasons to 6 months annually. This has met limited success. Over the last few years, Bahrain has increased its closed

49

season from 3 to 6 months. There is also an ongoing regional shrimp stock assessment program in which Bahrain participates.

AQUACULTURE

The National Marine culture Centre (NMC) has successfully achieved the mass propagation of seeds of the following commercially important local marine finfish and shrimp through the proper selection and scientific management of the brood stock by the highly qualified researchers and trained technicians in the culture facilities of the NMC, Directorate of Marine Resources, Kingdom of Bahrain. Now, NMC has started supplying marine finfish seeds to the member countries of RECOFI.NMC which include studies on nutrition, reproduction, hatchery, nursery and grow-out of Rabbitfish, Siganus canaliculatus, Sobaity bream, Sparidentex hasta, Mangrove snapper, Lutjanus argentimaculatus, and Grouper, Epinephelus coioides. Major breakthroughs have been achieved in the growth trials of rabbitfish and sobaity bream in different culture systems. Grow-out trials on the grouper and the green tiger shrimp, Penaeus semisulcatus, are also being studied. Bahrain is a small developing island country with limited land resources for development; here the expansion of land development is at the expense of marine Environment. So, land-based shrimp culture is practically not feasible. It is advantageous to promote marine culture activities based on intensive system of land-

50

based Tank culture and water based Cage culture.

PRODUCTION AND TRADE INFORMATION :In Bahrain, fish is marketed fresh or in iced condition. There are four principal markets in Bahrain viz., Manama Central Market, Jidhafs, Muharraq and Sitra. Besides these small wayside markets exist in almost all villages, and some fish vendors are occasionally sighted on the road sides throughout Bahrain.

The Central Market at Manama serves both as wholesale and retail market. It is the largest market on the island and is also one of the largest in the Gulf region. The wholesale trade is done early in the morning hours and around 4 oclock in the evening. The catch is sorted out by fish groups such as Trevallies, Snappers, jacks etc (GDPMR, 1999, 2003). Fish in this market comes from the landing sites spread all over the island and imported fresh fish are sold through this market. GDPMR(General Directorate for the Protection of Marine Resources) controls fish available in the fish market by permitting exports only if there is surplus fish in the market. These procedures keeps fish supply always available and prices reasonable.

Gross revenue of Trevallies, Perches, Groupers, Rabbitfish, Mackerels, Seabreams, and Shrimp represents more than 95% of total fish landings in Bahrain. The fishermen sell their fish in Manama Central Market to get higher returns for their catch. Some portion of the catch is sold out in the village itself or diverted to other markets on the island.

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In Bahrain, as in all other countries, certain fishes are preferred for consumption and as such, fetch higher price. Rabbitfishes, Groupers, Perches, mackerels and Trevallies are the preferred finfish. Shrimp and to some extent shovel lobsters are the preferred crustaceans. The table shown under this shows the wholesale and retail returns of these preferred seafood commodities in Manama Central Fish Market. Though there has been over 30% increase in both, wholesale and retail returns since 1994, the profit margin (difference between wholesale and retail rates) has not changed appreciably in all fish.

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The above trend does affect the consumer, producer and the seller. There was a possibility of increase in the retail rate due to the possible upward trend in the wholesale rate because of the increased fishing expenditure and higher demand due to increase in population. This however, offset with the ameliorating measures of import of fish and fishery products.

Fish import and export:


Though the fresh fish import in Bahrain has been increasing since eighties. There are Fluctuations in the quantum of import depending on the indigenous fish availability. This import in 1990 was 2,132 mt and worked out to 26.3% of the total landings of Bahrain. In comparison to 1990 fresh fish import, the 2003 import was 225.5% higher. The import of fish products including frozen fish, processed fish and fish products such
53

as salted shellfish, tinned fish, caviar..etc., shows a consistent upward trend. The import of these fish products has been increased since eighties to 2003 (Radhi,, 1998, 2004). These preparations find favor with expatriate population of Bahrain. The fish import was primarily responsible for keeping the retail price of fish in market at low levels. Export of fish from Bahrain has been increased steadily since 1990. This occurred for selected finfish species such as; Perches and Snappers etc.

Fish consumption: Fish consumption in Bahrain is mainly of fresh and frozen fish. As stated earlier, the processed fish and fish products primarily find favor with the expatriate population. The per capita fish consumption in Bahrain was 17.6 kg in 1990. This declined to 16.7 kg in 2003 (GDPMR, 2003).

Bahrain per caput fish consumption for 1990-2003

This decrease in the fish consumption is due to the increase of 416.3% in fish exports and of 37.0% in the population of Bahrain within fourteen years. However, the one third ( ) of this fish consumption rate is supported by imports which if ignored, means that the fish consumption will decline to low level and the prices will increase in Bahrain.

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Landings The total fish landing has increased significantly during the last two decades, while the finfish landing has remained stable more or less. The increase in total landing can be attributed to increased crustacean (Crabs and Shrimp) landing. Most of valuable commercial finfish species production has not recorded a remarkable increase during the last 20 years, such as; Hamour (Epinephelus coioides), Chana'ad (Scomberomorus commerson) Saffee (Siganus spp.), Janam (Plectorhinchus sordidus), Burtam (Epinephelus multinotatus), Khadrah (Trachurus indicus), Kefdar (Gnathanodon speciosus), Rabeeb (Gnathanodon speciosus), Sharee (Lethrinnus nebulosus). (Table 2 below).

Fish Groups Fish Group

199 8

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

6765 611 2

7147

7209

6844

8362

8291

6956

9673

6988

6520

Trevallies Halfbeak Silver Biddies Perches Snappers Mullets Groupers Rabbitfis h

359 116 347

524 273 261

414 39 334

450 59 372

470 3 172

570 165 151

348 52 175

715 60 63

508 134 133

298 101 145

259 84 126

944 100 73 331 152 3

1227 294 10 525 1241

1403 157 59 670 2114

1377 103 39 794 1899

1675 142 29 725 2009

2169 63 26 811 2273

1821 62 33 649 1836

1538 45 15 358 1802

1326 122 19 462 2602

1111 76 28 440 1695

1005 66 104 306 1582

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Mackerel s Tunas Grunts Seabrea ms Barracud as Goatfish Needlefis h Parrotfish Cobia Sharks & Rays Rajiforme s OtherFish es Crustacea ns Shrimps

100

44

99

109

121

130

170

80

77

54

16

0 355 757 325 582 297 591 236 401 121 488 354 573

0 241 359

28 124 116

3 237 69

10 111 57

3 93 590

156

11

52

251

416

536

180

16 29

414 26

82 13

192 53

17 25

75 27

39 132

12 41

18 79

2 44

7 77

63 6

66 9

32 9

21 20

27 11

20 5 0

15 0 0

5 19 1

6 42 1

4 21 5

8 11 43

22

837

938

826

1077

803

948

2285

1676

3415

2247

1803

359 8 253 0

3807

4486

3917

4232

5125

5756

4364

5649

6040

7001

1622

2104

1359

1401

1602

1585

1107

1951

2790

2403

Crabs

101 7

2179

2380

2556

2828

3522

4169

3246

3695

3248

4592

Lobsters Molluscs Jelly Fish Grand Total

51 139

6 48

2 85

2 104

3 128

1 151 0

2 130 312 1448 9

10 176 358 1185 4

2 229 43 1559 4

3 224 1759 1501 1

6 217 325 1406 3

984 9

1062 0

1171 8

1123 0

1120 4

1363 8

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Fishing effort

The fishing effort has been characterized as increasing overall, and more specifically by: Increase in number of boats, gears, technology (i.e. winch, GPS, fish-finder etc). Increase in number of fishermen. Increase in number of working days and fishing hours (i.e. in shrimp-trawl and gill-net). Increase in number of hauling of gargoor (wire-trap) from sea. (Figure 2, below).

The trend of annual catch rate has recorded a significant decline in last 10 years. Total fish landings and total fishing boats have increased significantly during the last two

57

decades, while the fishing area around Bahrain has been reduced. (Figure 3, below).

Figure 2: Total effort by gear type 1990-2008 (Small shrimp trawl is using a speedboat, large shrimp trawls is using a dhow)

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STEEPLED Analysis of GUJARAT


In common perception, the Gujarati is of an intrepid entrepreneur. The history of the states economy and industry quite supports this popular notion of the Gujarati. Gujarats long coastlinesome 20 per cent of Indias coastline is in the state-- has meant that a significant proportion of its population is engaged in fishing. Gujarat has 22.50 per cent of the total of 3,037 fish landing centres of the country by the end of 2003. Gujarat produces 24.87 percent in the total marine production in the country.

Social :Fishing is an important economic activity contributing to food security, employment generation, poverty reduction and foreign exchange earnings. With a total annual production of Rs. 1700 crore, it provides significant self-employment opportunities and is also an important source of livelihood.

This is one sector that has seen consistent development with the state playing an important role in formulating growth-motivating policies. However, there is evidence to suggest that the state has entered a stage of over-fishing. The last decade of 1990s has witnessed an overall decline in growth rates of both, the fish landed and of value realized. The catch composition too has changed to tilt towards the lower value catches. A disturbing feature has been the increase in the proportion of juveniles in the fish catch suggesting indiscriminate fishing. Also, the decreasing catch per unit of effort and the shrinking of areas available for fishing mean that fishermen of Gujarat are forced to travel long distance to catch reasonable amount of fish to sustain themselves in fishing. This proves costly, thus raising the cost incurred per unit of fish.

About 11 lakh persons are directly and indirectly employed in the sector. The state has been providing assistance to fisherman for procurement of boats and nets, fishing
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inputs and rearing charges (for inland Fishery), safety equipment, accident and life insurance cover, housing and water supply etc. Plan outlay of ` 80 crore in 2013-14 will also cover financial assistance for brackish water aquaculture, purchase of 4-stroke OBM, solar lights on fishing boats. We are also strongly pursuing a special drive for creating employment opportunities for women in coastal area in sea-weed culture.

Female Fishers: According to the 1997 livestock census, female fishers in Gujarat constituted 49 per cent in the total population. Women workers constitute 35 per cent of the total number of active fishers. They take part in shore-based activities, such as, unloading, cleaning and sorting the fish, selling part of the fresh fish in the local markets as well drying them, and loading the boats with ice, salt, nets, food, etc. Migrant female workers, particularly from Kerala work primarily in the processing units.

Education: Of the total 2, 75,000 fishers 1, 61,000 or 58.55 per cent were literate as per 2002-03 statistics. Women constituted 40 per cent share of the literates,. Of the literate population in marine fisheries 71 per cent had education only up to primary level, 25 per cent up to the secondary level and only 4 per cent could reach higher education levels.

Household and Per-capita Income: The average family size in the marine fisheries sector of Gujarat was 6.42. As per 200203 Statistics, annual income per household and per capita was estimated to be Rs. 3,95,000 and Rs.62,000, respectively (see: page 7 of Gujarat Fisheries Statistics, Govt. of Gujarat, January, 2004). These figures- published in the official report appear to be on the higher side- suggesting that fishermen in Gujarat are not poorest of the poor.

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Per Capita Consumption of Fish: Though the vast majority of population in Gujarat is vegetarian, per capita consumption of fish has dramatically increased from 4.53 kg in 1990-01 to 11.58 kg in 2002-03. Fisheries development has, thus, helped in improving the per capita availability of protein rich food.

Community Based Organizations and Associations Fishing communities in Gujarat have their relatively strong community-based organizations (CBOs), known as caste panchayats. For example, the caste panchayat of Hindu Kharwas of Veraval is considered to be very strong. It is an elected body of the representatives of different segments of Kharwas of Veraval and headed by the chief, known locally as patel. Four chovatias assist the patel. They meet every morning and evening in their office in a temple. They conduct 159 hearings and give decisions on conflict cases. Similarly, trawl-boat owners as well as owners of motorised boats have their associations. Office bearers of these associations hold regular meetings in their offices and help their inmates on several individual as well as collective issues related to fishing. Similar organisations have also been working in other parts of the coastal Gujarat. Seafood industry employs over five million people directly and indirectly in the country. Total export of this sector from India is around Rs. 6000 crores. Gujarat, one of the maritime states of India contributes around 10 % of total seafood export every year. Seafood industries are highly water intensive. Moreover, they require constant power during processing, storage and transporting products to destination. Potable water is required in various process steps as per EU standard. But lack of continuous (uninterrupted) power as well as potable water has poised problem of preserving products.

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TOTAL INVESTMENT V/S ANNUAL SAVINGS

Sr. No

CP Opportunities

Investment (in Rs.) Total

Savings (Rs/annum) Total

Pay Back

Economic Viability (low/medium / high)[1] High

Use belt conveyor for 1,10,000 2,40,000 10 transferring baskets filled month with fish from weighing section to processing hall 2 Use of sprays instead of using 6,000 15,552 5 High running hoses for cleaning & month rinsing of fish. 3 Reuse chlorinated wash water 25,000 19,000 1 yr. 3 Medium after filtration from 0.2 mm month mesh screen in non-critical applications like preliminary washing of R/M, cleaning floors. 4 Improve insulation of cooling 1,00,000 1,22,850 10 High systems & pipe work months (required 6" and 3" is used) 5 Use SS made /aluminum 10,20,010 8,59,900 1 yr. Medium allied trays instead of plastic &2 trays for efficient cooling. month 6 Installation of R.O. plant & 15,00,000 19,12,200 1 yr. 3 Medium reusing of treated water in month the process areas. 7 Installation of water level 30,000 52,800 7 High controllers in overhead tanks month The state can feed fish to the entire country if not consumed in the state due to lack of social acceptance for fish in the state. Gujarat is well known to be heterogeneous with respect to inland water resource. The people residing along the coastal belt of the state, the rivers lakes and reservoirs have been found traditionally engaged in fishing for the immemorial time but due to vegetarian food habits, religious restrains the domestic demand of it is very low, compared to other states as a result of it a major part of fish and fishery products

62

produced in the state goes out either to other states or to foreign country. The fish contains a lot of protein and high calories. The deficit of protein is largely seen in poor families of the country. If they are made to aware fish they can enrich their protein as well as they can also make money from fish related business. Social Infrastructure To conduct a Techno-Socio-Economic Survey for fishermen community in Gujarat, the commissionerate of fisheries, Government of Gujarat (GOG) had availed the services of the Management Consultancy Division (MCD) of Dalal consultants and Engineers Limited (DCEL). The study was conducted in 184 fishery villages and 5335 fishermen households were selected for the study, spread across the state in both the marine and inland sectors. The study on the availability of various facilities in fishery villages indicated that about 95 per cent of the total villages surveyed were without electricity and about twothirds of the villages did not have access to medical facilities (Table 12). The safe drinking water facilities were available only to 72 per cent villages. In terms of other facilities, while 46 per cent villages were found to have banking facilities, only 25 per cent have cinema halls, 8 per cent have community halls and about 14 per cent have access to housing schemes.

Educational Status The results of the survey conducted by DCEL indicated that the literacy rate among the fishermen in Gujarat was poor in comparison to Gujarat averages. It has been found that about 37 per cent of the fisherwomen and 53 per cent of the total fishermen are literate (Table 13). Among the literate population, 53 per cent male and 56 per cent female have

63

education only up to the primary level. About 17 to 19 percent have education up to the middle school level, 10 per cent up to secondary level. It is quite surprising to note that only 2 per cent of the fishermen population was found to be graduates or with other higher qualification.

64

Technological
Fisheries sector, a sunrise sector in gujrat, has recorded a faster growth than that of crop and livestock sectors. The sector contributes to the livelihood of a large section of economically-underprivileged population of the country. It has been recognized as a powerful income and employment generator as it stimulates growth of a number of subsidiary industries and is a source of cheap and nutritious food besides being a foreign exchange earner. With the changing consumption pattern, emerging market forces and technological developments, it has assumed added importance in India. It is undergoing rapid transformation and the policy support, production strategies, public investment in infrastructure, and research and extension for fisheries have significantly contributed to the increased fish production. Technology had been the main factor responsible for the phenomenal growth of aquaculture, particularly after the advent of carp polyculture and composite fish culture in the late 70s. Similarly, major investments on infrastructure such as construction of mini harbors, jetties, landing centers, introduction of trawlers and mechanized vessels, supply of nets, etc. led to increased catch and contribution from capture fisheries sector. Fisheries technology is basically concerned with the development of craft, gear, and processing methods. The objectives of research on processing methods are to minimize wastage during processing , improvement of microbial characteristics , product diversification , and utilization of byproducts and waste. Technology using for following reason 1. Quality seed production

65

2. Selective breeding of carps 3. Formulation of low cost feed materials using locally available ingredients 4. Fabrication of nets for targeted fishing

System using in fisheries


Netcage System:-

1) Waveproof cages:SUBMERSIBLE NETCAGES for offshore farming This "Vineta" cages are developed for industrial farming of various fish species (i.e.: Sea bass, Sea bream, Grouper, Salmon, Sturgeon etc.) all the year round at exposed open water areas such as seas and oceans. To prevent damage from storm impact and to provide optimum conditions for fish farming, the cage can be submerged. Completed with a painted or galvanized framework with a net chamber enclosed and a feed bunker on it allowing automatic feed supply and farming process supervision. To place the cage vertically, it is equipped with a special system providing its surfacing, submerging and positioning at a depth of 4-40 meter. Horizontal positioning of the cage is provided by the system of anchorage including anchor ties and anchors. Lightness and tracery of the cage are in full accordance with the sea landscape. The cage structure is produced to the "Rules for Building and Classing Underwater Vehicles, Systems, and Hyperbaric Facilities" and passes control assembling and testing at the manufacturing plant. It will have the certificate of the official "Maritime Register of Shipping". The steelwork is marked and packed as packages or in boxes wich can be transported in a standard 40-feet container. CIRCULAR NETCAGES for all conditions

66

a wide range of single, double and triple ring cage collars, using black high density polyethylene (HD-PE 80-100) pipes in sizes from 200 to 450 mm , optional mounted with either dip galvanized steel or injection moulded plastic brackets (mounted usually every 2-3 m). All build with heavy gauge handrail and upright pipe (110-160 mm ) to resist deformation. The tailormade circular cages with a diameter from 10-60 m (32-189 m circumference) can be prepared for all types of weather and sea conditions from seabay to offshore sites. A safety chain inside the outer pipe ring and dividing plates welded inside the inner pipe ring, are available for safety reasons. 2) Illuminated Cages UNDERWATER LIGHTS to increase growth and delay maturity Underwater lights are used sucessfully (24 h/day) to delay maturation and increase growth in several fish species (like: Salmon, Trout and Cod etc.). in both sea- and landbased farms. This special submersible waterproof (IP 68) lights are made according to IEC and CE standards and are DEMKO and NEMKO approved. The socket of the special lamps is base E40 and the glass lens has a thickness of 5 mm. They have been tested at independant laboratories and light distribution files are used for calculating distribution in cages and tanks. The light intensity is 70-90 lm/W, the light current is 80-90000 lm and the colour temperature 4000-5000 K. They have dimensions (Length x Diameter) of 565 x 130 mm, a weight of 12,5 kg and are delivered with 20-40 m fixed marine cable (3 x 2,5 mm), and are available in two power ratings (400 or 1000 W, 3,2 or 5,5 A) for a voltage of 230 V/50 Hz.

67

3) NET CLEANING SYSTEM with high pressure This netcleaners maintain a flow of oxygenated water through the nets, that keeps them clean with minimal disturbance and no need to remove the fish from the pens. It's construction and design make the washers head working toward the net against its own high pressure water stream and can be used on all types of nets and cages. The netwasher loosen and pulverize, with its high pressure waterstream, algae growth, food remains and other fouling, which in turn will drift away by the current. The single head disk is easily used, the dual head disk is for faster cleaning. The fuel driven pressure pump with high output drives the head of the netwasher disk or can be used for pressure washing. It can be operated by one man from the boat or walkway/collar or underwater by a diver. Alternatively a hydraulic power pack for workboats is available, which is permanently installed with all the advantages of hydraulic drive, useful for pressure washing on boat and cages.

68

Production Systems Recirculating system:The requirement for seafood continually rises worldwide, and products are continually becoming more rare. Aquaculture is a young, innovative part of economy with high growth rates and secure prospects. The future of fish production requires water to be used as economical as possible, and environmentally safe removal of waste products with lowest possible energy consumption. Demands of environment legislation reduce possibilities of open water fish production more and more. Already existing fish farms are confronted with directions for purification of their waste waters. This accelerates the development of intensive, water saving systems for fish production which do not depend upon natural environmental factors. Production in a closed water systems offers more a compact growing environment for fish, low shared personal costs and good profits.

In such systems the waste water, which is loaded with metabolic by-products, is recycled through biological and physical purification and more than 90 % re-used. Through improvement of the re-circulation and filter technique we are able to offer an very efficient, easy and cost effective system for fresh and seawater. Risk minimization, process control and fish health are factors considered in designs and re-circulation systems are produced in module-construction.

69

FILTERING SYSTEM:o PRESSURE FILTERS with cleaning technique This compact pressure filters with integrated UV-C lamp (9-11 Watt for up to 9.000 hours) are complete filter systems with ecological threefold operation technic (mechanical/biological/optical), to solve all filter problems in garden ponds or aquarium tanks. An integrated user friendly backwash system allows an easy maintenance without opening of the filter. The water leaving the filter has the same pressure as the entering water and therefore may can also used for waterfalls or injectors and therefore provides for a better oxygenation. The filters have a diameter of approx. 27-37 cm and a height of 4757 cm. They can stand free or set into the ground, below or above the water outlet and used for fresh- or saltwater. The filters are available in two sizes with a volume of 25-30 l and 1" hose connections, for a recommended water flow of approx. 2.500-5.000 l/h and tank or pond size of 3-6 resp. 6-12 m3 (with resp. without fish stock). o DRUMM FILTERS with high capacity This drumfilters for the mechanical cleaning of medium to heavy loaded aquaculture or industry waste waters are made from stainless steel and are available complete with filter frames and screens, cleaning pump, electric control and with or without installation tank. The filters a re available for flow capacities of 8-750 or 7-500l/sec (at max. 10 mg or 25 mg load per liter), with filter screens from 20-100 m, and a filter area of 0,5-13,76 m2. The energy demand is 180-750 watt and the water demand for cleaning is 0,13-1,10 l/sec at 2,5 bar.

70

CONDITIONING SYSTEM
o HEATERS AND CHILLERS for aquaria and aquaculture This compact (CE-certified) heating and/or cooling systems can be used for various liquid media (also seawater or foods) and are very save and secure in operation through the missing direct contact to the media. An electronic control via a high precision thermostat and the continous display of the temperature via a digital thermometer allow an easy and exact control of the temperature. An ecologic chooling gas (R 134 a) and a low power consumption are features of this transportable and easy to install systems. The standard connection is 230 Volt 50 or 60 Hz. Systems with integrated UVC System, higher capacity or other voltages are possible on request.

71

HOLDING SYSTEM:o HOLDING AQUARIA for fish and seafood An aquarium should be seen as a complex grouping of elements functioning synergetically to maintain constancy of environmental characteristics, countering any variation whatsoever and simulating as far as possible the whole biological cycle that is present in nature and indispensable to the live of the aquatic animals. This professional range of aquariums are designed for holding of live crustacean or fishes at a working temperature of 10-30 C and consists of double glass walls in which the two layers of glass are separated by a dry air gap. The aquaria are delivered as complete assembled units with ALU-frame and PVC-panels (70 cm high, colour: black) with cover and lights (IP67), external mechanical/biological filter, circulation pump and chiller with thermostate, as well as cable and plough. Energy consumption 680-1200 W. The two larger systems are also available with two-compartment aquaria. Single wall glas aquaria (200-600 l volume) with stainless steel frame.

72

o HOLDING TANKS for crustacean and mollusca This proven (GRP) grassfire reinforced polyester tanks (isolated with polyurethane) are specially suitable for the holding of crustacean and mollusks (like: lobsters and clams etc.). The units are delivered complete with in the bottom integrated mechanical-biological filter (Lithothamnium caldarium) with pre-filter, titanium-chiller (R134) with digital display and thermostat, UV-C and recirculation system with PVC-pipes. They are build for a electric connection of 380 V/50 Hz (230 V on request) and a working temperature of 5-25 degree C.

73

FEEDING SYSTEM:o Solar Feeders AUTOMATIC FEEDERS for controlled feeding This "Solaris" Feeding System was designed and constructed to the latest specifications in the field of aquaculture economics by using the most modern components of present day technology.

The model "STANDARD" is delivered with a (600 mA) solar panel, which supplies a motor with the needed energy. This feeds without battery, without electronic, (some seconds, some seconds pause) from sunrise to sunset (also on rainy days). The daily feeding amount (1-5 mm Pellet) is adjustable from 0,1 kg up to 100,0 kg/day. The model "INTERVAL" is also equipped with a feeding computer and accumulator (to balance weather depending days) which is mounted in a splash proof box (directly on the feeder) and can be adjusted exactly to feeding intervals, feed amount and time. The model "SUPERSPREADER" is equipped additionally with an adjustable sector and round spreader (radius adjustable approx. 2-8 m and up to 20 m on request), and delivered with a bigger solar panel
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Economic :Gujarat is one of the leading maritime states of India. The state is situated on the west coast of India which lies between 20.10 and 24.70 North latitude and 68.40 and 74.40 East longitude. It has the longest coastline of 1600 Km.which extends along 10 districts from Kutch in the north and Valsad in the south. Over the last four decades, fisheries sector of Gujarat has undergone radical changes. While marine resources of Gujarat are spread mainly in the Arabian sea, the inland waters in the form of rivers, canals, estuaries, ponds, reservoirs, brackish water impoundments, waterlogged areas etc.constitute a bed rock of inland fisheries in the state. An incredible achievement of the state has been made in the foreign exchange earnings through export of fish and fish products. The current emphasis on the development of fisheries sector in the state is on conducting research for providing valuable information which can contribute to the planning process, institutional development and policies of the fishery sector. The fishery industry in Gujarat plays an important role in economy of the state and gives livelihood to about 4.50 lakh fishermen, which contributes about 7.53 per cent of the total fishermen population in the India. However,the proportion of active fishermen in Gujarat is 10.88 per cent of the total active fishermen in the country. Gujarat with about 32 percent continental shelf area, 11 per cent of the Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) area, 20 per cent of the coastline, 12 per cent of the area of reservoirs. Economic impact on fishing:1) Adverse impact on livelihood fishing community in (navinar,bhadreshvar, jalpara,tundra etc.) 2) Problem due to adani port operations restricted to access sea 3) Adverse impact on pagadiya fishing 4) Declining in fishing production 5) Off-shore fishing are also curtained costal village

The fishery industry in Gujarat plays an important role in economy of the state and gives livelihood to about 4.50 lakh fishermen, which contributes about 7.53 per cent of the total fishermen population in the India. However, the proportion of active fishermen in Gujarat is 10.88 per cent of the total active fishermen in the country (Table 1). Gujarat with about 32 per cent continental shelf area, 11 per cent of the Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) area, 20 per cent of the coastline, 12 per cent of the area of reservoirs, 26
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per cent of brackishwater area, and 18 per cent of the mechanized boats of the country, should be the largest producer of fish in the country, but it is the second largest producer of fish, after West Bengal.

o Fish production in Gujarat

Gujarat produced only 79 thousand tonnes of marine fish during 1960-61, countributing nearly 9 per cent of Indias marine fish production (Table 4). A continuous increase in the marine fish production was noticed in the state and it reached to a level of 6.70 lakh
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tonnes during 1999-2000, accounting for 23.64 per cent of the Indias total marine fish production. It is estimated that the marine fish production landed by the mechanized boat was the highest in Gujarat.

Among the mechanized boat, the trawlers landed a maximum catch, followed by gill netters and bag netters and motorized boats. The inland fish production in the state started only in 1980-81. It rose to 70 thousand tonnes during 1999-2000, but its share in India was only 2.48 per cent. This could be attributed to many reasons. Gujarat is basically a maritime state and the inland fisheries was, by and large, confined to subsistence oriented activities along the peripheries of a few rivers, estuaries and larger water masses. Again there has been a very stiff social resistance to fisheries activities, especially in the rural hinterland, due to strict vegetarian food habits of the local population. During the last four decades, the share of Gujarat in the total fish production of India has increased from about 7 per cent in 1960-61 to 13 per cent in 1999-2000. The contribution of Gujarat in marine as well as inland fish production to India is almost stagnant since 1992-93. This needs a special attention of the policy makers in the interest of fishermen community of the state.

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The important fisheries indicators in Gujarat are given in Table 5. The total fishermen population of Gujarat is estimated to be 4.49 lakh, which is about 7 per cent of the total fishery population in India. The total number of fishermen estimated in the marine sector is 2.75 lakh (61.19 per cent) and in the inland sector is 1.74 lakh (38.81 per cent). Among the active fishermen, about 70 per cent fishermen are engaged in actual fishing, 8.49 per cent are employed in net making and boat repairing, 10.79 per cent in marketing and about 6 per cent in the processing and preservation activities.

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Environmental
Rapid economic development is often accompanied by a host of environmental problems. Gujarat has not been an exception to this. Gujarats industrial sector has grown at an accelerating rate, which reached almost 12 per cent during the 1990s. From just over 5 million people in 1961, the urban areas in Gujarat today provide livelihoods for over 18 million, comprising 40 percent of the total population of 50.6 million.

The coastline of Gujarat is 1,663 km long (over 20 per cent of the Indian coastline), with a continental shelf of 165,000 sq km (over 35 per cent of the Indian continental shelf). The surface water resources are concentrated mostly in the southern and central parts. The water resources of the State get divided along the Sabarmati River into a resourcerich eastern part and a resource-poor west. Most of the groundwater resources are concentrated in unconsolidated formations covering about 40 per cent of the State. Of this, more than 70 per cent is restricted to the alluvial plains of central and north Gujarat.

A sizeable area of the shelf off Gujarat holds a fish stock of 4 to 6 tonnes per sq km. Almost 70 per cent of the total stock of the shelf is available within 50 m depth, and the highest stock density is near 22 degrees latitude. While the fishing zones off Veraval are dominated by ribbon fishes (about 25 per cent), those off Porbandar and Dwaraka abound with horse mackerel (about 90 per cent) and pomfret (about 55 per cent) respectively. Other major types include ribbon fish, sciaenid, cat fish, shark, perch, and threadfin bream. The northern areas off Dwaraka and Kachchh are the most productive, and compare favourably with some of the richest fishing grounds in the world. Fishing in the coastal areas of Kachchh and Saurashtra is an ancient but marginal activity. In 199798, Gujarats total harvest was 702,400 tonnes. This does not include the large quantities of juveniles of several fish, including the silver pomfret, Pampus argenteus, which are discarded as by-catch from trawling, dolnets, and gill nets. It has been
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universally accepted that around one-third of the total fish catch is discarded into the sea. If the estimated discards are taken into account, the actual harvest was 810,000 tonnes, which is already beyond the estimated minimum sustainable yield (MSY) in fisheries up to 50 m depth. This means that the fish stocks along the Gujarat coast are already fully exploited or overfished. Further, the use of new and more efficient fishing methods, which might increase catch rates to some extent, would probably lead to a further decline in sustainable fish populations.

Reduced freshwater flow in the surface drainage systems of Gujarat has led to increased salinity in downstream reaches and estuaries, aggravating the pollution problem through reduced dilution and affecting the composition of biotic communities such as mangroves and fisheries. Seawater intrusion has reduced the productivity of land and induced a change in cropping patterns as well as migration as people leave their villages in search of livelihoods.

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Political
Fishing for ornamental fish is one of the corner stones of the fisheries policy being drafted by Gujarat government. "non-violent activity quite in tune with Gujarati ethos". A new incentives scheme is being worked out for fish producers willing to hatch only ornamental fish.

The exporters are facing growing competition from other countries, difficulty in knowing the requirement of the consumers of the importing countries, increasing cost of production, political bans on importing of Indian marine products in certain countries, frequent fluctuation in exchange rate, excessive depending on Japan exporting are the major challenges.

Where there is expansion in organization, due care would be given for additional management personnel, more paper work, more indirect workers, legal and moral constraints, additional workers, unwarranted overtime, sensitivity to political pressures and greater resources use. Productivity suffers when organizations expand without productivity effectiveness and control.

GOVERNMENT POLICY AND DEVELOPMENT PLANS


Government aims at rapid development of fisheries to uplift fishermen, increase export of marine products, and develop fishery-based industry. During the first three Five-Year Plans the main objective was to increase fish production by mechanization of traditional fishing crafts. Exploitation of untapped resources was under taken during the Fourth Plan by introducing small and medium sized trawlers. Till the fourth Five-Year Plan, liberal loans and subsidies were given for boats, engines, ice factories, cold storages, transport, etc. Loans were, however, discontinued during the Fourth Five Year Plan and only subsidies at varying rates were granted. From 1978 onwards, subsidies on mechanized boats of 14.8 m. and above were discontinued and an interest loans with a
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moratorium of seven years was introduced. Other subsidies however, continued unchanged. The government was concentrating its attention on the development of harbor and jetty facilities, and development other infrastructure such as ice plants, freezing plants, and approach roads. Since 1977 attention on deep- sea fishing has also increased. Details of allocation and expenditure during the plan period are given below. These outlays helped in subsequent achievement in various sectors of fisheries development in the state.

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Legal
Protection of fish in selected waters by rules of State Government.

(1) The State Government may make rules for the purposes hereinafter in this section mentioned, and may by notification in the Official Gazette apply all or any of such rules to such waters, not being private waters, as the State Government may specify in the said notification.

(2) The State Government may also, by like notification, apply such rules or any of them to any private water with the consent in writing of the owner thereof and of all persons having for the time being any exclusive right of fishery therein.

(3) Such rules may prohibit or regulate all or any of the following matters, that is to say:-

(a) The erection and use of fixed engines; (b) The construction of weirs; and (c) The dimension and kind of the nets to be used and the modes of using them.

(4) Such rules may also prohibit all fishing in any specified water for a period not exceeding two years.

(5) In making any rule under this section the State Government may

(a) Direct that a breach of it shall be punishable with fine which may extend to one hundred rupees, and, when the breach is a continuing breach, with a further fine which may extend to ten rupees for every day after the date of the first conviction during which the breach is proved to have been persisted in; and

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(b) Provide for(i) The seizure, forfeiture and removal of fixed engines, erected or used, or nets used, in contravention of the rule, and (ii) The forfeiture of any fish taken by means of any such fixed engine or net

(6) The power to make rules under this section is subject to the condition that they shall be made after previous publication.

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Ethical
Since ancient times, fisheries have been an important source of food, employment, and economic and social benefits, as well as a foundation for great cultures. That there are limits to the extraction of fishery resources has long been recognized by science, but policies and management have failed to consider them adequately, leading to regrettable environmental and socio-economic consequences. It is now globally clear that fisheries resources can no longer sustain the historical rapid and often uncontrolled exploitation and development rates, and that new management and conservation approaches are needed.

Ethics is a systematic and critical analysis of morality, of the moral factors that guide human conduct in a particular society or practice. As fisheries represent an interaction between humans and the aquatic ecosystem, fisheries ethics deals with the values, rules, duties and virtues of relevance to both human and ecosystem well-being, providing a critical normative analysis of the moral issues at stake in that sector of human activities.

Fishermen are forced to go for long-distance fishing for another reason as well, namely, increased marine pollution. Senior scientists of Central Institute of Fisheries Technology, stationed at Veraval are of the opinion that marine pollution has been increasing on the coastal belt of Saurashtra, largely because of the growth of Chemical industry (personal interview, April 11, 2005). This has caused, to some extent, the destruction of marine life in the coastal waters of Gujarat.

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Demographic
Gujarat is endowed with a wide range of marine and inland aquatic resources. The state has a long coastline extending to 1600 km, a continental shelf area9 of 0.18 million km2, Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ)10 of 0.214 million km2, rivers and tributaries extending to 3865 km, reservoirs with 0.286 million ha, ponds and tanks of 0.071 million ha and brackish water area of 0.376 million ha. Gujarat occupies 32% of the continental shelf area and 10% of the total EEZ of India. Fishing industry, which has grown substantially in the last four decades with the continuous intensification of fishing effort, contributes significantly to the economic, social and nutritional well being of the people of Gujarat.

Fishermen Population
As per the census, the total fishermen population in Gujarat state is 360943 of which 48.86% is female. The fishermen population is spreads over 208 villages in 18 districts. About 57317 people are engaged in occupations related to fishing like, marketing of fish, making repairing of nets, curing processing of fish etc. The important information about fishermen population is given as under.

There are 123366 active fisherman of which 70.70 % are engaged in marine sector and 29.30 % in inland sector. There is 65.40 % of total active fisherman are engaged in fishing activity. The remaining are engaged in activities like net making (10.28), marketing (12.81) processing preservation (3.27) and others activities (8.24).

The coast line is about 1600 km. and accounts for about 21% of the total coastline available to the country and about 59% of the western coastline of India. There are two

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extensive Gulfs, the Gulf of Kutch and the Gulf of Cambay. There of the continental shelf is in the vicinity of about 165000 sq. km., which accounts for about 36% of the continental area available to the country.

Inland Resources
In inland fisheries Gujarat has tremendous potential as the Five Major Rivers viz. Mahi, Narmada, Tapi, Banas and Sabarmati provide rich resource basis.

The people residing along the coastal belt of the state, the rivers, lakes, reservoirs have been found traditionally engaged in fishing for the immemorial time. Besides village tanks covering over 20519 hector of water spread area also available for fish culture. In addition 44025 hectors of Minor Irrigation tanks and 58 reservoirs covering about 2.40 lakh hector of water offer considerable scope for Inland Fisheries in Gujarat.

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Bilateral investment

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Point of difference Bahrain


Social Supporting The Environmental

Gujarat
Affairs The state has been

activities for fishing

Agency (EA) has coordinated a providing assistance to number of activities aiming at fisherman protection of marine resources. procurement of for boats

The committee is chaired by the and nets, fishing inputs National Committee for the and rearing charges (for Protection members of Wildlife, with inland Fishery), safety

representing

the equipment, accident and insurance cover,

Directorate of Fisheries, Bahrain life

Centre for Studies and Research, housing and water supply University of Bahrain, Ministry etc. of Housing, Municipalities and Environment, Education, Ministry Bahrain of

National

History Society. Per capita fish The total annual seafood Though the vast majority

consumption

consumption is estimated at of population in Gujarat is 16.7 kg/person vegetarian, per capita

consumption of fish has dramatically increased

from 4.53 kg in 1990-01 to 11.58 kg in 2002-03.


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Fisheries has, thus,

development helped in

improving the per capita availability of protein rich food.

Technology system

Screen Filters Biological Filters Aquaculture Tanks Ozone in Aquaculture Aerators

PRESSURE FILTERS with technique DRUMM FILTERS cleaning

with high capacity HEATERS CHILLERS aquaria AND for and

System Design

aquaculture HOLDING AQUARIA for fish and seafood HOLDING TANKS

for crustacean and mollusca

Economic participation

Fisheries are insignificant from

An

incredible

an economic point of view in achievement of the state Bahrain; they are often seen as has been made in the being of heritage value since the foreign exchange

early economy (pre-1960) very earnings through export much depended on fishing and of fish and fish

90

trading activities. Bahrain is products.gujarat is mainly making domestic consumption exporting fish and have more of fish and that is why low consumption of fish there is no much economic that is why there is more participation by fishing economic participation in Gujarat industry. Environment fishing and Coral reefs lie close to the Most of the groundwater island, many along the eastern resources and northern sides of the island. concentrated Over 300 species can be found unconsolidated in Bahrain's waters. Some types formations covering are in by fishing

of tropical fish include angel about 40 per cent of the fish, parrot fish, barracuda, State. Of this, more than grouper and clown fish. In the 70 per cent is restricted spring, sting rays can be seen to the alluvial plains of sunning themselves on the sand central and north Gujarat. banks. While the fishing zones off Veraval by are ribbon 25 per

dominated fishes cent). Political policy for This plan is within plan productivity national the Government for rapid

(about

aims

at of

development fishing sector

of government's developing achieving

development to

and fisheries

uplift increase

objectives fishermen, of

designed to provide healthy export food for all citizens

marine

and products, and develop

residents. The fisheries sector fishery-based industry.


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has contributed by developing an integrated program designed to support and develop this sector and its employees. Legal regulation of Ministerial Decree No. 7 of Direct that a breach of it 1997, which ended industrial shall be punishable with sector trawling in Bahrain in fine which may extend to 1998. In 2002, a new Fisheries one hundred rupees, and, Decree No. 20 of 2002 was when the breach is a issued and included a continuing breach, with a

fishing industry

comprehensive review of all further fine which may previous legislation and drafting extend to ten rupees for new laws consistent with the every day after the date changes and developments in of the first conviction the fisheries sector and marine during which the breach resources. Thus, fishing does not is proved to have been mean exploitation of fisheries to persisted in. limit deterioration or significant expansion in improving services but combines with a good exploitation of these resources with continuous monitoring and prohibiting illegal methods with appropriate enforcement,

including, for example nets with three layers which leads to overexploitation. Ethics industry for fishing With the absence of any Fishermen are forced to for long-distance
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aquaculture activity, there is no go

clash between aquaculture and fishing for another reason fisheries. But the economic as well, namely, increased development, represented by marine pollution. Senior encroachment of urban scientists of of Central Fisheries

development into the sea has Institute

created a clash with fisheries. Technology, stationed at Such clash is evident in the Veraval are of the opinion damage to fishing grounds and that marine pollution has complaints from the fishermen been increasing on the community. coastal belt of Saurashtra, largely because of the growth industry of Chemical (personal

interview, April 11, 2005). This has caused, to some extent, the destruction of marine life in the coastal waters of Gujarat. Demographics fishing of Bahrain have Length of coastline 10000 km2. The state has a long extending to

590 km. and have shelf area of coastline

1600 km, a continental shelf area of 0.18 million km2, Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ)10 of 0.214 million km2, rivers and tributaries extending to 3865 km, reservoirs with 0.286 million ha, ponds

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and tanks of 0.071 million ha and brackish water area of 0.376 million ha

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