Professional Documents
Culture Documents
7 Food Waste
Diversion & Utilization
This is Part 7 in the Best Management Practices
Series, providing technical assistance in the operation
Benefits Page 2
and management of yard waste composting sites that
are including food waste in their operations. Each set
Characterizing Food Waste Page 4
of Best Management Practices (or “BMPs”) is
Making Food Waste Page 6
designed to improve the success and viability of
composting operations, with an overall goal of Compost
eliminating odor problems and producing quality
Regulations Page 8
compost products.
Working with Generators Page 9
Introduction
Working with Haulers Page 12
Food Waste Diversion & Utilization: Best Management Practices for Composting p. 1
Benefits The Food Waste Hierarchy
Food waste comprises the single largest
Following the lead of the solid waste management
component of the waste stream by weight.
hierarchy, the EPA offers a recovery hierarchy to
Michigan residents throw away more than one‐
promote the productive use of excess food and
quarter of all their prepared food, accounting for
food residuals.
approximately 96 billion pounds of food waste
each year. Food waste includes preparation waste The food waste recovery hierarchy comprises the
and scraps, as well as uneaten food from following activities, with disposal in a landfill as
households, commercial, institutions (i.e. school the final option:1
cafeterias), and industrial sources such as food
processors. Nationally, we spend about 1 billion • Source Reduction – Reduce the volume of
dollars each year to dispose of food waste. food waste generated
Source: U.S. EPA
Food Waste Diversion & Utilization: Best Management Practices for Composting p. 2
Food Waste Utilization2 • Horticultural Benefits
Composting produces a rich organic
Food waste is generally very moist, causing it to
amendment for dry, infertile soil. Bacteria
have a low BTU value and making it an
and organisms in compost build and
undesirable feedstock for incinerators. Disposal
improve soil structure, and mature
in a landfill is also not optimal, for a variety of
compost provides nutrients and
reasons: tipping fees, the need to conserve landfill
microorganisms essential for plant growth.
space for non‐recyclable and/or non‐compostable
Compost also increases water retention
materials, and reduction in the efficiency of
and decreases irrigation requirements.
potential landfill gas recovery.
Following are some significant issues regarding • Builds a Positive Image
Employees report favorably about food
food waste, which can be addressed through
waste collection programs, and utilization
diversion to composting:
addresses an increasing public concern for
• Environmental Concerns environmental quality.
Food waste recovery has a huge impact on
global climate change. Diverting organic
materials from landfills reduces leachate Carbon Offsets3
and reduces anaerobic decomposition that
releases methane gas into the atmosphere; There has always been a connection between
with composting it becomes carbon composting and global climate change. But now,
dioxide instead, while providing nutrients carbon credit and offset market advances
for soil. Food waste composting provides strengthen and monetize the connection directly.
another tactic for recycling food‐
contaminated paper and waxed In most cases the recovery of household organics
corrugated cardboard that cannot be (HHO) directly reduces the creation of methane
recycled using conventional methods. (and its emission) into the atmosphere. The
methane created in a landfill from HHO is 23
• Food Waste Benefits to Composting times as potent as the same carbon atoms made
Food waste is high in nitrogen and speeds up into carbon dioxide. Therefore, composting
the decomposition process of compost. organic materials rather then allowing them to
Adding food waste to yard waste for create methane offsets the “business as usual”
composting will reduce water needs case of landfilling organics.
throughout the process and increase the
nutrient content of the finished product. Once The establishment of a voluntary market for
composted, food wastes contribute to the carbon credits and offsets in Chicago, called the
overall beneficial characteristics of compost as Chicago Climate Exchange (CCX), is one structure
a soil amendment and nutrient additive. that enables HHO recovery programs to identify,
quantify and monetize carbon offsets.
• Economic Savings
Food waste utilization provides a
demonstrable reduction in solid waste
disposal costs. Additionally, finished
compost reduces the cost of fertilizers and
other soil amendments.
Food Waste Diversion & Utilization: Best Management Practices for Composting p. 3
Another key organization type, the aggregators, • consumable liquids (beer, wine, liquor,
create, register, audit, and trade the offsets. juices, soda, vinegar, etc.)
Together the carbon offset makers and the • meat processing by‐products
aggregators use the CCX to bring additional • plate scrapings and leftovers, post‐
revenues to communities who collect HHO. These consumer food waste
revenues, while of modest value currently, will
jump significantly in the event of non‐voluntary The potential of food waste to produce liquid
regulation of carbon emissions by State or Federal leachate, combined with its low carbon‐to‐
government. nitrogen ratio relative to ideal composting
conditions, demands that food waste be collected
and processed in a timely and efficient manner.
Pre‐consumer food waste ‐‐ or the vegetative
Characterizing Food scraps resulting from food production ‐‐ is easily
separated from packaging and service waste;
Waste thus, it usually does not present the
contamination issues that post‐consumer food
Food waste differs from yard waste in that it is
waste capture does. Newcomers to food waste
generally characterized as a highly putrescent,
utilization often initiate a program with pre‐
rapidly degradable feedstock with a high
consumer food waste, leading to a higher rate of
moisture content and bulk density. A California
program success.
case study characterized food waste as generally
composed of 71% fruit and vegetable waste, 26% Post‐consumer or uneaten food waste is often
bread and starch waste, and 3% other items.4 contaminated with paper, metal, glass, and/or
plastic food packaging, which complicates the
Compostable Material composting process and decreases the value of the
resulting compost. However, these problems can
Food waste that can be composted includes, but is
be resolved successfully, as demonstrated below.
not limited to5:
The inclusion of paper products in food waste
• trim from fruits and vegetables, composting is common, and may solve a variety
spoiled fruits and vegetables, salads of composting and recycling challenges. Paper
• day old breads and pastries, excess adds a necessary carbon source to the composting
batter, spoiled bakery products mix, and will absorb much excess moisture.
• dairy products ‐ cheese, yogurt, ice
cream, and miscellaneous by‐products
• floral waste and trimmings, plants
• leftover food that cannot be served
again
• frozen foods
• coffee grounds and filters
• tea bags
• egg shells and cartons
• seafood (including shells)
Food Waste Diversion & Utilization: Best Management Practices for Composting p. 4
Most paper products can be safely and
beneficially used as a composting feedstock when
the paper is soiled or wax‐coated, or where Non-Vegetative Food Waste
markets for traditional paper recycling are not
Food waste, especially post‐consumer waste, may
available or economical. Composting economics
contain meat, dairy, grease, fats, oils and other
and diversion from disposal are improved by
non‐vegetative organics, some of which are
including non‐recyclable and soiled paper with
prohibited by composting facilities. Although
the food scraps. Keep in mind that all paper
they are organic and degradable, they break
categories contain very low levels of potential
down slowly; composting them requires more
contaminants, though in most cases these levels
time, care and supervision because they can
are below those found in yard trimmings.
contain more pathogens than other compostable
items and may attract animals and insects. Local
renderers or meat processing by‐product specific
composters may be a good option for managing
Adding food waste to existing significant or concentrated quantities of animal
composting operations increases by‐products.
the volume and quality of the end
Compost operations utilizing meat processing by‐
product. products and/or animal bedding can be
successfully managed through a variety of
techniques, such as utilizing a concrete pad and
Paper will absorb liquid inside collection bunkers with full containment of leachate and
containers, reducing spills and seepage from run‐off, or also employing adequate cover for
compactors and collection trucks. In the compost odor control (i.e.: sawdust, woodchips or leaves).
pile paper acts as a bulking agent, improving Or alternatively, another option for meat by‐
aeration and reducing compaction. Waxed-coated product and other non‐vegetative organics is
corrugated cardboard and paperboard are anaerobic digestion for methane recovery. (If the
abundant in the food preparation industry, and
combined material is between 4% and 10% dry
cannot be recycled through common paper
solids, see the Anaerobic Digestion section of this
recycling channels. Composting wax-coated
module for more information.)
cardboard is, therefore, an attractive option for
both generators and composters, though it may
require specialized equipment to shred the
cardboard to reduce particle size.
Food Waste Diversion & Utilization: Best Management Practices for Composting p. 5
Porosity ‐ spaces through which air and moisture
can pass ‐ is the single most important property in
Making Food Waste the initial mix, and is influenced by particle size
and moisture content. Ideal porosity is achieved
Compost by mixing large particle size materials, such as
woodchips or corrugated cardboard, into the
The physical and chemical characteristics of the compost.
initial compost mix are crucial to the achievement
of optimal process conditions. Compostable food If the moisture content is excessive, which is likely
waste is typically mixed with a carbon source, with food waste, pore spaces will be filled with
such as: leaves and yard trimmings, waxed water instead of air leading to anaerobic
cardboard, sawdust/wood chips, manure, paper decomposition. Dry bulking materials serve to
mill sludge, biosolids, and/or other organics to increase the porosity of the mix and will absorb
create the best recipe for a high quality compost. excess water if a mixture is too high in moisture.
Yard waste is a readily available carbon source Grinding to at least ½” to 1” particles increases
and bulking agent in Michigan; and a bulking both pore space and surface area, which aids the
ratio of three parts carbon to one part nitrogen or speed of decomposition.
food waste (3:1) is generally recommended.
However, a higher carbon ratio may be required
to produce a suitable initial food waste
composting mix. The Initial Mix
Achieving the optimal mix to begin the food
waste composting process may require
Porosity is the single most specialized equipment; pug mills and batch
mixers are discussed in the Operations section of
important property in the
the MCOT manual. In windrow and aerated pile
initial mix. methods, mixing and pile formation are separate
and distinct steps.
The compost recipe is very important, and the With windrow systems, the initial mix must
composting process will work most efficiently if a proportion raw materials and blend them to some
well‐balanced initial mix is achieved. In degree of consistency. Depending upon the
particular, readily degradable carbon substrates ‐‐ nature of the food waste feedstock, reducing
moisture, porosity, nutrients, and pH ‐‐ need to be particle size and producing a consistent initial
at appropriate levels at the beginning of the blend is less likely to result in odor issues later.
process to reduce the potential for subsequent
problems. Subsequent turnings will homogenize the
materials even more thoroughly, improving
compost consistency.
Food Waste Diversion & Utilization: Best Management Practices for Composting p. 6
For aerated static piles, the initial mix is even
Pile Formation and Maintenance
more crucial. Mixing is performed only once
when the piles are initially formed, and the Climate, combined with the water content of food
quality of that mix is therefore crucial to the entire waste, will determine the moisture content of the
composting process.6 pile. Except in arid regions, the need to add water
to a food waste composting pile will occur
infrequently, and excessive moisture content will
more likely be a concern. After a suitable initial
Table 1: Optimum Initial Mix
compost mix has been prepared, a conscious
Characteristics7
effort to make high and steep piles will enable
Initial Mix Food Optimum Level rain to run off, thus reducing the amount of water
Characteristics Waste for absorbed into the compost.
Characteris Composting
tics Allow no more than 24 hours
Moisture 80 to 90 % 55 to 60 % between material collection
content
and pile formation.
Volatile solids 60 to 90 %
Bulk density 43 900 to 1,200 Operators have noted success in using insulating
pounds/ pounds/ covers over windrows and piles. Whether
cubic yard cubic yard utilizing a 1‐foot cover of yard trimmings,
Organic matter 86 % sawdust (or a similar fine‐textured wood debris),
content geothermal material or simply a tarp, the cover
will serve to deter pests, hold in heat and odor,
Water holding 262 %
and shed precipitation. An organic insulating
capacity
cover will eventually be incorporated into the
Carbon to 19.7 25 to 40 pile, and will potentially increase the pile volume
Nitrogen ratio up to 35%; however, pile heights will reduce by
(C:N) up to 50% within the first weeks of
Soluble salts 6.7 decomposition.8 Approximate pile dimensions
and volumes are summarized in Table 2.
mmhos/cm
Nitrogen (dry 3.1% Table 2: Compost Pile Dimensions9
weight)
Mix Height 10 feet
pH 4.6 6.0 to 7.5
Cover depth 1 foot
Porosity > 35 % air
Total Height 11 feet
filled pore
space Base Length 27 feet
Base Width 20 feet
Pile Mix Volume 74 cubic yards
Pile Cover 32 cubic yards
Volume
Total Pile Volume 106 cubic yards
Food Waste Diversion & Utilization: Best Management Practices for Composting p. 7
One aerated static pile technology that provides
cover for heat generation, odor and pest control is
the covered aerated static pile (ASP) system, Without enough oxygen, anaerobic
consisting of windrows with perforated piping microorganisms take over the composting task
installed along the bottom of enclosed piles that and odor problems can become significant.
pulls air from the pile with a pump. The air is According to Thomas L. Richards, a biological
filtered through a biofilter for odor control. The engineer in Cornell University’s College of
dimensions of a covered ASP are the same as the Agriculture and Life Science, ʺAnaerobes are
compost pile dimension above. slow‐growing organisms, and they take a week or
two to produce odor, but once they develop a
On‐farm aerated static piles in a concrete bunker population, theyʹre extremely hard to shut off. If a
system work in a similar manner for food waste system goes anaerobic, we recommend that it not
composting. Without the perforated piping, these be disturbed. Anaerobic bacteria do a good job of
piles are more easily managed for frequent decomposing. They just have a PR problem.ʺ
turning with a loader bucket, and are then
covered with woodchips or sawdust.
The Process
With commonly used low‐technology processes
Regulations
such as limited turn and passive aerated Solid waste regulations affecting composting
windrows, the operator has a limited ability to operations vary depending upon how the
control the process once it has begun. This lack of material being composted is classified under Part
flexibility or means to influence the mix again 115 of the Natural Resources and Environmental
highlights the importance of the initial compost Act. If any of the material is classified as solid
composition. waste, the compost operator must seek approval
by submitting a petition to the Department of
A primary objective of the composting process for Environmental Quality (DEQ). The director will
food waste is the achievement of high approve a material for use in composting or as
thermophilic (> 113°F and < 158°F) temperatures compost if it can be demonstrated that:
for the destruction of disease‐causing
microorganisms potentially present in commercial • The material has or will be converted
food waste. to compost under controlled
conditions at a compost facility, or
Compost stability is a measure of how well the
organic substrate has decomposed; research has • The material will not be a source of
shown that this is most accurately measured via environmental contamination or cause
microbial respiration. As the organic substrate a nuisance, or
decomposes there is less available food for • Use of the compost material will be
microbial growth, and thus a concomitant done at agronomic rates.
reduction in microbial activity.10
In general, the addition of food waste to an
With enough oxygen, composting existing compost operation will require no
can handle any odor problem. additional permitting or approval by the DEQ.
Food Waste Diversion & Utilization: Best Management Practices for Composting p. 8
However, before adding food waste to an considerably, depending on the type of food and
operation the DEQ should be contacted for its moisture content. If trash collected is measured
information regarding any changes to composting and billed by weight, a standard container filled
rules, and the local unit of government should be with representative samples of the institution’s
approached for ordinance information or food waste should be filled then weighed for an
guidance on any local permit requirements. For approximate conversion between volume and
more detailed information about state regulations weight.
in regard to composting, see the Resources section
of this manual for Composting: Frequently Asked Standard container sizes and their volume
Questions. capacity include (202 gallons = 1 cubic yard):
5‐gallon container ‐ .025 cubic yards
32‐gallon container ‐ .16 cubic yards
64‐gallon container ‐ .32 cubic yards
96‐gallon container ‐ .48 cubic yards
To avoid odor and health and safety concerns,
Working with inform your local health department of your
Generators program to eliminate misinformation; you should
also collect, contain and compost food waste in a
Conducting a waste audit is important to the timely and efficient manner. Educating employees
success of any waste reduction program; knowing that would be responsible for separation and
how much food waste is generated by the management of food waste for utilization is a key
operation on a daily basis is the key to designing component to a successful program.
an effective management system. A waste audit is
likely to reveal that the heaviest component of Food scraps are separated from other wastes at
most waste streams in grocery stores, restaurants the source of generation ‐‐ for example, in food
and cafeterias is food waste, and the greatest preparation areas ‐‐ then collected frequently and
volume component of that same waste stream is routinely. Kitchen and wait staff, and possibly
cardboard. customers (if plate scrapings are collected) must
be taught to separate acceptable materials for
According to the EPA, the organic waste in composting. The selection of food waste
supermarkets makes up 75‐90% of the entire collection containers should be coordinated with
waste stream, and in schools and restaurants 74%. the waste hauler.
A study compiled by Draper and Lennon
Associates estimated the following generation What will eventually determine whether a
rates: schools 0.35 lbs/meal; health care 0.6 business undertakes a food waste diversion
lbs/meal; prisons 1 lb/inmate/day, conferences 0.6 program is whether the benefits outweigh the
lbs/meal and supermarkets 3,000 cost. To help make that determination, the
lbs/employee/year.11 following five factors need to be considered.12
Normally, collection costs are billed by the cubic
yard (a volume measurement); therefore, food
waste measurements must be converted. Volume‐
to‐weight conversions for food waste vary
Food Waste Diversion & Utilization: Best Management Practices for Composting p. 9
1. Waste Management Costs Keeping things simple at first allows one to
establish a successful collection system more
Diverting food waste to a composting program easily. Continuous employee education, getting
requires a separate collection and transportation employees to “buy into the system,” and
system, one that operates in parallel with a waste monitoring will help, as will color coded bins and
management system. Trash will continue to go to appropriate labeling and signage. Once
the landfill, while food waste will go to a compost employees are trained, minimal extra time is
site. As food waste is removed from the landfill required to separate materials as it becomes part
waste stream, the need for frequent trash pickup of the normal daily routine.
is reduced, as may be the need for a large trash
holding container. Like landfills, compost It’s important to know how much food waste is
operations charge a tip fee, but usually at a lower generated by the operation on a daily basis;
rate than landfills. institutional cafeterias will have a very different
food waste stream than will grocery stores, for
Accommodating changes to your current waste example.
handling system means renegotiating the contract
with your current waste hauler or finding a new Another way to estimate the amount of waste
waste hauler that can provide the variety of generated is to measure all of the scraps produced
services you now require. Understanding your in each area during a typical operation day or
service needs will allow you to design a program week, and then project this amount over time. For
that works. example, if you have several stores or cafeterias
measure one typical container of food scraps and
In order to make an informed decision regarding then multiply this amount by the number of
services, it is important to become familiar with containers collected. Of course, make sure that
the waste management facilities and associated employees are informed, and that containers
management costs in your vicinity. contain food scraps only.
Food Waste Diversion & Utilization: Best Management Practices for Composting p. 10
The collection system is critical to a food waste To minimize spillage during collection and
utilization program. The system for separating transportation, toters should be filled to 2/3
food waste at the source and transporting the capacity; and it is important to ensure that the
materials to a vehicle collection point should be as hauling vehicle is equipped with leak‐proof seals
simple and convenient as possible. and seams that are inspected often. Food waste
that is collected in biodegradable bags may
The primary objectives of the collection system reduce the frequency of cleaning collection
are to: containers.
♦ Maximize the capture rate of food waste The cost to change the number or size of outside
♦ Eliminate non‐organic contaminants such and inside collection containers is usually a one‐
as plastic wraps, rubber bands, glass, and time expense; simply add as few containers as
metal possible when beginning. Clearly marked and
♦ Minimize labor and space requirements. brightly colored containers ‐‐ such as green for
food, blue for recyclables, and brown for trash ‐‐
Collection bins should be placed in a convenient are helpful for proper participation and reducing
area for staff and/or customers to use. Due to the contamination.
high moisture content of food scraps, containers
should be a reasonable size for employees to lift
and load into a central collection container or on‐
site composter. Containers should only be filled
4. Collection Frequency
to 2/3 capacity to reduce spillage. Just as trash hauling needs to be prompt and
reliable in order to avoid health and safety
Whether collected in buckets or small,
problems, so too does food waste hauling. Some
biodegradable bags, the collections will be
institutional generators of food waste have found
accumulated in a larger, centralized toter or small
it easier and more economical to transport
dumpster. Haulers can pick‐up the separated food
collected food waste themselves. Others contract
waste in bulk, using roll‐off containers,
with private waste haulers to collect and deliver
compactors, or specialized vehicles for high
the materials to a composting site.
volume generators; or they can dump full 32‐64
gallon toters and dumpsters from small The collection of food waste should occur
generators with automated collection vehicles. frequently, and upon arrival at the composting
site, the material should be immediately mixed
Containers collecting food waste will require
and incorporated with the other materials on site.
regular cleaning. One collection option is for the
hauler to swap clean empty toters with full toters; Collection and hauling schedules and routines are
this means that toters will be tipped and cleaned dependent upon the amount of food waste
at the composting site. The toters can be used by collected at the site of generation. Changes in
generators at workstations to collect materials, collection frequency necessary to manage food
and then be rolled to a pick‐up area when full. waste will result in fluctuations in “disposal”
These toters must be rinsed out and cleaned costs. Once a successful pattern is established,
frequently. fluctuations will give way to a predictable new
reality.
Food Waste Diversion & Utilization: Best Management Practices for Composting p. 11
5. Other Considerations The overall volume of organics to be processed
will increase, as may the need for blending before
Worker Training piling. But the primary challenge for the curbside
collection of other household organics is
There are minor costs associated with training education. Helping householders understand the
workers to separate compostable food waste. composting process and in some cases providing
While a few compost site operators provide this the necessary collection containers will make
service, many do not. Be sure to figure training curbside collection of food waste a viable
time into your cost/benefit estimates. If the community option.
business decides to take on post‐consumer food
waste utilization, training may have to include
consumers and will require more rigorous
oversight overall.
Food Waste Diversion & Utilization: Best Management Practices for Composting p. 12
trash, or even trucks equipped with continuous
feed mobile mixing units.
On-site Composting
Generators may be required to produce a
For commercial and institutional food generators,
minimum amount of food waste in order to
composting food waste can greatly reduce
participate in a collection program to maximize
collection and disposal costs, and provide a
collection efficiencies. When done properly,
valuable compost product for use on‐site or for
problems are prevented and transportation costs
sale.
are kept to a minimum.
Before starting an on‐site composting project, call
Restaurants, grocery stores, and cafeterias in close
your waste hauler and/or recycling coordinator to
geographic proximity might consider entering
determine if there is an existing or planned food
into a cooperative agreement with a waste hauler
collection program in your area. A list of
to assure the success of a food waste collection
Michigan Composting Facilities is available in
program. Separating food waste for utilization
the Resources section of this Manual.
from other types of waste headed for the landfill
means that waste management costs are
diversified. Haulers are taking waste to the Small‐scale, on‐site composting systems are
landfill, and the generator is paying for gaining popularity. In‐vessel composting
transportation and landfill tipping fees. Hauling containers are self‐contained systems, resistant to
separated food waste to a composting operation weather and vermin, which enable any business
means that generators will pay for transportation to compost its food waste right outside its
and compost tipping fees. Traditional waste backdoor. In many cases these systems can
disposal fees will be offset by the diversion of transform food waste into compost in less than a
food waste to a composting operation. Often the week, and can manage up to five tons of food
cost to compost is less than the cost to landfill. waste per day.
Change in waste disposal and hauling services These small‐scale systems can process food waste
typically requires a change in service contracts. into finished compost or provide a short‐term
Likewise, the change in waste management and storage solution when frequent collection by a
collection routines may necessitate contract hauler is not feasible. The volume and weight of
negotiation between the parties involved, as well food waste will determine the size and style of in‐
as education of the employees. vessel system chosen.
Compost operators should also consider other If cardboard makes up a significant amount of
transportation options. Allowing generators to your trash, consider recycling options first unless
haul their own food waste to the operation might you need the cardboard as a carbon source or
reduce costs and simplify the process. Compost bulking material for aeration during the compost
operators may want to consider adding food process. Waxed corrugated cardboard is not
waste hauling services to a composting operation, recyclable but it is compostable.
if the proximity to the organic source is
economically feasible. Food waste utilization programs like these have
the potential to generate very positive public
relations attention. Additionally, the resulting
compost can be used to fortify the surrounding
Food Waste Diversion & Utilization: Best Management Practices for Composting p. 13
landscape, or be made available to local
consumers of compost.
Anaerobic Digesters
According to the EPA, more than half of all in‐
Anaerobic digesters are another way to transform
vessel installations are at institutions ‐‐
food waste and other organics into a nutrient rich
universities, correctional facilities and hospitals.
soil additive. Anaerobic digesters provide an
In‐vessel composting systems have proven
environment for the oxygen‐free decomposition
themselves successful in a number of applications:
of organic materials.
institutional cafeterias, grocery stores, restaurants,
and even shared between establishments through Two kinds of bacteria are needed for anaerobic
cooperative agreements in dense geographic digesters to function properly. Fermenting bacteria,
locations. such as those used in composting and in culturing
dairy products, feed off manure or other organic
A Compost Processing Technology supplement
materials and release organic acids. These acid
is available in the Resources section of this
byproducts then foster the growth of methane‐
Manual and provides information on
producing bacteria. Only by working together can
recommended systems that can be installed in an
these bacteria completely digest the organic
alley or courtyard, and even shared between
material and food waste into bio‐gas. As a result,
several restaurants. Examples include worm
the heat, pH balance, and input rate into a
bins, agitated vessels or small rotating drums.
digester must be appropriate to both sets of
Another example of a small‐scale system is an
bacteria. In sum, the anaerobic digestion process
indoor or outdoor concrete bunker with aeration
is very similar to digestion in your gastro‐
and leachate containment/recycling systems
intestinal tract.
(agitated static pile).
In the anaerobic process, water can be separated
Larger composting systems for cooperative
out of the organic material through digestion,
composting sites and combination yard debris
leaving a compost‐like solid as one by‐product
and food waste processing include windrows,
and nutrient rich water as another. Both of these
large‐scale aerated static piles, agitated bays and
products have a higher market value after
rotating drums.
digestion, because they are easier to transport as a
lighter solid (sold as compost locally, or bagged
for chain stores) and as a liquid fertilizer (or
simply as water, if the nutrients are removed).13
Anaerobic digesters are often used in urban waste
water treatment facilities to ensure the death of
harmful pathogens; but livestock operations,
industrial food processors and rendering facilities
are also using anaerobic processes to turn their
organic wastes into a valuable end product.
An anaerobic system is typically an above‐ground
tank that can range in capital cost from $3 to $12
million, depending on methane generation
capacity. For example, a 100,000 gallon‐per‐day
system can produce anywhere from 30,000 to
Food Waste Diversion & Utilization: Best Management Practices for Composting p. 14
45,000 mmBTU of methane. The total solids
content of the feedstock should be between 4%
and 10% to generate sufficient bio‐gas and bio‐
solids. Feedstock can be one material or a mixture
of materials, including: manure, offal or waste
water from processing facilities; corn stover, corn
silage, yard waste, yellow grease and fats; and
food waste. The length of time for the anaerobic
process to break down the volatile solids to
produce methane is 3 to 20 days depending on the
type and size of digester, the moisture content,
and temperature.14
In addition to complying with the compost rules,
anaerobic digesters may require the following
permits:
1. An NPDES Permit for point source discharge
2. A Water Discharge Permit for the disposal of
the wastewater from the anaerobic digester
3. A Pre‐treatment or Industrial Users Permit.
If the wastewater is discharged into a public
water treatment facility
4. A Construction/Stormwater permit to build
the digester, since the ground will be disturbed
during construction and there are concerns
about runoff. Additionally, a Stormwater
Prevention Plan will be required during this
permit application
5. An Air Permit since the anaerobic digester
will have a stack (vent) that produces bio‐gas.
6. There may be need of a Special‐Use Permit
from the local unit of government.
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